Charles Perrings
BA (London), PhD (London)

Charles Perrings was appointed Professor of Environmental Economics at Arizona State University in August 2005. Previous appointments include Professor of Environmental Economics and Environmental Management at the University of York; Professor of Economics at the University of California, Riverside; and Director of the Biodiversity Program of the Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, where he is a Fellow. 

Between 1995 and 2005 he was editor of the Cambridge University Press journal, Environment and Development Economics, and he remains on the editorial board of this and several other journals in environmental, resource and ecological economics, and in conservation ecology. He is Past President of the International Society for Ecological Economics, a society formed to bring together the insights of the ecological and economic sciences to aid understanding and management of environmental problems. He has advised various governmental, intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations as well as research funding agencies. In Britain he served on, inter alia, the Royal Society’s Environment Committee, the WHAT Commission on Crop Genetic Diversity in Agriculture and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (Natural Environment Research Council Research Institutes) Program Review Board. 

At ASU he directs (with Ann Kinzig) the ecoSERVICES Group within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The Group studies the causes and consequences of change in ecosystem services – the benefits that people derive from the biophysical environment. It analyses biodiversity change in terms of its impacts on the things that people care about. Following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) these are characterized as provisioning services (foods, fuels, fibers, genetic materials, chemical compounds and the like), cultural services (aesthetic, spiritual, moral, recreational, educational, scientific uses) and regulating services (the role of ecosystems in regulating flows of provisioning and cultural services including, for example, water quality regulation, soil erosion reduction, storm damage protection and so on). Charles Perrings co-chairs (with Shahid Naeem) the ecoSERVICES core project of Diversitas, the international program of biodiversity science. 

The Group contributes to a number of international research projects on issues relating to biodiversity change, conservation and development, and supports training in biodiversity and ecosystem services both within ASU and internationally. It runs the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Training Network (BESTNet), a Research Coordination Network funded by the National Science Foundation.

Charles Perrings is engaged in a range of activities to build an international science of biodiversity and ecosystem change, including both the development of an International Mechanism for Scientific Expertise on Biodiversity (IMOSEB), and a joint initiative by the ICSU and UNESCO to follow-up the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Research Activities

Working/discussion papers
Publications
Editorial
Courses

 

Contact

CP Picture

 

ecoSERVICES Group

School of Life Sciences

Box 874501,

Tempe,

AZ 85287-4501,

USA

 

Tel: + 1 480 727 0427

Charles.Perrings@asu.edu

 

Description of Research Activities

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1. 
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Training Network (BESTNet)

Network goal: The core members of this NSF-funded network are part of an international global-change research network, Diversitas, which focuses on the relationship between human activities, biodiversity change, and ecosystem services. Diversitas is an interdisciplinary, international network of scientists concerned with the impact of anthropogenic activity on the world’s biodiversity, and on the consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being through changes in ecosystem functioning, ecosystem processes, and the provision of valuable goods and services.  It works through a set of four core projects  -  biogenesis (in development); bioDISCOVERY; ecoSERVICESand bioSUSTAINABILITY – that together develop the scientific basis for monitoring, observing understanding and predicting changes; expanding biodiversity and ecosystem functioning science to larger scales and over a greater breadth of the biological hierarchy; linking changes in ecosystem structure and functioning to changes in ecosystem services; assessing human response to change in ecosystem services; developing new knowledge to guide policy and decision making that support sustainable use of biodiversity; evaluating the effectiveness of current conservation measures; studying the social, political and economic drivers of biodiversity loss, as well as social choice and decision making. The core projects are supplemented by cross-cutting networks including agroBIODIVERSITY, freshwaterBIODIVERSITYand the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment. Diversitas is asking novel scientific questions about the interdependence between biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services, economic, technical and institutional change at the global scale. It is stimulating new research methods designed to clarify the linkages between biodiversity change and human well-being. BESTNet will bring the benefits of the research stimulated by the global initiative to research students in US universities, through a set of networked research and research training activities.

