FN ISI Export Format VR 1.0 MT MC ER PT J AU Tansey, J TI Industrial ecology and planning: assessing and socially embedding green technological systems SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oxford, James Martin Inst Sci & Civilizat, Said Business Sch, Oxford OX1 1HP, England. RP Tansey, J, Univ Oxford, James Martin Inst Sci & Civilizat, Said Business Sch, Pk End St, Oxford OX1 1HP, England. AB The notion that industrial systems can be redesigned to reflect 'lessons from nature' has led to the emergence of a new discipline known as 'industrial ecology'. In this paper I provide a brief overview of the principles that underpin the discipline, and provide a critical evaluation of the extent to which it is guided by ecology or simply uses the label for rhetorical support. I suggest that simply appealing to ecological analogies is not sufficient to ensure that the impacts of industrial activities are reduced. Further, I propose that the technical process of industrial design needs to be embedded in legitimate social processes if social acceptability is to be attained. 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Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Malanson, GP, Univ Iowa, Dept Geog, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. AB Advancing ecotones, such as treelines and frontiers of human settlement, may share some characteristic dynamics because both include feedbacks between spatial pattern and process. Both might be examined as complex, self-organizing systems in terms of complexity theory and thus be usefully compared. A cellular automaton of advancing alpine treeline in Montana shows attractors in power-law frequency distributions of spatial and temporal pattern. Frontiers of study areas in the Amazonian region of Ecuador, analyzed using change detection of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, have power-law distributions of advancing deforestation. Alternative approaches in self-organized complexity, including self-organized percolation, and the inverse cascade model, and an approach to complexity involving optimization, highly optimized tolerance, are considered. Some combination of these, based on their common ancestry in percolation theory (with its ties to geocomputation), might provide insights into population-environment interactions at settlement frontiers and ecotones together, given comparisons drawn between the spatial feedbacks at alpine treeline and in Ecuador. GIScience and landscape ecology can develop synergies by building on this area of geocomputation and complexity theory, as in analysis of attractors in state spaces of spatial metrics from spatially explicit simulations and representing their uncertainty. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Walker, BH, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, POB 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB Approaches to natural resource management are often based on a presumed ability to predict probabilistic responses to management and external drivers such as climate. They also tend to assume that the manager is outside the system being managed. However, where the objectives include long-term sustainability, linked social-ecological systems (SESs) behave as complex adaptive systems, with the managers as integral components of the system. Moreover, uncertainties are large and it may be difficult to reduce them as fast as the system changes. Sustainability involves maintaining the functionality of a system when it is perturbed, or maintaining the elements needed to renew or reorganize if a large perturbation radically alters structure and function. The ability to do this is termed "resilience." This paper presents an evolving approach to analyzing resilience in SESs, as a basis for managing resilience. We propose a framework with four steps, involving close involvement of SES stakeholders. It begins with a stakeholder-led development of a conceptual model of the system, including its historical profile (how it got to be what it is) and preliminary assessments of the drivers of the supply of key ecosystem goods and services. Step 2 deals with identifying the range of unpredictable and uncontrollable drivers, stakeholder visions for the future, and contrasting possible future policies, weaving these three factors into a limited set of future scenarios. Step 3 uses the outputs from steps 1 and 2 to explore the SES for resilience in an iterative way. It generally includes the development of simple models of the system's dynamics for exploring attributes that affect resilience. Step 4 is a stakeholder evaluation of the process and outcomes in terms of policy and management implications. This approach to resilience analysis is illustrated using two stylized examples. 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RP Vatn, A, Agr Univ Norway, Dept Econ & Social Sci, Postbox 5033, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway. AB This paper addresses problems related to transferring market concepts to nonmarket domains. More specifically it is about fallacies following from the use of the commodity concept in environmental valuation studies. First of all, the standard practice tends to misconstrue the ethical aspects related to environmental choices by forcing them into becoming ordinary trade-off problems. Second, the commodity perspective ignores important technical interdependencies within the environment and the relational character of environmental goods. These are all properties that have made many such goods escape the commoditisation pressure of markets in the first place. Further, it is shown that these interdependencies are the source of some of the ethical dilemmas observed. Finally, inherent characteristics of the environment tend to make the concept of the margin, so indispensable to economic calculus, either difficult or irrelevant to define. The commodity 'fiction' twists the perception of the environment from systems preservation to items use or transformation. This is a problem of increased importance as we approach potential systems perturbations. 