Statistical Mediation
|
What is mediation?  |
| Once a relationship between two variables is established, it is common for researchers
to consider the role of other variables in this relationship (Lazarsfeld, 1955). In one
situation, moderation or effect modification, an observed relationship may be different at
different levels of a third variable. In a second situation, which is the focus of this
site, a third variable provides a clearer interpretation of the relationship between the
two variables. A clearer interpretation may be obtained by elucidating the causal process
among the three variables, a mediational hypothesis.
The mediational hypothesis reflects causal hypotheses about variables. In this afile:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/cbay1/Application%20Data/SSH/temp/sent.htmpproach, the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is decomposed into direct and indirect (mediated) effects as shown below:
Mediation implies a causal hypothesis whereby an independent variable causes a mediator
which causes a dependent variable (Holland, 1988; Sobel, 1990). |
| How are mediated effects calculated? |
|
The general model is described in terms of mediated effects. We assume multivariate normal distributions and normally distributed error terms throughout. The effect of adding a third variable can be calculated in two ways (MacKinnon, Warsi, & Dwyer, 1995) based on either the difference between two regression parameters (t - t') or the multiplication of two regression parameters (ab). The equivalence of the two methods was shown in MacKinnon et al. (1995). In the first method, the following two regression equations are estimated. Model 1: Y = b01 + t X + e1 Model 2: Y = b02 + t' X + bM + e2 Y is the outcome variable, X is the program or independent variable, M is the mediator, t codes the relationship between the program to the outcome in the first equation, t' is the coefficient relating the program to the outcome adjusted for the effects of the mediator, e1 and e2 code unexplained variability, and the intercepts are b01 and b02. In the first regression, the outcome variable is regressed on the independent variable. In the second regression, the outcome is regressed on the independent variable and the mediator. The value of the mediated or indirect effect equals the difference in the program coefficients (t-t') in the two regression models (Judd & Kenny, l981). If the treatment coefficient (t') is zero when the mediator is included in the model, then the program effect is entirely mediated by the mediating variable. A second method also involves estimation of two regression equations.
First, the coefficient in the model relating the mediator to the outcome is estimated (b) in Model 2 above. Second, the coefficient relating the program to
the mediating variable is computed (a). Model 3: M = b03 + a X + e3 Where M is the mediator outcome variable, b03 is the intercept, X is the program variable and e3 is the error term. The product of these two parameters
(ab) is the mediated or indirect effect which is equivalent to
(t - t'). The coefficient relating
the treatment variable to the outcome adjusted for the mediator (t')
is the nonmediated or direct effect. The rationale behind this method is that mediation
depends on the extent to which the program changes the mediator (a)
and the extent to which the mediator affects the outcome variable (b).
|
| Different tests of mediation |
| Tests of mediation can be divided into three basic classes: causal steps, difference
in coefficient methods, and product of coefficient methods (see
MacKinnon, D. P., *Lockwood, C. M., *Hoffman, J. M., et al., 2002).
Causal Steps These methods indicate a series of requirements which must be true for the mediation model to hold. As outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986) and Judd and Kenny (1981), the steps require that: (1) The total effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable must be significant (t in Model 1 above).(2) The path from the independent variable to the mediator must be significant (a in Model 3 above). (3) The path from the mediator to the dependent variable must be significant (b in Model 2 above). (4) The fourth step is required only for complete mediation. If the independent variable no longer has any effect on the dependent variable when the mediator has been controlled, the complete mediation has occurred (nonsignificant t'). A less stringent variation of the causal step method is to require simply that a and b both be significant. Difference in Coefficient Methods Freedman (1992) and McGuigan and Langholtz (1988) each developed standard errors for the test of t-t'. Olkin and Finn (1995) developed a standard error for the difference between a correlation and the same correlation partialled for a third variable. Product of Coefficient Methods Several standard errors have been developed to test the product ab. |
| Statistical power and mediation |
|
From the following paper we have included these two PDF files (requires Adobe Acrobat to open) from footnote 1: Predicted and observed power, and footnote 2: Empirical M critical values. MacKinnon, D. P.,*Lockwood, C. M., & *Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. |
| Frequency distributions |
| As part of the simulation study published in MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West, &
Sheets (2002), cumulative frequency distributions of the mediated effect divided by its
standard error were developed. These were used to find critical values for significance
testing and are available in pdf form here. |
| Relevant projects and papers |
| COMPUTER PROGRAMS
MacKinnon, D. P. (1992). Statistical simulations in CALIS. Proceedings of the 17th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference 1992, (pp.1199-1203). Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc. Wang, E., Gong, A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1991). A program to compute odds ratios and confidence intervals from LOGIST output. In Sugi 16. Proceedings of the 16th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference 1991, 1228-1231. Reprinted in total in SAS Macro Facility Tips and Techniques, Version 6, First edition. MacKinnon, D. P., & Wang, E. (1989). INDIRECT: A program to calculate indirect effects and their standard errors. MacKinnon, D. P., & Wang, E. (1989). A SAS/IML matrix program to estimate indirect effects and their standard errors. SUGI 14: Proceedings of the Statistical Analysis System Conference (pp. 1151-1156). Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc. MANUSCRIPTS IN PREPARATION Merrill, R., MacKinnon, D. P., & Mayer, L. (2005). Estimating mediated moderator effects in treatment studies . Manuscript in preparation. MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J. -Y. (2005). Standard error of the three-path mediated effect . Manuscript in preparation . Morgan-Lopez, A. A., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J.-Y (2005). Balancing computational ease, statistical power and type I error rates in mediated baseline by treatment interaction models. Manuscript in preparation. Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Taborga, M. P. (2006). R 2 effect-size measures for the mediated effect. Manuscript in preparation. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006). Plotting the mediated effect: A graphical method of examining mediation. Manuscript in preparation. MANUSCRIPTS SUBMITTED MacKinnon, D.P., Yoon, M., Lockwood, C.M., & Taylor, A. (2005). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects in logistic regression. Submitted to Psychological Methods. MacKinnon, D.P., Yoon, M., Ryu, E., & Fairchild, A. (2005). Evaluation of the proportion mediated measure of mediation . Submitted to the British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2005) Tests of significance for a person-centered approach to mediation. Submitted to Multivariate Behavioral Research. Taylor, A. B., & MacKinnnon, D. P. (2005). Permutation tests for mediation. Submitted to Multivariate Behavioral Research. Tofighi, D., MacKinnon, D. P., & Yoon, M. (2006). Covariance among regression coefficients in a single mediator model. Submitted to the British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. PUBLICATIONS MacKinnon, D. P. (in press). Mediating variable. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.) The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). A graphical representation
of the mediated effect. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 55-60. 1.
Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J. Y. (2008). Tests of the
three-path mediated effect. Organizational
Research Methods, 11, 241-269. Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 23-51. MacKinnon, D.P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis.1.
MacKinnon, D. P., *Lockwood, C. M., Brown, C.H., & *Hoffman, J. M.
(2007). The intermediate endpoint effect in logistic and probit regression.
Clinical Trials, 4, 499 - 513. 1.
MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007).
Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program
PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 384 - 389. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233-239. Morgan-Lopez, A. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006). Demonstration and evaluation of a method to assess mediated moderation. Behavior Research Methods, 38 (1), 77-87 . Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., MacKinnon, D. P., & Wolchik, S. A. (2004). How did it work? Who did it work for? Mediation in the context of a moderated prevention effect for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 617-624. MacKinnon, D. P.,Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S.-T. (2003). Investigation of mediational processes using parallel process latent growth curve modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 238-262. MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (2003). Major data analysis issues in drug abuse prevention research. In Z. Sloboda & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Handbook for drug abuse prevention: theory, science, and practice (pp. 541-556). Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishing: New York. MacKinnon, D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2003). Advances in statistical methods for substance abuse prevention research. Prevention Science, 4(3), 155-171. Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Castro, F. G., Chassin, L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2003). A mediated moderation model of cigarette use among Mexican-American youth. Addictive Behaviors, 28 (3), 583-589. Tein, J.-Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2003). Estimating mediated effects with survival data. H. Yanai, A. O. Rikkyo, K. Shigemasu, Y. Kano, J. J. Meulman (Eds.) New Developments on Psychometrics (pp. 405-412). Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag Tokyo Inc. MacKinnon, D. P., Taborga, M. P., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2002). Mediation designs for tobacco prevention research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, S69-S83. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test the significance of the mediated effect. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104. MacKinnon, D. P. (2002). Mediating variable. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 9503-9507). New York: Elsevier. Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S. T. (2001). A latent growth modeling approach to mediation analysis. In L. M. Collins & A. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 390-392). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Commentary on Donaldson, Mediator and moderator analysis in program development. In S. Sussman (Ed.), Handbook of program development for health behavior research and practice (pp. 497-500). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 249-277. MacKinnon, D. P. (2000). Contrasts in multiple mediator models. In J. Rose, L. Chassin, C. C. Presson, & S. J. Sherman (Eds.), Multivariate applications in substance use research: New methods for new questions (pp. 141-160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., Clarke, G. N., Elliot, D. L., Cheong, J., Lapin, A., Moe, E. L., & Krull, J. L. (2001). Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior. Prevention Science, 2, 15-28. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181. Sandler, I. N., Kim-Bae, L. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2000). Coping and negative appraisal as mediators between control beliefs and psychological symptoms in children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 336-347. Krull, J. L. & MacKinnon, D. P. (1999) Multilevel mediation modeling in group-based intervention studies.Evaluation Review, 23, 418-444. Lockwood, C., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Bootstrapping the standard error of the mediated effect. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of SAS Users Group International. (pp. 997-1002). Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc. Finch, J., West, S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997) Effects on non-normality on mediated effect estimates. Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 87-107. Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S.A., MacKinnon, D.P., Ayers, T.S., & Roosa, M.W. (1997). Developing linkages between theory and intervention in stress and coping processes in Handbook of children's coping: Linking theory and intervention. Plenum Press: New York. West, S., & Aiken, L. (1996). Toward understanding individual effects in multiple component prevention programs: Design and analysis strategies. In K. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), New methodological approaches to prevention research (pp. 167-209). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995). A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 41-62. MacKinnon, D. P. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention intervention studies. In A. Cazares and L. A. Beatty (Eds.), Scientific methods for prevention intervention research (pp.127-153). Washington, DC: NIDA Research Monograph 139, DHHS Pub. 94-3631. MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144-158. MacKinnon, D. P., Johnson, C. A., Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Wang, E. (1991). Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug prevention program: One year effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project. Health Psychology, 10, 164-172. MacKinnon, D. P., Weber, M. D., & Pentz, M. A. (1989). How do school-based drug prevention programs work and for whom? Drugs and Society, 3, 125-143. MEDIATION CONFERENCE Mediation Conference was held Monday, March 23 and Tuesday, March 24, 1998 at Arizona State University. To learn more about this conference, see the Mediation Conference page. PRESENTATIONS Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, May). Joint analysis of moderation and mediation effects in single sample designs. Paper submitted to the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, May). Causal inference in mediation models. Paper submitted to the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, May). Dual process models. Paper submitted to the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. Wang, W. & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, May). Moderation and mediation with a binary dependent variable. Paper submitted to the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S. (2007, May). Joint analysis of moderation and mediation effects in single sample designs. Poster submitted to the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, March). Moderators and mediators. Invited presentation at National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, March). Methods to assess how interventions change behavior. Invited presentation at Health Maintenance Consortium, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Mediation for physical activity interventions. Invited presentation at the National Institutes for Health Grantee Meeting for Mechanisms of Physical Activity, Denver, CO. MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Mediation. Invited presentation at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Designs for investigating mediation variables. Invited presentation at Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). Plots of the XM interaction in models of the mediated effect. Poster presented to the 14th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, San Antonio, TX. Feaster, D. J., McCabe, B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). Using repeated observations to estimate person-specific models of mediation. Paper presented to the 14th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, San Antonio, TX. Taylor, A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). A permutation test for mediation. Poster presented to the 14th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, San Antonio, TX. MacKinnon, D.P. (2006, April). New methods for mediation analysis . Invited presentation at the 86th annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association. MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, October). Issues in mediation modeling in prevention effectiveness trials. Workshop presentation to the New Directions for Mental Health and Drug Abuse Effectiveness and Dissemination Trial Research and Methodology. Baltimore, MD. Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, August). Developing significance tests for a person-centered approach to mediation. Poster presented at the 113 th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D., Williams, J., & Fritz, M. (2005, May). Evaluation of longitudinal mediating mechanisms of a drug prevention program for adolescent athletes. A paper to be presented at the annual convention of the Society for Prevention Research. [Submitted for consideration of presentation] Washington, DC. Fritz, M.S., & MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, May). Sample size and statistical power in tests of mediation. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, D.C. Lockwood, C. M., MacKinnon, D. P., Brown, C. H., & Hoffman, J. M. (2005, May). Mediation analysis with binary outcomes. A paper presented at the 13 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, D.C. MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, May). Statistical mediation analysis . Invited Presentation Center for Disease Control AIDS/HIV Prevention Quantitative group. Tein, J.-Y., MacKinnon, D. P., & Kwok, O.-M. (2005, May). Method of probing simple mediation effects for models with combined mediated and moderated effects. A paper presented at the 13 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, D.C. MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, April). Mediation and moderation in alcohol and tobacco research . Workshop presentation for the Second East-West Conference on Tobacco and Alcohol Use m eeting at the, Pasadena, CA. MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, March). Mediation models for longitudinal data. Invited presentation at the Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, March). Mediation analysis in drug prevention studies. Invited presentation at the Family Studies Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, February). Longitudinal mediation models. Invited presentation at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, November) Mediation models for longitudinal data. Presentation given at the Arizona State University Prevention in Research Center Postdoc seminar, Tempe, AZ. MacKinnon, D.P., Yoon, M., & Ryu, E. (2004, July). Evaluation of the proportion mediated effect size measure. Abstract presented at the 112 th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI. MacKinnon, D.P., Williams, J., Lockwood, C., & Fritz, M. (2004, July). Empirical power of 20 mediation tests. Abstract presented at the 112 th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI. Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, July). Power and type I error rates of contrasts of indirect effects. Abstract presented at the 112 th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, June ). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis . Presentation given at the Research Foundation of SUNY, Buffalo,NY. MacKinnon, D.P., Jo, B., Brown, C. H., Kellam, S. G., & Sobel, M. (2004, May). Mediation and moderation in prevention research. Abstract presented at the 12 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Québec City, Québec. MacKinnon, D.P., Williams, J., & Yoon, M. (2004, May). Evaluation of mediation tests from surrogate endpoints research. Abstract presented at the 12 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Québec City, Québec. Weaver, S., Cheong, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, May). Ethnic differences in alcohol use and peer norms: Investigation of a mediation model. Abstract presented at the 12 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Québec City, Québec. MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, May). New designs and methods for trials research. Poster chair session at the 12 th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Québec City, Québec. MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, April). Statistical mediation analysis . Workshop presentation at the 84th annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Phoenix, AZ. MacKinnon, D.P., & Alwin, D. (2004, March). Led a breakout discussion section at the Merrill Advanced Studies Center conference on Modeling Developmental Processes in Ecological Context, Tempe, AZ. MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, March). Methodology for MH/drug prevention & early intervention mediation analysis. Presentation to the University of South Florida Prevention Science & Methodology Group. Tampa, FL. MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, February). National Institute on Drug Abuse Meeting on the Mechanisms of Action of Behavioral Treatments, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D.P. (2003, December). Mediators, moderators, & more. University of Southern Florida, Tampa, FL. MacKinnon, D.P. (2003, November). Finding structural needles in statistical haystacks: Methods for identifying mediators and moderators. Mediators & Moderators Workshop, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. MacKinnon, D.P. (2003, November). Moderators and mediators of treatments in randomized controlled trials. Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA. MacKinnon, D.P. (2003, July). Mediation analysis in social psychology , workshop on mediation. Society of Personality and Social Psychology Summer Institute in Social Psychology, Boulder, CO. MacKinnon, D.P., Yoon, M., Lockwood, C. (June 2003). Comparison of methods to assess mediation in logistic regression. Abstract submitted for presentation at the 11th annual Society for Prevention Research, Washington, D.C. MacKinnon, D.P. (2003, March). Comparison of single sample and resampling tests for mediation. Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2002). Bias-corrected bootstrap estimation of mediated baseline by treatment interaction effects in intervention trials. Invited colloquium presented at Quantitative Methodology in Prevention Seminar Series, The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, November 8, 2002. Morgan-Lopez, A. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., & Moe, E. L. (2002, May-June). The influence of participation in athletics on adolescent intoxication and DUI: A multi-level, multiple-mediator model of sport-specific risk and protection. Abstract submitted for presentation at the Society for Prevention Research annual meeting, Seattle, WA. Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Pentz, M. A. (2002: June). Evaluation of the mediating mechanisms of a drug prevention program to reduce adolescent DUI. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, San Francisco, CA. Cheong, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2002, May-June). A simulation study on latent growth model to test mediation. Paper presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Seattle, WA. Williams, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Cheong, J. (2002, May). The effect of missing data techniques on mediated program estimates. Poster presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Seattle, WA. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Williams, J., & Anderson, G. (2002, May). A comparison of single sample and resampling tests for the mediated effect. Paper presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Seattle, WA. MacKinnon, D. P., Cheong, J., Goldberg, L., Williams, J., & Moe, E. (2002, May). Mediating mechanisms in the second cohort of a program to prevent anabolic steroid use. Paper presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Seattle, WA. Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D.P. (2002). Selection bias and the estimation of the mediated effect. Poster presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Irvine, CA. Yoon, M., MacKinnon, D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2002, April). The difference in coefficient test for mediation in logistic regression. Poser presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Irvine, CA. Tein, J. -Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001, July). Estimating mediated effects with survival data. Presented at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Osaka, Japan. MacKinnon, D. P., Taborga, M. P., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2001, June). Mediation designs for tobacco prevention research. Presented at the 9th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. Morgan-Lopez, A. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001, June). A mediated moderation model simulation: Mediational processes that vary as a function of second predictors. [Abstract]. Presented at the 9th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC. MacKinnon, D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2001, May). An approximate randomization test for the mediated effect. Abstract presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Maui, HI. Tein, J. -Y., Sandler, I. N., MacKinnon, D. P., & Wolchik, S. A. (2000, June). Testing of mediation when program effects interact with pretest mediator of outcome variables. Paper presented at the 8th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research Conference, Montreal, Quebec. Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Castro, F. G., Chassin, L. A. & MacKinnon, D. P. (2000, June). A mediated moderation model of tobacco use in Mexican-American youth. Paper presented at the 8th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Montreal, Quebec. Taborga, M. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Krull, J. L. (1999, June). A simulation study of effect size measures in mediation models. Poster presented at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, New Orleans, LA. Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S. T. (1998, October). A latent growth modeling approach to mediation analysis. Poster session presented at the Conference on New Methods for the Analysis of Change, State College, PA. Krull, J. (1998). Mediation in multilevel models. Presented at the Mediation Conference, ASU, Tempe, AZ on March 14, 1998. MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Distribution of products approaches to testing the significance of mediation effects. Presented at the Mediation Conference, ASU, Tempe, AZ on March 23, 1998. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C., & Hoffman, J. (1998). A new method to test for mediation. Presented at the Society for Prevention Research Annual Meeting in Park City, Utah on June 5, 1998. Tein, J-Y. (1998). Testing of mediation effect with two mediators in the causal chain. Presented at the Mediation Conference, ASU, Tempe, AZ on March 23, 1998. West, S., & Aiken, L. (1998). Toward understanding effects of individual components in multicomponent interventions. Presented at the 1998 Mediation Conference, ASU, Tempe, AZ on March 24, 1998. Lockwood, C., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Power to detect mediated effects. Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Seattle, WA. MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J-Y. (1997). Mediation models for implementation data. Prevention Research Methodology Group, Seattle, WA. MacKinnon, D. P., & Krull, J. (1997). Inconsistent mediation models. Presented at the 1997 meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Mediation effects in prevention studies. Invited paper for the 1997 meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. Tien, J-Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Multiple path mediation models. Presented at the 1997 meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. List of publications and presentations from the MEDIATION grant M2 indicates that the paper was completed during the 2002-2008 funding period. M1 indicates that the paper was completed during the 1996-2001 funding period. P indicates that the paper was completed as part of the pilot grant, 1990-1991. Barrera,
M., Jr., Prelow, H. M., Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Michaels,
M. L., Roosa, M. W., & Tein, J.-Y.
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the family, and deviant peers. Journal
of Community Psychology, 30, 135-152. [M1] Barrera,
M., Jr., Toobert, R. E., Angell, D., Glasgow, K., & MacKinnon, D. P.
(2006). Social support and social-ecological resources as mediators of
lifestyle intervention effects for type 2 diabetes. Journal of Health
Psychology, 11, 483-495. [M2] Barrera,
M., Jr., Strycker, L. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Toobert, D. J. (2008).
Social-ecological resources as mediators of two-year diet and physical activity
outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients. Health Psychology, 27, S118-S125. [M2]
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Poduska, J., Ialongo, N., Wyman, P. A., Chamberlain, P., Sloboda, Z.,
MacKinnon, D. P., & Windham, A. (2008). Methods for testing theory and
evaluating impact in randomized field trials: Intent-to-treat analyses for
integrating the perspectives of person, place, and time. Drug and Alcohol
Dependence, 95s, s74-s104. [M2] http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871607004425
Cerin,
E., & MacKinnon, D. P. (in press). A
commentary on current practice in mediating variable analyses in behavioural
nutrition and physical activity. Public Health Nutrition. [M2] Cheong, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2002, May). A
simulation study of a latent growth model to test mediation. Poster presented at the annual meeting
of the Society for Prevention Research, Cheong, J. & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, May).
Accuracy of estimates and statistical power for testing mediation in latent
growth modeling. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association
for Psychological Science, Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S.-T.
(2001). A latent growth modeling approach to mediation analysis. In L. M.
Collins & A. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 390-392). Cheong,
J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S.-T. (2003). Investigation of mediational
processes using parallel process latent growth curve modeling. Structural
Equation Modeling, 10, 238-262.
[M1] http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785833123~db=all
Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Pentz, M. A.
(2002, June). Evaluation of the mediating
mechanisms of a drug prevention program to reduce adolescent DUI. Poster
presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Cheong,
J., MacKinnon, D. P., Williams, J., & Fritz, M. S. (2005, May). Evaluation
of longitudinal mediating mechanisms of a drug prevention program for
adolescent athletes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society
for Prevention Research, Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., Williams, J.,
Goldberg, L., & Moe, E. (2002, May). Long-term program effects of a
program to prevent anabolic steroid use. Poster presented at the annual
meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Deng,
S., Lopez, V., Roosa, M. W., Ryu, E., Burrell, G., Tein, J.-Y., & Crowder,
S. (2006). Family processes mediating the relationship of neighborhood
disadvantage to early adolescent internalizing problems. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 206-231. [M2] http://jea.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/206
Dinh,
K. T., Castro, F. G., Tein, J.-Y., & Kim, S Y. (in press) Cultural
predictors of physical and mental health status among Mexican American women: A
mediation model. American Journal of
Community Psychology. [M2] Dinh, K. T., Roosa, M. W.,
Tein, J.-Y., & Lopez, V.A. (2002). The
relationship between acculturation and problem behavior proneness in a Hispanic
youth sample: A longitudinal mediation model. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 30, 295-309. [M1] Dwyer,
J. H., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1991). Estimating mediated effects in risk
regression models. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 716. [P]. Fairchild,
A.J., MacKinnon, D.P., Taborga, M., & Taylor, A.B. (in press). R2
Effect-size Measures for Mediation Analysis. Behavioral Research
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A General Model for Testing Mediation and Moderation Effects. Prevention
Science. [M2] Fairchild,
A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (in preparation). Tests of significance for a person-centered approach to mediation.