Steering committee: The core members of BESTNet and its steering committee comprise:

Edward Barbier, John S. Bugas Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming (Resource economics)  http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/barbier/

Peter Daszak, Executive Director, Consortium for Conservation Medicine (Johns Hopkins, Tufts University, USGS Nat’l Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) and the Wildlife Trust) (Infectious diseases) http://www.conservationmedicine.org/peter_daszak.htm

Rodolfo Dirzo, Professor of Biological Sciences, Stanford University (Ecology) http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Rodolfo_Dirzo/

Michael Donoghue, Director, Peabody Museum of Natural History, G. Evelyn Hutchinson Professor, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University (Systematics) http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/people/michael.html

Louise Jackson, Orr Chair in Environmental Plant Sciences, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis (Botany/Agricultural extension) http://groups.ucanr.org/jacksonlab/

Ann Kinzig, Assoc Professor, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University (Ecology) http://www.public.asu.edu/~akinzig/

Robert Naiman, Professor, College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington (Zoology) http://www.fish.washington.edu/people/naiman/

Steven Polasky, Fesler-Lampert Professor of Ecological/Environmental Economics, Department of Applied Economics and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota (Ecological and Environmental Economics) http://www.apec.umn.edu/faculty/spolasky/

 

Major networking activities: BESTNet will develop two main activities.  First, annual training activities will be associated with research/research training workshops at which US and international researchers will address topics currently under discussion in global change programs (e.g., modeling techniques for integrating biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of biodiversity change). Second, doctoral students will be funded to spend time in the labs of participating scientists in the US and abroad.  All workshops will therefore have both a research communication and a research training function. US and international researchers will address topics currently under discussion in the global change programs, and will use this to explore the methodological challenges inherent in interdisciplinary research on biodiversity.  The RTWs will develop a number of integrative research themes that map into both the Diversitas science plans and the wider literature.

One integrative research theme of the network is the development of predictive models of biodiversity change that take into account the coupled nature of social and ecological systems. The application of dynamic bioclimatic envelope modeling techniques to predict species response to changes in climate has improved the capacity to connect land-use change, biodiversity distributions and ecological functioning. Evaluation of the economic consequences of climate change has raised important issues both about the modeling techniques appropriate to the uncertainties inherent in the problem and about the choice between adaptation and mitigation strategies. The network will be posing similar questions with respect to climate-induced changes in biodiversity distributions. It will exploit recent developments in the identification of leading indicators of spatial regime shifts using the spectral properties of time series on environmental phenomena.

A second integrative research theme is the impact of change in biodiversity on the capacity of social-ecological systems to absorb anthropogenic and environmental stresses and shocks without losing important ecosystem services. This parallels work on the resilience of coupled systems within the Resilience Alliance, and is grounded in an analysis of the linkages between biodiversity change, ecological functioning, ecosystem processes and the provision of valued goods and services. While it is recognized that biodiversity loss has economic implications because of the value it has through the provision of ecosystem services, including insurance against environmental shocks, most research into the problem is still focused on either the ecological or the economic dimension of the problem. BESTNet will contribute towards the integration of models of the linkages between (a) biodiversity and ecosystem services and (b) biodiversity and human well-being, and will use that to enhance understanding of the role of biodiversity in the resilience of coupled systems.

2. Invasive species

Globalization involves the closer integration of both socioeconomic and ecological systems. Integration of ecological systems occurs through the intentional or incidental movement of species associated with growth in trade and travel. Species movement has a number of potential but uncertain consequences. These include the emergence of novel zoonotic diseases along with changes in the diversity and structure of local species assemblages that affect their capacity to deliver ecosystem services. In many cases, the effect is to homogenize ecosystems with implications for both the correlation of risks across space and the resilience of individual systems. The resulting “portfolio effect” alters responses to environmental stressors. One line of research, with William Brock and Ann Kinzig, addresses trade growth as a driver of global change. Because the dispersal of species through trade and the alteration of ecosystem structure are both choice variables, the selection of a portfolio of natural capital is amenable to policy. The model builds both on the way that biological dispersion and changes in species assemblages are analyzed in theoretical ecology and the way that value functions are optimized in incompletely observed and controlled systems in economics.

