`U_U_ @@@ @@@@,+bNU_U` EN DB U`1  -1C    & ./ 7BGXsb  X:*~t RZ qu} hp 2  @ 8>KQ!) qP+ Dean1988KGumerman2002" LeBlanc1983l Parker20022W Parker20022* Parsons1924+ Parsons1929 Parsons1932, Parsons1939- Parsons1960 Peeples2008  Peeples2008/ Pennington1980. Pennington1983IPeterson1988r0 Phelps19871 Phelps19902 Phelps19903 Phelps19944Phillips19895Phillips19906Phillips19919 Pilles1967A Pilles197557 Pilles19818 Pilles1981 Pilles1996 Plog19737: Plog1976 Plog19799= Plog1980 Plog19822; Plog1982< Plog1983  Plog1983 Plog1984 Plog19851( Plog19866 Plog1989 Plog1990> Plog1990 Plog19969? Plog1996 Plog1997 Plog2006 Pool19933  Potter2000{ Powell19933B Preucel1987b Preucel2002 Qyawayma1988 Qyawayma1988D Ramenofsky1996E Rautman1993" Rautman1998G Rautman2000H Ravesloot1979I Ravesloot1984J Ravesloot1988K Ravesloot1989 Ravesloot1993o Raymond1996 Rea1982: Read1976 Redman19800 Redman1990{] Reed19899 Reed19939) Reff19858 Reichhardt1982K Reid1989 Reid19941 Reid1996L Reid1996  Reid1996M Reid1996 Reid1998 Renfrew2001s Rey1928 Rice1990 Rice1998G Rice2000 Rice2001N Riley1975 Rinaldo1950 Rinaldo1950 Rinaldo1952 Rinaldo1956A Rinaldo1957 Rinaldo1960 Rinaldo1962 Rinaldo1974 Roberts1995 Robertson2001 Robertson2001 Robertsonin pressO Robertsonn.d. Robinson1980# Rocek1995R Roney1992Q Roney1995 Roney1996S Roney1996# Roney1998T Rothschild1993U Russell19759 Ruth19989V Ryerson1994 Saitta19966d Saitta1997{ Saitta1997 Saitta1998Y Sando1979  Sandor1990Z Sandor1991] Sayles1936\ Schaafsma1979 Schaber19773 Schachner2001H Schachner2002_ Schachner2002 Schachner2006 Schachner2006 Schachner2007 Schachner2007  Schachner2008 Schick19955s Schlanger1993Schlegel1992ru Schoeniger1990 Schoenwetter1962 Schollmeyer2000 Schollmeyer2003 Schollmeyer2006^ Scott1966e Sebastian1991 Shackelford1954M Shafer1982{N Shafer1986{O Shafer1995{: Shafer19999d Shaffer1993 Shaffer1995c Shaffer1997 Shapiro1999 Shaul1998f Shepard1936g Simmons1936h Simmonsn.d.i Simms1997j Simon1995 Smith1983 Smith2002 Smith2007Smithin press? Snead2004Solometo1997rl SparkszSpeakman2002$ Speth1988 Spicer1962n Spielmann1983[ Spielmann1989u Spielmann1990\ Spielmann1994t Spielmann1994A Spielmann1996% Spielmann1998r Spielmann1998 Spielmann2000= Spielmann2001s Spielmann2003v Spier1917 Spier1917 Spier1918w Spoerl1984x Spoerl1984K Spoerl19899 Stark1992 Stark1993 Stark1995 Stark1998 Stein1987 Stein1987 Stein1991N Stein1992 Stephen1936 Sternberg1981 Sternberg1983 Sternberg1989 Stewart1991z Stiger1979 Stinson1999q Stinson2005 Stokes1994 Stokes2000 Stone1992y Stone1994 Stone1999 Stone2003Sullivan1982dSullivan2007Swedlund2002' Tainter1996' Tainter1996~Tamaron y Romeral1954Tawaterin pressN Taylor1986{ Taylorn.d.n Taylorn.d.e Teague1993g Toll1991 Toll1991^ Toll20010 Toll2001 Triadan1997 Triadan1997 Triadan1999 Triadan2000 Triadan2004Trombold1991 Tuggle1970 Turner1993 Twitchell1914i Ugan19979; Upham1982 Upham1982< Upham1983 Upham1984( Upham1986] Upham1989 Upham2000hVan Dyke1999rVan Dyke2003u Van Keuren1999 Van Keuren2001 Van Keuren2002  Van Keuren2004v Van Keuren2004 Van Keuren2006w Van Keuren2006Van Pool1996'Van Pool2003tVan West1994Van West19964Van West2000.Van West2007? Van Zandt2004 Varien1993u Varien1999{6 Varien2007Villalpando C.1995 Villapando1991f Villapando1996$ Villapondo1996i Vivian1991{j Vivian1996{ Vogeln.d. Wade1980 Wade1981 Wallace1995 Walsh-Anduze1995 Ware2000 Watson1980 Weber1999a Weed19761b Weed19761; Weigand1982M Welch1996y Wells2000 Wells2000L Welsh1996u Wendorf1954, West19951 Whalen1993Q Whalen1994 Whalen1996{ Whalen1996 Whalen2001{ Whalen2001( Whalen2001* Whalen2003 White1932Whiteley1985rWhiteley1986rWhiteley1987Whiteley1988rWhiteley1998x Whittlesey1974 Whittlesey2000 Wilcox1978 Wilcox1979) Wilcox1981{ Wilcox1981{f Wilcox1981 Wilcox1983 Wilcox1989{ Wilcox1991* Wilcox1994 Wilcox1995 Wilcox2001 Wilcox2001 Wilcox2002 Wilcox20077 Wilcox2007 Wilcoxn.d.+ Wills1988 Wills1989, Wills1991 Wills1992. Wills1993- Wills1994 Wills1994g Wills1995R Wills1996 Wills2000 Wills2000 Willsn.d. Wilshusen1990 Wilshusen1990s Wilshusen1993k Wilshusen1999> Wilson19800 Wilson1990 Windes1989 Windes1991l Windes1996{ Windes1996 Windes2001 Wood1987 Wood1998 Wood2000\ Wood2001 Wood2001 Woodn.d.. Woosley1986T Woosley1996j Yannie19911 Yeatts19979L Zedeno19961 Zedeo1994M Zedeo19961 Zedeo2000 Zedeo20044> Zier19808 Zingg1935 Zubrow1975 Zubrow197535 Zubrow197535 Zubrow197535 Zubrow197535 Zubrow1975 Zubrow1975 Zubrow1975 Zubrow1975 Zubrow197535 Zubrow19759808 Zingg193519808 Zingg1935 Zingg193508 Zingg1935 Zingg193508 Zingg19359808 Zingg1935 Zingg1935 Zingg1935 Zingg19359808 Zingg193508 Zingg1935 Zingg19359808 Zingg1935 Zingg193508 Zingg193508 Zingg19359808 Zingg1935 Zingg1935 Zingg1935ngg1935 Zingg19358rx Whittlesey1974̀ Whittlesey2000) Wilcox1981{ Wilcox1981{f Wilcox1981̗ Wilcox1989{ Wilcox1991* Wilcox1994 Wilcox20077+ Wills1988, Wills1991. Wills1993- Wills1994g Wills1995R Wills1996 Wills2000 Wills2000 Willsn.d. Wilshusen1990 Wilshusen1990s Wilshusen1993k Wilshusen1999> Wilson19800l Windes1996{ Windes2001̑ Wood2000\T Woosley1996j Yannie19911 Yeatts19979L Zedeno19961 Zedeo2000 Zedeo20044> Zier19808 Zingg1935_#$%(*.,/023!)567:;'8<=9ABD>FGIHLMNOQ?@RVPT\SY]^cdi4kgjmpqrstuvw yzx{}~ Authors Journals 7 Keywords Y<                                &t?Abbott, Alysia Abbott, DavidAbbott, David R. Abbott, EllenAchim, Douglas V.Ackerly, Neal W. Adams, E. C.Adams, E. CharlesAdams, Eleanor B.Adams, Karen R. Adams, R. N. Adler, M. Adler, M. A.Adler, MichaelAdler, Michael A.Ahlstrom, Richard V. N.D@Ahlstrom, Richard V.N., Jeffrey S. Dean, and William J. Robinson82Ahlstrom, Richard, Jeffrey Dean, and Carla VanWest Aikens, C. W. Aikins, C.W. al., etAldenderfer, MarkAllison, James A.Ambler, J. Richard Anyon, Roger@=Anyon, Roger, T.J. Ferguson, Loretta Jackson, and Lillie LaneArcher, D. J. W. Arnold, J.E.Axtell, Robert L. Baacho, David Bahr, D. M.Baker, Jeffrey L.Baldwin, Sturart J.Bandelier, Adolph F. Barter, E.R.Barter, Eloise R.Baugh, Timothy G.Baumhoff, Martin A. Bayman, J. M. Bayman, JamesBayman, James M.Beckett, Patrick H. Behr, M. Bell, Betty Bell, J. Bell, W. H.Bennet, Wendell C.Berlin, G. LennisBernardini, WesleyBerry, Michael S.Bettinger, Robert L.Billman, Brian R.Bilsbarrow, Matthew H. Bishop, R. L. Bishop, R.L.Bishop, Ronald L.`ZBishop, Ronald L., Veletta Canouts, Suzanne P. DeAtley, Alfred Qoyawayma, and C. W. AikensBlackiston, A. H.Blackiston, A.H. Blake, M.Blake, MichaelBletzer, Michael Blinman, EricBluhm, John B.Bohrer, Vorsila L. Bower, Nathan Bradfield, M.Bradfield, WesleyBradley, Bruce A.Bradley, Ronna J.Brady, Jennifer A.Brand, Donald D.Brandt, ElizabethBrandt, Elizabeth A.Braniff, C. BeatrizBraun, David P. Bray, AlilciaBrayer, Herbert O. Briggs, John Bright, J. R.Bronitsky, GordonBrown, Gary M.Bruder, J. SimonBrugge, David M<9Brunswig, Robert H., Bruce Bradley, and Susan M. ChandlerBullock, Peter Y.Burgh, Robert F.Callahan, Martha M.Cameron, C. M.Cameron, CatherineCameron, Catherine M. Cannon, M.D. Canouts, V.Canouts, ValettaCanouts, VelattaCarey, Henry A.Carlson, Roy L.Carmichael, D.L. Casaus, M.Cassidy, Donnelly D.Castetter, E. F.Chakrvarty, ShubhaChamberlain, Matthew A.Champion, T. C.Chapman, Richard C.Chisholm, Brian<7Church, Michael, Ann F. Ramenofsky and Jeremy KulisheckCiolek-Torrello, Richard Clark, G.A.Clark, Jeffrey J.Clark, TiffanyClark, Tiffany C. Close, A. E. Cohen, Y. A.Colee, Philip S.Colton, Harold S. Conkey, M.Connelly, J. C. Cordell, L.S.Cordell, Linda S.,)Cordell, Linda S., and George J. GumermanCosgrove, C. B.Cosgrove, C.B.Cosgrove, H. S.Cosgrove, H.S. Cossett, CyeCourlander, HaroldCowan, C. WesleyCowan, Jason A.Crdoba, Diego A.Craig, Douglas B.Creamer, WinifredCreel, DarrellCronin, Constance,'Crown, Barbara J. Mills and Patricia L. Crown, P.A. Crown, P.J.Crown, Patricia A.Crown, Patricia LCrown, Patricia L.Curtis, Edward S.Cushing, Frank HamiltonCutler, Hugh C.Damp, Jonathan E.Danson, Edward BridgeDe Atley, Suzanne P. Dean, J. S.Dean, Jeffery S.Dean, Jeffrey S.Dean, Jeffry S.DeAtley, Suzanna Patricia Demallie, R.Di Peso, C. CharlesDi Peso, Charles C.Dickson, D. BruceDiehl, Michael W.(%Dittert, Alfred E., Jr. and Fred PlogDobyns, Henry F. Doelle, W. H.Doelle, William H.Dominguez, Francisco A.Dongoske, K. E.Dongoske, KurtDongoske, Kurt E.DADongoske, Kurt E., Michael Yeatts, Roger Anyon, and T.J. FergusonDoolittle, William E.   abandonment adaptation aggregation agriculturepaagriculture, early Anasaziin Animas anthropology($Archaeological surveying New Mexico. archaeology architecture atalaya ball courtsceramic analysis41ceramic seriation, typology, quantitative methods ceramics(%ceramics, gender, Mimbres, New MexicoCerro de MoctezumaChaco Chaco Canyon Chaco general chiefdoms chronology climateme communicationcomplex adaptive systemscomplex societies complexity conflict contact($Correlating Vessel Form and Functioncrmcultural evolution culturedecision making defenseDendrochronology.diet disease domesticationearly agriculture Eastern USebot ecology economicn economy environment ethnoarchaeology ethnobot ethnobotany ethnographic ethnohistory ethnology excavation exchange farmingfauna40gender, ceramics, Mimbres, Southwest, New MexicoHDgender, Mimbres, Southwest, New Mexico, ceramics, ceramic production geography geologyGISic Great Basingroundstone study history HohokamZ84households, ceramic production, economic archaeology human impact40Indians of North America Land tenure New Mexico.4/Indians of North America New Mexico Migrations.84Indians of North America Southwest, New Antiquities. integration interactionintervisbility kayentaKayenta Anasazi kinship($Land settlement patterns New Mexico. land tenure leadershipegr macrobot Mesa Verde Mexico migration MimbresmeMimbres culture.Mimbres generalHDMimbres, ceramics, ceramic production, Southwest, New Mexico, gender models Mogollonu Mogollon culture Congresses.Mogollon generalmortuary studynetwork analysisNew Mexico Antiquities.(%New Mexico, Mimbres, gender, ceramicsNumic NW MexicoPJon file, irrigation, water management, dating, American Southwest, Hohokam$!on file, Mesoamerica, archaeologyLGon file, water, water management, archaeology, North America, New WorldP IsaP IV paleoclimate Papago PaquimPima pithouse politics pollen populationpower production protohistoric Pueblo Puebloan religion Rio GrandeegrRio Grande generalrisks ritualanroads rock art SaladoZ scalar stress sedentism selection seriationsettlement patternssignaling systemsignaling systems site recordsocial integration<7Social Issues in the Organization of Pottery Productionsocial organization society Sonora southwest Southwest, New Antiquities.("Southwest, New History Chronology.Southwestern USstable isotopes stressZstylistic analysis subsistence surveySW SW general SW-Mesoamerican connections taphonomy Tarahumara theory tribes trincheras Verde Valley W Pueblo warfarewater-control featuresZui#%%*0225HQVVcddgg y{V$2)))N?@SSigggjjsxx~~~ ((#,:?R}~ 5HP~6,,,Yg{ {~.D]gj$$%%/mm~S3cd#YY0*(d{5d 0/23:d{ *,///077HHHQ}~,0)67~  7<629th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology61Amercian AntiquityAmerican Anthropologist7American Antiquity[w American Antiquity?American ArchaeologyAmerican Indian Quarterly Annual Review of AnthropologyD?Anthopological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History$ Cambridge Archaeological JournalCurrent Anthropology Early Man El Palacio Ethnohistory Ethnology Expedition Fieldiana0-Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology,'Journal of Anthropological Anthropology,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology(#Journal of Anthropological Researchg 0+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory0+Journal of Archaeological Method and Thoery("Journal of Archaeological Research$!Journal of Archaeological ScienceJournal of Ethnobiology Journal of Field Arcaheology Journal of Field Archaeology Journal of World PrehistoryKivaLatin American AntiquityMan Manuscript4.Museum Notes of the Museum of Northern Arizona North American Archaeologist82Papers of the Archaeological Society of New MexicoPlains Anthropologist PlateauHBPopulation and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies41Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society4.Proceedings of the National Academy of ScienceRecords of the PastResearch and Exploration Science,(Society of American Archaeology Bulletin($Southwestern Journal of Anthropology The Artifact The Kiva The MasterkeyThe Nation, 1313-13144/Transactions of the Illinois Academy of ScienceTree-Ring BulletinWorld Archaeology4.Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society$f)Hx*(("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 20014.Leadership at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico Mills, Barbara J.gD=Alternatie Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Presso168-179n("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 2003RKThe Local and the Distant in the Origin of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, MexicouAmerican Antiquity68314-332tLeslie A. White 1932The Pueblo of San Felipe:3Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association  Menasha, WI .(The American Anthropological Association38 Whiteley, P. 1985@:Unpacking Hopi Clans: Another Vintage Model Out of Africa?*#Journal of Anthropological Researcho414c359-374  ethnographic.(ethnographic Puebloan social integrationjust know about it Whiteley, P. 1986HAUnpacking Hopi Clans: Further Questions about Hopi Descent Groups *#Journal of Anthropological Research421 69-79a ethnographic.(ethnographic Puebloan social integrationjust know about itWhiteley, Peter M. 198760The Interpretation of Politics: A Hopi Conundrum Mano224e696-714\ Whiteley, P. 1988F?Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture Through the Oraibi Splitc Tucson "University of Arizona Press. ethnographicethnographic Puebloanojust know about itWhiteley, Peter M. 19980)Hopitutungwni: "Hopi Names" as Literaturer"Rethinking Hopi Ethnographyn Washington D.C.r $Smithsonian Institution Presse105-124eWhittlesey, Stephaniet 1974TMIdentification of Imported Ceramics Through Functional Analysis of Attributes Kiva401t101-112oDavid R. Wilcoxs 19782+The Theoretical Significance of Fieldhouses\ Albert E. Ward,%Limited Activity and Occupation Siteso  Albuquerques ("Center for Anthropological Studies 25-32e Wilcox, David 1979D>Warfare Implications of Dry-Laid Masonry Walls on Tumamoc HillThe Kiva45 1-2 15-38atalaya referenceIf trincheras represent defensive refuges, then they would have provided an ineffective defense against surprise attack, whish suggests that a communication network or early-warning system must also have been part of the pattern of social life for those using the trincheras for defensive purposes. All trincheras are associated with a nearby village, but not all contemporaneous villages are associated with trincheras sites, suggesting villages may have shared these trincheras. Do all suitable isolated hills have trincheras on them? How many and what kinds of sites are there that are far from the mountains (alternative refuge) and far from isolated hills? What could these people have done for defense? This is an opportunity for further research.2+ trincheras conflict communication conflictoWilcox, David R. 198182Changing Perspectives on the Protohistoric Pueblos Wilcox, D.R. Masse, W.B.NHThe Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700 TempeX @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 24378-409Western Pueblo protohistoric82Wilcox, David R. McGuire, Randall H. Sternberg, T. 1981Snaketown Revisited Tucson 2+Arizona State Museum, University of ArizonalHohokamnHohokama $David R. Wilcox W. Bruce Masse 1981NHThe Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700&Anthropological Research Papers\ Tempef @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 24*#Wilcox, David R. Sternberg, Charles  19832+Hohokam Ballcourts and their Interpretatione0*Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series Tucson1082Wilcox, David R. McGuire, Randall H. Sternberg, T. 1989Hohokam Warfarei "Tkaczuk, D. C. Vivian, B. C.@9Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectivesl Calgary 60University of Calgary Archaeological AssociationconflictHohokam conflictWilcox, David R. 1991 Hohokam Social Complexityo ("Crown, Patricia L. Judge, W. JamesPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwesta Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press253-276on from the Preceramic to Ceramic Period in the Mogollon Highlands of Western New Mexico"Journal of Field Archaeology23335-359 early agriculture"Mogollon agriculture, earlyN Wills, W.H. 2000F@Political Leadership and the Construction of Chacoan Greathouses  Mills, B. J.D>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 19-44 leadershipleadership Chaco Wills, W. H. 2000XQPolitical Leadership and the Construction of Chacoan Great Houses, A.D. 1020-1140l Barbara J. MillsD>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 19-44& Wilshusen, R.H. Ortman, Scott G. 1999ngRethinking the Pueblo I Period in the San Juan Drainage: Aggregation, Migration, and Cultural Diversityg Kiva64369-400lsocial integration Anasazi P INWindes, T.C. Ford, D. 1996LEThe Chaco Wood Project: The Chronometric Reappraisal of Pueblo BonitohAmerican Antiquity61295-310e Chaco  Chaco general*#Windes, Thomas C. McKenna, Peter J. 2001B;Going Against the Grain: Wood Production in Chacoan SocietycAmerican Antiquity6612119-140eWood, J. Scott 2000f`Hohokam and Salado Segmentary Organization: The Evidence from the Roosevelt Platform Mound Study  Dean, J. S. Salado  Albuquerquea $University of New Mexico Presssocial integration(!Hohokam Salado social integrationt"Woosley, A.I. McIntyre, A.Je 1996TNMimbres Mogollon Archaeology: Charles C. DiPeso's Excavations at Wind Mountain Dragoon, Arizona Amerind FoundationMogollon/MimbresMogollon generaljust know about it("Zedeo, M. Nieves Triadan, Daniela 2000VPCeramic Evidence for Community Reorganization and Change in East-Central Arizona Kiva65215-233sTLeBlanc, Steven A. . 19896/Cultural Dynamics in the Southern Mogollon Areae *#Linda S. Cordell George J. Gumermann& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Presso179-207o`YLeBlanc divides Mogollon into northern (mountain) and southern (valley or desert). Southern Mogollon includes the Mimbres branch, San Simon branch, and Viejo Chihuahua. There are a lot of data on Mimbres sites, particularly from A.D. 650-1150, but much of the work is from before WWII. There is not too much recent work on the San Simon sites. Viejo archaeology is practically confined to Di Peso's work. These branches may represent three ethnic branches. ** The Expansion Period ** The entire area is quite similar between A.D. 750 to 1000. Villages range from one to 150 pithouses. Great kivas don't open to structures or plazas. But overall there is no evidence for village planning. There are bell-shaped storage pits but no well-defined trash areas or cemeteries. Pithouses in this time are rectangular and about 15m2. Villages tend to be near river floodplains. So far as the evidence goes, these people were probably tribal and egalitarian. Mimbres, San Simon, and northern Chihuahua have similar but distinctive painted pottery. The Jornada did not have painted ceramics or great kivas during this time. LeBlanc believes that the Hohokam had considerable influence on the Mimbres between A.D. 800-900. This is mostly based on ceramic and shell decorative styles. ** The Differentiation Period ** Between A.D. 1000 and 1150 Classic Mimbres developed. Change is great enough that the concept of Mogollon is not workable for after A.D. 1150. In the Mimbres area there is a shift to above ground dwellings, expansion into marginal areas, and distinctive pottery. This is a local continuum. Construction techniques do not change dramatically although pits are dropped and rooms are now contiguous. The largest have up to 60 roomblocks. Similar sites, probably from the same time period, are known from the San Simon and Chihuahua. (* This would be the Perros Bravos Phase from A.D. 910-1060, but using Di Peso's dates). Great Kivas fall out of use by the end of this period. Residential rooms are distinguishable as living rooms and storage rooms. Classic Mimbres burials have a lot of grave goods. This is a period of population growth. People may have run out of farmland and water. Sites appear in marginal areas. Checkdams, fieldhouses and waffle gardens may be other stress responses. There is not comparable information for Casas Grandes and the San Simon although architectural changes are paralleled. ** The Casas Grandes Interaction Sphere ** Casas Grandes compares to Chaco in that there is a major centre with outlying communities. This sphere covered most of the southern Mogollon area. This area is roughly 100,000 km2 which is comparable to Chaco. This was likely a chiefdoms. There is also differential burial. The compounds that are single-storied with internal plazas may be elite residences (e.g. House of the Macaws, House of the Dead, House of the Serpent). Casas-related sites in the Mimbres area have adobe walls without construction, smaller round hearths, and central posts rather than a row of two or three posts. The Casas sites in the Mimbres area have Chupadero black-on-white, Three Rivers red-on-terracotta, and El Paso polychrome, plus Ramos Black and Playas red incised. This is referred to as the El Paso phase in the Jornada area, and the Animas phase in Hidalgo county. Rooms in the El Paso area have entrance steps. El Paso and Chupadero pottery decrease moving west. Playas Red incised decreases moving away from Hidalgo county. In this paper LeBlanc cautiously advocates an early 1300's end date for Casas Grandes. ** Models of the Casas Grandes Interaction Sphere ** Casas Grandes shares many characteristics with the Classic Hohokam and Chaco, so at a general level, there may have been similar causal conditions. LeBlanc argues that regional differences in the Casas Grandes sphere argue for incorporation of previous inhabitants. Also the presumed mercurial growth of Casas Grandes rules out simple population increases. He argues for expansionist warfare and incorporation, citing Sahlins (1958). ** (* I am sceptical of this). LeBlanc also supports many of Di Peso's imperialist ideas seeing Paquim as a trading post. So Casas Grandes produced goods for elites and when trade was interrupted, the interaction sphere rapidly collapsed. This model does not require pochtecas since inter-regional marriages, as one possibility, may have occurred. (* this position is based on some erroneous ideas, such as copper working at Paquim, and a pervasive lack of supporting evidence). ** The Post-Casas Grandes Area ** In the Mimbres area, after Casas Grandes collapses (* wrongly placed too early in this article), sites are adobe walled pueblos. These sites (Cliff Phase) extend into southeast Arizona. There is little ceremonial architecture. Burials are cremations in pits or vessels. Gila polychrome is now the dominant ware. Some Ramos polychrome and El Paso polychrome persist. LeBlanc sees this as a return to egalitarian, autonomous villages. Rooms are no longer easily functionally differentiated. There are also large areas with no communities. A lot of these sites were evidently rapidly abandoned leaving much of the area empty by A.D. 1450. LeBlanc speculates that after Casas Grandes collapsed social groups needed redefinition. ** Abandonment ** The former Casas Grandes area was virtually abandoned before the entrada (* this is questionable). This does not include the Mimbres Valley where there are signs of growth. Possible explanations are that this is an artifact of people switching to a mobile adaptation during this time or problems with dating. LeBlanc discusses the role of environmental change in ceramic period events equivocally. He does link the collapse of Mimbres with both environment (cautiously) and the emergence of Casas Grandes. Stress made them susceptible to incorporation to the Casas Grandes sphere.2rj(!Lipe, William D. Hegmon, Micheller 1989nhHistorical and Analytical Perspectives on Architecture and Social Integration in the Prehistoric Pueblos (!Lipe, William D. Hegmon, MichelleeD=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos Cortez, Colorado (!Crow Canyon Archaeological Centeri 15-34sB;Read for Paul Minnis' Advanced SW Studies Class, Fall 1997."Archaeologists working in the Southwestern pueblos have frequently used architectural evidence as the basis for inferences about social organization and social integration. The history and basic logic of several major approaches are reviewed: ethnographic analogy; assignment of functions or uses to architecturally defined spaces; and interpetation of community organization from analysis of differentiation and spatial patterning among structures. Because artifactual