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AB The carrying capacity concept was developed from animal ecology, and applied to rangeland management in order to assess sustainable livestock stocking rates. In it, long-term ecological sustainability was not a well developed criterion. Early applications of carrying capacity concepts to agricultural land-use have been much criticised, but recent developments provide useful insights. The proposed definition of human carrying capacity is 'the maximum level of exploitation of a renewable resource, imposing limits on a specific type of land-use, that can be sustained without causing irreversible land degradation within a given area'. Hence, it is a property of the ecosystem only. The definition is primarily aimed at maintaining ecosystem productivity and resilience, i.e. avoiding irreversible land degradation. The human carrying capacity is based on the sustainable supply of natural resources and on resilience thresholds of the ecosystem. The level of maximum sustained exploitation of natural resources can also be expressed as maximum sustainable agricultural production levels, or sustainable population densities based on such production levels. Such applications require careful definitions of the assumptions and conditions involved. Absolute assessments of human carrying capacity have limited value only, particularly in semi-arid regions. However, comparing human carrying capacity levels with current exploitation rates of natural resources provides a useful framework to consider the ecological aspects of sustainable land-use. 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Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Holmes, KJ, Natl Res Council, Board Environm Studies & Toxicol, 2001 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. AB Contemporary approaches to natural resources and environmental decision-making typically draw on a "systems" perspective to assess and improve management strategies. This paper describes the early genesis of the systems analysis approach. It concentrates on a period between the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. During the early part of this period, George Marsh's Man and Nature and related works laid out an approach to problem-solving that recognized the relationship among physically disperse elements in the environment, the need to balance benefits against costs, the potential for using quantitative modeling to understand management options, and the importance of integrating human and natural components into solutions. In the early 20th century, the Miami Conservancy District project brought this approach to fruition with its use of complex simulation and optimization modeling, detailed cost-benefit analysis, and its linking of economics, engineering, science, and law into a far-reaching solution to a complex water resources problem. The objective of this paper is to describe the early development and application of this conceptual approach to problem-solving. An examination of the origins of natural resources systems analysis can broaden one's perspective of the contemporary field to understand its roots as a philosophy for environmental problem-solving. 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RP Pyke, CR, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. AB Land use and land cover interact with atmospheric conditions to determine current climate conditions, as well, as the impact of climate change and environmental variability on ecological systems. Such interactions are ubiquitous, yet changes in LULC are generally made without regard to their biophysical implications. This review considers the potential for LULC to compound, confound, or even contradict changes expected from climate change alone. These properties give LULC the potential to be used as powerful tools capable of modifying local climate and contributing significantly to the net impact of climate change. Management practices based modifications of LULC patterns and processes could be applied strategically to increase the resilience of vulnerable ecological systems and facilitate climate adaptation. These interventions build on the traditional competencies of land management and land protection organizations and suggest that these institutions have a central role in determining the ecological impact of climate change and the development of strategies for adaptation. The practical limits to the use of LULC-based tools also suggest important inflection points between manageable and dangerous levels of climate change. 