 

At a more empirical level, a Leverhulme-funded project with Mark Williamson, Katherina Dehnen-Schmutz and Julia Touza has quantified the invasive species risks posed by the UK trade in non-native ornamental cultivated plants. We found that while a relatively small percentage of introduced ornamental plants have become invasive, the numbers involved and the damage that at least some of them have caused are sufficient to warrant regulatory intervention.  Several features of the problem make it unlikely that voluntary codes of practice will be sufficient to address the risks. One is that while the probability of encountering problem invasive species is low, the potential costs are high.  A second is that there is an appreciable time lag, up to a century or more, before the costs of many invasive species become apparent. For both reasons, private stakeholders are unlikely to pay sufficient attention to the problem. Economically, the costs of invasive species are externalities: that is, they are not included in the transactions between buyers and sellers or ornamental plants.  Externalities can be internalised by building the cost of invasive species into the price paid for ornamental plants – a variation of the principle that the ‘polluter pays’.  With invasive alien species there are not, in general, immediately obvious ‘polluters’.  The risk arises from the independent actions of people varies between individual species. The preferred solution is to add the cost of invasive species risks to the price paid by users for all introduced species, whether in the form of an ‘introduced species levy’ or of a tariff on imported ornamental plants.

 

A recent workshop on the Economics and Ecology of Invasive Species, co-organized by Hal Mooney (Stanford) and Mark Williamson (York), identified options for improving the international regulation of the risks to ecosystem services of trade-induced species introductions.

 

 

Discussion and working papers

Brock W., Kinzig A. and Perrings C. Modeling the economics of biodiversity and environmental heterogeneity, January 2008. PDF

Brock W., Kinzig A. and Perrings C., Biodiversity, biological invasions and trade, July 2007. PDF

Kinzig A., Perrings C. and Scholes R., Ecosystem Services and the Economics of Biodiversity Conservation, March 2007. PDF

Perrings C. Pests, pathogens and poverty: biological invasions and agricultural dependence, February 2006. PDF

Pascual U. and Perrings C. The Economics of Biodiversity Loss in Agricultural Landscapes, October 2005. PDF

Perrings C. The conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction: the economic problem, May 2005. PDF

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Publications

Books

Perrings C. (ed) 2008.  Ecological Economics, Volumes I-IV, London, SAGE.

40649240 Perrings C. and J. Vincent (eds) 2003. Natural Resource Accounting and Economic Development, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

 

40643781 Perrings C., M. Williamson and S. Dalmazzone (eds) 2000.  The Economics of Biological Invasions, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

 

1840641509 Perrings C. (ed) 2000. The Economics of Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Mending the Ark. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

 

1858984734 Perrings C. 1997. Economics of Ecological Resources: Selected Essays, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

 

3876971 Costanza R., C. Perrings and C. Cleveland (eds) 1997. The Development of Ecological Economics, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

 

2156304 Perrings C. 1996.  Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Botswana, London, Macmillan Press.

 

0521588669 Perrings C., K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds) 1995. Biological Diversity:  Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Paperback edition, 1997.

 

079233616X Perrings C., K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds) 1994.  Biodiversity Conservation:  Problems and Policies. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Press. 

 

052102076X Perrings C. 1987. Economy and Environment:  A Theoretical Essay on the Interdependence of Economic and Environmental Systems. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Italian translation 1992. Economia e ambiente. Milan, Etas.  Paperback 2005.

 

Papers

 

Ceddia M. G., M. Bartlett and C. Perrings 2008. Quantifying the effect of buffer zones, crop areas and spatial aggregation on the externalities of genetically modified crops at the landscape level , Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, in press.

 

Touza J., M. Termansen and C. Perrings 2008.  A bioeconomic approach to the Faustmann-Hartman rule: ecological interactions and even-aged forest management, Natural Resource Modeling 21(3): in press.

 

Jackson L.E., L. Brussaard, P.C. de Ruiter, U. Pascual, C. Perrings, and K. Bawa. 2007. Agrobiodiversity. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Elsevier, DOI 10.1016/B978-012226865-6/00572-9.