and architectural data are generally employed together, the chapter closes with a review of the use of artifacts in the study of social organization and integration in pueblo archaeology."2,social organization archaeology architectureLipe, William D. 1995RLThe Depopulation of the Northern San Juan: Conditions in the Turbulent 1200s,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14143-169e abandonmentAnasazi abandonmentN(!Lipe, William D. Ortman, Scott G. 2000F@Spatial Patterning in Northern San Juan Villages, A.D. 1050-1300 Kiva66147-166aDT||4X 3  *<6Di Peso, Charles C. Rinaldo, John B. Fenner, Gloria J. 1974D>Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca&Amerind Foundation series no. 9  Flagstaff- Northland Press, 4-8 atalaya referencer0*Paquim Paquim atalaya Cerro de MoctezumaDi Peso, Charles C.  19762+Gila Polychrome in the Casas Grandes RegionsThe Kiva421 57-63Di Peso, Charles C. 1979&Prehistory: Southern Periphery Ortiz, Alfonso("Handbook of North American Indians Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press19152-161eD>archaeology Mexico Southwestern US SW-Mesoamerican connectionsDi Peso, Charles C.  19802,Macaws. . . Crotals. . . and Trumpet Shells. Early Man23 4-11Di Peso, Charles C.  19810)The Rio Grande as Seen From Casas Grandesl82Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico6 23-417Di Peso, Charles C.n 1983:4The Northern Sector of the Mesoamerican World System Albert E. WardTMForgotten Places and Things: Archaeological Perspectives on American History  Albuquerque ("Center for Anthropological Studies 11-22Dickson, D. Brucee 1975~wSettlement Pattern Stability and Change in the Middle Northern Rio Grande Region, New Mexico: A Test of some HypothesesAmerican Antiquity402e159-171Diehl, Michael W.o 1996jdThe Intensity of Maize Processing and Production in Upland Mogollon Pithouse Villages, A.D. 200-1000American Antiquity61102-115nearly agriculture"agriculture, early MogollonNDiehl, Michael W. 1996pjThe Intensity of Maize Processing and Production in Upland Mogollon Pithouse Phase Villages, A.D. 200-1000American Antiquity611i102-115 ,& Diehl, Michael W. Gilman, Patricia A. 1996PJImplications from the Design of Different Southwestern Architectural Forms Fish, P.R. Reid, J.J.LFSouthwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempe, Arizona State University Clark, G.A.,&Anthropological Research Papers No. 48Diehl, Michael W.y 1998f`The Interpretation of Archaeological Floor Assemblages: A Case Study from the American SouthwestAmerican Antiquity63617-634 Mogollon/MimbresMimbres,%Dittert, Alfred E., Jr. and Fred Plog  1980Generations in ClayW  Flagstaff, AZR Northland Press\Dobyns, Henry F. 2002*$Puebloan Historic Demographic Trends Ethnohistory491y171-204William H. Doellee 199560Tonto Basin Demography in a Regional Perspective 4.Mark D. Elson Miriam T. Stark David A. Gregory\UThe Roosevelt Community Development Study: New Perspectives on Tonto Basin PrehistoryU Tucson $Center for Desert Archaeology201-226,&Anthropological Research Papers No. 15 Doelle, William H. 1999*$Early Maize in the Greater Southwest Archaeology Southwest 13:1 Tucson $Center for Desert Archaeology1early agriculturehagriculture, earlyWilliam H. Doelleo 200060Tonto Basin Demography in a Regional Perspective Jeffrey S. Dean Salado  Albuquerque NGAmerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona and University of New Mexico Press 81-105Dominguez, Francisco A.c 1956f`The Missions of New Mexico, 1776: Translated and annoted by Eleanor B. Adams and Angelico Chavez  Albuquerque\ $University of New Mexico Press>7Dongoske, K. E. Yeatts, M. Anyon, Roger Ferguson, T. J. 1997lfArchaeological Cultures and Cultural Affiliation: Hopi and Zuni Perspectives in the American SouthwestAmerican Antiquity62600-608 ethnographicethnographic Puebloan MKJLI  *82Fish, P.R. Fish, S. K. Gumerman, G. J. Reid, J. J. 1994<5Toward an Explanation for Southwestern "Abandonments" Gumerman, G. J.$Themes in Southwest Prehistory Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press134-164n & Fish, Paul R. Reid, J. Jefferson 1996ZSInterpreting Southwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempeo ZTArizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 48, Arizona State Universitygeneral reference SW general selections$Fish, Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. 200060The Institutional Contexts of Hohokam Complexity  Mills, B. J.D>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press154-167 leadershipleadership Hohokam"Suzanne K. Fish Paul R. Fish 2001F?The Institutional Contexts of Hohokam Complexity and Inequalityb Barbara J. MillsD>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press461-484Fitting, James E.. 1972<5Preliminary Notes on Cliff Valley Settlement Patternst The Artifact104e 15-30. 0)Flint, Richard, and Shirley Cushing Flint 2004XQThe Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest  Boulder, CO "University Press of ColoradoX;Bernard L. Fontana J. 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Stein Roger Anyono 1987`YAn Archaeological Reconaissance of West-central New Mexico: The Anasazi Monuments Project} f`Submitted to the Office of Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Division, State of New Mexico.i276%%,22)kmmr $02M????cgmm~~ $$**,,/2567677:HQSSSSSSSSYwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 45-59Graves, William M. 2004Social Identity and the Internal Organization of the Jumanos Pueblos Settlement Cluster in the Salinas District, Central New Mexico} (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.V4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Press  43-52Gregory, D. A. 1987ZSThe Morphology of Platform Mounds and the Structure of Classic Period Hohokam Sitesi  Doyel, D. E.:4The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization Glenwood Springs, CO :3American Association for the Advancement of Science183-210Hohokam Hohokam social integration("Gregory, David A. Wilcox, David R. 2007 Zuni Origins Tucson "University of Arizona Presso Gumerman, G. J.h 1994$Themes of Southwest Prehistory Santa Fe (!School of American Research Pressegeneral referencec SW general selectionsggmm6:x ##*SSw ..,)Dj#7LP(//2(*j{,0m35Qddjy,7((6ccmHHMS#,2xc6#########$$$$$$$$$$%%%%%%%%%%%(((******`-D_ZJ. Bellt 1994"Making Pottry at Mata Ortiz Kiva60 33-70(!Wendell C. Bennet Robert M. Zingge 1935:3The Tarahumara: An Indian Tribe of Northern MexicoEthnological Seriesa ChicagoN "University of Chicago PressPIBerlin, G. Lennis Ambler, J. Richard Hevly, Richard H. Schaber, Gerald G.  1977}Identification of a Sinagua Agricultural Field by Aerial Thermography, Soil Chemistry, Pollen/Plant Analysis, and ArchaeologyAmerican Antiquity424}588-600eBernardini, Wesley 1996\UTransitions in Social Organization: A Predictive Model from Southwestern Archaeology,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology15372-402$scalar stress decision making pbksBernardini, Wesley 1998{Conflict, Migration, and the Social Environment: Interpreting Architectural Change in Early and Late Pueblo IV Aggregations Spielmann, K.A.mRLMigration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest Tempe B;Arizona State University Anthropological Reasearch Paper 51oconflict:4P IV social integration settlement patterns conflictBernardini, Wesley 1999XQReassessing the Scale of Social Action at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexicob Kiva64447-470social integrationChaco social integrationBernardini, Wesley 2000|uKiln firing groups: inter-household economic collaboration and social organization in the northern American SouthwestiAmerican Antiquity652365-377g:4households, ceramic production, economic archaeologyBernardini, Wesley 2002f`The Gathering of the Clans - Understanding Ancestral Hopi Migration and Identity, A.D. 1275-1400 Department of Anthropology Arizona State University"Unpublished PhD Dissertation(!Bernardini, Wesley Brown, Gary M.l 2004<5The Formation of Settlement Clusters on Anderson Mesa1 (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.u4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona PressV108-118Bernardini, Wesley 2005:3Hopi Oral Tradition and the Archaeology of Identityl Tucson "University of Arizona PressbBerry, Michael S.e 1982D=The Age of Maize in the Greater Southwest: A Critical Review"Prehistoric Food Production279-307agriculture archaeologyBerry, Michael S.e 1985B8Billman, Brian R. Lambert, Patricia M. Leonard, Banks L. 2000`YCannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelth Century A.D.\American Antiquity651U145-178.(Bilsbarrow, Matthew H. Taylor, Judy Rowe n.d.Hohokam and Perry Mesa Tradition Settlement Patterns and Petroglyph Sitees on Black and Perry Mesas, Southern Yavapai County, Arizona>7Manuscript on file, Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix. archaeologyarchaeology rock art0)meeting paper concerning rock art on AFNM^WBishop, Ronald L. Canouts, Velatta De Atley, Suzanne P. Qyawayma, Alfred Aikens, C. W. 1988f`The Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups: Hopi Pottery Production and Exchange, A.D. 1300-1600"Journal of Field Archaeology15317-337pDqrrs:George P. Hammond Agapito Rey  1928 ^AObregon's History of 16th Century Explorations in Western America  ( Los Angeles  6Wetzel Publishing Company  351y .atalaya referenceh 4Atalaya contact Paquim Hanson, John A.4 1978VOThe Application of Remotely Sensed Imagery to the Prehistory of Central ArizonaS Department of Anthropology Tucson University of ArizonaPh.D. Dissertation archaeologyarchaeology excavationHBBrief descriptions of some excavated sites, all from Gumerman 1976$Only relevant sections copiedcHantman, Jeffrey Lewis 1983VPSocial Networks and Stylistic Distributions in the Prehistoric Plateau Southwest Department of Anthropology Arizona State University"Unpublished PhD Dissertation( Hard, R. J.  1990 L0Agricultural Dependence in the Mountain Mogollon  < Paul E. Minnis Charles L. Redman  $Boulder   *Westview Press *Paul E. Minnis B&Investigations in American Archaeology "Minnis D'Perspectives on Southwestern Prehistory  R5agriculture subsistence archaeology groundstone study yyq Herr, Sarah A. 2001HABeyond Chaco: Great Kiva Communities on the Mogollon Rim Frontierr Anthropological Papers 66n Tucson "University of Arizona Press& Herr, Sarah A. Stinson, Susan L. 200582A Potter's Assemblage from Tla Kii Pueblo, Arizona Kiva71 57-78rHewett, Edgar L. 1904,&Studies on the Extinct Pueblo of PecosAmerican Anthropologist64426-439sHibben, Frank C. 194482A Basketmaker III Site in Canyon Largo, New MexicoAmerican Antiquity914 381-385;"archaeology conflict PuebloHill, James N. 1970PJBroken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest <6Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 18 Tucson:3Hill, W.W. edited and annotated by Charles H. 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Stone, T.c 1994PIExploring Social, Political, and Economic Organization in the Zuni Regionc Tempet @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 46Western PuebloW Pueblo skimHowell, Todd Lee 1994:3Leadership at the Ancestral Zuni Village of Hawikkut Department of Anthropology Arizona State University"Unpublished PhD Dissertation,%Howell, Todd L., and Keith W. Kintighr 1996|vArchaeological Identification of Kin Groups Using Mortuary and Biological Data: An Example from the American Southwest613537-554>Lekson, Steve H. 199282The Surface Archaeology of Southwestern New Mexico The Artifact303SMogollon/MimbresMimbres generalw tzMartin, Steve L. 1999f_Virgin Anasazi Diet as Demonstrated Through the Analysis of Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes Kiva644a495-514 stable isotopes SW Anasazi60Matson, R. G. William D. Lipe William R Haase IV 1988XRAdaptational Continuities and Occupational Discontinuities: The Cedar Mesa Anasazi"Journal of Field Archaeology153245-264g$Matson, R. G. Chisholm, Brian. 1991d^Basketmaker II Subsistence: Carbon Isotopes and Other Dietary Indicators from Cedar Mesa, UtahAmerican Antiquity563e444-459early agriculturey$diet Anasazi early agriculture Matson, R. G.m 1991*$The Origins of Southwest Agriculture Tucson &The University of Arizona Pressaearly agriculturef R. G. Matson 1991.'The Origins of Southwestern Agriculturee Tucson "University of Arizona Pressl McGimsey, Charles R., III\ 1980LFMariana Mesa: Seven Prehistoric Settlements in West-Central New Mexico@9Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnologyp  Cambridge Harvard University72McGregor, John C.e 1965Southwestern Archaeology  Urbana, IL "University of Illinois PressMcGuire, Randall H.t 19802,The Mesoamerican Connection in the SouthwestThe Kiva46 1-2n 3-38(!McGuire, Randall H. Howard, A. V. 1987>8The Structure and Organization of Hohokam Shell Exchange Kiva52economicHohokam economicionsLipe, William D. 1995RLThe Depopulation of the Northern San Juan: Conditions in the Turbulent 1200s,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14143-169e abandonmentAnasazi abandonmentN(!Lipe, William D. Ortman, Scott G. 2000F@Spatial Patterning in Northern San Juan Villages, A.D. 1050-1300 Kiva66147-166aLyneis, Margaret 1996^XPueblo II-Pueblo III Change in Southwestern Utah, the Arizona Strip, and Southern Nevada Adler, Michael A.e2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 11-28tLyons, Patrick D.e 2003 Ancestral Hopi Migrations&Anthropological Paper Number 68r Tucson "University of Arizona PresstMarquardt, William H. 1978*$Advances in Archaeological Seriation Schiffer, Michael B.<6Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 1 New York Academic Press, Inc.257-314U$ X&Hogan, PatrickHolliday, Vance T.Holmlund, James P. Howard, A. V.Howard, Agnes M.Howard, Jerry B. Howell, T. L.Howell, Todd L.($Howell, Todd L. and Keith W. Kintigh(%Howell, Todd L., and Keith W. KintighHowell, Todd LeeHubert, Virgil Huckell, B.B.Hunt, Robert C.Huntley, Deborah L.Hutchinson, Charles F.Ingram, Scott E.Institution, SmithsonianIrwin-Williams, CynthiaIV, William R Haase Jacobs, DavidJames, Steven R.Jameson, Bryan0+Jenkins, Myra Ellen and Elizabeth A. BrandtJernigan, E. W.Jett, Steven C.Jewett, Roberta A.Johannessen, SisselJohnson, C. DavidJones, Bruce A. Judge, J. Judge, JamesJudge, W. James Judge, W.J.Julien, Melissa R.Kaldahl, Eric J.Karlstrom, Thor N. V.Katich, Joseph F. Kaye, JasonKegley, George B.Kelley, J Charles Kelley, J. C.Kelley, J. CharlesKelley, Jane H.XTKelly, Sophia, Matthew Peeples, Jason Sperinck, M. Scott Thompson, and Keith KintighKennedy, John G. Kent, SusanKessel, John L.(#Kessell, John L. and Rick Hendricks84Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith Dodge Kidder, A.V.Kidder, Alfred VincentKillion, Thomas W.Kintigh, K. W.Kintigh, KeithKintigh, Keith W.Kinzig, Ann P.Kirkpatrick, D. T.Kirkpatrick, David T.Knaut, Andrew L.Kobayashi, Masashi Kober, BrentKohler, Timothy A.Kroeber, A. L.Kuckelman, Kristin A.Kulow, StephanieKvamme, Kenneth L.D>Lack, Andrew, Erica Dziedzic, Neil Miller, and Matthew PeeplesLambert, Marjorie F.Lambert, Patricia M.LaMotta, Vincent M.lange, Richard C.Laumbach, K. W.Laumbach, Karl W.LeBlanc, StevenLeBlanc, Steven A.Lehmer, Donald J.Lekson, Stephen H.Lekson, Steve H.Leonard, Banks L. Leonard, R.D.Leonard, Robert D.Len Garca, Ricardo Levy, J. E.Levy, Jerrold E.Liebmann, Matthew J.Lightfood, Ricky R.Lightfoot, Kent G.Lightfoot, Ricky R. Linton, R.L. Lipe, W. D.Lipe, William D.Lister, Florence C.Lister, Robert H.Longacre, William A. 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Munson, M.K. Munson, R. W.Munson, Robert W. Nabhan, G. P.Nabhan, Gary P.Naranjo, TessieNaylor, Thomas H. Neal, LynnNeely, James A. Neff, H. Neff, Hector Neitzel, JillNeitzel, Jill E.Neitzrl, J. E. Nelson, B. Nelson, Beny, University of Michigan309-339early agricultureyagriculture, early dietMinnis, Paul E.o 1985JDSocial Adaptation to Food Stress: A Prehistoric Southwestern Example Chicago "University of Chicago PresseMogollon/Mimbres.'ethnobot diet Mimbres human impact risk ("Minnis, Paul E. Redman, Charles L. 1990*$Perspectives on Southwest Prehistory Boulderh Westview Pressgeneral referencei SW generalsomewhat out of date XHNelson, Ben A.<7Nelson, Ben A., Timothy D. Kohler, and Keith W. KintighNelson, Margaret C.Nelson, Margaret Cecile Nelson, N. C.Neuzil, Anna A. New Mexico State University. Nials, F. L.Nials, Fred L.Nightengale, C. B. Noble, D. G.Nogue, Leslie K.O'Donovan, Maria Orcutt, J.Orcutt, Janet D. Ortega, J. Ortiz, A.Ortiz, AlfonsoOrtman, Scott G. 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Skibo, J.M.Skibo, James M.Smith, Alexa M.Smith, Jimmy E., II Smith, M. E.Smith, Michael E.Smith, Susan J.Snead, James E.TQSo Live the Works of Men, Seventieth Anniversary Volume Honoring Edgar Lee HewettSolometo, Julia Sparks, G.Speakman, Robert J.Speth, John D. Spicer, E. H.Spicer, Edward H.Spielmann, K.A.Spielmann, Katherine A. Spier, Leslie Spoerl, P. M.Spoerl, Patricia M. Stark, M. T. Stark, MiramStark, Miriam T.Stein, John R.Stephen, Alexander M.Sternberg, Charles Sternberg, T.Stevenson, C.M.Stewart, Joe D.Stiger, Mark A.Stinson, Susan L. Stokes, R.J.Stokes, Robert J.Stoltman, J.B.Stone, Glen Davis Stone, T. Stone, TammySullivan, Alan P.Swedlund, Alan C. Szuter, C. R.Tainter, B. B.Tainter, Bonnie BagleyTainter, J. 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Briggs, John Kaye, Jason Kintigh, Keith 2003zsLegacies on the Landscape: Integrating Ecology and Archaeology to Understand Long-Term Human-Ecosystem Interactions<5Proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation( Leslie Spier  1917 "18(3) \@Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History F)An Outline for a Chronology of Zui Ruinsy  Spier, Leslie 19170)An Outline for a Chronology of Zuni RuinsgF@Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History New York ("American Museum of Natural History 18, part 3 Spier, Lesliet 1918*#Notes on Some Little Colorado RuinsrRKAnthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 18, part 4\ New York ("American Museum of Natural HistorySpoerl, Patricia M.i 19844-Prehistoric Fortifications in Central Arizona $Spoerl, P. M. Gumerman, G. J.}d^Prehistoric Cultural Development in Central Arizona: Archaeology of the Upper New River Region  Carbondale ^XSouthern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 5261-278 archaeologyn archaeology .'Spoerl, Patricia M. Gumerman, George J. 1984d^Prehistoric Cultural Development in Central Arizona: Archaeology of the Upper New River Region  Carbondale ^XSouthern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 5 archaeologyn>8archaeology survey excavation fauna ebot macrobot pollenfive excavated sites off AFNM fauna from these five sites off AFNM macrobot and pollen from three sites on AFNM (sites discussed in Gumerman et al. 1976) (pg 183-260) Out of print2+Stark, M. T. Clark, Jeffrey J. Elson, M. D.n 1995JDCauses and Consequences of Migration in the 13th Century Tonto Basin,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14212-246 abandonmentdSalado abandonmentv@ . Abbott, Davidl 1985HBUnbiased estimates of feature frequencies with computer simulationAmerican Archaeology51 4-11.'David R. Abbott Mary-Ellen Walsh-Anduze 1995\VTemporal Patterns without Temporal Variation: The Paradox of Hohokam Red Ware Ceramics ,&Barbara J. Mills and Patricia L. Crown2,Ceramic Production in the American Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Pressa 88-114Abbott, David R. 2000<5Ceramics and Community Organization among the Hohokaml Tucson "University of Arizona PressbHohokams*#Hohokam social integration economic David R. Abbottr 2003NGCenturies of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Granded Tucson "University of Arizona PressaAbbott, Alysia 2003Effects of evolutionary processes on lithic raw material procurement and use during the Puebloan period at Bosson Wash, Zuni, New Mexico Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico"Unpublished PhD Dissertation4.Abbott, David R. Ingram, Scott E. Kober, Brent 2006vpHohokam Exchange and Early Classic Period Organization in Central Arizona: Focal Villages or Linear Communities?"Journal of Field Archaeology31285-30582Abbott, David R. Smith, Alexa M. Gallaga, Emiliano 2007VPBallcourts and Ceramics: The Case for Hohokam Marketplaces in the Arizona DesertAmerican Antiquity72461-484Achim, Douglas V. 1987B;A Serpentine Pendant From a Viejo Period Casas Grandes Sitec The Artifact251 79-80n$Abstract from Art MacWilliamsvPaquime 4.Ackerly, Neal W. M. Behr M. Casaus T.L. Powell 1993VPAcequia Systems of the Rio Mimbres: Floodwater Irrigation in Southern New Mexico Las Cruces, NM <5Center for Anthropological Research, New Mexico State\ 718 Adams, E. Charlesl 1983nhThe Architectural Analogue to Hopi Social Organization and Room Use - Implications in Northern SouthwestAmerican Antiquity481c 44-61eAdams, E. Charles 19914.The Origin and Development of the Katsina Cult Tucson "Uinversity of Arizona Pressi$Anasazi archaeology religionaAdams, E. Charlese 1991<5The Origin and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cultl Tucson "University of Arizona Press0:3Adams, E. Charles Stark, Miriam T. Dosh, Deborah S. 1993z^Ceramic Distribution and Exchange: Jeddito Yellow Ware and Implications for Social Complexity. "Journal of Field Archaeology201 Adams, E. C. 19944.The Katsina Cult: A Western Pueblo Perspective  Schaafsma, P.i"Kachinas in the Pueblo World  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press 35-46social integration("Puebloan social integration ritualKaren R. Adams 1994FA Regional Synthesis of Zea mays in the Prehistoric American Southwest  .'Sissel Johannessen Christine A. Hastorf4-Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World  Boulder, CO Westview Press273-302 Adams, E. C. 1996D=The Pueblo III-Pueblo IV Transition in the Hopi Area, Arizonad  Adler, M. 2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 48-58Western PuebloW Pueblo****........,,,,,,,,,////0000222222233333333333)!!!!)))))))))555566666666677777777::;'8<=9DA<8BA>>>>>>>FGGIHLHLLLMMNOQQ?RPT\TSSSSSSYYYYZN $;:6D9@.'Hegmon, Michelle and Wenda R. Trevathans 1997JDResponse to comments by LeBlanc, by Epenshade, and by Shaffer et al.American Antiquity624c737-739,%ceramics, gender, Mimbres, New MexicoM4-Hegmon, Michelle Nelson, Margaret C. Ruth, S.  1998Abandonment, Reorganization, and Social Change: Analyses of Pottery and Architecture from the Mimbres Region of the American SouthwestAmerican Anthropologist 100n148-162 abandonmentg,&social integration Mimbres abandonmentHegmon, Michelle 1998JCTechnology, Style, and Social Practices: Archaeological Approachese Stark, Miriam T.*$The Archaeology of Social Boundaries  Washington $Smithsonian Institution Pressu264-279:4Hegmon, Michelle, Margaret Nelson, and Susan M. Ruth 1998VOAbandonment and Reorganization in the Mimbres Region of the American Southwest. American Anthropologist5 1001148-163jcProvides information on an investigation of the abandonment at the end of the Mimbres Classic Period as a process of reorganization within a larger social context. Analyses of the pottery and architecture indicating material changes; Information on the social implications of material culture change and variation; Conclusion reached on the investigation.ajdHegmon, Michelle Nelson, Margaret C. Anyon, Roger Creel, Darrell LeBlanc, Steven A. Shafer, Harry J. 1999leScale and Time-Space Systematics in the Post-A.D. 1100 Mimbres Region of the North American Southwest Kiva652143-165Mogollon/MimbresMimbres generalHegmon, Michelle 2000*$Advances in Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory73Hegmon, Michelle 2002@:More than Just a Pretty Pot: Issues in Mimbres Archaeology("Journal of Archaeological ResearchMogollon/MimbresMimbres generaln4.Best synthesis as of 2002; publication pendingHegmon, Michelle 2002\VRecent Issues in the Archaeology of the Mimbres Region of the North American Southwest("Journal of Archaeological Research104s>7Hegmon, Michelle Brady, Jennifer A. Nelson, Margaret C.r 2006pjVariability in Classic Mimbres Room Suites: Implications for Household Organization and Social Differences &V. S. Powell-Marti P. A. GilmanMimbres Society Tucson "University of Arizona Press*$Hegmon, Michelle Nelson, Margaret C. 2007"In Sync, but Barely in Touch ("Sullivan, Alan P. Bayman, James M.