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RP Naess, LO, CICERO, POB 1129 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. AB The article examines the role institutions play in climate adaptation in Norway. Using examples from two municipalities in the context of institutional responses to floods, we find, first, that the institutional framework for flood management in Norway gives weak incentives for proactive local flood management. Second, when strong local political and economic interests coincide with national level willingness to pay and provide support, measures are often carried out rapidly at the expense of weaker environmental interests. Third, we find that new perspectives on flood management are more apparent at the national than the municipal level, as new perspectives are filtered by local power structures. The findings have important implications for vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in terms of policy options and the local level as the optimal level for adaptation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, CoNISMa, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. Univ Napoli Parthenope, Dipartimento Sci Ambiente, I-80133 Naples, Italy. RP Terlizzi, A, Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, CoNISMa, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB 1. Understanding whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can be considered as a suitable tool for restoring the structure and function of populations and assemblages is urgently needed to achieve an effective policy of mitigation of human impact in coastal management. However, to date, the role played by MPAs in enhancing ecosystems resilience has been more advocated than unambiguously documented. 2. This study was designed to test whether full protection in marine reserves facilitates recovery of benthos impacted by the date mussel Lithophaga lithophaga fishery, one of the most harmful human activities affecting subtidal rocky habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. 3. The effects of this destructive fishery were reproduced at one fully protected location (P) and at two unprotected control locations (Cs) in the SW Mediterranean Sea. At each location, three plots (4 m(2)) of rocky surface at 4-6 m depth were disturbed experimentally, while another three plots served as reference. In each plot, the species composition and relative cover of the sessile benthic assemblages were sampled photographically on each of five occasions during a period of 20 months. 4. Over and above variation in habitat features among locations, multivariate and univariate analyses revealed significant differences between P-vs.-Cs in patterns of assemblage recovery and showed that, at the fully protected location, recovery was faster than at the unprotected control locations. 5. Our results suggest that MPAs have the potential to change the trajectories of recovery of disturbed assemblages by accelerating the processes of recolonization and call for further investigation to identify the specific mechanisms underlying increased resilience. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Ludwig, D, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. AB Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is controversial for environmental issues, but is nevertheless employed by many governments and private organizations for making environmental decisions. Controversy centers on the practice of economic discounting in CBA for decisions that have substantial long-term consequences, as do most environmental decisions. Customarily, economic discounting has been calculated at a constant exponential rate, a practice that weights the present heavily in comparison with the future. Recent analyses of economic data show that the assumption of constant exponential discounting should be modified to take into account large uncertainties in long-term discount rates. A proper treatment of this uncertainty requires that we consider returns over a plausible range of assumptions about future discounting rates. 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AB 1. Land degradation in non-equilibrium rangelands may be defined in terms of loss of resilience and is linked with lower economic productivity through reduction in forage consumption by stock. 2. Loss of resilience may be represented by lower water use efficiency and increased tree and shrub cover, in a simple herbage production and consumption model. The model may be calibrated from remotely sensed data. 3. Model calibration for rangeland areas in central Australia yields parameter values for degraded and undegraded situations, allowing estimation of productivity. 4. Modelling of a 50-year rainfall sequence shows that herbage production and consumption by cattle change through time because of rainfall variability. They also change with paddock layout and access to water. 5. The effect of degradation on herbage consumption is relatively small compared with the effects of rainfall variability, but it increases the chance of running out of forage during drought. 