Manuscript in preparation. [M2] Fairchild,
A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2005, August). Developing significance tests
for a person-centered approach to mediation. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the
American Psychological Association, Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008,
May). Applied examples of models with
mediation and moderation. Paper presented at the annual convention of the
Association for Psychological Science, Fairchild,
A. J., MacKinnon, D. P., Elliot, D. L., & Moe, E. (2006, May). Mediation analysis of the PHLAME
intervention program. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society
for Prevention Research, Feaster,
D. J., McCabe, B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). Using repeated observations to estimate person-specific models of
mediation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for
Prevention Research, Finch,
J. F., West, S. G., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Effects of sample size and
nonnormality on the estimation of mediated effects in latent variable models. Structural
Equation Modeling, 4, 87-107.
[M1] http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ543813&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ543813
Fritz,
M. S. (2005, March). Required sample size
to detect the mediated effect. (Masters thesis, Fritz,
M.S., & MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, May). Sample
size and statistical power in tests of mediation. Paper presented at the
annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Fritz,
M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). A graphical representation of the
mediated effect. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 55-60. [M2] http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psocpubs/berm/2008/00000040/00000001/art00007
Fritz,
M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). Plots
of the XM interaction in models of the mediated effect. Poster presented at
the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Fritz,
M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the
mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233-239. [M2] http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118505512/abstract Haine, R. A., Sandler, I. N.,
Wolchik, S. A.,Tein, J.-Y., & Dawson-McClure, S. R. (2003). Changing the legacy of divorce: Evidence from
prevention programs and future directions. Family
Relations, 52, 397-405. [M1] Kim, L. S., Sandler, I. N., & Tein, J.-Y. (1997). Locus
of control as a stress moderator and mediator in children of divorce. Journal
of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25,
145-155. [M1] Krull,
J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1999). Multilevel mediation modeling in
group-based intervention studies. Evaluation Review, 23, 418-444. [M1] http://erx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/4/418
Krull,
J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Multilevel modeling of individual and
group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 249-277. [M1] http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785042741~db=all
Kwok,
O., Haine, R. A., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein,
J.-Y. (2005) Positive Parenting as a Mediator of the Relations between Parental
Psychological Distress and Mental Health Problems of Parentally Bereaved
Children. Journal of Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychology. 34, 260-271. [M2] Lewis
Bate, S., Stigler, M. H., Thompson, M. S., Arora, M., Perry, C. L., Reddy, K.
S., MacKinnon, D. P. (in press). Psychosocial mediators of a school-based
tobacco prevention program in Lockwood,
C. M. (1999). Effects of nonnormality on tests of mediation. Unpublished
master’s thesis, Lockwood,
C. M., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997, April). Power to detect mediated
effects. Paper presented at the
meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Lockwood,
C. M., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Bootstrapping the standard error of the
mediated effect. Proceedings of the 23rd annual meeting of SAS
users group international (pp. 997-1002). Lockwood,
C.M., MacKinnon, D.P., Brown, C.H., & Hoffman, J.M. (2005, May). Mediation analysis with binary outcomes. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P. (1992). Statistical simulations using the CALIS procedure. Proceedings of the 17th annual SAS users
group international conference
(pp. 1199-1203). MacKinnon,
D. P. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention
research. In A. Cazares & L. A. Beatty (Eds.), Scientific methods for
prevention intervention research (DHHS
Pub. 94-3631, pp.127-153). MacKinnon,
D. P. (1997, August). Mediation analysis in prevention research. Invited paper presented at the annual
meeting of the American Psychological Association, MacKinnon,
D. P. (1998, March) Distribution of products approaches to testing the
significance of mediation effects. Paper
presented at MacKinnon,
D. P. (2000). Contrasts in multiple mediator models. In J. Rose, L. Chassin, C.
C. Presson, & S. J. Sherman (Eds.), Multivariate applications in
substance use research: New methods for new questions (pp.141-160). MacKinnon,
D. P. (2001). Commentary on Donaldson: Mediator and moderator analysis in
program development. In S. Sussman (Ed.), Handbook of program development
for health behavior research and practice (pp. 497-500). MacKinnon,
D. P., (2001, August). Evaluating
community strategies and programs. Presentation at the 2nd
National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention, MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Mediating variable. In N.
J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the
social and behavioral sciences (pp. 9503-9507). MacKinnon, D. P. (2003, March). Comparison of single sample and resampling tests for mediation. Society
for Prevention Research, MacKinnon, D. P. (2003, July). Mediation analysis in social psychology, workshop on mediation.
Society of Personality and Social Psychology Summer Institute in Social
Psychology, Boulder, CO. [M2] MacKinnon, D. P. (2003, November). Participant in Finding structural needles in statistical
haystacks: Methods for identifying mediators and moderators. Mediators
& Moderators Workshop, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic at the MacKinnon, D. P. (2003, November). Moderators and mediators of treatments in
randomized controlled trials. Association for Advancement of Behavior
Therapy, MacKinnon, D. P. (2003, December). Mediators, moderators, & more. Presentation
to the Prevention Science Methodology Group. [M2] MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, February). Presentation at
the National Institute on Drug Abuse Meeting on the Mechanisms of Action of
Behavioral Treatments, MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, March). Methodology for MH/drug prevention & early intervention mediation
analysis. Presentation to the
University of South Florida Prevention Science & Methodology Group, MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, April). Surrogate endpoints and mediators. Presentation to the Prevention
Science Methodology Group. [M2] MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, April). Statistical mediation analysis. Invited workshop presented at the
annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, May). Mediation and moderation. Guest Lecture on Introductory
Biostatistics, MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, May). New designs and methods for trials research. Poster session chair
at the 12th annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, June). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Invited workshop
presentation at the MacKinnon, D.P. (2004, November). Mediation analysis with longitudinal data. Presentation to the MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, February). Mediation models for longitudinal data.