@:Hinterlands and Regional Dynamics in the Ancient Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 70-96rkHegmon, Michelle Peeples, Matthew A. Kinzig, Ann P. Kulow, Stephanie Meegan, Cathryn M. Nelson, Margaret C. 2008RKSocial Transformation and Its Human Costs in the Prehispanic U.S. SouthwestAmerican Anthropologist 1103313-324Henderson, T. Kathleen 1987(!The Growth of a Hohokam Communityt  Doyel, D. E.:4The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization Glenwood Springs, CO :3American Association for the Advancement of Science 97-125Hohokam("Hendricks, Rick and John P. Wilson 1996:4The Navajos in 1705: Roque Madrid's Campaign Journal  Albuquerquer $University of New Mexico Press,%Herold, Laurence C. Reuben F. Miller  1995ZTWater Availability for Plant Growth in Precolumbian Terrace Soils, Chihuahua, Mexico H. Wolcott Toll ^XSoil, Water, Biology, and Belief in Prehistoric and Traditional Southwestern Agriculture  Albuquerquei (!New Mexico Archaeological Councilr145-1530 Herr, S. Clark, Jeffrey J. 1997TMPatterns in the Pathways: Early Historic Migrations in the Rio Grande Pueblosu Kiva62365-390b Rio Grande& Rio Grande general protohistoricNaranjo, Tessieo 19952+Thoughts on Migration by Santa Clara Pueblo\,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14247-2501Naylor, Thomas H.l 1995>7Casas Grandes Outlier Ballcourts in Northwest Chihuahua Reyman, Jonathan E.\UThe Gran Chichimeca: Essays on the Archaeology and Ethnology of Northern Mesoamerica Brookfield, Vermonto Aveburyl225-239lvp This paper begins with a preface by David Wilcox that is a short biography of Thomas Naylor's involvement in Chihuahua. Wilcox did the final preparations on this paper. There is a cut at Paul Minnis's "Peeking Under the Tortilla Curtain" for ignoring existing data, including collections, and notes. Di Peso's work at Paquim confirmed longstanding suspicions that there are ballcourts there. Minnis (1984) stated that there are no outlying ballcourts. Several people involved with Di Peso and the University of Denver Trincheras Project have known about other ballcourts since the 1960's. (* Which is not the same as publishing accounts of them). During 1984 Naylor and Alan Phelps recorded the known outlying ballcourts. The first site is on Arroyo Tinaja 15 km upstream from the Angus Bull Ranch beside the highway to Colonia Juarez. There are three mounds immediately east of the ballcourt. There is a lot of Playas Red Incised and Ramos Polychrome at this site. The ballcourt is "I"-shaped and its long axis runs almost due north-south for 40.6 metres. The second ballcourt is on the Rio Gaviln (Camposanto). Di Peso designated this site CHIH C:14:2. This area is thick with trincheras studied by L. Herold during the 1960's. There are hundreds of ruins, of all types, within a few kilometres of this ballcourt. Most ruins in the area are stone-walled although the ruin at Camposanto is adobe. This ruin has "T"-shaped doorways and raised fire hearths. There is a lot of well-made Heurigos and Ramos polychrome pottery here. Human effigy vessels and stylized macaws seem to be common judging by the remaining sherds. Escondida polychrome sherds are also present. The long axis of the "I"-shaped ballcourt runs north-south and is 30 metres. There is one tree-ring date from this ruin with 63 rings and no cutting date (* Naylor was trained in dendrochronology). Naylor points out that the Casas Grandes tree-ring chronology of Di Peso floats because it is not tied into a modern end. The Camposanto date may be from the fourteenth century or later. Presumably this bears on the age of the ballcourt. Las Palmas, the third ballcourt, is located 50 kilometres west-southwest of Janos. There is a large mound here with a lot of Ramos and Carretas sherds. The ballcourt is 20 metres west of the main roomblock. The long axis of the ballcourt is north-south and 54 metres long. The ballcourt is a rectangle. El Alamito has a possible ballcourt. It has no surrounding mounding since it is not excavated into the ground. There is a stone perimeter that is between rectangular and weakly "I"-shaped. The stones are set on edge. Naylor speculates that this may have been a practice court. There is a large, rambling, site associated with this ballcourt. They looked for ballcourts along the middle Santa Maria, particularly around the large site near Galeana (* Since mapped by Rafael Cruz and Bob Leonard). They also looked around Zaragoza, the Babicora Plains, parts of northwest Sonora, and Carretas Hacienda without seeing any ballcourts. Outlier ballcourts are separated from Casas Grandes by at least one valley. This may reflect regional sub-systems. No ballcourts have been identified east of the Rio Casas Grandes. Naylor recommends surveying between Casa de Janos and Janos, plus the Babicora Basin, to find more ballcourts. (Both areas have been surveyed in the 1990's). * This paper is one of the few since the 1930's that sounds like the author is actually familiar with Casas Grandes sites and Chihuahua's geography. I think that all of the ballcourts described in this paper have since been recorded by Minnis and Whalen.PaquimCJdeo M. Rea Karen L. Reichhardt Eric Mellink Charles F. Hutchinsonr  1982 4Journal of EthnoMinnis, Paul E.  1992LEEarliest Plant Cultivation in the Desert Borderlands of North America (!Cowan, C. Wesley Watson, Patty Jo@9The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspectivel Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press121-1414-agriculture archaeology domestication ecologyIndividual dispersement of crops suggested by different orders of appearance in three areas, probably not an intrusive culture bringing in a suite of plants. The types of plants which were first domesticated is also important: since they were food plants, their introduction and use probably points to a need for foods. The early introduction of cultigens to hunter-gatherers fits in well within their environmental, economic and social context. Remember, "agriculture" is not a magic moment, it takes one to three thousand years to develop. To accurately asses models of early cultivation and agriculturation, we need contextual information on resource stability, resource abundance, archaic population density, and h-g environmental manipulation.("Minnis, Paul E. Whalen, Michael E. 19934.Casas Grandes: Archaeology in Northern Mexico Expedition351 34-43Paquim paquima@9Motsinger, Thomas N. Mitchell, Douglas R. McKie, James M. 2000JCPrescott Primer: Introduction to the Archaeology and the Conference 0*Motsinger, T.N. Mitchell, D.R. McKie, J.M.voArchaeology in West-Central Arizona: Proceedings of the 1996 Arizona Archaeological Council Prescott Conference Prescott Sharlot Hall Museum Press 1-11 archaeology archaeology Munson, M.K. 2000D>Sex, Gender, and Status: Human Images from the Classic MimbresAmerican Antiquity65127-144 leadership,%social integration leadership Mimbres_HGF&(VNelson, Ben A. 2000D>Aggregation, Warfare, and the Spread of Mesoamerican Tradition  Hegmon, M.xqThe Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange Across the American Southwest and Beyond Boulder "University Press of Coloradoconflict,%NW Mexico conflict social integrationNelson, Ben A. 2000HBWarfare, Aggregation, and the Spread of the Mesoamerican Tradition Hegmon, MichellelfThe Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest Boulder "University of Colorado Press317-337Nelson, Ben A. 20002+Salado at the Endo of the Twentieth Century\ Dean, Jeffrey S. Salado  Albuquerquee NGAmerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona and University of New Mexico Press321-326W*$Nelson, Margaret C. Hegmon, Michelle 2001leAbandonment is Not as it Seems: An Approach to the Relationship between Site and Regional Abandonment American Antiquity662213-235 abandonmentnMimbres abandonment,&Nelson, Margaret C. Schachner, Gregson 2002Southwest Abandonments("Journal of Archaeological Research abandonment abandonments*$Margaret C. Nelson Gregson Schachner 2002@:Understanding Abandonments in the North American Southwest("Journal of Archaeological Research102167-206 Haas1986d Haas1989e Haas1990f Haas1993* Haas19949gHabicht-Mauche1987hHabicht-Mauche2000WHabicht-Mauche2006i Hackbarth1992j Hackbarth2002l Hackenberg1974k Hackenberg1983m Hackett1937n Hackett1942Hagstrum2001 Hall2002s Hammond1928 Hammond2002b Hanson19767r Hanson1978q Hantman1983 Harburger2002p Hard1990t Hard1992o Hard1996# Hard1998v Hardin2000u Harlow1970w Harlow1973x Harrington1912y Harrington1916 Harvey19726 Haury1936{ Haury1938| Haury1943} Haury1965 Haury19767 Haury19858 Haury1988 Hawley19900j Hays-Gilpin2002 Heckman2000 Hegmon1989{ Hegmon1989{& Hegmon1989{ Hegmon1989X Hegmon1991 Hegmon1992o Hegmon1994{ Hegmon1994 Hegmon1995 Hegmon1996 Hegmon1996 Hegmon19979 Hegmon1998{ Hegmon1998 Hegmon1998: Hegmon19997 Hegmon2000G Hegmon2001; Hegmon2002; Hegmon2002 Hegmon2006 Hegmon2006 Hegmon2007 Hegmon2008 Heidke19955 Henderson1987 Hendricks1996 Herold1995Z Herr1997 Herr19999  Herr2001q Herr2005 Hevly1977 Hevly1985 Hewett1904 Hibben1944 Hill1970: Hill1976 Hill1982 Hill1995 Hill19988 Hill1998 Hill1999 Hill2004 Hill2007 Hill20070 Hodge1895y Hodge1910 Hogan1985Holmlund1995. Howard1955 Howard198770 Howard1991y Howell1994 Howell1994} Howell19966 Howell19966 Howell1996 Howell1996 Howell1996 Howell20060l Hubert1937- Huckell1994 Hunt2005 Huntley2004 Huntley2004n Huntley2004 Huntley2004 Huntley2006W Huntley2006 Huntley2006 Huntley2008 Hutchinson1982 Ingram2006Irwin-Williams1977 IV19888j Jacobs1995 James1997Jamesonin press Jenkins1988Jernigan1986Jernigan1986 Jett1986/ Johnson20056 Johnson2007 Jones1989a Judge1989 Judge1989 Judge1991 Julien1993  Kaldahl2004 Karlstrom19859 Katich1967s Kaye20030 Kegley1979 Kelley1950 Kelley1952 Kelley1953 Kelley1954 Kelley1956 Kelley1964 Kelley1974 Kelley1985 Kelley1991 Kelley1991 Kelley1993 Kelley1993 Kelley1995 Kelley1996$ Kelley1996 Kelly2005 Kennedy1978 Kent1986 Kessel2002 Kessell1992 Kessell1995 Kessell1998 Kidder1916 Kidder1924 Kidder1939 Kidder1949 Kintigh1980 Kintigh1985 Kintigh1985z Kintigh1990 Kintigh1994{ Kintigh1994| Kintigh1996} Kintigh1996 Kintigh1996 Kintigh1996 Kintigh2000s Kintigh2003 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2005} Kintigh2006 Kintigh2007 Kinzig20088 Kirkpatrick1983 Knaut1997 Kobayashi1988 Kober2006~ Kohler1987 Kohler1988 Kohler1992*p Kohler19927 Kohler1993W Kohler1994{X Kohler1994{9 Kohler1996 Kohler19969/ Kohler200556 Kohler2007 Kroeber19161 Kuckelman2000 Kulow2006 Kulow2008 Kvamme19888 Lack2001 Lambert1969- Lambert2000 LaMotta2004Laumbach1983 LeBlanc1975 LeBlanc1975 LeBlanc19760 LeBlanc1980 LeBlanc1980 LeBlanc1980/ LeBlanc1981< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc198381< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983anc1981< LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc198381< LeBlanc198381< LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc1983 LeBlanc1983< LeBlanc19831938| Haury1943} Haury1965 Haury19767 Haury1985~ Haury19858 Haury1988 Haury1988  Hawley19900j Hays-Gilpin2002 Heckman2000 Hegmon1989{ Hegmon1989{& Hegmon1989{ Hegmon1989X Hegmon1991̂ Hegmon1991o Hegmon1994{ Hegmon1994̄ Hegmon1994̅ Hegmon1995 Hegmon1996 Hegmon1996̎ Hegmon1996̏ Hegmon19979 Hegmon1998{ Hegmon1998̈ Hegmon1998̍ Hegmon1998: Hegmon19997 Hegmon1999̉ Hegmon2000G Hegmon2001; Hegmon2002; Hegmon2002̊ Hegmon2002̋ Hegmon2002 Hegmon2006 Hegmon2007̕ Heidke19955 Henderson1987 Hendricks1996 Herold1995Z Herr1997  Herr2001̒ Herr2001q Herr2005̲ Hevly1977 Hevly1985 Hewett1904̓ Hibben1944̦ Hill1970̘ Hill1970̙ Hill1982̕ Hill1995 Hill19988 Hill1998̖ Hill1999 Hill2004̚ Hodge1895 Howard198770 Howard1991y Howell1994 Howell1994̝ Howell1994} Howell19966 Howell19966 Howell1996̞ Howell1996 Howell19966- Huckell1994 Hunt2005 Huntley2004 Huntley2004n Huntley2004 Huntley2004 Huntley2004 Huntley2006W Huntley2006 Ingram2006̠Irwin-Williams1977̡ James1997 Jenkins1988Jernigan1986̤Jernigan1986̥ Jett1986/ Johnson20056 Johnson2007 Jones1989a Judge1989 Judge1989 Judge1991 Judge1991  Kaldahl2004 Karlstrom1985 Kegley1979̨ Kelley1950̩ Kelley1952̪ Kelley1953̲ Kelley1954̫ Kelley1956̱ Kelley1964̬ Kelley1974̭ Kelley1985̮ Kelley1991̵ Kelley1991̰ Kelley1993̴ Kelley1993̯ Kelley1995̙ Kelley1996$ Kelley1996̳ Kelley1996̶ Kelly2005 Kennedy1978 Kent1986̺ Kessel2002̼ Kessell1992 Kessell1995 Kessell1998 Kidder1916̾ Kidder1924̿ Kidder1939 Kidder1949 Kintigh1985 Kintigh1985 Kintigh1985z Kintigh1990 Kintigh1990 Kintigh1994{ Kintigh1994 Kintigh1994 Kintigh1994| Kintigh1996} Kintigh1996 Kintigh1996 Kintigh1996 Kintigh1996 Kintigh2000 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2004 Kintigh2005} Kintigh2006 Knaut1997 Kober2006~ Kohler1987 Kohler1987 Kohler1988 Kohler1992*p Kohler19927 Kohler1992 Kohler1992 Kohler1993W Kohler1994{X Kohler1994{ Kohler1994 Kohler19949 Kohler1996/ Kohler200556 Kohler2007 Kroeber19161 Kuckelman2000 Kulow2006- Lambert2000 LaMotta2004 LeBlanc19750 LeBlanc1980 LeBlanc1980/ LeBlanc1981< LeBlanc1983anc1983g:e~~'dl"z81Stark, Miriam T. Elson, Mark D. Clark, Jeffrey J. 1998HASocial Boundaries and Technical Choices in Tonto Basin Prehistory Stark, Miriam T.*$The Archaeology of Social Boundaries Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press208-231Stephen, Alexander M.S 1936*$Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen Elsie Clews Parsons\81Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology New York Columbia University Presse23 2eMark A. Stiger 1979D>Mesa Verde Subsistence Patterns from Basketmaker to Pueblo IIIThe Kiva44 2-3o133-144\ Stokes, Robert J.t 1994PIArchaeological Survey in the Sapillo Creek Valley: Interim Project Reports Silver City, NMn hbUnpublished report submitted to the Forest Archaeologist, Gila National Forest Supervisor's Office Robert J. Stokes 2000Late Mimbres Pueblos in Peripheral Areas: Final Report on Test Excavations at LA5841 (Cooney Ranch #1), Middle Fork of the Mimbres River, Southwestern New Mexico, August 7-19, 1999 Santa Fe 81Report Submitted to the Laboratory of Anthropolgy Stone, Tammy 1992RLThe Process of Aggregation in the American Southwest: A Case Study from Zuni Arizona State UniversityPh.D. Dissertation,&Stone, Glen Davis Downum, Christian E. 1999jdNon-Boserupian Ecology and Agricultural Risk: Ethnic Politics and Land Control in the Arid SouthwestAmerican Anthropologist{ 1011113-128 Stone, Tammy 2003^WSocial Identity and Ethnic Interaction in the Western Pueblos of the American Southwest 2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory}10 31-67PAlan P. Sullivan 1982 Mogollon Agrarian Ecology4The Kiva48 1-2r 1-15 ("Sullivan, Alan P. Bayman, James M. 2007@:Hinterlands and Regional Dynamics in the Ancient Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press\ 0)Tainter, Joseph A. Tainter, Bonnie Bagley  1996NGEvolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest Santa Fe Santa Fe Institutegeneral referencestress risk environmentN selectionsTamaron y Romeral, Pedro 19546/Bishop Tamaron's Visitation to New Mexico, 1760w Eleanor B. Adams>8New Mexico Historical Society Publications in History 15  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico PressTeague, Lynn S. 1993<5Prehistory and the Traditions of the O'Odham and Hopio Kiva58435-454eToll, H. Wolcott 1991>7Material Distributions and Exchange in the Chaco System Crown, P.A. Judge, W.J.PIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American SouthwestL Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press 77-108economicChaco general economicToll, H. Wolcott 1991<6Material Distribution and Exchange in the Chaco System ("Crown, Patricia A. Judge, W. JamesPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest Santa Fe ("Schoool of American Research Press 77-107, Scott G. 1999vpCeramic Design Structure and the Organization of Cibola White Ware Production in the Grasshopper Region, Arizona4.Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 191 Tucson >8Arizona State Museum and the University of Arizona PressVan Keuren, Scott G. 200460Feasting and Crafts in the Prehispanic Southwest Mills, Barbara J.uF@Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest Boulder "University of Colorado Press192-209 &X Dosh, Deborah S.Douglas, Diane L.Douglas, J. E.Douglas, John E.Douglass, John E.Downum, Christian E. Doyel, D. E. Doyel, DavidDoyel, David E.Dozier, Edward P. Dregne, H. E. Duff, AndrewDuff, Andrew I.Duff, Andrew Ian Lyman($Duff, E. Charles Adams and Andrew I. Duran, M. S.Duran, Meliha S.Earle, TimothyEarle, Timothy K.Eckert, Susanne L.Eckert, Suzanne A.Eckert, Suzanne L. Eddy, F. W.\YEddy, Frank W., Dale R. Lightfoot, Eden A. Welker, Layne L. Wright, and Dolores C. Torres Eder, J. Eggan, F. Eggan, FredEighmy, Jeffrey L.Eiselt, B. SundayEkholm, Gordon F. Ellis, AndreaEllis, Florence Hawley,'Ellis, Florence Hawley, and J. J. Brody Ellis, G. L. Elson, M. D.Elson, Mark D.Epenshade, Christopher T.Epstein, Joshua M.Ericson, Jonathon E.Euler, Robert C. Evans, S. T.Ezzo, Joseph A. Feinman, G.M.Feinman, Gary M.Fenner, Gloria J.Ferguson, T. J.Ferguson, T.J.Fergusson, T. J.Fewkes, Jesse WalterFewkes, Jessie Walter Fiero, D. C.Fiero, Donald C. Fish, P.R. Fish, Paul R. Fish, S. K.Fish, Suzanne K.Fitting, James E.,)Flint, Richard, and Shirley Cushing FlintFontana, B. L.Fontana, Bernard L. Ford, D. Ford, R. I.Ford, Richard I.Foster, Michael S. Fowler, A. P.Fowler, Andrew P.Fowles, Severin M.("Frank, Larry and Francis H. HarlowFreeman, Leslie G., Jr.Gallaga, Emiliano Garver, R. D. Gasser, R. E.Gebauer, Anne Birgitte Geib, Phil R. Gell-Mann, G. Gumerman and M.Germick, StephenGersper, P. L. Gersper, P.L. Gilman, P. A.Gilman, Patricia A.Glascock, M. D.Glowacka, Maria DanutaGlowacki, Donna M.Goldschmidt, WalterGossett, WilliamGraham, ElizabethGraham, MarthaGrange, Roger, Jr.Graves, Michael W.Graves, William M.Graybill, D. A.Graybill, Donald A. Grebaur, A.B. Green, JesseGreenleaf, J. Cameron Gregg, S.A.Gregg, Susan A.Gregory, D. A.Gregory, David A.Guillet, DavidGumerman, G. J.Gumerman, George J.,(Gumerman, George J., and Jeffrey S. DeanHaas, JonathanHabicht-Mauch, Judith A.Habicht-Mauche, Judith A.Hackbarth, Mark R.Hackenberg, R. A.Hackett, Charles W.Hagstrum, MelissaHall, Stephen A.Hammond, George P. Hammond, RossHanson, John A.Hantman, Jeffrey L.Hantman, Jeffrey LewisHarburger, Jason Hard, R. J.Hard, Robert J.,)Hardin, Margaret A., and Barbara J. MillsHarlow, Francis H.Harrington, John PeabodyHarvey, Byron IIIHastorf, ChristineHastorf, Christine A.Haury, Emil W. Hawley, J. W. Hawley, J.W. Hay, C.L.Hays-Gilpin, KelleyHeckman, Robert A. Hegmon, M.Hegmon, Michelle,'Hegmon, Michelle and Wenda R. Trevathan,)Hegmon, Michelle, and Wenda R. Travathan84Hegmon, Michelle, Margaret Nelson, and Susan M. Ruth Heidke, J. M.Heidke, James M.Henderson, T. Kathleen("Hendricks, Rick and John P. WilsonHerold, Laurence C. Herr, S.Herr, Sarah A.Hevly, Richard H.Hewett, Edgar L.Hibben, Frank C.Hietala, Harold J.Hill, David V.Hill, J. BrettHill, James N. Hill, Jane H.83Hill, W.W. edited and annotated by Charles H. LangeHodge, Frederick W.Hodge, Frederick WebbHRavesloot, John C. 1979^XThe Animas Phase: The Post Classic Mimbres Occupation of the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico Department of Anthropology  Carbondale "Southern Illinois UniversityUnpublished MA Thesis82Animas archaeology Mexico Mimbres Mogollon PaquimPJ The thesis opens with a review of relationships between Casas Grandes, Mimbres and Chaco as described by Di Peso, LeBlanc, etc. The Animas Phase was explicitly defined at Pendelton Ruin by Kidder and the Cosgroves (1949) although Sayles (1936) also describes Animas Phase characteristics. The Montoya and Walsh sites in the Mimbres Valley have Animas occupations. These sites were investigated by LeBlanc (1977). LeBlanc believes that the Mimbres Valley was reoccupied by a Casas Grandes related or dominated population. The obligatory environmental review follows. LeBlanc and Nelson divide the Mimbres Valley ceramic sequence into the Mogollon-Mimbres sequence, Animas Phase and Black Mountain Phase. The Mogollon sites typically have Alma Plain pottery (defined by Wheat, 1955). About A.D. 600 people aggregate in larger pithouse villages on the first bench above the Mimbres River. Pithouses go from circular to rectangular. About A.D.900-1000 there is a shift to contiguous room architecture. Walls are coarse rubble. Classic Mimbres ends around A.D. 1150. The Mimbres Valley was presumably abandoned for a while after this. LeBlanc and Nelson (1976) consider the Black Mountain Phase to be unrelated to the Animas Phase. This is considered a Salado population overflow from the Cliff area. This phase may have ended around A.D. 1475. Willey thought that Casas Grandes was the work of Mimbres people subjected to some Mexican acculturation. LeBlanc (1976) claims that Casas Grandes usurped Chaco's trade with Mexico. (* Wouldn't the emergence of Paquim increase the potential trade network?). McCluney (n.d.) considered the Animas Phase population to be people Casas Grandes people that served as an agricultural centre for Paquim and established trade too. Descriptions of the Montoya and Walsh sites follows. The Montoya Site has 30-40 rooms and the Walsh Site about 125 rooms. Of the 23 burials found at these sites 22 were under room floors. Pottery includes, Chupadero black-on-white, El Paso polychrome, Three Rivers red-on-terracotta, St. John's polychrome, Wingate polychrome, Tucson polychrome (surface find only), Mimbres Classic black-on-white, and Chihuahuan types in minor amounts. There is no Salado polychrome at these sites. Archaeomag dates place the Walsh site in the 1200's A.D. After describing these two sites and their pottery comparisons to Paquim follow. Both groups use puddle adobe in contrast to Mimbres people. Other common denominators are some raised platform hearths, small basin hearths along a long wall, sub-floor burials, ceramics, etc. Placing killed bowls with burials is a continuation of a Mimbres practice. Animas sites in the Mimbres Valley are confined to the modern lower Chihuahuan vegetation zone. Ravesloot notes that Di Peso reports no Mimbres black-on-white from Medio contexts at Paquim which hardly supports his own chronology. Di Peso does not address this issue. Ravesloot then moves into an endorsement of General Systems Theory to explain culture change in the Mimbres Valley. There is a routine summary of what General Systems Theory is and some terms are defined. So changes in the Mimbres Valley are attributed to environmental stress and the rise of Casas Grandes. Ravesloot suggests that, instead of complete abandonment, there might have simply been assimilation into the Casas Grandes sphere. There is clear evidence for exchange between the Mimbres Valley and Casas Grandes area during the Classic Mimbres Phase. 72% of the Perros Bravos pottery from Casas Grandes is from the Mimbres region. Chihuahuan polychromes are found at Swarts, Mattocks, and Galaz Ruins (* This probably crosses time as Ravesloot realizes). There is also Three Circle Red-on-White at Casas Grandes suggesting even earlier interaction. Di Peso argues for a breakdown in trade between these areas at this start of the Medio Period. Ravesloot suggests that there was never a complete breakdown of trade. A critical review of Di Peso's pochteca hypothesis follows. There is a final section suggested future research that basically comes down to doing more research.6/Committee members were Gumerman, Plog and Riley 0,.;p:J-*Duff, Andrew I.r 2002TNWestern Pueblo Identities: Regional Interaction, Migration, and Transformation Tucson "University of Arizona PressdDuff, Andrew I.r 2004XQSettlement Clustering and Village Interaction in the Upper Little Colorado Regiony (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Presse 75-844("Duff, Andrew I. Lekson, Stephen H. 2006Notes from the South Lekson, Stephen H.RKThe Archaeology of Chaco Canyon, An Eleventh Century Pueblo Regional Centerp Santa Fe "School of American Research315-337("Duff, Andrew I. Schachner, Gregson 2007PIBecoming Central: Organizational Transformations in the Emergence of Zuni\ ("Sullivan, Alan P. Bayman, James M.B;Hinterlands and Regional Dynamics in the American Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press185-200aEarle, Timothy 2001.(Economic Support of Chaco Canyon SocietyAmerican Antiquity661y 14-25rEckert, Susanne L. 1995haThe Process of Aggregation in the Post-Chacoan Era: A Case Study from the Lower Zuni River Region\ Arizona State University M.A. thesisa*$Eckert, Suzanne L. Cordell, Linda S. 2004~xPueblo IV Community Formation in the Central Rio Grande Valley: The Albuquerque, Cochiti, and Lower Rio Puerco Districts (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.o4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Presse 35-42eEckert, Suzanne L. 2006haBlack-on-White to Glaze-on-Red: The Adoption of Glaze Technology in the Central Rio Grande Valley F@Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. Eckert, Suzanne L. Huntley, Deborah L.b[The Social Life of Pots: Glaze Wares and Cultural Dynamics in the Southwest, A.D. 1250-16803 Tucson "University of Arizona Press163-178 Eddy, F. W. Dregne, H. E. 1964TMSoil Tests on Alluvial and Archaeological Deposits, Navajo Reservoir Districtg El Palacio71 5-21`YEddy, Frank W., Dale R. Lightfoot, Eden A. Welker, Layne L. Wright, and Dolores C. Torresr 19964-Air Photographic Mapping of San Marcos Pueblo0"Journal of Field Archaeology231o 1-13 Eggan, F.a 19500*Social Organization of the Western Pueblos Chicagoi "University of Chicago Press7social organizationn.