Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids
The ATLAS project is a longitudinal study to develop and test a school-based prevention program to reduce anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use among adolescent athletes. The program aims to reduce actual AAS use by modifying behavioral intent and risk factors of AAS use, improving healthy eating habits, and teaching effective strength training.
High school football players from 31 schools in the Portland, Oregon area completed questionnaires before and after each football season since 1994. The ATLAS intervention program was delivered to the experimental schools during the football season. The program included weekly classroom sessions administered by coaches and student team leaders, addressing AAS effects, sports nutrition and strength-training alternatives to AAS use, drug refusal role play, and anti-AAS media messages. Weight-room sessions were taught by research staff, demonstrating different weight lifting techniques.
Initial findings indicate that the ATLAS prevention program lowered the intent to use AAS, enhanced healthy diet behaviors, improved strength-training self-efficacy, and reduced the impact of the factors that encourage AAS use. These changes were maintained at the 1 year follow-up. These findings support that team-based intervention may be an effective approach to prevent adolescent athletes' drug use.
Dr. Linn Goldberg of Oregon Health Sciences University is the Principal Investigator of this project. Information on the ATLAS program can be obtained from:
Linn Goldberg, M.D.
Oregon Health Sciences University L475
3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road
Portland, OR 97201-3098
Relevant Publications
Moe, E. L., Goldberg, L., MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C., Kuehl, K. S., Elliot, D. L., Cheong, J., & Yoon, M. (2005). Nutritional supplements: Are they precursors to anabolic steroid and other substance use? Manuscript in preparation.
Fritz, M. S., MacKinnon, D.P., Williams, J., Goldberg, L.,
Moe, E.L., & Elliot, D.L. (2005). Analysis of baseline by treatment
interactions in a drug prevention and health promotion program for high
school male athletes. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1001-1005.. Unpublised longer version of this paper (requires Adobe).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC9-4DFT1SX-1&_user=56861&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059542&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=56861&md5=f38d86c1c81be9b15d083fa668dd697a
Fritz, M.S., MacKinnon D.P., Goldberg, L., Moe, E.L., & Elliot, D.L. (2004, April) Baseline by treatment interactions in the ATLAS drug prevention program. Poster presented at the 84th annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Phoenix, AZ.
Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D.P., & Khoo, S.-T. (2003).
Investigation of mediational processes using parallel process latent
growth curve modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 238-262. MPlus LGM mediation program
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785833123~db=all
MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (2003). Major data analysis issues in drug abuse prevention research. In Z. Sloboda & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Handbook for drug abuse prevention: theory, science, and practice (pp. 541-556). Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishing: New York.
MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., Cheong, J., Elliot, D.,
Clarke, G., & Moe, E. (2003). Male body image and physical
measurements: Do leaner, or stronger, high school football players have
a more positive body image? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(3), 307-322.
http://www.humankinetics.com/jsep/viewarticle.cfm?aid=2306
MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., Clarke, G. N., Elliot, D. L.,
Cheong, J., Lapin, A., Moe, E. L., & Krull, J. L. (2001). Mediating
mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids
and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior. Prevention Science, 2(1), 15-28.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n15l5732n762733q/
Goldberg, L., MacKinnon, D. P., Elliot, D., Moe, E., Clarke, G., &
Cheong, J. (2000). The adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids
program: Preventing drug use and promoting health behaviors. Archives
of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 332-338.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/154/4/332
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M.
(2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression
effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/v1w6435774m80742/
MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., & Clarke, G. (1998). Effects of a steroid prevention program on adolescent athletes. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
Moe, E., Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Modification
and replication of the ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid
Steroids) program. Med Sci Sports Exer, 30, S92.
http://www.acsm-msse.org/pt/re/msse/abstract.00005768-199805001-00521.htm;jsessionid=J0JBJZypByhL1bVfH1lpQTpnTfDcypvX41rSPQnjyKSwf5YGQnym!-32953442!181195629!8091!-1
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D. L., Moe, E. L., Clarke, G. N., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Reducing the risk of anabolic steroid use among adolescent athletes: The ATLAS program. Fourth IOC World Congress Proceedings, 92.
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D. L., MacKinnon, D. P., Moe, E., et al. (1997). The ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids) program: Effects during 2 seasons. Med Sci Sports Exer, 29S, S293.
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D. L., Clarke, G. N., MacKinnon, D. P., Zoref,
L., Moe, E., Green, C., & Wolf, S. (1996). The Adolescents Training
and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) prevention program. Archives
of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 150 (July, 1996), 713-721.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/150/7/713
Moe, E., Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., Clarke, G., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1996). The ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids) program: Impacting on refusal skills. Med Sci Sports Exer (Supplement) 28, S920. (Presented at ACSM National Meeting, 1996).
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., Clarke, G. N., MacKinnon, D. P., Moe, E.,
Zoref, L., Green, C., Wolf, S., Greffrath, E., Miller, D., & Lapin,
A. (1996). Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention.
Journal
of the American Medical Association, 276, 1555-1562.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/276/19/1555
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., Clarke, G., MacKinnon, D. P., Moe, E., Green, E., Greffrath, E., Miller, D., & Wolf, S. (1996). The ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids) intervention: First year results. Med Sci Sports Exer (Supplement) 28, S918. (Presented at ACSM National Meeting, 1996).
Elliot, D., Goldberg, L., Clarke, G., Zoref, L., Moe, E., MacKinnon, D., Green, C., Wolf, S., Miller, D., & Greffrath, E. (1995). Characterization of adolescent athletes with high behavioral intent to use anabolic steroids. Paper presented at the Third IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences, Atlanta, GA.
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., Clarke, G., Zoref, L., Moe, E., MacKinnon, D., Green, C., Wolf, S., Miller, D., & Greffrath, E. (1995). Does age affect factors that relate to ergogenic drug use? Differences among athletes aged 14 to 18. Paper presented at the Third IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences, Atlanta, GA.
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D. L., Clarke, G. N., Zoref, L., MacKinnon, D. P., Moe. E., Green, C., Wolf, S. L., & Schoenherr, D. (1995). Adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids (ATLAS): Initial results of a prevention program. Med Sci Sports Exer (Supplement) 27, S173. (Presented at ACSM National Meeting, 1995).
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