Invited presentation to the Vanderbilt Psychology Department, MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, March). Mediation models for longitudinal data. Presentation to the
University of Arizona Psychology Department, MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, March). Mediation analysis in drug prevention studies. Presentation to the MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, March). Statistical mediation analysis. Workshop for the University of
Arizona Family Studies Department, Mackinnon, D. P. (2005, April) Mediation and moderation in alcohol and tobacco research.
Presentation at the East-West conference on Tobacco and Alcohol use, MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, May). Statistical mediation analysis. Center for Disease Control AIDS/HIV
Prevention Quantitative Group, Conference call presentation. [M2] MacKinnon, D.P. (2005, October). Issues in mediation modeling in prevention
effectiveness trials. Workshop presentation to the New Directions for
Mental Health and Drug Abuse Effectiveness and Dissemination Trial Research and
Methodology. MacKinnon, D.P. (2006, April). New methods
for mediation analysis. Invited
presentation at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May). Multilevel mediation symposium.
Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention
Research, MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Some new results on mediation analysis. Presentation
to the MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Mediation for physical activity
interventions. Invited presentation at the National Institutes for Health
Grantee Meeting for Mechanisms of Physical Activity, Denver, CO. [M2] MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, November). Designs for investigating mediation
variables. Invited presentation at MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, March). Moderators and mediators. Invited presentation at National Cancer
Institute, MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, March). Methods to assess how interventions change behavior. Invited
workshop at Health MaintenanAt 95% confidence, the interval isce Consortium, MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, June). Statistical Mediation in AIDS/HIV Prevention and Treatment. Invited
workshop at the Center for AIDS prevention research, MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, July). Introduction to Statistical Mediation. Invited workshop at of MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, November, 2). Importance of Mediation in Behavioral
Science Research. Invited presentation at the Harvard School of Public
Health, MacKinnon, D. P. (2007, November, 15). Advances in mediation analysis: New Tests
and Longitudinal Models. Invited presentation in the Psychology Department
at the MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, March). Longitudinal mediation models
for long term effects. Prevention Science Methodology Meeting. MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, June). Introduction to Statistical
Mediation Analysis. Invited 3-day
workshop, MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, June). Mediation analysis for alcohol treatment. Invited presentation at the NIAA/RSA
symposium on mediating mechanisms in alcohol treatment. MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, September). Mediation analysis. Invited MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, October). Mediation analysis. Invited workshop at the NIMH AIDS/HIV family
interventions conference, MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. http://www.psypress.com/9780805839746
MacKinnon, D.P. & Cheong, J. (2005, January) Mediation models for longitudinal data.
Presentation to the University of South Florida Prevention Science &
Methodology Group, MacKinnon, D. P., Cheong, J., Goldberg, L.,
Williams, J., & Moe, E. (2002, May). Mediating mechanisms in the second
cohort of a program to prevent anabolic steroid use. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for
Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention
studies. Evaluation Review, 17,
144-158. [P] http://erx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/2/144
MacKinnon,
D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (2003). Major data analysis issues in drug abuse
prevention research. In Z. Sloboda & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Handbook for drug abuse
prevention: theory, science, and practice (pp. 541-556). Kluwer
Academic/ Plenum Publishing: MacKinnon,
D. P, Dwyer, J. H., & Warsi, G. (1992, July). Estimating mediation
effects in logistic and probit regression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric
Society. [P] MacKinnon,
D.P. & Fairchild, A.J. (in press).
Mediation analysis. Current Directions in Psychology. [M2]
MacKinnon,
D.P. & Fairchild, A.J. (2008). A
simulation study of moderation and mediation. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D.P. , Fairchild, A.J., & Ohlrich, V. (2008). Mediation
in tobacco treatment. Invited
presentation at the Society for Nicotine and Tobacco Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., Fairchild, A. J., Fritz, M. S. (2007).
Mediation analysis. Annual Review
of Psychology, 58, 593 -614. [M2] http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
MacKinnon,
D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution
of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior
Research Methods, 39, 384 - 389. [M2] http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/39/3/384.abstract
MacKinnon,
D. P., Goldberg, L., Clarke, G. N., Elliot, D. L., Cheong, J., Lapin, A., Moe,
E. L., & Krull, J. L. (2001). Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce
intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and
dietary behavior. Prevention Science, 2, 15-28. [M1] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519372 MacKinnon,
D. P., Jo, B., Brown, C. H., Kellam, S. G., & Sobel, M. (2004, May). Mediation and moderation in prevention
research. Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the Society for
Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., Johnson, C. A., Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R.,
& Wang, E. Y. I. (1991). Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug
prevention program: First year effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project. Health Psychology, 10, 164-172. [P] MacKinnon,
D. P., & Krull, J. L. (1997, July). Inconsistent mediation models. Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the American Psychological Association, MacKinnon,
D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the
mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181.
[M1] http://www.springerlink.com/content/v1w6435774m80742/
MacKinnon,
D.P., & Luecken, L.J. (2008). How
and for whom? Mediation and moderation
in Health Psychology. Health Psychology, 27, S99-S100. [M2] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377161
MacKinnon,
D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2003). Advances in statistical methods for
substance abuse prevention research. Prevention
Science, 4, 155-171.[M1] http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?author=MacKinnon&journal=Prevention+Science&journal_type=words&year_from=2003&year_to=2008&database=1&pageSize=20&index=1 MacKinnon,
D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2001, May). An approximate randomization test
for the mediated effect. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Brown, Wang, W., C.H.,
& Hoffman, J. M. (2007). The intermediate endpoint effect in logistic and
probit regression. Clinical Trials, 4, 499 - 513. [M2] http://ctj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/4/5/499 MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Hoffman, J. M.