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RP Butzer, KW, Univ Texas, Dept Geog & Environm, Austin, TX 78712 USA. AB Environmental history is a multidisciplinary enterprise united by shared interests in ecological change and the complex interactions between people and the environment. Its practitioners include expertise in the natural sciences, ill history or archaeology, or in political ecology and related social sciences; but there is no agreement on a common agenda and limited success in bridging methodological and epistemological divisions that impede integrative and interdisciplinary research. World-systems history and environmental history also have overlapping interests in long-term change and matters of sustainability. The Mediterranean world sustained agricultural lifeways across some 8000 years, yet its environment has repeatedly been described as degraded, suggesting conceptual confusion between transformation and destruction. This paper is didactic in purpose and uses landscape histories for the Peloponnese and eastern Spain to show that the impact of recurrent, excessive precipitation events and of reduced quality of land cover are difficult to unravel, because they commonly appear to work in tandem. As a result (a) environmental change cannot be assumed or "predicted", but must be studied inductively by experts with science skills, and (b) cause-and-effect relationships demand an understanding of ecological behavior, for which humanistic insights are indispensable. Social science models highlight systemic relationships from socioeconomic and structural perspectives., but are less suited to deal with the complexity of environmental change or the contingencies exemplified by human resilience. Near Eastern.. Greek and Roman agronomic writings offer elite "voices" that speak to cumulative technological change, scientific understanding, and the context of intensification. Rural voices can be heard through ethnography, and in eastern Spain are extended into the past by archaeology and archival research. In the absence of structural constraints, they reveal collective decision-making with respect to a shifting repertoire of agricultural strategies that take into account market opportunities, demographic growth, finite resources and environmental problems. Such adaptability spells resilience, and "good farming" is culturally embedded as a civic responsibility, both in the ethnographic present and in the older, elite agronomic writings. But if the "moral economy" erodes in the wake of food stress, tax extortion, instability, insecurity, or ideological oppression, there is little incentive to pursue long-term strategies, so that behavior focuses on short-term survival. The context for this dialectic of poor versus good ecological management may be structural, but cause-and-effect in the traditional Mediterranean world ultimately depended on ecological and human resilience. Long-term sustainability is similarly non-predictive. It depends on people, rather than social theory. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Brock, WA, Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Many environmental conflicts involve pollutants such as greenhouse gas emissions that are dispersed through space and cause losses of ecosystem services. As pollutant emissions rise in one place, a spatial cascade of declining ecosystem services can spread across a larger landscape because of the dispersion of the pollutant. This paper considers the problem of anticipating such spatial regime shifts by monitoring time series of the pollutant or associated ecosystem services. Using such data, it is possible to construct indicators that rise sharply in advance of regime shifts. Specifically, the maximum eigenvalue of the variance-covariance matrix of the multivariate time series of pollutants and ecosystem services rises prior to the regime shift. No specific knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the regime shift is needed to construct the indicator. Such leading indicators of regime shifts could provide useful signals to management agencies or to investors in ecosystem service markets. 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Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR *RES ALL, 2002, ICSU SERIES SUST DEV, V3 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 MALHOTRA Y, 1999, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, P18 NR 3 TC 2 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 6 IS 1 GA 591QW UT ISI:000177892600001 ER PT J AU OFlaherty, RM TI The tragedy of property: Ecology and land tenure in southeastern Zimbabwe SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article C1 Taiga Inst Land Culture & Econ, Kenosha, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP OFlaherty, RM, Taiga Inst Land Culture & Econ, Kenosha, ON, Canada. AB The approach to land management taken by Zimbabwean government agencies in the Communal Areas (the former African Reserves) depends on social and ecological divisions in the landscape that prevent effective ecosystem management-as opposed to the management of discrete natural resources contained within units of land holding and land use. 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AB Is the transformation from Communism to a more market-based society making Bulgarians - and particularly farmers more vulnerable to environmental change? Intensive, open-ended interviews suggest that government policies, new privatization laws and the nation's economic crisis are decreasing farmers' flexibility and removing social safety nets. Yet generalizations are difficult because implementation of the decollectivization process is different at each cooperative farm, thus creating varying levels of vulnerability. Easing the crisis is the tradition of family-based, small-plot gardening, which appears to ensure sufficient food for most Bulgarians. 