A Sketch of Functional Categories in O'odham

Elly van Gelderen 1995/6

1. CP, ASP and AGR

It is well-known (e.g. Zepeda 1983; Hale... ) that the O'odham auxiliary (AUX) generally occurs in second position as in (1). Within a generative model, the most likely position is C (cf. Lema 1993). Wh-elements as in (2) move to Spec CP (or must be governed by C in a position immediately to the right of C, cf. van Gelderen 1997). Since aspect is marked on both the AUX and the main verb, as in (3) and (4), I will include two Aspect Phrases in the structure in (5). The AUX agree with the subject in person and number and the main verb does so with the direct (or indirect) object. Therefore, both AGRs and AGRo are assumed. There is no evidence of Tense (but see Hale 1969) even though future is marked and will be dealt with below. SVO is seen as underlying word order but nothing hinges on that:

1. 'Acim 'ac g ki: kegcid

we AUX-1P the house clean-IMPF

`We are cleaning the house' (Zepeda 32).

2. S.a: 'o kaij g Huan

what AUX-3 say-IMPF the John

`What is John saying' (Zepeda 53).

3. 'a:n~i 'an~ n~eok

`I am /was speaking' (Zepeda 61).

4. 'a:n~i 'ant n~eo

`I spoke'.

5. CP

WH C'

XP C ASPP

. ASP'

ASP AGRsP

. AGRs'

AGRs ASPP

. ASP'

ASP AGRoP

. AGRo'

AGRo VP

. V'

V NP

I further assume that AUX is base generated in AGRs and moves to ASP and C (evidence is the affix order: a-n-t, AUX-1-PF in (4)). The main verb moves to AGRo and ASP (no ordering evidence exists for this, except the internal evidence of ASP - AGRs ordering). The only other overt movement for which there is evidence is that of an XP to Spec CP as in (1) and (2) or of X to C as in (6). The AUX appears in second position and this can be achieved two ways: (a) by XP as in (5); or (b) by X-incorporation to AUX as in (6). Further (possibly covert) movement is that of the subject NP to Spec AGRsP and of the object (or indirect object) NP to Spec AGRoP. In this way, sentences (1) to (4) and (6) are accounted for:

6. N-o hegam hihim

Q-AUX.3 they walk.IMPF

`Are/were they walking' (Zepeda 14; 21).

 

MoodP

Sentences in which mood is present (e.g. imperatives) have the mood marker occur in C which accounts for the fact that there is no AUX in imperatives (L.53ff., Z. 124). OR ASP and Mood are in CD??

 

Future

The future marker is o and it appears immediately preceding the perfective verb (cf. Zepeda 1983: 63, but see Hale 1969: 204 n 3 who says the verb can also have an imperfective form of base + /-d/). This probably means the verb right adjoins to the future marker. The verb moves through ASP either before adjoining to the future marker or afterwards. The AUX is perfective as well. Interesting is that if o immediately follows the AUX, no other element needs to precede AUX (Hale 1969) and the AUX loses the `a part as in (7):

7. nt o n~-hí

1-PF FUT 1-shear.PF

`I am going to cut my hair' (Hale 1969: 205).

Tense

Hale's discussion about _im reveals that the future marker and the verb can be separated by _im. This makes the meaning past intention or unachieved as in (8):

8. nt o _im n~-hí

`I was going to cut my hair'.

This means FutP selects TP which selects AGRoP and the main verb moves from one to the other.

_im is used with desideratives and has the meaning of past and Hale argues one of the meanings is past "in a strictly temporal sense" (p. 207).

Reading:

HOPI

Albert, R. & D. Leedom Shaul 1985. A Concise Hopi and English Lexicon. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. @

 

Hale, K. L. Jeanne & P Pranka. 1991. "On Suppletion, Selection and Agreement", in Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language, ed. by C. Georgopolous & R. Ishihara: 255-270. Dordrecht: Kluwer. @

Jeanne, L. M. 1978. Aspects of Hopi Grammar. MIT PhD. @

Jeanne, L. M. 1982. "Some Phonological Rules of Hopi", IJAL 48: 245-270.

-- 1992. Anthropological Linguistics 34.1-4: 316-23. @

Kalectaca, M. 1978. Lessons in Hopi. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.@

Laird, D. 1977. Hopi Bibliography: Complete and Annotated. Tucson: Uof A Press.