 

Di Falco S., M. Smale and C. Perrings2007. The role of agricultural cooperatives in sustaining wheat diversity and productivity: the case of southern Italy, Environmental and Resource Economics, DOI 10.1007/s10640-007-9100-0. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2007.  Going beyond panaceas: future challenges, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:15179–15180 PDF

 

Dehnen-Schmutz K., J. Touza, C. Perrings and M. Williamson. 2007 A century of the ornamental plant trade and its impact on invasion success, Diversity and Distributions 13: 527–534. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2007. Pests, pathogens and poverty: biological invasions and agricultural dependence, in A. Kontoleon, U. Pascual and T. Swanson (eds) Biodiversity Economics: Principles, Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 133-165.

 

Ceddia M.G., M. Bartlett and Perrings C. 2007. Landscape gene flow, coexistence and threshold effects: The case of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Ecological Modelling 205: 169-180. PDF

 

Pascual U. and C. Perrings 2007. Developing incentives and economic mechanisms for in situ biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment, 121: 256–268. PDF

 

Dehnen-Schmutz K., J. Touza, C. Perrings and M. Williamson M. 2007. The horticultural trade and ornamental plant invasions in Britain, Conservation Biology 21(1): 224–231. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2006. Ecological economics after the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 6: 8-22. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2006. Environment, poverty and development, in  J. Boyce, S. Cullenberg, P.K. Pattanaik and R. Pollin (eds) Human Development in the Era of Globalization:  Essays in Honour of Keith B. Griffin, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 199-210.

 

Perrings C. 2006. Resilience and sustainable development, Environment and Development Economics 11: 417–427. PDF

 

Loreau M., A. Oteng-Yeboah, M.T.K. Arroyo, D. Babin, R. Barbault, M. Donoghue, M. Gadgil, C. Häuser, C. Heip, A. Larigauderie, K. Ma, G. Mace, H.A. Mooney, C. Perrings, Raven P., Sarukhan J., Schei P., Scholes R.J. and Watson R.T.. 2006. Diversity without representation, Nature 442, 245-246. PDF

 

Wätzold F., M. Drechsler, C.W. Armstrong, S. Baumgärtner, V. Grimm, A. Huth, C. Perrings, H. Possingham, J. Shogren, A. Skonhoft, J. Verboom-Vasiljev and C. Wissel 2006. Ecological-Economic Modeling for Biodiversity Management: Potential, Pitfalls, and Prospects, Conservation Biology 20(4): 1034–1041. PDF

 

Kasulo V. and C. Perrings 2006. Fishing down the value chain: Biodiversity and access regimes in freshwater fisheries — the case of Malawi, Ecological Economics 59: 106 – 114. PDF

 

di Falco S. and C. Perrings 2006. Cooperatives, diversity and crop productivity in Southern Italy. In M. Smale (ed) Valuing crop biodiversity: on farm resources and genetic change, CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 270-279.

 

Perrings C., L. Jackson, K. Bawa, L. Brussaard, S. Brush, T. Gavin, R. Papa, U. Pascual, P. De Ruiter, P. 2006. Conservation Biology 20(2): 263–264. PDF

 

di Falco S. and C. Perrings 2005. Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance, Ecological Economics.55(4): 459-466. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2005. Economics and the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In J.-P. de Luc (ed) Biodiversity Science and Governance: Proceedings of the International Conference, Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 109-118.

 

Simonit S. and C. Perrings 2005. Indirect economic indicators in bioeconomic fishery models: agricultural price indicators and fish stocks in Lake Victoria. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62(3): 483-492. PDF

 

Simonit S. F. Cattaneo and C. Perrings 2005. Modelling the hydrological externalities of agriculture in wetlands: the case of rice in Esteros del Iberà, Argentina. Ecological Modeling 186(1): 123-141. PDF

 

Perrings C., S. Dalmazzone and M. Williamson, 2005. The Economics of Biological Invasions. In  H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeeley, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei and J.K. Waage, eds, Invasive Alien Species: a new synthesis, SCOPE 63, Island Press, Washington D.C.: 16-35.