(ethnographic W Pueblo social integrationjust know about it(!Jeffrey L. Eighmy Jerry B. Howards 1991JCDirect Dating of Prehistoric Canal Sediments using ArchaeomagnetismAmerican Antiquity561 88-102PJon file, irrigation, water management, dating, American Southwest, HohokamThe problems with dating prehistoric canals are renowned, due to the fact they seldom contain material appropriate for traditional dating methods. However, the application of archaeomagnetic techniques may offer a method of dating canals in those regions where master curves of polar wandering already exist. Detrital remanent magnetism in Hohokam canal sediments seems to produce accurate dates with ranges of ca. 200 years, twice the resolution of previous canal-dating attempts. However, at least some of the sediments seem to record inclinations that are less accurate than the declinations. In these cases, the declination values for the sediments can be compared to master declinations curves as a method of dating the sediments.l rs(!McGuire, Randall H. Saitta, R. D.b 1996yAlthough They Have Petty Captains, they Obey Them Badly: The Dialectics of Prehispanic Western Pueblo Social OrganizationAmerican Antiquity61197-216 leadership,&social integration leadership PuebloanMeline, James F. 1966Two Thousand Mils on Horseback, Santa Fe and Back: A Summer Tour Through Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico, in the Year 1866 New York Hurd and HoughtonMera, Harry Percival 1939Style trends of Pueblo pottery in the Rio Grande and Little Colorado cultural areas from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century  Santa Fe, NM  Waverly PressWilliam L. Merrill 1983JDTarahumara Social Organization, Political Organization, and Religion Ortiz, Alfonso4-Southwest, Handbook of North American Indianso Washington, D. C.i Smithsonian Institutiont10290-305i Laura Michalik 2005|vCultural Resources Inventory of the Proposed Outlaw Hideaway Subdivision East of Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico 0*Report prepared by Archaeological ServicesMills, Barbara J.e 1989jdIntegrating Functional Analyses of Vessels and Sherds through Models of Ceramic Assemblage FormationWorld Archaeologyt211{133-147*$Mills, Barbara J. Crown, Patricia L. 19952,Ceramic Production in the American Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona PresstMills, Barbara J.e 1995@9The Organization of Protohistoric Zuni Ceramic Production *$Mills, Barbara J. Crown, Patricia L.2,Ceramic Production in the American Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press200-230Mills, Barbara J. 1999PJCeramics and Social Contexts of Food Consumption in the Northern Southwest & Skibo, James M. Feinman, Gary M.0)Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction Salt Lake City University of Utah PressJCMills, Barbara J. Herr, Sarah A. Stinson, Susan L. Triadan, Daniela 1999BAlternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press- 299social integrationQBuJyrzj0i6u& Varien, Mark D. and James Potter 1993leUnpacking the Discard Equation: Simulating the Accumulation of Artifacts in the Archaeological RecordAmerican Antiquity622194-214Varien, Mark D.J 1999JCSedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape: Mesa Verde and Beyondt Tucson "University of Arizona Pressn$settlement pattens abandonment"Anasazi settlement patterns^XVarien, Mark D. Ortman, Scott G. Kohler, Timothy A. Glowacki, Donna M. Johnson, C. David 2007`YHistorical Ecology in the Mesa Verde Region: Results from the Village Ecodynamics ProjectUAmerican Antiquity724U273-299 Vivian, R.G. 1991Chacoan Subsistencee Crown, P.A. Judge, W.J.cPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press 57-76 Chaco  Chaco diet Vivian, R.G. 1996 Chaco as a Regional System Fish, P.R. Reid, J.J.yZSInterpreting Southwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patternse Tempec D>Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper No. 48 45-54 Chaco  Chaco generalWade, Edwin L. 1980zAmerica's Great Lost Expedition: The Thomas Keam Collection of Hopi Pottery from the Second Hemenway Expedition, 1890-1894  Phoenix, AZn  Heard Museum*#Wade, Edwin L. and Lea S. McChesneyy 1981nhHistoric Hopi Ceramics: The Thomas V. Keam Collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology  Cambridge, MAd Peabody Museum Press0*Wallace, H. D. Heidke, J. M. Doelle, W. H. 1995Hohokam Originsn Kiva60575-618aHohokamHohokam John A. Ware Eric Blinman 2000^WCultural Collapse and Reorganization: The Origon and Spread of Pueblo Ritual Sodalitiese Michelle HegmonfxqThe Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange Across the American Southwest and Beyond Boulder "University Press of Colorado2+Proceedings of the 1996 Southwest Symposium<6Watson, Patty Jo LeBlanc, Steven A. Redman, Charles L. 1980tmAspects of Zuni Prehistory: Preliminary Report on Excavations and Survey in the El Morro Valley of New Mexico "Journal of Field Archaeology7i201-218rWeber, David J.P 1999,&What Caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? Boston St. Martin's PressWells, E. Christiant 2000jcPottery Production and Microcosmic Organization: The Residential Structure of la Quemada, ZacatecasaLatin American Antiquity111l 21-42Wells, E. Christian  2000jcPottery Production and Microcosmic Organization: The Residential Structure of La Quemada, Zacatecs.fLatin American Antiquity111r 21-42yIncised-engraved pottery and clays from the Malpaso Valley region of northwest Mexico are chemically characterized to investigate the nature of residential organization of the capital settlement, La Quemada, during the Epiclassic period, ca. A.D. 600--900. Scanning-electron microprobe analysis of 115 pottery and 10 clay samples from settlements in the valley, and from middens associated with the civic-ceremonial core of La Quemada and flanking residential terraces, identifies locations of pottery production and indicates patterns of pottery circulation. The distribution of pottery at La Quemada, manufactured in specific outlying settlements, suggests that the social composition of the polity was reproduced in microcosm at the site, and that activities in civic-ceremonial zones involved a greater degree of separation among social groups than those in flanking residential areas.h Wendorf, Fred 195482A Reconstruction of Northern Rio Grande PrehistoryAmerican Anthropologist-56 2, part 1200-227DWhalen, Michael E. 1994^WTurquoise Ridge and Late Prehistoric Residential Mobility in the Desert Mogollon Region\ Salt Lake City RKUniversity of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 118, University of Utah Pressesettlement patterns"Mogollon settlement patternssummary/conclusions only("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 1996HBThe Context of Production in and Around Paquime, Chihuahua, Mexico Fish, P.R. Reid, J. J.ZSInterpreting Southwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempe ^XArizona State University Archaeological Research Paper No. 48. Arizona State University173-184economicNW Mexico economic("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 1996JDBall Courts and Political Centralization in the Casas Grandes RegionAmerican Antiquity614e732-746t@9ball courts complex societies Paquim social organization("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 2001NGArchitecture and Authority in the Casas Grandes Area, Chihuahua, MexicoAmerican Antiquity66651-668  leadership.'NW Mexico leadership social integrationN("Whalen, Michael E. Minnis, Paul E. 2001^XCasas Grandes and its Hinterland : Prehistoric Regional Organization in Northwest Mexico Tusonn "University of Arizona Press 239 NW Mexico~ Vll/0,<Ahlstrom, Richard V. N.S 1992VPPothunting in Central Arizona: The Perry Mesa Archeological Site Vandalism Study Phoenixl b\U. S. D. A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Cultural Resources Management Report No. 13("A 13.101/2:13 HAYDEN US DOCUMENTS archaeologyg archaeologyg>8Ahlstrom, Richard V. N. Carla R. Van West Jeffry S. Dean 1995^WEnvironmental and Chronological Factors in the Mesa Verde-Northern Rio Grande Migration ,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14125-142U82Ahlstrom, Richard, Jeffrey Dean, and Carla VanWest 1995`YEnvironmental and Chronological Factors in the Mesa Verde - Northern Rio Grande Migrationo,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14125-142,&Ahlstrom, Richard V. N. Roberts, Heidi 1995ztPrehistory of Perry Mesa: The Short-Lived Settlement of a Mesa-Canyon Complex in Central Arizona, ca. A.D. 1200-1450 Phoenix B7Pima Papago culture society kinship settlement patternsi("Baker, Jeffrey L. Bruder, J. Simon 2002A Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Sunrise Point Rest Area along Interstate-17 North of Black Canyon City, Yavapai County, Arizona  Mesa, Arizona EcoPlan Associates, Inc.archaeology survey^WSurvey report of two sites (N:16:230 and N:16:231 ASM) near the Sunset Point rest area.Baldwin, Sturart J.t 19922+Evidence for a Tompiro Morning Star Kachinar The Artifact304\ 1-14Bandelier, Adolph F.  1890& The Ruins of Casas Grandes I, IIThe Nation, 1313-1314e166-168, 185-187 The village of Casas Grandes is described as, "a thriftless agglomeration of decaying adobe houses." Bandelier relates that an Opata from the Sierra claims the site was built by Opatas and called Hue-hueri-Kita (great house). He considers this no more than a possible explanation. There are comparable ruins almost continuously from San Diego to Ascension except where topography forces the Rio Casas Grandes between mountains. Distances between mounds vary a good deal. Pottery fares well in these ruins since there is no stone in the construction and melted adobe blankets the pots. The sites are frequently on terraces. Bandelier reports ten site clusters between Casas Grandes and Corralitos. He takes pains to explain that this does not mean the area was heavily populated since the ruins are presumably different ages. Modern houses already existed on Paquim by this time. He guesses, assertively, that no more than 4000 people lived at the site prehistorically. He gives an inaccurate description of wall construction techniques, and mentions that they were washed with gypsum, sometimes painted red. He mentions a large meteorite having been removed a few years previously. Shell, shell beads and turquoise provide evidence of trade. Bandelier had some shell sourced to the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific coast by "specialists." He also noticed the acequia running in to Casas Grandes. In part II Bandelier discusses Cerro de Montezuma. There is an "ancient circular watchtower on top." It is surrounded by a crumbling wall. There appears to be four "compartments" outlined by stone inside. There are trails out in several directions from here suggesting some sort of bond between Casas Grandes and sites on the west of C lived in caves to the south in the seventeenth century. There is no distinct stock or race of cave people. Documentation on Casas Grandes goes back to 1660 when Frey Pedro de Aparicio reported the valley to be populated by Sumas. The Sumas, Janos and Jocomes were enemies of the Opata of Sonora. Bandelier doubts that Sumas built Casas Grandes since they pay no special attention to the site (according to previous accounts). The Montezuma lore is attributed to Spaniards. The first reasonable description of Casas Grandes is Bartlett's. The Janos and Jocomes merged into the Apache and the Suma scattered in colonial era. This is an interesting and informative account. His description of the San Diego area certainly contrasts with its modern starkness.Bayman, James M. 2001,&The Hohokam of Southwest North America"Journal of World Prehistoryy15257-311Hohokam Bayman, J. M.o 2002>8Hohokam Craft Economies and the Materialization of Power2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theoryn9p 69-95\economic"Hohokam leadership economic Ha Judge, James 1989$Chaco Canyon - San Juan Basini $Cordell, L.S. Gumerman, G. J. & Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington D.C.u $Smithsonian Institution Pressi209-262n Chaco  Chaco Anasazi environmentJudge, W. James  1989"Chaco Canyon-San Juan Basine ,%Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, George J.2& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington D.C.b $Smithsonian Institution Press209-261Julien, Melissa R. 1993Evidence of Regional Exchange at Casa Malpais: Tracing Heshotauthla Polychrome ware with Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis{ ,&California State University, FullertonUnpublished M.A. Thesis:4Kaldahl, Eric J. Van Keuren, Scott Mills, Barbara J. 2004leMigration, Factionalism, and the Trajectories of Pueblo IV Period Clusters in the Mogollon Rim Region0 (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.U4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 85-94Kegley, George B.  1979$Excavations at Hueco Tank Park *$Patrick H. Beckett Reggie N. Wiseman"Jornada Mogollon Archaeology  Las Cruces (!New Mexico State University Press  19-23i*$Hueco Tanks is 32 miles east of El Paso in the Hueco Bolson. The site is best known for its rock art paintings. Testing in 1972 and 1973 showed five rectangular rooms, portions of other rectangular rooms, and several pit structures. In Lehmer's classification of Jornada archaeology this site probably belongs to the Dona Ana Phase, between Mesilla and El Paso Phases. So this would line the site up in time with LeBlanc's Black Mountain Phase in the Mimbres Valley (ca. 1175-1300). Hueco Tanks has Chupadero Black on White, El Paso Polychrome, Playas Red Incised, Ramos Polychrome, and other New Mexico types. There are also some Mimbres sherds at the site. Kegley sees this as suggesting connections with Casas Grandes but nothing more. He explicitly rejects colonization sorts of explanations.Kelley, J. Charles 1950F@Atlatls, Bows and Arrows, Pictographs, and the Pecos River FocusAmerican Antiquity1610 71-74e$At least two foci of culture are evident in the rockshelters of Texas. These are the Pecos River and Chisos foci. The latter lasted until at least A.D. 1200, and probably later since some sites have El Paso polychromes. The atlatl survives in the Chisos focus but there are also arrowshafts and points. These include Livermore points, and in the northwest, Mogollon forms. The Pecos River focus may have lasted several thousand years. Some sites have arrowpoints and small bow fragments. However context is a problem; in the three sites discussed these materials may be intrusive into Pecos River strata so the issue is uncertain on this evidence. Corrobation comes from rock art. There are many paintings along the Pecos of people with hunting weapons. Some paintings believed to be later than Pecos River Focus portray bow and arrow hunters. These are usually solid red paintings, with faces in profile or straight-on, and arms upraised. But earlier ones do not. So the bow and arrow evidently arrive fairly late in the Lower Pecos region.archaeology Mexico(J"ia2F0k^hCameron, Catherine 1998XRCoursed Adobe Architecture, Style, and Social Boundaries in the American Southwest Stark, Miriam T.*$The Archaeology of Social Boundaries Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution PressCameron, Catherine M.  1999jdRoom Size, Organization of Construction, and Archaeological Interpretation in the Puebloan Southwest,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology18201-239,&Cameron, Catherine M. Toll, H. Wolcott 2001@:Deciphering the Organization of Production in Chaco CanyonAmerican Antiquity66 5-14economicChaco general economicCameron, Catherine M., 2001D>Pink Chert, Projectile Points, and the Chacoan Regional SystemAmerican Antiquity661o 79-102Cameron, Catherine M.Q 2005b\Exploring Archaeological Cultures in the Northern Southwest: What Were Chaco and Mesa Verde? Kiva703e227-253 M.D. Cannon 2000Large Mammal Relative Abundance in Pithouse and Pueblo Period Archaeofaunas from Southwestern New Mexico: Resource Depression among the Mimbres-Mogollon?},&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology19317-347Carey, Henry A.r 1954The Ancient Indian Culture Centering in the Casas Grandes Valley, Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico (Report for Grant Number 1597): The American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1954 $American Philosophical Society  Philadelphia archaeology Mexico PaquimCarey, Henry A.R 1956}The Casas Grandes Culture,Chihuahua, Mexico (Report for Grant Number 1779): The American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1956 $American Philosophical Society  Philadelphia archaeology Mexico PaquimCarlson, Roy L.r 1970`ZWhite Mountain Redware: A Pottery Tradition of East-central Arizona and Western New Mexico2+University of Arizona Archaeological Paperse Tucson "University of Arizona Press19Carlson, Roy L.e 1982The Polychrome Complexes2,Southwestern Ceramics: A Comparative Review Albert H. Schroederd201-235c Arizona Archaeologistt Phoenixl archaeology Mexico PaquimCarmichael, D.L. 1990RKPatterns of Residential Mobility and Sedentism in the Jornada Mogollon Areag Minnis, P.E. Redman, C.L.0.'Perspectives on Southwestern Prehsitory- Boulderb Westview Press122-134\settlement patternsH"settlement patterns Mimbres\just know about it8Castetter, E. F. Bell, W. H.  1942 >"Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture  & J. Ortega 2Inter-Americana Series  ( Albuquerquei  :University of New Mexico Press  245  "Minnis H,Pima Papago agriculture anthropology ecology Chamberlain, Matthew A.u 2006RKSymbolic Conflict and the Spatiality of Traditions in Small-scale Societies& Cambridge Archaeological Journal161l 39-51f 4.Richard C. Chapman William Gossett Cye Cossett 1985RLClass II Cultural Resources Survey of the Upper Gila Water Supply Study Area 82Manuscript on File, Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix>7Church, Michael, Ann F. Ramenofsky and Jeremy Kulisheckr 2005piEarly Colonial Period Pueblo Population Change in New Mexico: The Aggregated and Small Settlement RecordsD=70th Annual Conference of the Society of American Archaeology Salt Lake City, UTCiolek-Torrello, Richard 1984JDAn Alternative Model of Room Function at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona0)Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology Harold J. Hietalat127-153n Cambridge University Press  Cambridge2Ciolek-Torrello, Richard 1985@:A Typology of Room Function at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona"Journal of Field Archaeology12 41-63iClark, Jeffrey J. 2001TNTracking Prehistoric Migrations: Pueblo Settlers among the Tonto Basin Hohokam&Anthropological Paper Number 650 Tucson "University of Arizona PressClark, Tiffany 20064-Regional Organization of Chupadero Production3\VProduction, Exchange, and Social Identity: A Study of Chupadero Black-on-White Pottery Tempe\ XRUnpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University117-180Clark, Tiffany C.a 2006\VProduction, Exchange, and Social Identity: A Study of Chupadero Black-on-White Pottery Arizona State UniversityPh.D. Dissertationb[Clark, Tiffany C. Schachner, Gregson Eckert, Suzanne L. Howell, Todd L. Huntley, Deborah L.e 2006NHRudd Creek Pueblo: A Late Tularosa Phase Village in East Central Arizona Kiva714397-428Colee, Philip S. 19710)Rio Abajo Population Movements: 1670-17500 Ethnohistory184t353-360iColee, Philip S. 1971.(Rio Abajo Population Movments: 1670-1750 Ethnohistory184h353-360dColton, Harold S.e 1956Pottery Types of the Southwest: San Juan Red, Tsegi Orange, Homolovi Orange, Winslow Orange, Awatovi Yellow, Jeddito Yellow, and Schomovi Red Wares;60Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 3c  Flagstaff, AZ Museum of Northern ArizonaConnelly, J. C.n 1979Hopi Social Organization  Ortiz, A.e:4Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 9, Southwest Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press539-553 ethnographic.(ethnographic Puebloan social integrationf1`ZBishop, Ronald L., Veletta Canouts, Suzanne P. DeAtley, Alfred Qoyawayma, and C. W. Aikens 1988haThe Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups - Hopi Pottery Production and Exchange, A.C. 1300-1699y"Journal of Field Archaeology153317-337\VBishop, Ronald L. Canouts, Velatta De Atley, Suzanne P. Qyawayma, Alfred Aikins, C.W. 1988f`The Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups: Hopi Pottery Production and Exchange, A.D. 1300-1600"Journal of Field Archaeology1531317-337Blackiston, A.H. 1905(!Cave Dwellings of Northern MexiconRecords of the Pastd8c1r355-361marchaeology MexicoBlackiston, A. H. 1906Casas Grandian OutpostsRecords of the Past5142-147archaeology Paquim2,Blake, M. LeBlanc, Steven A. Minnis, Paul E. 1986PIChanges in Settlement and Population in the Mimbres Valley, SW New Mexico;"Journal of Field Archaeology15439-464YMogollon/Mimbres"Mimbres settlement patternsiBohrer, Vorsila L. 1991LFRecently Recognized Cultivated and Encouraged Plants among the Hohokam Kiva563f227-235oarchaeology farming\Brief discussion of plants managed by the Hohokam, recognized as such by anomalies in geographic distribution (Agave americana, Agave murpheyi, and cholla aka Opuntia subgenus Cylindropuntia) or by morphological changes (little barley, Hordeum pusillum; mexican crucillo, Condalia warnockii var. kearneyana; Amaranthus hypochondriacus; tobacco, Nicotiana rustica); some suggestions about possible cultivation of Chonopodium also.aNathan Bower et al.P 1986{A preliminary Analysis of Rio grande Glazes of the Classic Period Using Scanning Electron Microsopy with X-ray Fluorescencet"Journal of Field Archaeology133307-316Wesley Bradfield 1929RKCameron Creek Village: A Site in the Mimbres Area, Grant County, New Mexicot Santa Fe "School of American Researcho Bradfield, M.i 1971.'The Canging Pattern of Hopi AgricultureB B7Pitchers to Mugs: Chacoan Revival at Sand Canyon Pueblo Kiva613241-255lBrand, Donald D. 19336/The Historical Geography of Northwest Chihuahua Dissertation University of California Department of GeographyUnpublished PhDarchaeology MexicoBrand, Donald D. 1944HBArchaeological Relations Between Northern Mexico and the Southwest4-El Norte de Mxico y el Sur de Estados Unidose &Tercera Reunin de Mesa Redondai199-203 ?r  Mxico, D.F.archaeology MexicoBrand, Donald D. 194460A Note on the Pre-ceramic Man in Northern Mexico4-El Norte de Mxico y el Sur de Estados Unidos &Tercera Reunin de Mesa Redonda. 164a ?i  Mxico, D.F.archaeology MexicoBrandt, Elizabeth A. 1979 Sandia Pueblo  Alfonso Ortiz>7Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 9, Southwest Washington D.C.\ Smithsonian InsitutionBrandt, Elizabeth A. 1980.'On Secrecy and the Control of Knowledge  Tefft, S.c,%Secrecy: A Cross-Cultural Perspectivey New York Human Sciences Press123-146 leadership& ethnographic Puebloan leadership R& Brandt, Elizabethe 1980:4On Secrecy and the Control of Knowledge: Taos Pueblo Stanton K. Tefft,%Secrecy, a Cross-cultural Perspective New York Human Sciences Press123-146Brandt, Elizabeth A. 19814-Toward a General Model of Pueblo FactionalismnnhPaper presented at the Symposium on Taos Factionalism at the Meeting of American Society of Ethnohistory Colorado Springs, Colorado ethnographic& ethnographic Puebloan leadershipBrandt, Elizabeth A. 19854-Internal Stratification in Pueblo Communitiest@:Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological AssociationBrandt, Elizabeth A. 1994B$V<l.F XNj<lUHT "Cordell, Linda S. Plog, Fred 1979XQEscaping the Confines of Normative Thought: A Reevaluation of Puebloan PrehistoryAmerican Antiquity44405-429bWestern Pueblo SW generalCordell, Linda S.l 1979VOEscaping the Confines of Normative Thought: A Reevaluation of Pueblo Prehistory\American Antiquity44405-429 Cordell, Linda S.x 1984"Prehistory of the Southwest 2,School of American Research (Santa Fe, N.M.)  Orlando, Fla Academic Press xviii, 409&New World archaeological recordo<60121882209 (alk. paper) 0121882225 (pbk.: Alk. paper)82archaeology history history Pueblo Southwestern USCordell, Linda S.o 1989&Northern and Central Rio Grandee (!Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, G. J.l& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Pressr Rio GrandeRio Grande general,%Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, George J. 198981Cultural Interaction in the Prehistoric Southwest ,%Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, George J.& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press  1-1781School of American Research Advanced Seminar Books.'archaeology interaction Southwestern USt&Cordell, Linda S. Yannie, V. J.t 1991XREthnicity, Ethnogenesis, and the Individual: A Processual Approach toward Dialogue Preucel, Robert W.2+Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies Carbondale, Illinois B