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CR DAVANZO C, 1986, MITIGATING FRESHWATE, P53 DREYER GD, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P113 FERNALD ML, 1950, GRAYS MANUAL BOTANY GOOD RE, 1978, FRESHWATER WETLANDS GRIGAL DF, 1985, ENVIRON MANAGE, V9, P449 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KLEINBAUM DG, 1978, APPLIED REGRESSION A KREBS CJ, 1978, ECOLOGY EXPT ANAL DI KUSLER JA, 1983, OUR NATIONAL WETLAND MACLELLAN P, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1311 MAGEE DW, 1981, FRESHWATER WETLANDS MAGNUSSON B, 1987, ARCTIC APLINE RES, V19, P470 MARGALEF R, 1957, GENERAL SYSTEMS B, V31, P36 NICKERSON NH, 1984, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P221 NICKERSON NH, 1987, EFFECTS POWER LINE C QUIGLEY E, 1978, 4TH JOINT C SENS ENV, P151 SHANNON CE, 1949, MATH THEORY COMMUNIC THIBODEAU FR, 1984, RHODORA, V86, P389 THIBODEAU FR, 1985, BIOL CONSERV, V33, P269 THIBODEAU FR, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P809 THORHAUG A, 1980, RECOVERY PROCESS DAM, P113 TINER RW, 1984, WETLANDS US CURRENT TRESHOW M, 1985, ENVIRON MANAGE, V9, P471 NR 23 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 477 EP 483 PY 1989 PD JUL-AUG VL 13 IS 4 GA AM871 UT ISI:A1989AM87100009 ER PT J AU Young, O TI Vertical interplay among scale-dependent environmental and resource regimes SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Young, O, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB Environmental and resource regimes, operating at different levels of social organization, vary in terms of factors such as the sources of actor behavior, the knowledge available to actors, the operation of compliance mechanisms, the use of policy instruments, and the nature of the broader social setting. Cross-level interactions among scale-dependent regimes can result in patterns of dominance, separation, merger, negotiated agreement, or system change. The mechanisms that determine which of these patterns will occur include authority/power differentials, limits of decentralization, dueling discourses, cognitive transitions, and blocking coalitions. Recurrent linkages or syndromes occur in this realm, e. g., limitations of authority and power regularly produce negotiated agreements in such forms as comanagement arrangements. The consequences of these interactions are often far-reaching as measured in terms of ecological sustainability, social welfare/efficiency, cultural values, and robustness. 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RP Wilson, JA, UNIV MAINE,DEPT RESOURCE ECON & POLICY,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ORONO,ME 04469. AB A number of people provided helpful comments and suggestions during the preparation of this reply. None of them, of course, bear responsibility for any mistakes or conclusions drawn here. They were: Michael Fogarty, Lloyd Dickie, David Feeney, Spencer Apollonio, Ted Ames, Robin Alden, Richard Langton, Peter Auster, Stephanie Watson, and Raymond O' Connor. We are grateful to the Sea Grant Program of the Universities of Maine and New Hampshire and the Resource and Property Rights Program of the Beijer Institute for the valuable resources. CR AMES T, 1996, EXTINCT COD HADDOCK CSIRKE J, 1980, RAPP P REUN CONS INT, V177, P307 DAAN N, 1980, RAPPORTS PROCESVERBA, V177, P405 FOGARTY MJ, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P437 GILPIN ME, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P19 GILPIN ME, 1987, VIABLE POPULATIONS C, P125 GOODE GB, 1987, SECTION 2 FISHING GR HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73 HILBORN R, 1996, MAR POLICY, V20, P87 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 HUTCHINGS JA, 1995, N ATLANTIC FISHERIES, P37 ODUM EP, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P4 ONEIL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT REGIER HA, 1973, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V30, P1992 RICH WH, 1929, FISHING GROUNDS GULF ROSENBERG AA, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P828 SCHACKELL NL, 1995, MARINE PROTECTED ARE, P21 WILSON JA, 1990, OCEAN SHORELINE MANA, V13, P179 WILSON JA, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V58, P303 WILSON JA, 1991, ICES MARINE SCI S, V193, P287 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 WILSON JA, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS SOCI, P153 NR 23 TC 4 J9 MAR POLICY BP 429 EP 438 PY 1996 PD SEP VL 20 IS 5 GA VF310 UT ISI:A1996VF31000007 ER PT J AU Michaels, S TI Configuring who does what in watershed management: The Massachusetts Watershed Initiative SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Michaels, S, Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. AB The goal of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative (MWI) is to use a watershed approach to restore and maintain the integrity of state waters. The MWI is presented as an effort to bring about the convergence of the agendas of government, the informed public, and the general public. In the planning phase of the MWI's pilot project in the Neponset River Watershed, government and the informed public successfully struggled to create a joint basin-wide action plan. Stronger outreach is needed to involve the broader public and to engage local municipalities and businesses more fully. CR *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1995, MASSACHUSETTS RI FAL, P1 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSETTS RI SPR, P12 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSETTS RI SPR, P8 