 

Perrings C., K. Dehnen-Schmutz, J. Touza and M. Williamson 2005. How to manage biological invasions under globalization, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(5): 212-215. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2005. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for the control of biological invasions, Ecological Economics 52 (3): 315-325 PDF

 

di Falco S. and C. Perrings 2005. The role of risk properties and farm risk aversion on crop diversity conservation, in Koundouri P. (ed) Econometrics Informing Natural Resources Management, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 231-246.

 

Perrings C. and B.H.Walker 2004  Conservation in the optimal use of rangelands. Ecological Economics 49: 119-128. PDF

 

Dehnen-Schmutz K., C. Perrings and M. Williamson 2004. Controlling Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles: an economic analysis, Journal of Environmental Management 70: 323-332. PDF

 

Perrings C.2003. The economics of abrupt climate change. Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361(1810): 2043-2059. PDF

 

di Falco S. and C. Perrings 2003. Crop genetic diversity, productivity and stability of agroecosystems: a theoretical and empirical investigation, Scottish Journal of Political Economy 50(2): 207-216. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2003.  Closed physical systems: a model. in Hagemann H., Landesmann M. and Scazzieri R. (eds) The Economics of Structural Change, III.  International library of critical writings in economics 157. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 475-497.

 

Perrings C. and M. Gadgil 2003 . Conserving biodiversity: reconciling local and global public benefits In Kaul I. , Conceicao P., le Goulven K. and Mendoza R.L. (eds) Providing global public goods: managing globalization, Oxford, OUP:  532-555.

 

Horan R.D., C. Perrings, F. Lupi and E. Bulte 2002. Biological pollution prevention strategies under ignorance: the case of invasive species, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84(5): 1303-1310. PDF

 

Perrings C.  2002.  Biological invasions in aquatic systems:  the economic problem.  Bulletin of Marine Science 70(2): 541-552. PDF A version of this paper has also appeared in Kriström B. and Löfgren K-G. (eds)  Economic Theory for the Environment:  Essays in Honour of Karl-Göran Mäler, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 219-234.

 

Brock W.A., K.-G. Mäler and C. Perrings 2002. Resilience and sustainability: the economic analysis of non-linear dynamic systems. In Gunderson, L.H. and C.S.Holling, Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature. Island Press, Washington DC: 261-291.

 

Costanza R., C. Cleveland and C. Perrings 2002. The development of ecological economics, in Nemetz P.N. (ed)  Bringing Business on Board: Sustainable Development and the B-School Curriculum, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver: 87-110.

 

Perrings C., M. Williamson, E. B. Barbier, D. Delfino, S. Dalmazzone, J. Shogren, P. Simmons,  and A. Watkinson. 2002. Biological invasion risks and the public good: an economic perspective.  Conservation Ecology 6(1): 1. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art1

 

Perrings C. 2001.  Modelling sustainable ecological-economic development. In Folmer H.and Tietenberg T. (eds).  International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 2001/2: 179-201.

 

Perrings C. and B. Hannon 2001. Spatial discounting: endogenous preferences and the valuation of geographically distributed environmental externalities, Journal of Regional Science 41(1): 23-38. PDF

 

Perrings C. 2001. The economics of biodiversity loss and agricultural development in low income countries. In Lee D.R., and Barrett C.B. eds. Tradeoffs or Synergies? Agricultural Intensification, Economic Development and the Environment, Wallingford, CAB International: 57-72.

 

Perrings C. 2000 Sustainability indicators on fisheries in integrated coastal areas management, Marine and Freshwater Research 51:513-522.

 

Ansuategi A. and C. Perrings 2000. Transboundary externalities in the environmental transition hypothesis, Environment and Resource Economics 17(4): PDF

 

Perrings C. and D. Stern 2000. Modelling loss of resilience in agroecosystems, Environment and Resource Economics 16(2): 185-210. PDF

 

Perrings C. and A. Ansuategi 2000. Sustainability, Growth and Development, Journal of Economic Studies 27(1/2): 19-54.  PDF

 

Perrings C. 2000 Protecting the Global Environment: Towards Effective Governance and Effective Solutions—A Comment. In World Bank and Conseil d’Analyse Economique, Governance, Equity and Global Markets: Proceedings of the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Europe, June 21-23 1999. Paris, La Documentation Francaise: 463-469.