7archaeology aggregation Eastern US society architecturetCordell, Linda S.e 199581Tracing Migration Pathways from the Receiving Endn,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14203-211Cordell, Linda S.i 1996d^Models and Frameworks for Archaeological Analysis of Resource Stress in the American Southwest $Tainter, J. A. Tainter, B. B.NGEvolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric SouthwestL Santa Fe Santa Fe Institute251-265 others stressCordell, Linda S.t 1997"Archaeology of the Southwest  San Diegoa Academic Pressgeneral reference\ SW generalvery general knowledgeRKCordell, Linda S. Van West, Carla R. Dean, Jeffry S. Muenchrath, Deborah A.o 2007tmMesa Verde Settlement History and Relocation: Climate Change, Social Networks, and Ancestral Pueblo MigrationU Kiva72379-406U$H. S. Cosgrove C. B. Cosgrove 1932HBThe Swarts Ruin: A Typical Mimbres Site in Southwestern New Mexico  Cambridge, MAe :4Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and EthnologyCourlander, Harold 1971$The Fourth World of the Hopis New York Crown Publishers Craig, Douglas B.e 20004-Rewriting Prehistory in the Hohokam Heartlando Archaeology Southwest 14:3 Tucson $Center for Desert ArchaeologyrHohokam1HohokamCreamer, Winifredr 1996f_Developing Complexity in the American Southwest: Constructing a Model for the Rio Grande Valleyl  Arnold, J.E.Emergent Complexity  Ann Arbort BLearning to Make Pottery in the Prehispanic American Southwest*#Journal of Anthropological Research\574t451-469i$Patricia L Crown Wirt H. Wills n.d.jcThe origins of Southwesten ceramic containers: women's time allocation and economic intensificationb\paper presented at the Southwest Symposium, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, January 1994>7Social Issues in the Organization of Pottery ProductionrC4 <Curtis, Edward S.e 1924The Hopi The North American IndianL  Norwood, MAo Plimpton Press12Cushing, Frank Hamilton 1882F@A Study of Pueblo Pottery As Illustrative of Zui Culture Growth Smithsonian Institution82Bureau of American Ethnology, Fourth Annual Report Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press 467-521.(ceramic analysis cultural evolution ZuiCushing, Frank HamiltonZ 2006 [1896]B&Outlines of Zuni Creation Mythsr  Whitefish, MTW Kessinger Publishing82Damp, Jonathan E. Hall, Stephen A. Smith, Susan J. 2002LEEarly Irrigation on the Colorado Plateau near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico{American Antiquity6741665-676\Danson, Edward Bridge  1957RLAn Archaeological Survey of West Central New Mexico and East Central Arizona60Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University  Cambridgey Harvard University Press44hbJeffery S. Dean Robert C. Euler George J. Gumerman Fred Plog Richard H. Hevly Thor N. V. Karlstrom 1985PIHuman Behavior, Demography, and Paleoenvironment on the Colorado PlateausaAmerican Antiquity503e537-554Dean, Jeffrey S. 1988.(A Model of Anasazi Behavioral Adaptation Gumerman, G. J.u,%The Anasazi in a Changing Environment  Cambridge Cambridge University Press 25-44v otheroenvironment climategDean, Jeffrey S. 1988F?The View from the North: An Anasazi Perspective on the Mogollonn Kiva53197-199Mogollon/Mimbres("Dean, Jeffrey S. John C. Ravesloot 1993D=The Chronology of Cultural Interaction in the Gran Chichimeca (!Anne I. Woosley John C. Ravesloot@:Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca Dragoon Amerind Foundation 83-103archaeology Mexico hbkDean, Jeffrey S. 1996XRKayenta Anasazi Settlement Transformations in Northeastern Arizona: A.D. 1150-1350 Adler, Michael A.\2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona PressV 29-47Dean, Jeffrey S. 2000*#Introduction: The Salado Phenomenon} Dean, Jeffrey S. Salado  Albuquerque NGAmerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona and University of New Mexico PressV 3-16 DeAtley, Suzanna Patricia 1980^WRegional Integration of Animas Phase Settlements on the Northern Casas Grandes Frontierl Department of Anthropology  Los AngelesE University of California$Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation archaeology Mexico PaquimDi Peso, Charles C. 1951PIThe Babocomari Village Site on the Babicomari River, Southeastern ArizonaA The Amerind Foundation Dragoonrarchaeology MexicoDi Peso, C. Charles 1968:3Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Northern Sierra Robert Wauchope*#Handbook of Middle American Indians Austin University of Texas Press4i 3-25Di Peso, Charles C.  1968,%Casas Grandes and the Gran Chichimecau  AlbuquerqueA Museum of New Mexico PressDi Peso, C. Charles 1968D=Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimecas The Masterkeye421  20-37iDi Peso, Charles C. 1974D>Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca*#The Amerind Foundation series no. 9  Flagstaff Northland Press 1-3Paquim Paquim atalayat| Abbott1964 Abbott1985 Abbott1995 Abbott2000{ Abbott2001 Abbott2003 Abbott2003 Abbott20055 Abbott2006 Abbott2007 Achim1987 Ackerly1993 Adams1983 Adams1991 Adams1991 Adams1993 Adams1994 Adams1994v Adams1996w Adams1998 Adams2004 Adams2004R Adams2004 Adler1989 Adler1990 Adler1990 Adler1994 Adler1996m Adler1996 Adler1996Ahlstrom1985Ahlstrom1991Ahlstrom1992,Ahlstrom1995Ahlstrom1995Ahlstrom1995 Aikens19889 Aikins19889 al.1986 Allison2000 Ambler19770 Anyon1980/ Anyon1981 Anyon1984 Anyon1987 Anyon1987 Anyon1996 Anyon1996 Anyon1997: Anyon1999 Anyon2003 Axtell2002 Baacho1983 Bahr1983 Baker2002 Baldwin1992 Bandelier1890A Barter19577Baumhoff19822 Bayman2001~ Bayman2002n Bayman20055d Bayman20070 Behr19939 Bell1942 Bell1994 Bennet1935 Berlin1977 Bernardini1996 Bernardini1998f_ Bernardini1999f Bernardini2000 Bernardini2002 Bernardini2004 Bernardini2005 Berry1982 Berry1985 Bettinger1982- Billman2000 Bilsbarrown.d. Bishop1988 Bishop1988 Bishop1988 Bishop199005 Bishop19944V Bishop19944 Blackiston1905 Blackiston19061 Blake1986% Bletzer2004~ Blinman1987 Blinman2000 Bluhm1952 Bluhm1956 Bohrer1991 Bower1986 Bradfield1929 Bradfield1971 Bradley1993 Bradley1996 Brady2006 Brand1933 Brand1944 Brand1944 Brandt1979 Brandt1980{ Brandt1980 Brandt1981{ Brandt1985 Brandt1994{ Braniff1990 Braniff1993 Braun1982 Bray1982 Brayer1938s Briggs20030i Bright1997 Bronitsky1982 Bronitsky1986 Brown2004 Bruder2002 Brugge1969 Bullock1991 Bullock1992 Burgh1959QCallahan1987RCallahan1988 Cameron1993 Cameron1995c Cameron1995 Cameron1995h Cameron1998 Cameron1999^ Cameron2001 Cameron2001k Cameron2005 Cannon2000 Canouts1988 Canouts19885 Canouts1994V Canouts1994 Carey1954 Carey1956 Carlson1970 Carlson19822 Carmichael1990f Casaus19933L Cassidy1959 Castetter1942 Chakrvarty2002 Chamberlain2006 Chapman1985Chisholm1991a Church2005Ciolek-Torrello1984Ciolek-Torrello1985 Clark1995Z Clark1997 Clark1998i Clark2001 Clark2004 Clark2006 Clark2006 Clark2006 Clark2008J Colee1971 Colee1971 Colton1956Connelly1979r  Cordell1979T Cordell1979 Cordell1984U Cordell1989 Cordell1989j Cordell1991 Cordell1993  Cordell1994 Cordell1994 Cordell1995 Cordell1996 Cordell1997: Cordell2004. Cordell2007Cosgrove1932Cosgrove1932Cosgrove1949Cosgrove1949 Cossett1985 Courlander1971/ Cowan2005 Craig2000f Creamer1993V Creamer1996? Creamer2004 Creel1991: Creel1999 Creel2003 Cronin19626 Crown1981 Crown1987 Crown1991 Crown1991 Crown1991W Crown1994X Crown1994B Crown1994 Crown1994 Crown19959 Crown1996 Crown2000\ Crown2000o Crown2000p Crown2001 Crownn.d. Curtis1924 Cushing1882Cushing 2006 [1896] Cutler19522 Cutler19566 Damp2002 Danson1957De Atley1988De Atley1988 Dean1985  Dean1988 Dean19888 Dean1988 Dean1988 Dean1988 Dean19888 Dean19881988 Dean1988 Dean19888 Dean1988 Dean19888 Dean19888 Dean19888 Dean19888 Dean1988l*+("K|&z%$#"`0"Downum, Christian E. 1986^WThe Occupational Use of Hill Space in the Tucson Basin: Evidence from Linda Vista HilleThe Kiva514\219-232%0*archaeology settlement patterns trincheras pbkb:3Downum, Christian E. Fish, Paul R. Fish, Suzanne K. 1994NHRefining the Rold of Cerros de Trincheras in Southern Arizona Settlement Kiva59271-296eDoyel, David E.n 1977ngRillito and Rincon Period Settlement Systems in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley: Alternative Models}The Kiva432c 93-110NGball courts Hohokam settlement patterns social organization subsistence  pbk Doyel, David E.t 1987:4The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization Glenwood Springs, Colorado jcSouthwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of ScienceHohokam  Hohokam social integrationjust Henderson chapterDoyel, David E.t 1991& Hohokam Exchange and Interaction Crown, P.A. Judge, J.ePIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest; Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press225-252economicHohokam economic Doyel, David 1991& Hohokam Exchange and Interaction ("Crown, Patricia L. Judge, W. JamesPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwestb Santa Fe (!School of American Research Press225-252 Doyel, David E.  199282Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System  Albuquerque B8Culture and Contact Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca Dragoonl Amerind Foundation("New World Studies Series, Number 2HAInterpreting Prehistoric Cultural Diversity in the Arizona DesertkDozier, Edward P.e 1951F@Resistance to Acculturation and Assimilation in an Indian PuebloAmerican Anthropologistr531p 56-66oDozier, Edward P.e 1958@9Spanish-Catholic Influences on Rio Grande Pueblo ReligionoAmerican Anthropologist\603\441-448Dozier, Edward P.e 1961Rio Grande Pueblos  E. H. Spicer4.Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change Chicago "University of Chicago Press3Dozier, Edward P.l 1964{The Pueblo Indians of the Southwest: A Survey of the Anthropological Literature and a Review of Theory, Method, and ResultsbCurrent Anthropology5}2 79-97Dozier, Edward P.r 1966("Factionalism at Santa Clara Pueblo Ethnology75a2\172-185sDozier, Edward P.t 1970*#The Pueblo Indians of North America Prospect Heights, IL Waveland PressDuff, Andrew I.s 1993TNAn Exploration of Post-Chacoan Community Organization through Ceramic Analysis Department of Anthropology Tempe\ :4Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University Unpublished Masters thesisDuff, Andrew I.y 1993TNAn Exploration of Post-Chacoan Community Organization through Ceramic Sourcing Arizona State University MA ThesisoDuff, Andrew I. 19964-Ceramic Micro-Seriation: Types or Attributes?rAmerican Antiquity611{ 89-10181ceramic seriation, typology, quantitative methodse Duff, Andrew 1998@:The Process of Migration in the Late Prehistoric Southwest Katherine A. SpielmannRLMigration and Reorganization: the Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest Tempe Arizona State University51$Anthroplogical Research PapersDuff, Andrew Ian Lyman 1999^XRegional Interaction and the Transformation of Western Pueblo Identities, A.D. 1275-1400 Department of Anthropology Arizona State University"Unpublished PhD DissertationDuff, Andrew I.s 1999^XRegional Interaction and the Transformation of Western Pueblo Identities, A.D. 1275-14000*PhD Dissertation, Arizona State UniversityDuff, Andrew I.r 2000JCScale, Interaction, and Regional Analysis in late Pueblo Prehistory5 Hegmon, MichellelfThe Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest Boulder "University of Colorado Press 51-71RF^C?AB>=<:x 987("3 6H5421Ekholm, Gordon F.  19404.The Archaeology of Northern and Western Mexico BPuebloan Past and Present: Papers in Honor of Stewart Peckham *$Archaeological Society of New Mexico 57-70o&atalaya communication ethnologyo$Mark D. Elson David R. Abbott 2001\VOrganizational Variability in Platform Mound-Building Groups of the American Southwest Barbara J. MillsD>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press251-280 Epenshade, Christopher T.v 1997Mimbres pottery, births, and gender: a reconsideration [comments on M. Hegmon and WR Trevathan in American Antiquity 1996 (61:4) 747-754]American Antiquity624t733-736u60gender, ceramics, Mimbres, Southwest, New MexicoEzzo, Joseph A. 1992D=Dietary Change and Variability at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona{,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology1138219-289tstable isotopes SWEzzo, Joseph A.t 1994ztPutting the "Chemistry" Back into Archaeological Bone Chemistry Analysis: Modeling Potential Paleodietary Indicators,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology13 1-34stable isotopes SW diet:3Feinman, Gary M. Lightfoot, Kent G. Upham, Steadman 2000TMPolitical Hierarchies and Organizational Strategies in the Puebloan SouthwestAmerican Antiquity65449-470 leadership"social integration PuebloanlFerguson, T. J.t 1981haThe Emergence of Modern Zuni Culture and Society: A Summary of Zuni Tribal History A.D. 1450-17002 Wilcox, D.R. Masse, W.B.NHThe Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700 Tempe @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 24335-353Western PuebloW Pueblo protohistoricFergusson, T. J. 1993D=Historic Zuni Architecture and Society: A Structural Analysis1 Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico"Unpublished PhD DissertationFewkes, Jessie Walter  189181Reconnaissance of on or Near the Zui Reservationa4-Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeologyo1t 92-132Fewkes, Jesse Walter 18982,Archaeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895  J.W. PowellD=Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology} Washington, D.C. Smithsonian InstitutionFewkes, Jesse Walter 1904(!Two Summer's Work in Pueblo Ruinsc  J.W. PowellyF?Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institutiong\VFiero, Donald C. Munson, Robert W. McClain, Martha T. Wilson, Suzanne M. Zier, Anna H. 1980hbThe Navajo Project: Archaeological Investigations Page to Phoenix 500KV Southern Transmission Line  Flagstaff 60Museum of Northern Arizona MNA Research Paper 11 E78.A7N38x Hayden Stacks archaeologyn.(archaeology excavation fauna ebot pollen11 excavated sites on AFNM, 9 off fauna from five excavated sites on AFNM (Appendix II) pollen from one excavated site on AFNM (pg 261-270)<5Fish, Paul R. Moberly, Patricia Pilles, Peter J., Jr. 197581Final Report for Phase IIB Archaeological Studies@:Manuscript on file, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.archaeology surveyjdDescriptions of about 50 sites, but no location maps or site maps, and no info on surface materials.&Fish, Paul R. Fish, Suzanne K. 197760Verde Valley Archaeology: Review and Prospective  Flagstaff 2+Museum of Northern Arizona Research Paper 8.archaeology Verde ValleyFish, Suzanne K. 1980LFAppendix VI: Agricultural Features and their Pollen Record at NA11,504 JCFiero, D. C. Munson, R. W. McClain, M. T. Wilson, S. M. Zier, A. H.ehbThe Navajo Project: Archaeological Investigations Page to Phoenix 500KV Southern Transmission Line  Flagstaff 60Museum of Northern Arizona MNA Research Paper 11261-270 archaeologyaarchaeology ebot pollenb,&pollen from one excavated site on AFNM2,Fish, Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. Madsen, J. H. 1990NHSedentism and Settlement Mobility in the Tucson Basin Prior to A.D. 1000 Minnis, P.E. Redman, C.L.n.'Perspectives on Southwestern Prehistory Boulder Westview Press 76-91early agriculturet4.Hohokam settlement patterns agriculture, early skim$Fish, Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. 19910)Hohokam Political and Social Organization0 Gumerman, G. J.oRKExploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press151-175Hohokam ,%Hohokam leadership social integration$Fish, Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. 19922+The Marana Community in Comparative Contexta *$Fish, S. K. Fish, P.R. Madsen, J. H.0)The Marana Community in the Hohokam World\ Tucson b\Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 56. The University of Arizona Press 97-105HohokamHohokam$Fish, Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. 19942+Prehistoric Desert Farmers of the Southwest$Annual Review of Anthropologyo23HohokamHohokam_batV]>DZ=(NYYWvX&* Martha Graham  1994 6Ehtnoarchaeological series  & Ann Arbor 3  B&International Monographs in Prehistory uMobile Farmers: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach to Settlement Organization Among the Raramuri of Northwestern Mexicoo oTarahumara settlement patterns mexico subsistence economy architecture land tenure ethnoarchaeology Tarahumara Graham, Elizabethl 1998Mission Archaeology`$Annual Review of Anthropology127 25-621Michael W. Graves 1982jdBreaking Down Ceramic Variability: Testing Models of White Mountain Redware Design Style Development.'Journal of Anthropological Anthropology1305-3543,%Graves, William M. Eckert, Susanne L.e 1998voDecorated Ceramic Distributions and Ideological Developments in the Northern and Central Rio Grande, New Mexico; Spielmann, K.A.aRLMigration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest Tempe @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 51263-283 Rio Grande("social integration Rio Grande P IV0*Graves, William M. Spielmann, Katherine A. 2000VPLeadership, Long-Distance Exchange, and Feasting in the Protohistoric Rio Grande  Mills, B. J.D>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 45-59 leadershipleadership Rio Grande0*Graves, William M. Spielmann, Katherine A. 2001VPLeadership, Long-Distance Exchange, and Feasting in the Protohistoric Rio Grande Mills, Barbara J.D>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press 45-59Graves, William M. 2002TNPower, Autonomy, and Inequality in Rio Grande Puebloan Society, A.D. 1300-1672 Department of Anthropology Arizona State University"Unpublished PhD DissertationGraves, William M. 2004Social Identity and the Internal Organization of the Jumanos Pueblos Settlement Cluster in the Salinas District, Central New Mexico} (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.V4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Press  43-52Graybill, Donald A.  1975\VMimbres-Mogollon Adaptations in the Gila National Forest, Mimbres District, New Mexico"Archaeological Report No. 9l  Albuqureques .(U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Region("Graybill, Donald A. Nials, Fred L. 1989lfAspects of Climate, Streamflow and Geomorphology Affecting Irrigation Systems in the Salt River Valley jcGraybill, D. A. Gregory, D. A. Nials, F. L. Fish, S. K. Miksicek, C. H. Gasser, R. E. Szuter, C. R.LEThe 1982-1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: Environment and Subsistence Tucson XRCultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona 5-23archaeology paleoclimate  Jesse Green 1990\UCushing at Zuni: The Correspondance and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884c  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press  Green, Jesse 1990\UCushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884  AlbuquerqueA $University of New Mexico PressGregory, D. A. 1987ZSThe Morphology of Platform Mounds and the Structure of Classic Period Hohokam Sitesi  Doyel, D. E.:4The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization Glenwood Springs, CO :3American Association for the Advancement of Science183-210Hohokam Hohokam social integration("Gregory, David A. Wilcox, David R. 2007 Zuni Origins Tucson "University of Arizona Presso("Gumerman, George J. Weed, Carol S. 1976XRThe Question of Salado in the Agua Fria and New River Drainages of Central Arizona Kiva421l105-112 archaeologyp archaeology-82Gumerman, George J. Weed, Carol S. Hanson, John A. 1976yAdaptive Strategies in a Biological and Cultural Transition Zone, the Central Arizona Ecotone Project : An Interim Report  Carbondale D=Southern Illinois University, University Museum Studies No. 6,%E78 .A7 G956 HAYDEN STACKS SHELF archaeologyn$archaeology survey excavationXR3 excavated sites on AFNM, 4 off fauna from 3 excavated sites on AFNM (pg. 98-127).(Gumerman, George J., and Jeffrey S. Dean 1989JCPrehistoric Cooperation and Competition in the Western Anasazi Area 0)Cordell, Linda S., and George J. Gumermane& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Santa Fe "School of American Research 99-148 Gumerman, G. J.h 1994$Themes of Southwest Prehistory Santa Fe (!School of American Research Pressegeneral referencec SW general selectionsY]^cccddiii44kgggprqrrrrrrssttuvwwwww w yyyyzxxxx{{}{}}}}~~~ bt bLister, Robert H. 1960B;History of Archaeological Field Work in Northwestern Mexico El Palacio674118-124 This short paper has an outline of previous work in western Durango and Chihuahua and a summary of University of Colorado work in Chihuahua. In 1924 Kidder summarized northwest Chihuahua as part of Southwestern Pueblo culture, and assigned a time-span of about A.D. 1000 to 1450. There is a quick review of work up to 1941 that covers research included in other citations. Lister concludes this section stating that people generally accept contacts between Mexico and the Southwest although there is no actual evidence. The apparent gap between the two regions is mentioned. Lister mentions that Edward Ferdon and Paul Reiter have worked in northwest Mexico. (* Reiter ran a UNM advanced field school in southeast Chihuahua sometime in the late 1940's; I am not aware of any related publications. I do not know what work Ferdon was doing). Lister next shifts to summarizing his work (with Colorado) in the area. They began working in the Sierra in 1951 in Chihuahua, Sonora and Durango. Lister believes that the Sierra served as a corridor was a corridor between the Southwest and Mesoamerica. Some of the earlier cave deposits that they excavated are presented as representing the period of early contact between Mesoamerica and the Southwest. The earliest Mogollon horizons in the Sierra caves have Alma pottery variants, but are no earlier than Mogollon 3 which they place around A.D. 900. These deposits are overlain by the cliff dwellings. "Apparently the possessors of Mogollon culture living in the northern Sierra Madre were affected by the same Pueblo influence which caused Mogollon people to the north to adopt Pueblo architecture." Lister equates the cliff dwellings with Mogollon 4 or early Mogollon 5, spanning approximately A.D. 900-1100. These sites were them abandoned between A.D. 1000-1100, concurrent with the emergence of Casas Grandes villages along river valleys and in basins. People began moving out of the mountains, perhaps seeking more extensive farmlands, losing their Mogollon identity, and developing into Casas Grandes culture. Lister sees this process as a link between (northern) Mexico and the Southwest consequent to the earlier spread of agriculture and pottery. More recently Lister has worked in southeast Durango and found similar brownwares. In conclusions Lister believes that the cliff dwellings are not part of Casas Grandes culture; that Casas Grandes sites are all east of the Sierra; the earliest ceramics are brownwares associated with Mogollon culture; the pre-ceramic levels with corn in the caves are evidence for the early spread of corn northward; and the gap between regions is closed. In the final paragraph Lister asks if there might have been Toltec migrants to the Southwest. * Lister's ideas on the cliff houses are off the mark but the only date he could have referred to at the time is Haury's (1938) tree ring date of A.D. 1374 + x. Calling the cliff dwelling Mogollon distinct from Casas Grandes ignores innumerable similarities.