Litman, D., Rose,
C., Forbes-Riley, K., VanLehn, K., Bhembe, D., & Silliman, S. (2006). Spoken versus typed
human and computer dialogue. International
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Education, 16, 145-170.
While human
tutors typically interact with students using spoken dialogue, most computer
dialogue tutors are text-based. We have conducted two experiments comparing
typed and spoken tutoring dialogues, one in a human-human scenario, and another
in a human-computer scenario. In both experiments, we compared spoken versus
typed tutoring for learning gains and time on task, and also measured the
correlations of learning gains with dialogue features. Our main results are
that changing the modality from text to speech caused changes in the learning
gains, time and superficial dialogue characteristics of human tutoring, but for
computer tutoring it made less difference.