 

Perrings C. 2000.  The economics of fluctuating resources, in Schei, P.J., Sandlund O.T. and Strand R. (eds)  Proceedings of the Norway/UN Conference on the Ecosystem Approach for the Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity, Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management, Trondheim: 111-115.

 

Perrings C. 2000.  Resilience and Sustainability. in Folmer H., Gabel H.L., Gerking S. and Rose A. (eds)  Frontiers of Environmental Economics, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 319-341.

 

Kakujahu-Matundu O. and C. Perrings 2000.  Biodiversity conservation optionas and land use options in semi-arid regions: the case Nyae Nyae in Namibia.  In Perrings C. (ed) 2000. The Economics of Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Mending the Ark. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 159-184.

 

Costanza R., C. Cleveland and C. Perrings 2000.  Ecosystem  and economic theories in ecological economics, in Jorgenson  S.E. amd Muller F. (eds)  Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management, Boca Raton, Lewis:547-560.

 

Perrings C. and J. Lovett 1999. Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa, International Affairs 75(2): 281-305.

 

Perrings C. 1998. Resilience in the dynamics of economy-environment systems, Environmental and Resource Economics 11(3-4): 503-520. PDF

 

Perrings C. 1998. The environmental effects of policy reform in Vietnam, in K. Griffin, ed, Economic Reform in Vietnam, London, Macmillan.

 

Levin S.A., S. Barrett, S. Aniyar, W. Baumol, C. Bliss, B. Bolin, P. Dasgupta, P. Ehrlich, C Folke, I.-M. Gren, C.S. Holling, A.-M. Jansson, B.-O.Jansson, D. Martin, K.-G. Mäler, C. Perrings. and E. Sheshinsky 1998.  Resilience in natural and socioeconomic systems, Environment and Development Economics 3(2): 222-234.

 

Perrings C. 1997. Georgescu-Roegen and the irreversibility of material processes, Ecological Economics 22: 303-304.

 

Turner K., C. Perrings and C. Folke 1997. Ecological economics: paradigm or perspective, in van den Bergh J. and van der Straaten J. (eds) Economy and Ecosystems in Change, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar:  25-49.

 

Perrings C. and B.H. Walker 1997.  Biodiversity, resilience and the control of ecological-economic systems: the case of fire-driven rangelands, Ecological Economics 22(1):73-83. (Reprinted in: (a) Turner K., Button K.J. and Nijkamp P., eds, Ecosystems and Nature, London, Edward Elgar; (b) Polasky, S. (ed)  The Economics of Biodiversity Conservation, Dartmouth, Ashgate: 215-226.)

 

Perrings C. 1997. Priorities for the conservation of biodiversity. In OECD. Investing in Biological Diversity: The Cairns Conference, Proceedings of the OECD International Conference on Incentive Measures for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity, Cairns, 25-28 March 1996, Paris, OECD: 105-112.

 

Folke C., C.S. Holling and C. Perrings 1996.  Biological Diversity, Ecosystems and the Human Scale, Ecological Applications 6(4): 1018-1024. PDF

 

Mangel M., Talbot L.M., Meffe G.K., Agardy T., Alverson D.L., Barlow J., Botkin D.B., Budowski G., Clark T., Cooke J., Crozier J.H., Dayton P.K., Elder D.L., Fowler C.W., Funtowicz S., Giske J., Hofman R.J., Holt S.J., Kellert S.R., Kimball L.A., Ludwig D., Magnusson K., Malayang B.S., Mann C., Norse E.A., Northridge S.P., Perrin W.F., Perrings C., Peterman R.M., Rabb G.B., Regier H.A., Reynolds J.E., Sherman K., Sissenwine M.P., Smith T.D., Starfield A., Taylor R.J., Tillman M.F., Toft C., Twiss J.R., Wilen J., Young T.P. 1996.  Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living Resources,  Ecological Applications 6(2): 338-362.