*$Lister, Robert H. Florence C. Lister 1984 Chaco Canyon Albuquerque, NMi $University of New Mexico Press 0=8263-0574-1 ARCHAEOLOGYLNew Mexico: Antiquities: excavation: Archaeology: Chaco Canyon: A complete and concise summary of work carried out on Cahco Canyon since its discovery up to the research in the 1970s. pbk0Longacre, William A.  1963 F*Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study 6Department of Anthropology  $Chicago  2University of Chicago >!unpublished doctoral dissertation  Transition in Southeastern Arizona Kiva60619-632early agricultureLdiet agriculture, earlyGlowacka, Maria Danuta 199882Commentary: Ritual Knowledge in the Hopi Tradition American Indian Quarterlyg2239386-392E &Glowacki, Donna M. Neff, Hector 2002B;Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southweste60The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 44  Los Angeles ,%University of California, Las Angeles >`oXfNHBHeckman, Robert A. Montgomery, Barbara K. Whittlesey, Stephanie M. 2000:3Prehistoric Painted Pottery of Southeastern Arizonah Tucson Statistical Research, Inc.archaeology ceramicsztCeramic descriptions for some types (see ceramics list for page numbers). No copy in our files, use the one at ARI.Hegmon, Michelle 1989*#Social Integration and Architecturee Lipe, W. D. Hegmon, M.D=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblose Cortez, Colorado jdOccasional Papers of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center 5-14social integrationsocial integrationHegmon, Michelle 1991nhThe Risks of Sharing and Sharing as Risk Reduction: Interhousehold Food Sharing in Egalitarian Societies Gregg, Susan A.2Between Bands and States  Carbondale "Southern Illinois University309-329rHegmon, Michelle 1992& Archaeological Research on Style$Annual Review of Anthropologyo21517-536\Hegmon, Michelle 1994xrBoundary-Making Strategies in Early Pueblo Societies: Style and Architecture in the Kayenta and Mesa Verde Regions Wills, W.H. Leonard, R.D..b[The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Social Organization  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press171-190 MVKi social integration AnasaziMichelle Hegmon 1994XRPueblo I ceramic Production in Southwest Colorado: Analysis of Igneous Rock Temper Kiva60371-390.,Hegmon, Michelle  1995 `DThe Social Dynamics of Pottery Style in the Early Puebloan Southwest  ,Cortez, Colorado  >!Crow Canyon Archaeological Center $Hegmon, Michelle Plog, Stephen 1996PJRegional Social Interaction in the Northern Southwest: Evidence and Issues Fish, P.R. Reid, J. J.ZSInterpreting Southwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempe D>Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper No. 48 23-34economic0)Hegmon, Michelle, and Wenda R. Travathano 1996Gender, anatomical knowledge and pottern production: implications of an anatomically unusual birth depicted on Mimbres pottery from southwester New MexicoAmerican antiquity614747-7545,%New Mexico, Mimbres, gender, ceramicscnmkljiWhgfedHaas, Jonathan 1986*$The Evolution of the Kayenta Anasazi  Noble, D. G.\UHouses Beneath the Rock: The Anasazi of Canyon de Chelly and Navajo National Monument Santa Fe Ancient City Press 14-23conflictconflict AnasaziHaas, Jonathan 19892,The Evolution of the Kayenta Regional System 82Steadman Upham Kent G. Lightfoot Roberta A. JewettHBThe Sociopolitical Structure of Prehistoric Southwestern Societies Boulder Westview Press491-508,&Investigations in American ArchaeologyXRarchaeology kayenta anasazi signaling system defense warfare aggregation southwestHaas, Jonathan 1990PIWarfare and the Evolution of Tribal Polities in the Prehistoric Southwestr Haas, JonathanThe Anthropology of Ware  Cambridges Cambridge University Press171-189B;Read for Paul Minnis' Advanced SW Studies Class, Fall 1996.archaeology conflict politics tribes integration politics conflict subsistence interaction environment stress subsistence risk intervisbility communication conflict Kayenta Anasazit& Haas, Jonathan Creamer, Winifred 1993RKStress and Warfare Among the Kayenta Anasazi of the Thirteenth Century A.D. Fieldiana Chicago &Field Museum of Natural History Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. 1987Southwestern-Style Culinary Ceramics on the Southern Plains: A Case Study of Technological Innovation and Cross-Cultural InteractionPlains Anthropologist Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. 2000RKIsotopic Tracing of Prehistoric Rio Grande Glaze-Paint Production and Trade (!Journal of Archaeological Scienceu27709-713\ F@Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. Eckert, Suzanne L. Huntley, Deborah L. 2006b[The Social Life of Pots: Glaze Wares and Cultural Dynamics in the Southwest, A.D. 1250-1680 Tucson "University of Arizona PressW Hackbarth, Mark R. 1992rlPrehistoric and Historic Occupation of the Lower Verde River Valley: The State Route 87 Verde Bridge Project  Flagstaffl Northland Research, Inc.archaeology Verde Valley 81Hackbarth, Mark R. Hays-Gilpin, Kelley Neal, LynnC 2002jcPhoenix Basin to Perry Mesa: Rethinking the "Northern Periphery." The Arizona Archaeologist No. 34n Phoenix, $Arizona Archaeological Council& archaeology ebot macrobot pollenmacrobot and pollen from three sites on AFNM and many sites off AFNM in Smith (pg. 101-120) no papers on AFNM area specifically, despite title.Hackenberg, R. A.  1974 nQEconomic Alternatives in Arid Lands: A Case Study of the Pima and Papago Indians  ( Cohen, Y. A. D(Man In Adaptation: The Cultural Present  $Chicagoa  "Aldine $173-180  R5anthropology Pima Papago agriculture economy politicsl Hackenberg, R. A. 1983.(Pima and Papago: Ecological Adaptations Ortiz, Alfonso("Handbook of North American Indians Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution210161-177 Minnis0*ecology Pima Papago subsistence adaptation Hackett, Charles W.e 1937`ZHistorical documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Viscaya and approaches thereto, to 1773<6Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington D.C.y Carnegie Institution Hackett, Charles W.t 1942^XRevolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Otermin's Attempted Reconquest, 1680-1692  Albuquerquel $University of New Mexico Press2 vols.Hagstrum, Melissah 20012,Household Production in Chaco Canyon SocietyAmerican Antiquity661 47-5587~}|{v6yxwuzv#opt*$Hard, Robert J. Merrill, William L.  1992`ZMobile Agriculturalists and the Emergence of Sedentism: Perspectives From Northern MexicoAmerican Anthropologist943a<5601-620 This paper uses the Tarahumara as an example of how linear models from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist present an over-simplification of settlement patterns. Several people have come to realize that prehistoric Southwest agriculturalists may have been more mobile than previously believed. The Rarmuri or Tarahumara are dependent on maize year-round but shift their residences during the growing season and during the winter. (A map shows that the area they are discussing is the SW corner of Chihuahua with their work being at Rejogochi. About 40 Ha of maize fields serve 155 people. Maize is 3/4 of their diet. A description of social organization follows. During the growing season households move to fields outside the Rejogochi Valley. Some families winter in rock shelters. Sometimes families relocate for wage labour, often to Cuauhtmoc. During the winter and the spring families often spend days or weeks at the religious centre of Bashuare. So there are four types of residential mobility. Logistic mobility largely involves men pursuing wage labour or people spending whole days in fields. Detailed descriptions of these mobility practices follows. The Tarahumara have dispersed field holdings which may provide protection from microclimate protection. Alternately this arrangement may result from not having enough arable land in the Rejogochi Valley. The bilateral inheritance pattern, with a tendency for people to marry outside the valley, also scatters holdings. This issue is "tested" using indexes of productivity and consumption. They conclude that people are not protecting themselves from microclimate variation but dealing with land availability. The Tarahumara depend heavily on stored food and practice a lot of residential mobility which is an exception to Binford's (1980) expectation that stored food and logistic mobility co-occur. Three reasons are given for Tarahumara residential mobility. These are: i) the substantial amount of work involved in these distant fields ii) long stays at the fields require having women present to cook iii) crops must be transported back to Rejogochi or consumed by the whole family at the outlying residence. Rock shelters are warmer and drier in the winter. Families with sheep and goats prefer to winter them in rock shelters so kids survive. Rock shelters take little effort to prepare for winter. The authors point out in several places that situational factors such as an illness will affect settlement patterns of a household, at least temporarily. * a good paper that makes sense. Unfortunately there is no attempt to connect this to prehistoric Chihuahua or overt recognition of the fact that the Tarahumara have been driven back into the High Sierra historically. Merrill in particular has extensive experience with the Tarahumara. *There is an less that gracious exchange of comments in the December 1993 edition of American Anthropologist (95)4. Jeffrey W. Bentley and Robert McC. Netting (:1003-1005) offer several criticisms. Hard and Merrill claim to disprove the idea that people work distant fields to minimize the chance of total crop failure, which is an idea they attribute to Bentley and Netting. But Bentley and Netting give that as one of many reasons for scattered land holdings. Hard and Merrill are also faulted for ignoring the Boserupian paradigm of intensification which encourages scattered holdings as land becomes scarce. They also do not provide information about management of distant fields (e.g. cropping, fallow periods, travel time). Hard and Merrill mention the "Emergence of Sedentism" in their title but the Tarahumara are not incipient farmers. (* Is this is an issue of scale - a couple centuries to an archaeologist may well be close enough to incipient). Hard and Merrill (:1005-1007) reciprocate by accusing Bentley and Netting of misunderstanding their work. Hard and Merrill do address other factors for land fragmentation and, at any rate, it is not a major focus of the article to deal with extensively. Hard and Merrill also point out (sarcastically) that they were not dealing with the origins and evolution of this system. (* A disingenous claim given their title). Nor do they claim that this study ends the idea that dispersed holdings are an insurance strategy, which the Tarahumara are aware of, and often take advantage of. In fact they note that Rejogochi Raramuri try to consolidate their holdings. Hard and Merrill claim that a major finding of their paper is that mere clustering of resources does not promote logistical mobility and sedentism. The Raramuris of Rejogochi are residentially mobile although everything is within an average of five Km from their valley homes. (* Is this average masking some long distances?). Hard and Merill emphasize that they do not see the Raramuri as incipient agriculturalists.l<5Hard, Robert J. Mauldin, Raymond P. Raymond, Gerry R.g 1996Mano Size, Stable Isotope Ratios, and Macrobotanical Remains as Multiple LInes of Evidence of Mize Dependence in the American Southweste2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory3o4y253-318JCethnobotany groundstone study Southwestern US subsistence taphonomyc$Hard, Robert J. Roney, John R. 1998XRA Massive Terraced Village Complex in Chihuahua, Mexico, 3000 Years Before PresentScience 279 1661-1664-0)Hardin, Margaret A., and Barbara J. Millst 2000^XThe Social and Historical Context of Short-Term Stylistic Replacement: A Zuni Case Study2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory73Harlow, Francis H. 1970$Historic Pueblo Indian Pottery  Santa Fe, NM Museum of New Mexico PressHarlow, Francis H. 1973>7Matte-paint pottery of the Tewa, Keres and Zuni Pueblos\ Santa Fe Museum of New MexicoHarrington, John Peabody 1912Tewa Relationship TermsRAmerican AnthropologistR143g472-498eHarrington, John Peabody 1916,&The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians<629th Annual Report of the Bureau of American EthnologyHarvey, Byron IIIl 1972$An Overview of Pueblo Religion  Alfonso Ortize&New Perspectives on the Pueblosa  Albuquerquey $University of New Mexico Press197-217e("A School of American Research BookHaury, Emil W. 19366/The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexicol Globe, Arizona & Medallion Papers 20, Gila PuebloMogollon/MimbresMogollon generaljust know about itHaury, Emil W. , 1938"Southwestern Dated Ruins: IITree-Ring Bulletin4h3i 3-4Haury, Emil W. , 19432,A possible Cochise-Mogollon-Hohokam Sequence81Proceedings of the American Philosophical Societyi86260-263mHaury, Emil W. 1965Snaketown: 1964-1965qThe Kiva311c 1-13 pbkdztagriculture archaeology water-control features excavation Hohokam SW-Mesoamerican connections water-control featuresHaury, Emil W. 19760)The Hohokam: Desert Farmers and Craftsmen Tucson "University of Arizona Press Haury, Emil W. 1985F?Mogollon culture in the Forestdale Valley, East-Central Arizonam Tucson "University of Arizona PresssMogollon/MimbresMogollon generaljust know about itHaury, Emil W. 1988&Recent Thoughts on the Mogollong Kiva53195-196Mogollon/MimbresMogollon generaljust know about it  $Kelley, J Charles Ellen Abbott 1964HBThe Cultural Sequence on the North Central Frontier of MesoamericaJCPaper Presented at the XXXVI International Congress of Americanists  P IDurango and Zacatecas have extreme outposts of Mesoamerica. Mesoamerican enclaves lasted until perhaps A.D. 1350. Kelley concentrated four field season in the Guadiana Valley in the 1950's. During the 1960's research moved south from there. They state that Loma San Gabriel culture exists along the east slopes and foothills of the Sierra Madres in Durango and Chihuahua. The Tepehuan Indians may be survivors of Loma San Gabriel culture (with some Chalchihuites influence thrown in). Loma San Gabriel is much closer to Southwestern archaeology that Mesoamerican. No direct survivors of Chalchihuites culture are known. A quick review of previous work on Chalchihuites culture follows. The earliest Chalchihuites sites may be on the Rio Suchil beginning around A.D. 100. Chalchihuites colonists probably arrived in the Guadiana Valley around A.D. 600. Chalchihuites culture extended out almost to the Chihuahua border. Two sets of phases are defined for the Suchil branch of Chalchihuites. They end around A.D. 850. Descriptions of the phases, largely based on pottery follow. Canutillo phase sites are summarized as small farming villages. The following Alta Vista phase is based on the sites of the same name. Plumed serpents appear on some pottery from this phase which ends around A.D. 550. Bowls from this interval often have quartered layouts in their interiors. They attribute much of the Mesoamerican influence from this time to Classic Teotihuacan (Teotihuacan III). The quartering can be traced back to the Middle Pre-Classic in the Valley of Mexico (e.g. Chupicuaro). The following Calichal and Retoo phases are times of population decrease ending in abandonment around A.D. 850 (tentatively). The first Guadiana branch phase is the La Atalaya phase founded around A.D. 550. The Guadiana branch begins with colonization from Suchil groups. (* The Guadiana phases are reviewed in another Kelley article and not listed out here). Most information about the Guadiana branch comes from the Schroeder Site near the city of Durango. La Atalaya arrivals found the area sparsely inhabited by Loma San Gabriel people. The latter lived in small houses outlined by stone cimientos, often having stone paved floors, and arranged in rectangular compounds. They built stone platforms on hilltops and often terraced hillsides. They made friable sand tempered pottery without legs. Loma San Gabriel culture persisted throughout the tenure of Chalchihuites culture in the area. The Rio Tunal phase is placed from A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1200. Pottery from this time shows a possible Southwestern influence. There is an especially close relationship to Three Circle red-on-white pottery. Guasave trade goods also appear at this time. Chalchihuites occupation of central Durango evidently ends around A.D. 1350. *There are no direct references to Chihuahuan culture.Kelley, J. Charles B 1974F?Speculations on the Culture History of Northwestern Mesoamerica  Betty Bell$The Archaeology of West Mexico |n BSex, Gender, and Status: Human Images from the Classic MimbresAmerican Antiquity65127-144 leadership,%social integration leadership Mimbresand Elizabeth A. BrandtR 198881The Sandia Eastern Boundary: A Response to Morgont81Materials prepared for the Sandia land claim casefE. W. Jernigan 1986ZTThe Derivation of Chaco Counterchange Designs: A Structural Approach to Style ChangeThe Kiva521 23-52E. W. Jernigan 1986XRA Non-Hierarchical Approach to Ceramic Decoration Analysis: A Southwestern ExampleAmerican Antiquity511 13-20$Steven C. Jett Peter B. Moyle 1986ZTThe Exotic Origins of Fishes Depicted on Prehistoric Mimbres Pottery from New MexicoAmerican Antiquity514688-720e:4Johnson, C. David Kohler, Timothy A. Cowan, Jason A. 2005F@Modeling Historical Ecology, Thinking about Contemporary SystemsAmerican Anthropologistt 107\ 96-108Bruce A. Jones 1989RKUse-Wear Analysis of White Mountain Redwares at Grasshopper Pueblo, ArizonaThe Kiva544353-360Kelley, J. Charles 1991JDThe Known Archaeological Ballcourts of DurangoKelley, J. Charles 1991JDThe Known Archaeological Ballcourts of Durango and Zacatecas, Mexico The Mesoamerican Ball Game ,%Vernon L. Scarborough David R. Wilcox  87-100 &The University of Arizona Presss TucsonBallcourts in this area fall into two categories: "I" shaped and open-ended. There is a roughly "I" shaped ballcourt at La Quemada. The date is uncertain but probably falls in the range of Middle Classic to Early Postclassic. At the Chalchihuites site of Alta Vista an outline of an "I" shaped ballcourt is visible from the air. Other courts in this region are open-ended. The two "public" ballcourts at Casas Grandes are modified "I" shapes. (* There is a third ballcourt in an enclosed plaze in the House of the Pillars.) Kelley excavated a small open-ended ballcourt at the Schroeder site. Since there are both Chalchihuites and Loma San Gabriel materials at the site it is not clear what the association of the ballcourt is. The Chalchihuites site of Gualterio Abajo has a similar ballcourt, also excavated by Kelley. But association is a problem again since many Loma San Gabriel sherds are present. There are several other accounts of open-ended ballcourts in the area but none have been excavated. Of the six Kelley can account for, they have a mean length of about 13 metres, and a width of about five metres. Orientation is variable. Lateral banquettes are made of vertical stone slabs with rubble fill. Some playing alleys are paved. Ceramic models of open-ended courts, found at Nayarit, are illustrated for comparison. The Tepehuan are putative decedents of Loma San Gabriel culture but there is no account of ballcourts among them. So Kelley cites an ethnohistorical account of the ballgame from the Acaxee. (The Acaxee may be a Chalchihuites survival). He interprets it as mock warfare meant to defuse tensions that precipitate real warfare. archaeology Mexico Paquimb,=Lekson, Stephen H. 1978HBSettlement Patterns in the Redrock Valley, Southwestern New Mexico  Portales, NM f`Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NMLekson, Stephen H. 1984Dating Casas GrandesThe Kiva501 55-60d^This is largely a review of LeBlanc's chronology for Casas Grandes. Lekson believes that an end date for the Medio period should be about one century later than LeBlanc suggests. The paper begins with a review of Di Peso's chronology. Di Peso ended the Medio period at A.D. 1340; LeBlanc placed it around A.D. 1300. Part of this is based on dates for Gila Polychrome, which run about A.D. 1300 to 1450 in Arizona. Gila polychrome is present at Casas Grandes. LeBlanc ties Gila polychrome to the Animas and Black Mountain phases in New Mexico, which he sees ending about 1300 A.D. He also believes the end of these phases matches the end of Medio Casas Grandes. He sees the Black Mountain phase as an extension of Casas Grandes. Lekson (incorrectly) says the Black Mountain phase lacks Gila Polychrome so the whole argument is irrelevant. Radiocarbon dates from the Buena Fe phase at Paquim are not end dates. Lekson dates the Buena Fe phase from about A.D. 1130-1150 to 1300. Dating on the Paquim phase is largely from tree-ring dates. The last construction date is later than A.D. 1338. So Lekson gives the following table: **Buena Fe A.D. 1130-1150 to 1300 **Paquim 1300 to 1400 **Diablo early A.D. 1400's **The essence of the whole argument is the dates of Gila polychrome which run to A.D. 1450.Lekson, Stephen H. 1984PJPrehistoric Settlement in the Middle Palomas Drainage, Southern New Mexico Nelson, Margaret C..$Ladder Ranch Research Project  Albuquerquew $Maxwell Museum of Anthropology 15-23Technical Series No. 1Stephen H. Leksone 1988HBRegional Systemtics in the Later Prehistory of Southern New Mexico M. S. Duran K. W. Laumbach:3Fourth Jornada Mogollon Conference Collected PapersU Las Cruces, NM Human Systems Research 1-37Stephen H. Lekson 1989\VAn Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Rio Grande Valley in Sierra County, New Mexico The Artifact272 1-87Lekson, Steve H. 199081Mimbres Archaeology of the Upper Gila, New Mexicoh Tucson @:Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 53Mogollon/MimbresMimbres generalM skimLekson, Steve H. 1991.(Settlement Patterns and the Chaco Region Crown, P.J. Judge, W.J.sPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwesta Santa Fe (!School of American Research Pressn 31-35 ChacoH Chaco settlement patternss Kelley, J. Charles 1952XRFactors Involved in the Abandonment of Certain Peripheral Southwestern SettlementsAmerican Antiquity543356-387oThe subject of this paper is abandonment at such sites as Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon. The stock explanations are Athapaskan raiders, field erosion, epidemics, and civil war. Around A.D. 1400 there was a sudden abandonment of pueblo sites on the Southern periphery. This paper focuses on abandonment in the southern periphery which he defines as following the Rio Grande and Rio Conchos basically. There is an extensive review of climatic data. The first ceramic occupation in the Rio Grande Valley is the Mesilla phase. Lehmer defined it as a mix of Anasazi and Mogollon origins. Casas Grandes sites comprise the Chihuahuan culture. Farming cultures in the Rio Grande and in Chihuahua generally, reached their greatest extent between A.D. 1100 and 1400, before general abandonment. (It is interesting that he does not have DiPeso's chronology to misdirect him; these estimates are close to current prevailing opinion). Brand attributes the fall of Chihuahuan culture to Athapaskan raiders. Kelley seems ambivalent about this idea and more interested in environmental/ecological factors. Climate change is identified as the primary cause for abandonment. By the contact period all that remained were dispersed rancheria populations (La Junta people) living in fear of the Apache. With the arrival of the Spaniards many of these people reportedly were willing to take sanctuary in their mission-towns. But, Kelley is suspicious of the accounts this interpretation is based on stating there is actually little documented evidence of Apache hostility. There is considerably more evidence for friendly trade in the Spanish towns involving Apaches. This brings Kelley back to environmental explanations for abandoning rancheria settlements to concentrate in Spanish communities. Kelley does consider the possibility that concentration into larger groups forced the Apache to be agreeable but discounts it suggesting the Apache could destroy the largest towns if they wanted to. What is interesting about this paper is seeing how little the abandonment issue has progressed in four decades in spite of the effort given to it. The explanations thrown around today are the same ones Kelley lists; the problem is that this is an issue where logical construct still outreaches proof. archaeology Mexico Paquim~ZTKelly, Sophia, Matthew Peeples, Jason Sperinck, M. Scott Thompson, and Keith Kintigh 2005<5Small Site Testing in the El Morro Valley, New Mexico\@:70th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology Salt Lake City, Utah,John G. Kennedy  1978 :Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre  .Walter Goldschmidt  .Arlington Heights  AHM < anthropology ecology subsistence >"Worlds of Man: Studies in Ecology  Susan Kent 1986@:New Dates for Old Pots: A Comment on Cortez Black-On-WhiteThe Kiva5142255-262rKessel, John L.P 2002hbSpain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California  Norman, OK "University of Oklahoma Press *#Kessell, John L. and Rick Hendricksa 1992F@By Force of Arms: The Journals of don Diego de Vargas, 1691-1693  Albuquerquef $University of New Mexico Press :4Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith Dodge 1995^WTo the Royal Crown Restored: The Journals of don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1692-1694d  Albuquerquet $University of New Mexico Press:4Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith Dodge 1998XQBlood on the Boulders: The Journals of don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1694-1697o  Albuquerquer $University of New Mexico Press 2Kelley, J. Charles 1985.'The Chronology of Chalchihuites Culturel81The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mesoamerica Unknown269-287a Westview Press Boulder Chalchihuites culture