Complex Ion Equilibria

• Complex ions are often formed stepwise:

• Hg2+ + I- ? HgI+

  Kf1 = [HgI+]/[Hg2+][I-] = 7.9 x 1012
  

• HgI+ + I- ? HgI2

  Kf2 = [HgI2]/[HgI+][I-] = 1.0 x 1011
  

• HgI2 + I- ? HgI3-

  Kf3 = [HgI3-]/[HgI2][I-] = 5.0 x 103
  

• HgI3- + I- ? HgI42-

  Kf4 = [HgI42-]/[HgI3-][I-] = 2.5 x 102
  

Demo: orange tornado

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