 

Perrings C. 1996.  Economics, Ecology and the Global Biodiversity Assessment, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11(6): 270.

 

Perrings C. 1996.  Biodiversity, biospecifics and ecological services: Reply to D.P. Faith and P. Williams et al, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12(2): 67.

 

Perrings C. 1996. Ecological Resilience in the Sustainability of Economic Development, in Faucheux S., Pearce D.W. and Proops J. (eds)  Models of Sustainable Development, London, Edward Elgar: 231-252.

 

Perrings C. 1995. Ecological Resilience in the Sustainability of Economic Development, Economie Appliquée 48, 2: 121-142.

 

Arrow K., Bolin B., Costanza R., Dasgupta P., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson B.-O., Levin S., Maler K.-G., Perrings C. and Pimentel D. 1995. Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity and the Environment, Science 268: 520-521.

 

Perrings C. 1995. Ecology, Economics and Ecological Economics, Ambio 24(1): 60-64.

 

Perrings C., Barbier E.B., Brown G., Dalmazzone S., Folke C., Gadgil M., Hanley N., Holling C.S., Mäler K.-G., Mason P., Panayotou T. and Turner R.K. 1995. The Economic Value of Biodiversity. In: Heywood V. and Watson R., eds, Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 823-914.

 

Perrings C. and Walker B.H. 1995.  Biodiversity loss and the economics of discontinuous change in semi-arid rangelands. In: Perrings C., Mäler K.-G.Folke C. Holling C.S. Jansson B.-O. (eds)  Biological Diversity:  Economic and Ecological Issues, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 190-210.

 

Perrings C. 1995.  Biodiversity Conservation as Insurance. In: Swanson, T. (ed) Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 69-77.

 

Perrings C. 1995  Ecological and Economic Values. In:  Willis K. and Corkindale J. (eds)  Environmental Valuation:  New Perspectives. Oxford, CAB International: 56-66.

 

Githinji M. and Perrings C. 1995. Social and ecological sustainability in the use of biotic resources in sub-Saharan Africa: rural institutions and decision-making in Kenya and Botswana. In:  Bennun L.A., Aman R.A. and Crafter S.A., Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa. Nairobi, National Museums of Kenya:  153-166.

 

Rosser J.B., Folke C., Günther F., Isömaki H., Perrings C., Puu T. 1994.  Discontinuous Change in Multilevel Hierarchical Systems, Systems Research 11(3): 77-94.

 

Perrings C. and Opschoor J.B. 1994.  The Loss of Biological Diversity: Some Policy Implications, Environmental and Resource Economics 4(1): 1-12.

 

Perrings C. 1994. Sustainable Livelihoods and Environmentally Sound Technology,  International Labour Review 133(3): 305-326.

 

Perrings C. and Pearce D.W. 1994.  Biodiversity conservation and economic development: local and global dimensions. In Perrings C., Mäler K.-G.Folke C. Holling C.S. Jansson B.-O. eds 1994.  Biodiversity Conservation:  Problems and Policies. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Press: 23-44.

 

Perrings C. and Pearce D.W. 1994.  Threshold Effects and Incentives for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Environmental and Resource Economics 4(1): 13-28. Reprinted in Turner K., Button K.J. and Nijkamp P., eds, Ecosystems and Nature, London, Edward Elgar: in press.

 

Perrings C. 1994 Stress, Shock and the Sustainability of Resource Use in Semi-Arid Environments, Annals of Regional Science 28:31-53.

 

Perrings C. 1994. Biotic Diversity, Sustainable Development and Natural Capital. In:  Jansson A.M., Folke C., Costanza R. and Hammer M., eds, Investing in Natural Capital. Covelo, Island Press: 92-112.

 

Perrings C. 1994.  Conservation of Mass and the Time Behaviour of Ecological-Economic Systems. In: Burley P. and Foster J., eds, Economics and Thermodynamics: New Perspectives on Economic Analysis. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Press: 99-118.

 

Perrings C.  1994.  The Economics of Conservation and Restoration:  The Ecological Economics of Biodiversity Loss. In: Archer E.A. (ed) People and the Environment:  Preserving the Balance, Report of the Proceedings of the Fifteenth Congress of the Universities of the Commonwealth, Swansea, August 1993.  London, Association of Commonwealth Universities: 39-46.