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSTTS RIV SPR, P2 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1996, EPA840S96001 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1997, EPA840F96004 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1997, EPA840F97001 *EX OFF ENV AFF, 1993, SUMM P CONS POINTS D *EX OFF ENV AFF, 1997, MASS WAT IN *MASS CLEAN WAT CO, 1997, STAT WAT MASS ASS PR *NEP RIV WAT ASS E, 1997, NEP RIV WAT BAS WID *NEP TEAM, 1995, TYPEWRITTEN, V2, P1 *WAT IN STEER COMM, 1995, MASS WAT APPR ITS IM ADLER RW, 1995, ENV L, V25, P973 COHEN NH, 1993, THESIS U MASSACHUSET CORTNER HJ, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P167 COX WE, 1997, WM MARY ENV L POLY R, V21, P69 COXE T, 1996, WAT 96 C BALT MD DESHAZO R, 1996, LESSONS LEARNED SUBW DESHAZO R, 1996, WATERSHED EVENTS WHA, P2 DORF MC, 1998, COLUMBIA LAW REV, V98, P267 DUANE TP, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P771 FLATT VB, 1997, BC ENV AFF L REV, V25, P1 FLYNN KC, 1994, WATER ENV TECHNOLOGY, V6, P36 GELTMAN E, 1998, COLOMBIA J ENV LAW, V23, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAYS SP, 1996, JL COM, V15, P549 HECLO H, 1974, SOCIAL POLICY BRITAI HILL J, 1995, THESIS MIT CAMBRIDGE JOHN D, 1994, CIVIC ENV KENNEDY LE, 1995, NEPONSET RIVER WATER KIMBALL JC, 1996, ADOPT STREAM SHORELI KIMBALL JC, 1996, P 5 NAT VOL MON C PR, P20 KRAFT ME, 1996, ENV POLICY POLITICS LAZARUS RJ, 1992, IOWA LAW REV, V77, P1739 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE MANTELL MA, 1990, CREATING SUCCESSFUL MARCH JG, 1958, ORGANIZATIONS MICHAELS S, 1997, ENVIRONMENTALIST, V17, P181 NELSON B, 1984, MAKING ISSUE CHILD A ROBERTS NC, 1992, POLICY STUDIES REV, V11, P55 STEWART K, 1997, NEWS NEPONSET, P1 THOMAS GB, 1995, ENV POLITICS POLICY, P347 WALKER PA, 1996, 1996 NEW ENGLAND ENV WARRINER GK, 1996, CANADIAN WATER RESOU, V21, P253 WILLIAMS EM, 1996, NATURAL RESOURCE PAR NR 46 TC 3 J9 POLICY STUD J BP 565 EP 577 PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 GA 260YG UT ISI:000083980600009 ER PT J AU Buhk, C Hensen, I TI "Fire seeders" during early post-fire succession and their quantitative importance in south-eastern Spain SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Geobot & Bot Garden, D-06108 Halle, Germany. RP Buhk, C, Univ Bayreuth, GEO II,Univ Str 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. AB Resilience against fire disturbance of Mediterranean vegetation has been frequently described. However, fire regimes change due to abandonment of local land use practices and climatic change. Thus, it is useful to know the importance of fire-specific and unspecific mechanisms during regeneration in order to predict changes in-species resilience under an altered fire regime. In six burnt areas in a mountainous and in a coastal region in south-eastern Spain we collected information on fire-related germination characteristics (impact of smoke, charred wood or heat) of all abundant species. We excluded those species that predominantly recover by sprouting. According to these results (germination tests and literature research) we classified species that showed a positive reaction to any of the fire-related treatments studied as potential "fire seeders". Germination of seven out of a total of 21 tested species was significantly increased by heat whereas germination of I I hard-seeded species was mainly triggered by mechanical and/or chemical scarification. However, none of the tested species reacted positively to the treatments of ash, charred wood, and smoke. According to a quantitative plot-based vegetation analysis we then compared the coverage of "fire seeders" on (a) fire sites at the coast (2-3 years old) with sites of similar age in the mountains and (b) fire sites in the mountains of mid-successional stages (7-9 years) with undisturbed reference sites and areas of different types of disturbance (i.e. logging and fire break areas) but of comparable age and location. Results of comparison (a) showed that "fire seeder" coverage is below 4% and even lower in the coastal area. Comparison (b) showed similar coverage (about 15%) of "fire seeders" on the fire sites and on the fire breaks (strongly disturbed sites) whereas their abundance on logging and undisturbed reference sites was significantly lower. Thus, the term "fire seeder" might be misleading as fire impact is not essential for inducing germination of heat-triggered seeds. In south-eastern Spain, the low abundance of "fire seeders" and their successful regeneration on other disturbed sites are in line with historically early and strong human disturbance and low fire frequencies as the fuel load is limited due to the dry conditions. The tested species are not dependent on a certain regular fire impact though strong disturbance is very favourable for the creation of dense populations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Peterson, GD, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB The biosphere is increasingly dominated by human action. Consequently, ecology must incorporate human behavior. Political ecology, as long as it includes ecology, is a powerful framework for integrating natural and social dynamics. In this paper I present a resilience-oriented approach to political ecology that integrates system dynamics, scale, and cross-scale interactions in both human and natural systems. This approach suggests that understanding the coupled dynamics of human-ecological systems allows the assessment of