has two defined branches: Guadiana (Durango) and Suchil (Zacatecas). The Guadiana branch has radiocarbon dates from two sites; it is probably equivalent to Post-Classic. There about 30 accepted radiocarbon dates for the Suchil branch, mostly from Alta Vista, which place the site in the Middle and Late Classic periods. There are 19 dates from Alta Vista on construction timbers with three peaks: around A.D. 470 to 590, 665 to 770, and 815 to 855. These are taken to represent three building phases. The earliest Ayala phase (of the Guadiana branch) is around A.D. 875 to 900, which disagrees with the Schroeder site dates, which fall in the range of A.D. 600 to 800. Overall, Kelley is unaccepting for all Guadiana branch dates, and advocates relying on "archaeological evidence", which is basically ceramic cross-dating. The Ayala phase was roughly confined to the Guadiana Valley, until late in the phase. The Las Joyas phase was a time of building and ceramic production (950 to 1150 in Kelley's proposed chronology). In the following Rio Tunal and Calera phases there was less building activity at the Schroeder site, but there is a wider distribution of ceramics for the two phases. Kelley suggests that the final phase (Molino?) of the Guadiana branch ends at about A.D 1400. Kelley's proposed chronology for the Guadiana branch: Loma San Gabriel - Tepehuan A.D. 1400 + Molino 1350 - 1400 + Calera 1250 - 1350 Rio Tunal 1150 - 1250 Las Joyas 950 - 1150 Ayala 875 - 950 Loma San Gabriel Culture ? < 875 This paper is not an overview of Chalchihuites being confined to chronology, and presupposes reader familiarity with Chalchihuites culture. Rejecting all of the carbon dates from the Schroeder site for vague reasons is unsettling. He does say the charcoal comes from deposits with mixed ceramic assemblages but could be more informative on this point. See Doolittle (1987) in The Kiva 52(2):154-160 for a review of this book.archaeology Mexico h<Kidder, Alfred Vincent 1924voAn Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology with a Preliminary Account of the Excavations at Pecos Andovero 0*Yale University Press for Phillips Academy`ZThis monograph includes a section on the "Chihuahua Basin." It is the last area definitely associated with Southwestern cultures (* Kidder's criteria being the range of Puebloan sites). The southern extent of Chihuahuan mounds is "undetermined." Kidder visited Paquim in 1922. He considered the architecture similar to a, "lower Gila compound, but for lacking a perimeter wall." Based on the meagre information of the time Kidder comments that rooms in Chihuahuan mounds are smaller than at Paquim, and built in rows around courtyards, approximating the pueblo arrangement. Burials are summarized as being tightly flexed. Chihuahuan pottery is described in five types. He considers the design elements more influenced by Mesoamerica than types from the American Southwest, although the, "basic structure is Southwestern." Kidder, citing Lumholtz, says that metates are four-legged. He cites Hewett as saying "pueblos" do not extend south of the Babicora Plains. Based on architecture, Kidder sees alliance between Chihuahua and the Lower Gila, and contemporaneity. He mentions Chihuahuan cave sites but cannot say much about them. *Kidder is another early researcher who is basically right about the age and range of Chihuahuan culture, although he cannot put it into absolute years. Note that he adopts Lumholtz's erroneous assessment of legged metates. Kidder, A.V. N 1939b\Notes on the Archaeology of the Babcora District, Chihuahua Donald D. Brand//Fred E. Harvey XQSo Live the Works of Men, Seventieth Anniversary Volume Honoring Edgar Lee Hewettg221-230 Kidder opens by relating how E.L. Hewett got him interested in Chihuahua, and particularly the Sierra cliff dwellings, early in the century. During September, 1924, Kidder, George Vaillant, and S.J. Guernsey spent a week at the Hearst Ranch. They dug in a mound near Las Varas and visited cliff dwellings in the Rio Garabato, west of Las Varas. The site near Las Varas was a low mound partially destroyed by a stream and partially destroyed by local adobe makers. It looks to have been located about 2 km SSE from the town of Las Varas. Kidder notes that there are not foundation trenches under walls at this site (* in contrast to Animas sites for example). Nearly every room wall had a doorway. Four doorways were rectangular and four were "step-passage" ("T"-shaped). A ninth doorway was changed from rectangular to step passage. (* Carey called "T"-shaped doorways Tau shaped doorways). Five burials, in poor condition, were found under rooms. At least two were tightly flexed. One had a Babcora polychrome jar placed near the head. The roomblock was obviously burned. There were not a lot of artifacts and there was an upper floor to the mound. Carey does not show this site on his 1931 map leaving Kidder to conclude that it was probably destroyed by the creek in the seven intervening years. There are several plates of artifacts from the mound. They also spent one day on a hurried tour of three cliff houses west of Madera on the Rio Chico (near its confluence with the Rio Garabato). Cliff house number 1 is a small dwelling. It is two floors and walls are built with adobe courses the same as the Las Varas Ruin. They dug up two burials with a total of three redware vessels. Cliff house 2 has a large granary that is described in detail. (* This site is adjacent to Cuarenta Casas. It is referred to as Cueva del Puente by Pearson and Sanchez [1990]). Cliff house 3 is mentioned by Lumholtz, Hewett and Carey, before Kidder. (* This is Cuarenta Casas). This site is more thoroughly described elsewhere. *This is an interesting paper although it seem ironic that Kidder, of all people, would practically blow off discussing the pottery.t p~} 81Kintigh, Keith W. Howell, Todd L. Duff, Andrew I.s 1996F?Post-Chacoan Social Integration at the Hinkson Site, New Mexicol Kiva61257-274 social integration"social integration W PuebloKintigh, Keith W.r 200081Leadership Strategies in Protohistoric Zuni Townsa Mills, Barbara J.tD>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona PressO 95-116<6Kintigh, Keith W. Donna M. Glowacki Deborah L. Huntley 2004NHLong-term Settlement History and the Emergence of Towns in the Zuni AreaAmerican Antiquity693432-456Kintigh, Keith W.A 2006*$Ceramic Dating and Type Associations & Hantman, Jeffrey L. Most, RachelHAManaging Archaeological Data: Essays in Honor of Sylvia W. Gaines Tempe B;Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers 57Kintigh, Keith W.e 2007LFLate Prehistoric and Protohistoric Settlement Systems in the Zuni Area ("Gregory, David A. Wilcox, David R.F@Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology Tucson "University of Arizona Pressn361-376Knaut, Andrew L. 1997ZTThe Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico  Norman, OK "University of Oklahoma Press& Kohler, Timothy A. Blinman, Eric 1987vpSolving Mixture Problems in Archaeology: Analysis of Ceramic Materials for Dating and Demographic Reconstruction,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology61 1-28.'Kohler, Timothy A. Meredith H. Matthews6 1988\VLong-Term Anasazi Land Use and Forest Reduction - A Case Study from Southwest ColoradoAmerican Antiquity533r537-564Kohler, Timothy A. 1992XRPrehistoric Human Impact on the Environment in the Upland North American SouthwestHBPopulation and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies13255-268A othero environment stress AnasaziKohler, Timothy A. 1992d^Field Houses, Villages, and the Tragedy of the Commons in the Early Northern Anasazi SouthwestAmerican Antiquity574g617-635h otherMenvironment Anasazi0*Kelley, J. Charles William J. Shackelford  1954<6Preliminary Notes on the Weicker Site, Durango, Mexico El Palacio615145-1506JDThis report is based on a 1952 field school. The site is about 50 Km. west of Durango City in the Sierra. The site is in pine forest at 2280 metres above sea level. They found three low mounds. There are excellent photos of structures exposed in two of the mounds after excavation. The authors found long rectangular living floor surrounded by low stone walls. Houses have stone slabbed floors. There were stone and clay lined hearths outside, between the structures. Most of the pottery is coiled and scraped. Occupants used a lot of obsidian which is locally available. They interpret this as a small agricultural community in permanent houses. They are not sure of relationships to Chalchihuites sites. They found a possible Clovis point near the site. *The name Loma San Gabriel is not mentioned anywhere in this paper.Kelley, J. Charles . 1956TNThe Archaeology of Durango, Mexico, In Relation to Mesoamerica and the Hohokam,%Supper Conference for AnthropologistseFebruary 24, 1956hThe two objectives of this paper are to correlate the Mesoamerican and Southwest culture sequences and to outline archaeological knowledge of Durango. There is one Clovis point and several Archaic "Desert" sites. Loma San Gabriel is a simple ceramic manifestation that extends almost to the American border. Peripheral Chihuahua and Sonoran Trincheras cultures are considered to be developments out of this. Loma San Gabriel is considered closer to being a Southwest variant postdating A.D. 900. The Chalchihuites culture appears to be the primary southern influence on Hohokam prior to A.D. 1200. There are tripod vessels, engraved wares, molcajetes, obsidian blades, pyramids, courts, mounds, etc. I don't see ballcourts mentioned. Work at the Schroeder site is used to suggest two phases of Chalchihuites culture. The earlier Ayala phase has some overlap with Classic Teotihuacan. He suggests that the Ayala phase is the specific source of Mesoamerican influences on Colonial Hohokam (ca A.D. 600 - 900). Copper artifacts appear in the subsequent Rio Tunal phase and equate with a post-Classic (Toltec) occupation of Durango. There are many ties with Aztatlan culture on the west coast. This phase (Rio Tunal) is considered the source of Mesoamerican ties to Sedentary Hohokam (ca A.D. 900 - 1200). There is no archaeological information post-dating A.D. 1200 -1300. So Mesoamerican influences on Classic Hohokam must have arrived via the Sinaloa coast. Chalchihuites culture appears to have disappeared by A.D. 1400. *It's unfortunate that Kelley does not apply his arguments about diffusion through intermediate areas to this paper to explain the "complexity hiatus" between Loma San Gabriel and Casas Grandes sites, since LSG does not extend so far as he suggests. Kelley, Jane H.  1993*#The View From the Mexican Northwest^WPaper Presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, St. Louis, April 1993 l eThis paper is a regional review with an extensive bibliography. Northwest Mexico is presented as the other half of the Southwest culture spatial analysis. A thorough historical review of previous research follows. The basic point of this is that people have generally been preoccupied in either central Mexico or the American Southwest and take an interest in the middle ground only long enough to discuss large-scale regional dynamics. Assorted political and economic factors also enter into this. So the paper calls for taking Mexico out of the "black box." Northwest Mexico cannot expected to simply replicate what is found in the American Southwest. For a start there are two major physiographic differences in the form of major mountains and a coastline. But topics pursued in the U.S. could certainly be dealt with in Northwest Mexico too. Some future directions for research are suggested. Casas Grandes archaeology is in flux right now as reinterpretations of Di Peso's work accumulate. One of the more interesting issues now is how Paquim connected to outlying regions. A corollary is understanding variability in the regional system. The paper then shifts to Sonora and the issue of "statelets" and mention of some little known complexes such as Huatabampo. Discussion of Hunter-Gatherer to Agriculturalist relations follows. J.C. Kelley's Juan Sabeata paper (1955) is invoked as a reminder that mobile people (with a light archaeological trace) may have an intermediary role between sedentary groups. There is a fairly wide zone between the north end of Mesoamerica and the south end of the Greater Southwest which hold no dramatic examples of complexity. J.H. Kelley advocates a buffer zone between complex areas that serves as a spacing. This is not a formal no-man's land or the gap once thought to exist in this area (* only under the qualification of no work being done in the middle area e.g. Ekholm 1940). So Northwest Mexico offers opportunities to discuss relative placement of complex societies. The strongest closing point is that Northwest Mexico needs to be seen as more than a potential conduit between Mesoamerica and the Southwest. There is a lot to be said for cross-border co-operation. *a sound review that identifies what issues are and where things could profitably move to. A version for publication is coming out coauthored with Elisa Villalpando.Lcddcdmgmr { 6&Kelley, Jane H. Joe D. Stewart o 1991B;Proyecto Arqueolgico de Chihuahua: Trabajos de Campo 1991 |h.(Consejo de Arqueologa Boletin, por 1991 |o |l157-161sngThis is a brief report of field research in several parts of central Chihuahua including the Bustillos Basin, Babicora Basin, Rio Santa Maria, Rio Carmen and Rio Santa Clara. During the 1991 season 52 sites were recorded. One early date at CH-159 (El Zurdo) places the early component of the site around A.D. 700. There is a lot of corrugated pottery with the earlier component of this site. This site is Sayles's CHIH I:9:1. The El Zurdo drainage was also surveyed. A similar large site exists in the next drainage to the north (CH-180). Neither has substantial public architecture. Excavations at two Babicora sites on the Santa Maria are also reported. CH-151 is a small mound that is the southernmost Babicora site known to the project to date. CH-11 is the largest site on the Santa Maria (* subsequently recognized as Sayles' CHIH I:15:1). Two plainware sites (CH-217 and CH-218) were also recorded on the Santa Maria. Nineteen sites were recorded around Laguna Bustillos. One isolated Clovis point base was found. This brief report is a summary of field work to date with little analysis or interpretation.Kelley, J. Charles 19932+Zenith Passage: The View From Chalchihuitesn@:Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca ,%Anne I. Woosley and John C. Raveslootr227-250 Amerind Foundation Dragoon, Arizona The first page of this paper is biographical before moving into some discussion of other papers in this volume. Kelley accuses Riley of only paying "lip service" to the concept of a "Greater Mesoamerica". Kelley praises Doyel's paper in this volume. Doyel suggests that Mesoamerican goods may have reached Chaco via the Hohokam, which Riley is cool to. Kelley singles out the Dean and Ravesloot paper as probably being the most important contribution in this book in spite of results that must be expressed with wide errors. Di Peso's greatest error was accepting erroneous Medio dates (A.D. 1060-1340) leading him to equate Paquim with Tula and the Toltecs. Braniff (1993), and perhaps Kelley, prefer linking Cholula with events in Casas Grandes, based on revised chronology in both areas. Doolittle's paper is cited for rejecting Di Peso's idea of a major integrated irrigation system. Kelley claims that Alta Vista, a Chalchihuites ceremonial centre, is well-dated, although ambiguously in the same way as Paquim. He does equate the Calera phase of the Guadiana branch with the Diablo phase. Kelley attributes demise of the Suchil Branch to endemic warfare caused by development of "statelets" following the break-up of Teotihuacan dominated trade systems. The Guadiana branch disappeared after Tarascan expansion in West Mexico severed trade networks. Kelley proposed Hohokam - Chalchihuites connections previously. He also believes that principle types of domestic wares occur through the range of Chupicuaro-Chalchihuites-Casas Grandes cultures and do provide a source for Southwest ceramics. (This statement probably misses recent early dates from Arizona). Kelley sees plainware forming a virtual continuum along the eastern foothills of the Sierra. He criticizes Braniff and other Mesoamerican archaeologists for ignoring the existence of Loma San Gabriel culture. (* Of course Kelley has not published much that is substantial on LSG which cannot help). With the Wiegand paper Kelley gets into a discussion of trade routes up the West Coast, and the idea that Tarascan expansion cut off the American Southwest from established trade routes. Turquoise still found its way south, going around the "Tarascan blockade". This problem coincides with the revised chronology, demise of Paquim, and was, according to Kelley, the cause. Kelley expresses this as severing of the Greater Aztatlan trade route. Kelley points out that new dates for Paquim leave no room for Medio overlap with Chaco Canyon (redated by Judge to A.D. 900-1175). This raises the issue of why Chaco collapsed. Climatic deterioration is one widely accepted reason. Several of the papers in this volume accept the World System idea (with Mesoamerica) and no-one overly objects to the idea of a Greater Mesoamerica although the evidence is questioned. There are limited Mesoamerican traits at Paquim. Nearest neighbours include the Aztatlan on the Sinaloa coast, the late Chalchihuites (Guadiana Branch) in northern Durango, and probably the Malpaso culture of Zacatecas. Kelley believes that some Chalchihuites sites are clearly outposts of the Aztatlan mercantile system. He believes that traders from West Mexico crossing the Sierra into Durango represent the best bet for Mesoamerican mobile traders that transformed Paquim. There are no West Coast sherds at Paquim. There are reportedly early Aztatlan sherds in the Casas Grandes Valley. Kelley has these traders sparking events at Chaco, and later retreating to Casas Grandes, when the Chaco climate slid. archaeology Mexico Paquim$Fh Kelley, J. Charles i 1995JCTrade Goods, Traders and Status in Northwestern Greater Mesoamerica Jonathan E. Reyman^WThe Gran Chichimeca: Essays on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Northern Mesoamerica Boulder3 Westview Press102-145TViews on this topic are notably polarized. This is a review of three artifacts types generally taken to be trade goods into the Southwest: copper bells, pyrite mirrors (or mosaic plaques), and conch shell trumpets. The point of this paper is to argue that these items are status markers worn by Mesoamerican traders. There is a protracted account of where and why copper bells appear in Mesoamerica. Copper was smelted at Amapa (Nayarit) which is a site Kelley ties into his Aztatln mercantile system. Kelley claims that there is strong evidence for traders having lived among Loma San Gabriel and Chalchihuites groups. Bells are found in burials at Can del Molino, near the city of Durango, and these are presumably "high status traders" (* Haven't we heard this somewhere before?) Kelley argues for a trade route between Can del Molino and Casas Grandes. Kelley agrees with Di Peso in calling Casas Grandes a trading centre where copper was smelted. There are 688 pieces of copper from Paquim including 115 bells. Some copper bell finds from the Southwest are summarized next. Pyrite mirrors are reviewed next in a similar manner. Di Peso reports them arriving at the Convento Site in the Piln Phase. He takes this to be diagnostic of the Tezcatlipoca cult. These mirrors fall out of use around A.D. 1050. Conch shells were widely used in Mesoamerica, including West Mexico, as trumpets. In West Mexico they come from shaft tombs. There are a few conch shell trumpets from Alta Vista. There are 160 conch shell trumpets from Paquim plus a few other conch shell artifacts. These artifacts are all from Medio contexts. Some conch shell trumpets have also been excavated in Arizona and New Mexico. Kelley hypothesizes that these artifacts suggest vanguard merchants, rather than Pochteca, who ventured out as entrepreneurs. A few paragraphs of speculation about what was traded follow. *As a review this is a good article but the interpretations are hardly supported and not at all convincing.&Kelley, J. C. Villapando, M. E.t 1996*$An Overview of the Mexican Northwest Fish, P.R. Reid, J. J.ZSInterpreting Southwestern Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempe ^XArizona State University Archaeological Research Paper No. 48. Arizona State University 69-80 NW Mexico NW Mexico.'Kelley, Jane H. Villapondo, Maria Eliza. 1996*$An Overview of the Mexican Northwest & Fish, Paul R. Reid, J. JeffersonVPInterpreting Southwest Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns Tempe Arizona State University 69-80P0)Anthropological Research Papers Number 48 Kidder, Alfred Vincent s 1916:4The Pottery of the Casas Grandes District, Chihuahua |m<5The Holmes Anniversary Volume, Anthropological Essays9  Cambridge F?Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Universitye253-268w v pThe Casas Grandes district was the centre of what seems to have been the southernmost of the pueblo cultures. Little has been done about a classification or analysis of the Casas Grandes pottery. Kidder studied the Phillips Collection at the Peabody Museum which includes 190 pieces. They are primarily from around Janos, Ramos and Corralitos. He also had a quick look a the American Museum of Natural History collection made by Lumholtz and the Fred Harvey Museum collection in Albuquerque. Kidder distinguishes rough dark ware, polished blackware, redware, and painted ware. There is not much to say about the first category. There are 16 pieces of polished blackware in the Peabody Museum. The blackware generally does not run to eccentric forms. The redware is technically comparable to the blackware although not so highly polished or subjected to smothered firing. The redware comes in so many shapes that classification is practically impossible. (* Judging by Kidder's descriptions this type has since been split out into Playas Red, Playas Red Incised, and Corralitos Polychrome. Painted wares are about 70% of the collection. Pyrite (* Mica?) is sometimes used in the temper but overall temper is "scanty." There are plenty of effigy vessels in the collection which Kidder spends several pages describing. Kidder illustrates two double human effigies in the photo plates. They are connected by hollow bars. The topic changes to decoration. Kidder note that two vessels have dark green glaze decoration (* Huerigos Polychrome?). There are several pages with good illustrations describing some of the more common motifs from the polychrome pottery. In discussing the "club-like" bird elements Kidder refers to parrots (cf. macaws). There are a couple good illustrations of plumed serpents. He also mentions a few specimens that resemble those from the Gila River but lack a distinctive line break seen in Gila River pottery. (* It is not clear if he is talking about Gila Polychromes or Escondida Polychrome). In the "Relationships" section Kidder concludes that the pottery ties to the Southwest rather that to further south in Mexico. The "club-like element", which includes parrots, may be a southern influence. If it is essentially naturalistic it may be Mexican; if it is ultimately geometric it is more likely to be Southwestern. Some of the Chihuahuan pottery is suggestive of Gila River pottery as noted. This suggests contemporaneity and limited traffic. Similarities in architecture and shellwork add to this inference. Kidder also suggests connections with "the newly discovered Mimbres pottery." Shared use of negative drawing is one reason given for this. All that can be said about ages is that the Chihuahuan and Lower Gila Great House groups are probably fairly late in prehistory. Fewkes considers the Mimbres sites to be "very early" while Kidder thinks they are later.}|{bz  Kintigh, Keith W.e 1980Archaeological Clearance Investigation of the Miller Canyon Southeastern Boundary Fencing Projects, Zuni Indian Reservation, New Mexicoi Pueblo of Zuni .