Chapter 1: Argument: An Introduction

Three features define arguments:

1)justification of claims (see parent/teen debate over curfew times p. 7-9)
2)product and process
(process=2 or more people seeking a solution)
(product=each person's contribution to the solution)
3)combination of inquiry and persuasion
(spectrum between exploratory work and propaganda)

Ramage encourages us NOT to view argument as a

1) fight or quarrel (which implies anger)
or
2) pro-con debate (with winners and losers)

Arguments may be

1)explicit=with directly stated and supported claims
or
2)implicit=poems, photographs, cartoons, etc. (see p. 6)

"Truths"=may be multiple, sometimes colliding. Can any text ever be "objective," totally free of bias?

Here's a suggestion for dealing with these multiple truths: view the object of argumentation not as winning, but as stating your view or truth cogently so that others can see it as reasonable or sympathetic.

Chapter 2: Reading Arguments

Why read arguments? It makes you a better arguer.

Use strategies for reading well, reading actively (pp. 24-25)

Read as a believer:
use empathic listening
suspend doubt

Read as a doubter:
question everything

Seek alternative views and analyze sources of disagreement
1)about facts
2)about assumptions/values

Use disagreement to prompt investigation

Chapter 3: Writing Arguments

As you begin to write, first consider the context: who is writing, and why? (pp. 49-50)

Tips for different phases of writing may be found on these pages:
finding starting point grounds: 52-53
revising: 54
editing: 55

Various tactics may be used to help organize your thoughts. Try these:

Exploratory or freewriting
Idea mapping
Believing/Doubting game
Brainstorm for pro/con because clauses
Brainstorm networks of related issues
Shape work for a particular audience
Use tree diagrams or traditional outlines

Still having trouble getting started? Consult pages 68-71 for specific suggestions for getting started and choosing a topic

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