(1998, June). A new method to test for mediation. Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M.,
West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A
comparison of methods to test the significance of the mediated effect. Psychological
Methods, 7, 83-104. [M1] http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=2002-00925-005
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams,
J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the
product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39,
99-128. [M1] http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785042545~db=all
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Williams, J.,
& Anderson, G. (2002, May). A
comparison of single-sample and resampling tests for the mediated effect.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., Taborga, M. P., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2002). Mediation designs for
tobacco prevention research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68,
S69-S83. [M1] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324176 MacKinnon,
D. P., & Tein, J.-Y. (1997, September). Mediation models for
implementation data. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Prevention Science Methodology Group, MacKinnon,
D. P., & Tein, J.-Y. (2001). Standard error of the three-path mediated
effect. Unpublished manuscript. [M1] MacKinnon,
D. P., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995). A simulation study of mediated
effect measures. Multivariate
Behavioral Research, 30, 41-62. [P] http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785043260~db=all
MacKinnon,
D. P., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. (2004, July). Empirical power of 20 mediation tests. Paper presented at the
annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, MacKinnon,
D. P., Williams, J., & Yoon, M. (2004, May). Evaluation of mediation tests from surrogate endpoints research.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., Yoon, M., & Lockwood, C. (2003, June). Comparison of methods to assess mediation in logistic regression.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, MacKinnon,
D. P., Yoon, M., Lockwood, C. M., & Taylor, A. B. (in preparation). A
comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
in logistic regression. Manuscript under revision for Psychological Methods. [M2] MacKinnon,
D. P., Yoon, M., & Ryu, E. (2004, July). Evaluation of the proportion mediated effect size measure. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, MacKinnon,
D. P., Yoon, M., Ryu, E., & Fairchild, A. J. (2006). Evaluation of the
proportion mediated measure of mediation. Manuscript under revision for The British
Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. [M2] Mauricio, A. M., Tein, J.-Y., & Lopez, F. G. (2007). Borderline
and Antisocial Personality Scores as mediators Between Attachment and Intimate
Partner Violence. Violence and Victims.
22, 139-157.[M2] http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/vav/2007/00000022/00000002/art00001 Merrill,
R., MacKinnon, D. P., & Mayer, L. (2006). Estimating mediated moderator
effects in treatment studies . Manuscript in preparation. [M2] Moe, E.
L., Goldberg, L., MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Kuehl, K. S., Elliot, D.
L., Cheong, J., Yoon, M. (2006). Nutritional supplements: Are they precursors
to anabolic steroid and other substance use? Manuscript in preparation. [M2] Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2002). Bias-corrected bootstrap estimation of
mediated baseline by treatment interaction effects in intervention trials. Invited colloquium presented at Quantitative
Methodology in Prevention Seminar Series, The Methodology Center, The
Pennsylvania State University, Morgan-Lopez,
A. A. (2003) A simulation study of the mediated baseline by treatment
interaction effect in preventive intervention trials (Doctoral dissertation, Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Castro, F. G., Chassin, L.,
& MacKinnon, D. P. (2003). A mediated moderation model of cigarette use
among Mexican American youth. Addictive
Behaviors, 28, 583-589. [M1] Morgan-Lopez,
A. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001, May-June) A mediated moderation model
simulation: Mediational processes that vary as a function of second predictors. Paper presented at the 9th annual
meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Morgan-Lopez,
A. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006). Demonstration and evaluation of a method
for assessing mediated moderation. Behavior
Research Methods, 38, 77-87. [M2]
http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/38/1/77.abstract Morgan-Lopez, A. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L.,
& Moe, E. (2002, May). The influence of participation in athletics on
adolescent intoxication and DUI: A multi-level, multiple mediator model of
sport-specific risk and protection. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Ohlrich,
V. C., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008, May). Bias in cross-sectional mediation.
Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention
Research, Patock-Peckham,
J. A., Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Pentz, M. A. (2004, April). The Midwestern prevention project: The
moderating effects of sensation seeking. Poster presented at the annual
meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Qing, Z., Wang, Y., Deng, X., Eisenberg, N.,
Wolchik, S., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008). Relations of parenting and
temperament to Chinese children's experience of negative life events, coping
efficacy, and externalizing problems. Child
Development, 79, 493-513. [M2] http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120083801/abstract Ranby,
K. W., Aiken, L. S., MacKinnon, D. P., Elliot, D. L., Moe, E. L., Goldberg, L.,
& McGinnis, W. (2008). A mediation analysis of the ATHENA intervention for
female athletes: Prevention of athletic-enhancing substance use and unhealthy
weight loss behaviors. [M2] Roosa,
M. W., Deng, S., Ryr, E., Burrell, G., Tein, J.-Y., Jones, S., Lopez, V., &
Crowder, S. (2005). Family and child
characteristics linking Neighborhood context and Child Externalizing Behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 514-529.
[M2]
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118686835/abstract Ryu,
E., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (in press). Mediation and moderation:
Testing relationships between symptom status, functional health, and quality of
life in HIV patients. Multivariate
Behavioral Research. [M2] Sandler,
Sandler, I. N., Kim-Bae, L. S., & MacKinnon, D. P.
(2000). Coping and negative appraisal as mediators between control beliefs and
psychological symptoms in children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychology, 29, 336-347.