 

Perrings C., Mäler K.-G.Folke C. Holling C.S. Jansson B.-O. 1994.  Biodiversity conservation and economic development: the policy problem. In:  Perrings C., Mäler K.-G.Folke C. Holling C.S. Jansson B.-O. eds. Biodiversity Conservation:  Problems and Policies. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Press: 3-22.

 

Perrings C. and Pearce D.W. 1994. Biodiversity conservation and economic development: local and global dimensions. In: Perrings C., Mäler K.-G.Folke C. Holling C.S. Jansson B.-O. eds. Biodiversity Conservation:  Problems and Policies, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Press: 23-42.

 

Githinji M. and Perrings C. 1993.  Social and Economic Sustainability in the Use of Biotic Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ambio 22: 110-116.

 

Perrings C. 1993. The economic environment and the ecologically sustainable exploitation of renewable resources: the case of dryland range management. In: E.B. Barbier ed. Economics and Ecology: New Frontiers in Sustainable Development, London, Chapman and Hall: 66-95

 

Perrings C., Costanza R., Jackson T. and Rees W. 1993.  Economic Policy and Environmental Assurance: Managing the Environmental Impacts of Economic Systems. In:  Jackson T. ed. Clean Production Strategies. London, Lewis: 323-344.

 

Common M. and Perrings C.  1992. Towards an ecological economics of sustainability, Ecological Economics 6: 7-34.  Reprinted in Pezzey, J.C.V. and Toman, M.A. (eds)  The Economics of Sustainability, Dartmouth, Ashgate: 199-226. PDF

 

Perrings C. Folke C. and Mäler K.G. 1992. The Ecology and Economics of Biodiversity Loss: the research agenda, Ambio 21(3): 201-111.

 

Lang W., Opschoor J.B. and Perrings C. 1992. Institutional Arrangements. In: Dooge J.C.I. et al, eds, An Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 283-296.

 

Perrings C. 1991. Ecological Sustainability and Environmental Control, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 2: 275-295. PDF

 

Perrings C. 1991.  Questioning the Market Solution: Income Effects, Poverty, and the Management of Environmental Resources in Low Income Countries. In: Blasi P. and Zamagni S. eds. Man-Environment and Development: Towards a Global Approach. Rome, Nova Spes International Foundation Press: 210-226.

 

Perrings C. 1991. Reserved Rationality and the Precautionary Principle: Technological Change, Time and Uncertainty in Environmental Decision-Making. In: Costanza R., ed, Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability.  New York, Columbia University Press: 153-167.

 

Costanza R and Perrings C. 1990. A Flexible Assurance Bonding System for Improved Environmental Management, Ecological Economics 2: 57-76.

 

Perrings C. 1990.  Economic Growth and Sustainable Development. In: NRCSH,  Sustainable Development, Science and Policy, Oslo, Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities: 269-286.

 

Perrings C. 1989. An Optimal Path to Extinction: Poverty and Resource Degradation in the Open Agrarian Economy, Journal of Development Economics 30(1): 1-24. PDF

 

Perrings C. 1989. Environmental Bonds and Environmental Research in Innovative Activities, Ecological Economics 1: 95-115. PDF

 

Perrings C.  1989. Environmental bonds and the incentive to research in activities involving uncertain future effects, Societat Catalana d'Economia: Annuari 7: 160-167.

 

Perrings C. 1989. Debt and Resource Degradation in Low Income Countries: The Adjustment Problem and the Perverse Effects of Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Singer H. and Sharma S., eds, Economic Development and World Debt. London, Macmillan: 321-334.

 

Perrings C. 1986. Conservation of Mass and Instability in a Dynamic Economy- Environment System, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13: 199-211. PDF

 

Perrings C. 1986. Income Redistribution and Labour Surplus in the Classical Theory of Labour Migration, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 54(3): 283-297.

 

Perrings C. 1985. The Natural Economy Revisited, Economic Development and Cultural Change 33(4): 829-850.

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