Landar, H. 1992. "Hopi Number". Anthropological Linguistics 34.1-4: 338-349. @

Malotki, E. 1979. Hopi-Raum. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Malotki, E. 1983. Hopi Time. Berlin: Mouton.

Seaman, D. "Hopi Linguistics: an annotated bibliography". Anthropological Linguistics 19: 78-97.

Stephen, A. M. 1936. Hopi Journal. Edited by Elsie Clewes parsons with notes by B.L. Whorf. New York: Columbia UP.

Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. 1969. "Hopi /?as/", IJAL 35: 192-202.

Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. 1975. "Hopi /-qa/", IJAL 41: 381-98.

--, --, & Jeanne, L. M. 1979. "Hopi Semantics". Handbook of North American Indians vol 9, ed by A. Ortiz. Washington: Smithsonian: 581-86.

Whorf, B. L. 1946. "The Hopi Language, Toreva Dialect, Linguistic Structures of Native America, ed. by Hoijer, H. et al. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology: 158-183. @

 

'O'ODHAM

Dolores, J. 1919. Papago Verb Stems. University of California Press.

Estrada, Z. 1992. "Dos Connectivos en Pima Bajo", Amerindia 17: 69-88. @

Grossman, F.E. 1873. Some Words of the Language of the Pima and Papago Indians in the Arizona Territory. Ms. Special Collections University of Arizona.

Hale, K. 1959. A Papago Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana PhD.

Hale, K. 1965. IJAL 31.4

Hale, K. 1969. "Papago /cim/", IJAL 35.2: 203-212. @

Hale, K. 1983. "Papago (k)c", IJAL 49: 299-327. @

Hale, K. L. Jeanne & P Pranka. 1991. "On Suppletion, Selection and Agreement", in Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language, ed. by C. Georgopolous & R. Ishihara: 255-270. Dordrecht: Kluwer. @

Hill, J. & O. Zepeda 1992. "Derived Words in Tohono O'odham". IJAL 58.4: 355-404. @

Kroch, A. & B. Marshall 1973. "Movement Rules and Modal Expressions in Papago", IJAL 39: 80-8. @

Kurath, W. 1945. A Brief Introduction to Papago. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. @

Langacker, R. 1977 Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar. University of Texas at Arlington and SIL.

Lema, J. 1993. "Movimientos de verbo en pápago". Signos 7.2: 15-33. @

Mason, J.A. 1950. The Language of the Papago of Arizona. Philadelphia: The University Museum. (GOOD)

Mathiot, M. 1991. "The Reminescences of Juan Dolores". Anthropological Linguistics 33.3: 233-315. @

Munro, P. 1984. "Floating Quantifiers in Pima". The Syntax of Native American Languages, ed. by E. Cook & D. Gertz (S&S 16), 269-87. New York: AP.@

Munro, P. 1989. "Postposition Incorporation in Pima", Southwest Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 108-27. @

Payne, D. 1987. "Information Strucutring in Papago Narrative Discourse". Language 63.4: 783-804. @

Payne, D. 1992. "Nonidentifiable Information and Pragmatic Order Rules in O'odham", Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility, ed. by D. Payne. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 137-166. @

Saxton, D. 1982. "Papago", Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar: Vol 3. Arlington: Summer Institure of Linguistics. @

Saxton, D and L 1977. Papago and Pima to English Dictionary. Tucson: UA Press. @

Scancarelli, J. 1989. "Marking Discontinuity in Pima and O'odham", Southwest Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 128-149. @

Summer Institute of Linguistics. [Papago Language Pamphlets].

Zepeda, O. 1983/1994. A Papago Grammar. Tucson: UA Press. @

Zepeda, O. 1984. Topics in Papago Morphology. UA diss.

Zepeda, O. 1987. "Desiderative Causatives in Tohono O'odham", IJAL 53.3: 348-61. @

Phon. Year Book 4 P215.P65

 

???ZUNI

Bunzel, R. 1933. Zuni Texts. Publications of the American Ethnological Society 15. New York: Stechert & Co.

Cook ?

Harrison ?

Newman, S. 1958. Zuni Dictionary. Indiana Univ Research Center in Anthro.

Newman, S. 1965. Zuni Grammar. UNM Press. @

Nichols, L. 1990. "Direct Quotation and Switch Reference in Zuni", BLS, Special Session: 91-100. @