[M1] Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Mehta, P., Wolchik, S. A., &
Ayers, T. S. (2000). Coping efficacy and psychological problems of
children of divorce. Child Development, 71, 1099-1118. [M1] Sandler,
Sandler, I.N., Tein, J.-Y., & West, S.G. (1994). Coping,
stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A
cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child
Development, 65, 1744-1763. [P] Soper, A.C., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, Taborga,
M. P. (2000, April). Effect size in mediation models. Unpublished master’s thesis, Taborga,
M. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2001, May-June). Program
designs for tobacco prevention. Paper
presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention
Research, Taborga,
M. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Krull, J. L. (1999, June). A simulation study
of effect size measures in mediation models. Poster presented at the 7th
Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Taylor,
A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Permutation
tests for mediation. Manuscript in preparation. [M2] Taylor,
A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006, May).
A permutation test for mediation.
Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Tein,
J.-Y. (1998, March). Testing the mediation effect with two mediators in the
causal chain. Presented at Tein,
J.-Y. (2003, November). Methodology in
intervention research: Moderation and mediation. Invited presentation. Tein,
J.-Y., Ayers, T., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein,
J.-Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Multiple path mediation models. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
the American Psychological Association, Tein,
J.-Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001, July). Estimating mediated effects with
survival data. Paper presented at
the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Tein,
J.-Y., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2003). Estimating mediated effects with survival
data. H. Yanai, A. O. Rikkyo, K. Shigemasu, Y. Kano, J. J. Meulman (Eds.) New
Developments on Psychometrics (pp. 405-412). Tein,
J.-Y., MacKinnon, D. P., & Kwok, O.-M. (2005, May). Method of probing simple mediation effects for models with combined
mediated and moderated effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
the Society for Prevention Research, Tein, J.-Y. , Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. & Wolchik, S.
A. (2006). Mediation
of the Effects of the Family Bereavement Program on Mental Health Problems of
Bereaved Children and Adolescents. Prevention
Science, 7, 179-195. [M2] http://www.springerlink.com/content/el51n880m166v11x/ Tein,
J.-Y., Sandler, Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., MacKinnon, D. P., &
Wolchik, S. A. (2000, June). Testing of mediation when
program effects interact with pretest mediator of outcome variables. Paper presented at the 8th
Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research Conference, Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N.,
MacKinnon, D. P., & Wolchik, S. A. (2004). How did it work? Who did it work for? Mediation in the context of a
moderated prevention effect for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 72, 617-624. [M2] http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/ccp/72/4/617/
Tein, J. -Y. Sandler, Tein, J. -Y., & Schmeige, S. (2003, June). Mediation models for longitudinal data. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Tofighi, D., MacKinnon, D. P., Yoon, M. (2008, June). Covariance among regression coefficient estimates in a single mediator model. IMPS 2008, the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society. University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. [M2] Tofighi, D., MacKinnon, D. P., & Yoon, M. (in
press). Covariance among regression
coefficients in a single mediator model. British Journal of
Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. [M2] Wang,
W., Tein, J.-Y., Brown, C. H., Mackinnon, D., and Sandler, I. Moderation and Mediation Test under
Generalized Additive Models with Application to the Family Bereavement
Program. The Sixteen Annual meeting of
Society of Prevention Research, West,
S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (1997). Toward understanding individual effects in
multiple component prevention programs: Design and analysis strategies. In K.
Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention:
Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp.
167-209). West,
S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (1998, March). Toward understanding effects of
individual components in multicomponent interventions. Presented at Wilke,
K. M., MacKinnon, D. P., Elliot, D. L., & Moe, E. (2006, May). Mediating mechanisms of a health promotion
intervention for high school females. Poster presented at the annual
meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Williams,
J. (2005). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing
indirect effects in complex models (Doctoral dissertation, Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2002, April). Selection
bias and the estimation of the mediated effect. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Western
Psychological Association, Williams,
J. & MacKinnon, D. P. (2004, July). Power
& type I error rates of contrasts of indirect effects. Paper presented
at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association Honolulu, HI. [M2] Williams, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Cheong, J.
(2002, May). The effect of missing data techniques on mediated program estimates.
Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention
Research, Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008).
Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects
in complex models. Structural
Equation Modeling, 15, 23-51. [M2]
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a789528515 Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y. , Sandler, I. N., &
Ayers, T. (2006). Stressors,
quality of the child-caregiver relationship, and children's mental health
problems after parental death: The mediating role of self-system beliefs. Journal
of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 212-229. [M2] http://www.springerlink.com/content/16265j66r4q475wm Wolchik, S.A., Tein, J.-Y.,
Sandler, I. N., & Wilcox, K. L. (2002). Fear
of abandonment as a mediator of the relations between divorce stressors and
mother–child relationship quality and children's adjustment problems. Journal
of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30,
401-418. [M1] Yoon, M., MacKinnon, D. P., & Lockwood, C. M.
(2002, April). The difference in coefficient test for mediation in logistic
regression. Poster presented at
the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association,
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| Downloadable papers |
|
Program and Data Example for Yuan, Y., MacKinnon, D.P. (2009). Bayesian Mediation Analysis, Psychological Methods, 14, 301-322. R: CodeReadme, firefighters, kennydata, mlmed,simplemed If you would like the Macintosh version of these files, please send an e-mail request. Supplemental Tables Supplemental tables for MacKinnon, D.P., Taylor, A.B., Yoon, M., & Lockwood, C.M. (2007). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects in logistic regression. Submitted to Psychological Methods. Programs for Estimating Empirical Power: SAS: Baron and Kenny, Joint, Sobel, Prodclin R: Percentile and Bias-Corrected Bootstrap Fritz, M.S., & MacKinnon, D.P. (In press). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science. Programs for Estimating Three-Path Mediated Effects SAS program for estimating three-path mediated effects when all variables are manifest SAS program for finding bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval from a set of bootstrapped estimates Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J. -Y. (in press). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods. PowerPoint Presentation software required to view these documents: Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy presentation (Boston - Nov '03) Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view these documents: Technical Assistance
Report: Mediation Analysis Cumulative Frequency
Distributions of the Mediated Effect A Simulation Study of
Mediation, Suppression and Confounding A Detailed Description of the Discrepancy in Formulas
for the Standard Error of the Difference Between |
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