when systems are most vulnerable and most open to transformation. I use this framework to examine the political ecology of salmon in the Columbia River Basin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Natl Wildlife Federat, Vienna, VA 22184 USA. AB The empirical evidence in the papers in this special issue identifies pervasive and difficult cross-scale and cross-level interactions in managing the environment. The complexity of these interactions and the fact that both scholarship and management have only recently begun to address this complexity have provided the impetus for us to present one synthesis of scale and cross-scale dynamics. In doing so, we draw from multiple cases, multiple disciplines, and multiple perspectives. In this synthesis paper, and in the accompanying cases, we hypothesize that the dynamics of cross-scale and cross-level interactions are affected by the interplay between institutions at multiple levels and scales. We suggest that the advent of co-management structures and conscious boundary management that includes knowledge co-production, mediation, translation, and negotiation across scale-related boundaries may facilitate solutions to complex problems that decision makers have historically been unable to solve. 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II. Catastrophic loss of aquatic plants consequent to nutrient enrichment SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Univ Victoria, St Albans, Vic 8001, Australia. RP Morris, K, Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. AB The theory of alternative stable states predicts that high nutrient concentrations increase the probability of shallow lakes switching from a state dominated by vascular macrophytes to one dominated by phytoplankton and/or other algae. In the first paper of this series it was demonstrated that chronic, low-level nutrient loading did not affect a switch across vegetation states. To test the possibility that higher nutrient loadings result in vegetation changes, replicated mesocosms (similar to3000 L) were placed in an urban lake densely colonized by Vallisneria americana Michaux, a submerged angiosperm, and were subjected to higher levels of chronic nutrient enrichment. Moderate and high nutrient loadings significantly increased phytoplankton biomass and produced extensive, dense mats of floating algae. Many mesocosms became covered by the floating fern Azolla pinnata R. Br. This reduced light penetration and concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water column profoundly and resulted in the complete loss of V. americana from almost all nutrient-enriched mesocosms within 4 months. A catastrophic loss of submerged aquatic plants so rapidly after nutrient enrichment is a relatively novel experimental finding, particularly in terms of the likely mechanism; that is, shading and subsequent anoxia caused by dense mats of floating plants other than algae. CR AREJA KR, 1992, P INDIAN NATL SCI B, V58, P357 BLANCH SJ, 1998, AQUAT BOT, V61, P181 BOYLEN CW, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V415, P207 CARPENTER SR, 1978, WATER RES, V12, P55 COATES MJ, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P1186 DODSON SI, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P2662 ENGEL S, 1995, FISHERIES, V20, P20 GILLET JD, 1988, PLANT PROTECTION Q, V3, P144 HAMILTON SK, 1997, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V42, P257 HOUGH RA, 1989, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V173, P199 IRVINE K, 1989, FRESHWATER BIOL, V22, P89 JANES RA, 1996, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V340, P23 KIRK RE, 1968, EXPT PROCEDURES BEHA MADSEN JD, 1991, FRESHWATER BIOL, V26, P233 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MCDOUGAL RL, 1997, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V140, P145 MIRANDA LE, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V44, P617 MIRANDA LE, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V427, P51 MITCHELL DS, 1978, AQUATIC WEEDS AUSTR MORRIS K, 2003, MARINE FRESHWATER RE, V54, R20 MOSS B, 1998, SCI COMMITTEE PROBLE, V29, P1 ONDOK JP, 1984, AQUAT BOT, V19, P293 PORTIELJE R, 1995, AQUAT BOT, V50, P127 QUINN GP, 2002, EXPT DESIGN DATA ANA ROOM PM, 1988, ECOLOGY EXOTIC ANIMA, P165 ROOM PM, 1995, BIOL AUSTR WEEDS, P217 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SILBERSTEIN K, 1986, AQUAT BOT, V24, P355 THOMAS JD, 1994, J APPL ECOL, V31, P571 TITUS JE, 1979, OECOLOGIA, V40, P273 WIGAND C, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V418, P137 NR 32 TC 0 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES BP 201 EP 215 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 3 GA 692CG UT ISI:000183642300002 ER PT J AU Bellman, MA Heppell, SA Goldfinger, C TI Evaluation of a US west coast groundfish habitat conservation regulation via analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of trawl fishing effort SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Marine Geol Act Tecton Grp, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bellman, MA, Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. AB We examined the extent to which the 2000 Pacific Fishery Management Council footrope restriction shifted and reduced trawl fishing effort on Oregon fishing grounds, related these changes to the seafloor habitat type over which they occurred, and developed methods for enhancing spatial review of fishing effort. Density analysis of trawl start locations demonstrated how fishing efforts increased and decreased in relation to habitat distribution and fishery management actions between 1995 and 2002. Trawl effort patterns exhibited significant interannual variability and were patchy in distribution. Tow end-point locations from 1998 to 2001 were retrieved from manual logbooks for five reference sites located in proximity to rocky habitat. Trawl towlines were mapped and demonstrated a marked enhancement of fine-scale fishing effort resolution. Spatial shifts in fishing intensity (measured as kilometres towed) away from rock habitat were evident at all reference sites after the footrope restriction, with an average reduction of 86%. Some slight shifts into surrounding unconsolidated sediments also occurred. Our results indicate that the footrope restriction, in conjunction with associated landing limits, was effective in protecting rocky habitats from trawl fishing impacts. Continued spatial monitoring of trawl data would assist in fishery management assessment of conservation objectives for depleted groundfish and essential fish habitat protection. 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SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Joint Ctr Hydrometeorol Res, Met Off, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Swindon SN2 1EU, Wilts, England. RP Huntingford, C, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. AB The potential impacts of climate change on human health are significant, ranging from direct effects such as heat stress and flooding, to indirect influences including changes in disease transmission and malnutrition in response to increased competition for crop and water resources. Development agencies and policy makers tasked with implementing adaptive strategies recognize the need to plan for these impacts. However at present there is little guidance on how to prioritize their funding to best improve the resilience of vulnerable communities. Here we address this issue by arguing that closer collaboration between the climate modelling and health communities is required to provide the focused information necessary to best inform policy makers. The immediate requirement is to create multidisciplinary research teams bringing together skills in both climate and health modelling. This will enable considerable information exchange, and closer collaboration will highlight current uncertainties and hopefully routes to their reduction. We recognize that climate is only one aspect influencing the highly complex behaviour of health and disease issues. However we are optimistic that climate-health model simulations, including uncertainty bounds, will provide much needed estimates of the likely impacts of climate change on human health. (C) 2006 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Boesch, DF, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. AB Sustainable governance of the ocean demands a more integral and timely role for science. Although, science has played a limited role in global ocean governance regimes, science has made essential contributions to governance on regional scales, particularly when there is strong scientific consensus, clear identification of problems and solutions, and convergence with cultural ideas. Science is especially challenged to contribute to: understanding intergenerational and interspatial effects, addressing inherent uncertainty about the behavior of marine ecosystems, and integrated ecological-economic models and assessments needed for adaptive management. Pressing issues requiring stronger inclusion of science in ocean governance include the global nitrogen cycle and coastal eutrophication, irreversible habitat degradation, sustainable exploitation of living resources, and the effects of climate change on ocean and coastal environments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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SOPAC, Suva, Fiji. RP Villa, F, Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB Environmental decision-making and policy-making at all levels refers necessarily to synthetic, approximate quantification of environmental properties such as vulnerability, conservation status, and ability to recover after perturbation. Knowledge of such properties is essential to informed decision-making, but their definition is controversial and their precise characterization requires investments in research, modeling, and data collection that are only possible in the most developed countries. Environmental agencies and governments worldwide have increasingly requested numerical quantification or semi quantitative ranking of such attributes at the ecosystem, landscape, and country level. We do not have a theory to guide their calculation, in general or specific con-texts, particularly with the amount of resources usually available in such cases. As a result, these measures are often calculated with little scientific justification and high subjectivity, and such doubtful approximations are used for critical decision-making. This problem applies particularly to countries with weak economies, such as small island states, where the most precious environmental resources are often concentrated. This paper discusses frameworks for a "least disappointing," approximate quantification of environmental vulnerability. After a review of recent research and recent attempts to quantify environmental vulnerability