(Zuni Archaeology Program, Pueblo of ZuniKintigh, Keith W.o 1985B"Southern Illinois University Press "35-74 Kintigh, Keith W.n 1990:4Protohistoric Transitions in the Western Pueblo Area Minnis, P.E. Redman, C.L.n.'Perspectives on Southwestern Prehistory Bouldera Westview Press258-275Western PuebloW Pueblo protohistoricKintigh, Keith W.n 1994<6Chaco, Community Architecture, and Cibolan Aggregation Wills, W.H. Leonard, R.D.ub[The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press131-140Western Pueblo(!social integration Chaco W PuebloKintigh, Keith W.. 19960)The Cibola Region in the Post-Chacoan EraA  Adler, M.s2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press131-144Western PuebloW Pueblo4.Kintigh, Keith W. Howell, Todd L. Duff, Andrew 1996F?Post-Chacoan Social Integration at the Hinkson Site, New Mexicot Kiva61257-274tsocial integration"social integration W PuebloR0*Kidder, A.V. Cosgrove, H.S. C.B. Cosgrove  19494-The Pendelton Ruin Hidalgo County, New MexicoB Dean1993, Dean19951 Dean19964 Dean20002C Dean2000 Dean20020. Dean20072 DeAtley1980 Di Peso1951 Di Peso1968 Di Peso1968 Di Peso1968 Di Peso1974  Di Peso1974 Di Peso1976 Di Peso1979 Di Peso1980 Di Peso1981 Di Peso1983  Dickson19753 Diehl1996  Diehl1996 Diehl19964 Diehl1998 Dittert1980 Dobyns2002 Doelle19955 Doelle1995 Doelle1999D Doelle2000 Doelle2004 Dominguez1956Dongoske1997rDongoske1997[Dongoske1997Dongoske2004 Doolittle1988 Doolittle1992 Doolittle1993 Doolittle1993 Dosh19933 Douglas1987 Douglas1992 Douglas1994 Douglas1995 Douglass1995!Douglass2007 Downum1986" Downum1994 Downum1999 Doyel1977 Doyel1987 Doyel1991 Doyel1991` Doyel1992 Doyel1993" Doyel1993 Doyel1994# Dozier1951$ Dozier1958 Dozier1961% Dozier1964& Dozier1966K Dozier1970. Dregne1964 Duff1993 Duff1993} Duff19969 Duff1996 Duff19969( Duff1998+ Duff1999 Duff1999l Duff2000 Duff2002 Duff2004R Duff20044 Duff2006 Duff2007 Earle2001- Eckert1995Y Eckert1998{: Eckert2004; Eckert2006W Eckert2006c Eckert20060. Eddy1964, Eddy1996t Eder1994 Eggan19500 Eighmy19911 Ekholm19402 Ellis19644 Ellis19645 Ellis19666 Ellis1983 Ellis19903 Ellis1991 Elson1995 Elson1998 Elson20017 Epenshade1997 Epstein2002 Euler19858 Ezzo19929 Ezzo1994  Feinman2000 Fenner19744xFerguson1981rFerguson1997r: Fergusson1993 Fewkes1891< Fewkes1898= Fewkes1904> Fiero1980A Fish1975? Fish1977? Fish1977C Fish1980 Fish1990 Fish1990 Fish1991 Fish1991 Fish1992 Fish1992 Fish1994 Fish1994 Fish1994 Fish1994" Fish19949" Fish19949 Fish1996 Fish2000 Fish2000 Fish2001 Fish2001 Fish20050 Fish20050 Fitting1972I Flint2004L Fontana1959J Fontana1979K Fontana1983M Ford1972l Ford19969 Fowler1987 Fowler1987 Fowler1991M Fowler1991N Fowler1992< Fowles2004 Fowles2004g Frank1990 Freeman1962 Gallaga2007P Gasser1976Q Geib1987R Geib1988 Gersper1990/ Gilman1981{ Gilman1987n Gilman1989T Gilman19905 Gilman1994{V Gilman1994 Gilman1995{ Gilman1996Glascock1997Glowacka1998Glowacki2002Glowacki20046Glowacki2007 Gossett1985X Graham1994W Graham1998 Grange19522Y Graves1982Y Graves1998{ Graves20006= Graves2001Z Graves2002> Graves2004Graybill1975]Graybill1989 Green1990 Green1990L Greenleaf1959 Gregory1987 Gregory2007 Gregory2007 Guillet2005aGumerman1976bGumerman1976xGumerman1984Gumerman1985Gumerman1989_Gumerman1989Gumerman1994rGumerman1994Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002rman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002Gumerman2002=:8B796(Phillips, David A. Jr. 1991<6Arqueologa de la Sierra Madre Occidental en Chihuahua Len Garca, RicardoD=Historia Regional Comparada 1990: Actas del Segundo Congresot  Ciudad Juarezi ,%Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juareze,%archaeology chronology Mexico Paquimh The paper is divided by time periods with practically nothing to be said about Paleoindian and Archaic sites. Lister had some Late Archaic horizons in Cave Valley and associated maize. Guevara Sanchez reports burials in a cave near Bocoyna that are like Archaic burials from Coahuila. Zingg may have some Archaic material from the Batopilas area but that is not clear. Roughly from Madera north there are Casas Grandes sites. During Di Peso's Viejo there are Sierra occupations that are much like the Mogollon of southwest New Mexico. This includes caves in the Ro Piedras Verdes Valley that may be jacales. While working at Paquim, Di Peso also excavated two open-air sites in the Sierra. In contrast to Di Peso, Phillips believes that the Sierra sites do not post-date the fall of Paquim, but are contemporaneous. In Waterfall Cave, south of Madera, Ascher and Clune found pottery similar to Ramos polychrome. (* They found five polychrome sherds). Kearny and Zingg found plainware sites in the Sierra of southern Chihuahua. A lot of fabrics come out of the cave sites but usually at the hands of looters so context is lost. The paper closes with a call for extensive survey in the Sierra. * there are a couple cites in the bibliography to get. .'Pilles, Peter J., Jr. Katich, Joseph F.e 1967XQThe Excavation of Olla Negra: A Rockshelter Site in Central Arizona A.S.U. O:13:3 @:Manuscript on file, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.archaeology excavationReport on the excavation of Olla Negra rockshelter: site numbers O:13:3 (ASU), NA9876, and O:13:11 (MNA). Report includes analyses of some excavated materials (which are stored at ASU Anthropology Collections).cPilles, Peter J. 1981The Southern SinaguaPlateaup531e 6-17*#F 806 .P58 Location HAYDEN ARIZONAf archaeologyi archaeologyr.(Try to find excavation reports by PillesPilles, Peter J. 1981&A Review of Yavapai Archaeology Wilcox, D.R. Masse, W.B.>8The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest TempeB F?Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24e163-182N,&HAYDEN STACKS E78 .S7 P68x SHELF archaeologyPilles, Peter J. 1996ngThe Pueblo III Period Along the Mogollon Rim: The Honanki, Elden, and Turkey Hill Phases of the Sinagua Adler, Michael A.p2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Pressa 59-72l 0)Fred T. Plog James N. Hill Dwight W. Read 1976d^Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, 1971-1972: Monograph II of the Archaeological Survey  Los Angeleso University of California* Plog, Stephen  1980 tWStylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American SouthwestQ  & Cambridge  6Cambridge University Press  RLeBlanc, Steven A. 1975F@Micro-Seriation: A Method for Fine Chronological DifferentiationAmerican Antiquity40 22-38lLeBlanc, Steven A. 1975D>Micro-Seriation: A Method for Fine Chronologic DifferentiationAmerican Antiquity401 22-38t LeBlanc, Steven Ben Nelson 1976,%The Salado in Southwestern New MexicoThe Kiva421 71-79 The post-Archaic culture history of southwest New Mexico is divided into a Mogollon-Mimbres sequence, the Animas Phase, and the Cliff Phase, in this paper. There is a quick review of the Mogollon-Mimbres sequence. There is nothing that can relate this sequence to Salado but for one exception. Mimbres Classic Black on White and Gila Polychrome both have design bands and concentric band lines that correlate with vessel shape. The Animas Phase is reviewed next. DeAtley suggests that obsidian hydration dates may place the Pendleton Ruin much younger than Animas Phases sites are generally supposed to be. The authors assign an A.D. 1200's date to this phase. There is less Gila Polychrome than Ramos Polychrome on Animas sites. Mimbres cobble and masonry pueblos are replaced by adobe architecture with a few exceptions. Animas sites occur in more xeric settings. There is some evidence for Classic Mimbres to Animas continuity. There are Mimbres components in some Animas sites although this paper is not too elaborate about what the continuity is. Some Animas sites may have been true Casas Grandes outliers. They acknowledge the possibility of Gila Polychrome being from the 1200's A.D. in this area, meaning a southern origin, rather than in the Tonto Basin. The Cliff Phase is often considered Salado. The authors have excavated two Cliff Phase sites. Cliff Phase pottery is dominated by plainware and "obliterated corrugated' and Gila and Tonto Polychromes. Pinto Polychrome is rare. There is some Ramos Polychrome but no Playas Red Incised and no true corrugated pottery. Some of the Gila Polychrome is locally made. There is one 14C date of 142560 for the Cliff Phase. Two archaeomagnetic dates from the Kuykendall Site are around A.D. 1380. There is a hiatus between the Animas and Cliff sites in the Mimbres Valley. There are changes in settlement pattern and architecture. The authors suspect that the Cliff Phase represents migration out of the Middle Gila area. Cliff Phase sites are adobe and burials are cremations or extended. Most sites were apparently abandoned suddenly. They suggest that Casas Grandes fell by A.D. 1325 which should be a misunderstanding of some sort. In the final paragraph they go from considering to accepting the idea of Gila Polychrome being earlier in the south and tie it in to a very early end for Casas Grandes, meaning that the Tonto Basin is not the origin for Salado. *I doubt that much of this paper would be widely accepted today. There are questions about the validity of the Cliff Phase and this paper is off the marking about timing. If the distinctions between Animas and Cliff sites and the intervening hiatus are valid ideas, this poses some complex questions about local dynamics since htis would be difficult to transfer to Chihuahua. The claim that Animas sites are a distinct break with preceding Mimbres-Mogollon is interesting since some would claim Animas, if part of Casas Grandes, might also be Mogollon.l< LeBlanc, Steven A. T 1980"The Dating of Casas GrandestAmerican Antiquity454o799-806w V ODates are an important part of understanding relationships between Casas Grandes and the rest of the Southwest. Di Peso thought Paquim was founded in A.D. 1060, began a decline in 1261, and fell in A.D. 1344. Leblanc argues that the site was founded between 1130 and 1150 and ceased to be a major centre by 1300. This is Leblanc's Medio range for Casas Grandes. Di Peso has a lot of hydration dates from Casas Grandes but they are useless because there is evidently something wrong with the hydration curve. The obsidian sources are unknown anyway. There are only ten 14C dates from Paquim and they are none too definitive. There are also 53 noncutting tree ring dates for the site. Tree ring dates provide no support for a Medio date before A.D. 1130. Several trade pottery types occur at Paquim. None date as early as the mid 1100's. Kidder et al. (1949) suggested that the Black Mountain phase and some Animas sites are within the Casas interaction sphere. (* In 1949 there was no Black Mountain Phase defined). Common traits with no Mogollon antecedent include raised platform hearths with wedge-shaped openings, post-holes with stone bases, and ceramic overlaps. The following Cliff Phase does not resemble Casas Grandes at all. (* This is open to debate even with a lot of Salado influence allowed for). Mimbres B/W is a common Viejo time tradeware that is not in the Medio at Paquim. The Black Mountain phase is intrusive into Mogollon, so represents an expansion of the Casas Grandes system. It follows that Casas Grandes had to be founded before the Black Mountain phase. A terminal date of about A.D. 1130 for classic Mimbres is well established. LeBlanc considers Casas Grandes intrusion into the Mimbres area (southern New Mexico) to occur between A.D. 1120 and 1180. This is based on what is known about Casas and dates from two Black Mountain sites. LeBlanc thinks that Paquim went into decline around A.D. 1275 or 1300. Di Peso thought Casas Grandes was contemporary with Chaco and Classic Mimbres. LeBlanc correctly says that this is impossible. They both collapsed as Casas Grandes developed. The Hohokam Civano phase seems to follow closely on the collapse at Casas Grandes around A.D. 1300. He states that the implications of this are "quite large" but says no more on the topic. LeBlanc rejects environment as a cause for all this.LeBlanc, Steven A. 1983LEThe Mimbres People: Ancient Pueblo Painters of the American Southwest London Thames and HudsonMogollon/MimbresMimbres generalmq$. l%EPH.Stephen H. Leksone  1995 nQChaco Canyon, Casas Grandes, and the Cognitive Structure of the Ancient Southwest 0American Antiquity?  1e 1i  1-33 Lekson proposes a cognitive meridian between Casas Grandes and Chaco Canyon Pg. 15 of 2nd draft: "The North Road's 'as built' alignment reflects both meridian north and the locations of terrain features (hills, buttes, notches etc) that provided convenient visual fore- and back-sights along the meridian. Sharply cone-shaped hills or pinnacles, such as the site of 'El Faro' at the Pierre's site complex (about 20km north of Chaco Canyon) are almost on the cardinal alignment, supported large fire-boxes, for night sighting and signaling along the road's route. Presumably, the North Road was laid out by referencing visually prominent features, such as 'El Faro,' which lay only a few meters off the cardinal alignment.s PaquimLekson, Stephen H. 1995 Introduction,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14 99-103 migration Southwestern US .(Lekson, Stephen H. Cameron, Catherine M. 1995lfThe Abandonment of Chaco Canyon, the Mesa Verde Migrations, and the Reorganization of the Pueblo World,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14184-202haabandonment aggregation Anasazi Chaco Canyon Mesa Verde migration Pueblo religion Southwestern USLekson, Stephen H. 199660Southwestern New Mexico and Southeastern Arizona Adler, Michael A.\0*The Prehistoric Pueblo World: AD 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press170-176Lekson, Stephen H. 200260Salado Archaeology of the Upper Gila, New MexicoD=Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona Number 67 Tucson University of Arizon PressStephen H. Lekson 20026/Salado Archaeolog of the Upper Gila, New Mexico Tucson "University of Arizona Pressr<5Lekson, Stephen H. Bletzer, Michael MacWilliams, A.C. 2004("Pueblo IV in the Chihuahuan Desert (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.u4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona PressW 53-61 Lekson, Stephen H. 2006RKThe Archaeology of Chaco Canyon: An Eleventh-Century Pueblo Regional Centert Santa Fe :3School of American Research Advanced Seminar SeriesfLekson, Stephen H. 2006HBArchaeology of the Mimbres Region, Southwestern New Mexico, U.S.A.$BAR International Series 1466 Oxford Bassingstoke Press(!Leonard, Robert D. Reed, Heidi E. 1993ZSPopulation Aggregation in the Prehistoric American Southwest: A Selectionist ModelAmerican Antiquity584g648-661cB;Read for Paul Minnis' Advanced SW Studies Class, Fall 1996.nThe settlement practices of the prehistoric Anasazi of the North American Southwest exhibited shifts from the occupation of dispersed settlements to aggregated villages in many locales both concurrently and at different times. Explaining the nature and timing of these shifts has long been a focus of interest to researchers working in the Southwest. We present a model that outlines the relations among population growth, population dispersion and aggregation, regional abandonments, the nature of specialized systems of production, labor organization, climatic change, and the role fo natural selection in producing evolutionary explanations. We offer the hypothesis that aggregation is the product of changes in the organization of corporate labor related to the stabilization of specialized strategies of resource production in response to changes in environmental conditions. Goal is to explain aggregation/abandonment, not just describe these with reference to variables. DO they do this? Aggregation/abandonment are seen as extremes in a continuum of variable corporate labor activity. They make some empirical generalizations: generalized strategy => low population, stable adaptation specialized strategy => high population, unstable adaptation population increase doesn't cause aggregation, because pop'n increase is a result of successful adaptation. More specialilzed strategies are selected for, so unstable adaptation and higher pop'n selected. Thus aggregation is (at least as for simple increased clustering of people in a time across space) the result of differentially successful applications of specialization strategies, especially if stabilization tactics (storage, irrigation, etc) are added. Their equation: Production = land * moisture * labor labor responds to changes in land/moisture. Increase in labor is seen in aggregation. A corollary (?) is that if labor demand decreases, labor can be channeled into public works, roads, etc... so these are epiphenomenal..voArchaeology aggregation abandonment selection theory models Anasazi social organization agriculture environment Levy, J. E.p 1992HAOrayvi Revisited: Social Stratification in an Egalitarian Societyr Santa Fe (!School of American Research Pressb leadership:3ethnographic Puebloan leadership social integrationNLiebmann, Matthew J. 2002rlSigns of Power and Resistance: The (Re)creation of Christian Imagery and Identities in the Pueblo Revolt Era Robert W. Preucelb,&The Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt  Albuquerquei $University of New Mexico PressLiebmann, Matthew J. 2006"Burn the Churches, Break Up the Bells": The Archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt Revitalization Movement in New Mexico, A.D. 1680-1696e University of PennsylvaniaPh.D. Dissertation"Kent G. Lightfoot Fred Plog 1984>8Intensification along the North Side of the Mogollon Rim "Suzanne K. Fish Paul R. Fish:4Prehistoric Agricultural Strategies in the Southwest Tempe Arizona State University33179-195&Anthropological Research PapersdLightfoot, Ricky R.P 19932,Abandonment Processes in prehistoric Pueblos`YAbandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches .'Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomkaa165-177r Cambridge University Press  CambridgeLightfoot, Ricky R.o 1994JCThe Duckfoot Site, Volume 2: Archaeology of the House and Householdn Cortez, Colorado @9Occasional Paper No. 4, Crow Canyon Archaeological Centern MVKsAnasazieZbLeBlanc, Steven A. 1997`ZA comment on Hegmon and Trevathan's 'Gender, anatomical knowledge, and pottery production'American Antiquity624n723-726lJDgender, Mimbres, Southwest, New Mexico, ceramics, ceramic productionLeBlanc, Steven A. 1998ZSSettlement Consequences of Warfare During the Late Pueblo III and Pueblo IV Periods Spielmann, K.A.RLMigration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest Tempe @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 51conflict"settlement patterns conflictSteven A. LeBlanc 19994-Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest2 Salt Lake City University of Utah PressLeBlanc, Steven A. 2001@:Warface and Aggregation in the El Morro Valley, New Mexico & Rice, Glen E. LeBlanc, Steven A.JCDeadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfarey Salt Lake City University of Utah Press 19-49iLeBlanc, Steven A. 2001@:Warfare and Aggregation in the El Morro Valley, New Mexico & Rice, Glen E. LeBlanc, Steven A.JCDeadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare Salt Lake City University of Utah Press 19-50Lehmer, Donald J.  1948("The Jornada Branch of the Mogollon>7University of Arizona Social Science Bulletin Number 17 Tucson "University of Arizona Pressw99*$The Jornada Branch divides into two: ** North South ** San Andres El Paso ** Three Rivers Dona Ana ** Capitan Mesilla ** ** Lehmer's views are largely based on fieldwork in the Tularosa Basin. Descriptions of regional physiography and excavated sites follow. This includes pithouse and pueblo sites. The puebloan Bradfield Site, near Las Cruces, is considered a typical El Paso Phase village. Pottery includes Gila, Ramos and Babicora Polychromes plus Playas Red Incised. A few Ramos and Babicora sherds show up at pueblo sites near Almogordo although El Paso Polychrome is far more abundant. There is also an interesting collection of stone effigies from these sites. There were a few flexed burials below floors and presumably more burials (not found) elsewhere. The Jornada area is described as extending from above Carrizozo to below Villa Ahumada, and from 75 miles west of El Paso to 150 miles east of El Paso. The southern limit is largely based on Brand's work. Mesilla phase structures are pit houses with El Paso Brown pottery. No Dona Ana Phase sites were excavated as of 1948. They seem to have used both pithouses and contiguous roomblocks. Intrusive pottery includes Mimbres Classic Black on White and Alma Plain. The distribution for the El Paso Phase is roughly the southern two thirds of the Jornada area. Consistent intrusives in El Paso Phase sites include Gila Polychrome, Ramos Polychrome and Playas Red Incised. There are a few Babicora Polychromes also. El Paso sites have basin metates, palettes, copper bells, animal effigies, and stone balls. Gila Polychrome was presumably obtained from the Animas Phase. There are isolated occurrences of El Paso Polychrome from around Phoenix to Presidio, Texas. Lehmer "predicts" that it will also occur in Ramos Phase sites in Chihuahua. El Paso Phase intrusives, including Ramos Polychrome, consistently date to the 13th and 14 centuries. The El Paso Phase probably disappeared by A.D. 1375 or 1400. The El Paso Phase was originally named by Sayles.c*(d, Robert D. Reed, Heidi E. 1993ZSPopulation Aggregation in the Prehistoric American Southwest: A Selectionist ModelAmerLekson, Stephen H. d 1992Salado of the East & Richard C. lange Stephen GermickSecond Salado Conference Phoenixo| 17-21D|e | uThe region Lekson is discussing is a wedge from the Tonto Basin to Roswell and Casas Grandes. Large pueblos with Salado polychromes appear in the northern Chihuahuan desert, in unoccupied valleys, quite suddenly. Salado is clinal over its range with the one common denominator being the pottery. The appearance of Salado coincides with an interval of widespread, but variable, changes in the Southwest. There is a general premise that Casas Grandes emerges before Salado, and also that the Animas Phase is simply a northern expression of Casas Grandes. But Animas sites always have Salado polychromes. Escondida polychrome is referred to a local imitation of Salado polychrome. Lekson rejects the idea of a separate Animas Phase. He cites LeBlanc (1986) as saying it exists and predates Salado. Lekson states that the Animas Phase is invoked as a gap filler between the end of Mimbres and start of Salado, around A.D. 1275-1300. LeBlanc (1980) proposed the Black Mountain phase as a Mimbres Valley phase that has ties to Casas Grandes and predates Salado. To Lekson this is a western manifestation of the El Paso Phase. Lekson believes that between the Mimbres and Salado occupations there is no-one in the area. Some Animas sites are dated. The dates consistently fall into the mid and late 1300's. There is a hint of a cluster around A.D. 1380-1390. So Animas, Casas Grandes and Salado are contemporary. Southeast Arizona was occupied in the centuries preceding Salado. The distributions of Salado and Chihuahuan polychromes is clinal dropping off from their respective source or main areas. So Salado sites are simply the ones closer to central Arizona and Casas Grandes sites are the ones closer to Paquim. Dutch Ruin, near Redrock, New Mexico, has Salado ceramics (12%) and Chihuahuan ceramics (1.5%). This is the only site of its time along a stretch of the Gila River and is located beside a source of ricolite or serpentine. There is a lot of Redrock ricolite at Paquim. It is second to shell as an import into the site. Lekson concludes, that although the site is Salado based on pottery, it is obviously tied to Paquim. Chihuahuan pottery occurs in minor amounts on other sites along the upper Gila River. At Joyce Well there is four time more Chihuahuan that Salado pottery, plus elevated platform firepits and an "I"-shaped ballcourt. But Pendelton Ruin, Clanton Draw and Box canyon do not have distinct architecture in spite of comparable ceramic assemblages. So, on ceramics these are Casas Grandes sites and on architecture they are Salado sites. There are three major hunting and gathering areas in the "Greater Southwest." These are the Mogollon uplands, the Rio Grande Valley and the northern Sierra Madres. Post-Mimbres, all three areas were barely inhabited. But by A.D. 1200 Anasazi people moved into the Mogollon uplands and sites begin appearing on the Rio Grande at about the same time. Citing Minnis, he states that the northern Sierra Madres were practically empty until A.D. 1200 or a bit sooner (I am doubtful on this point). In the Mogollon uplands and Sierra Madres big sites last one or two centuries while big settlements continued on the Rio Grande where intensification was practical and bison were accessible. *Throughout the paper Lekson avoids calling Salado anything, such as a culture, phase, etc. There are a couple unpublished citations given for Animas site dates.,&Lekson, Steve H. Cameron, Catherine M. 1995leThe Abandonment of Chaco Canyon, the Mesa Verde Migration, and the Reorganization of the Pueblo Worlde,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology142184-202 abandonment Chaco Anasazi abandonment skim  e, Randall H. Villalpando C., Maria Elisa Holmlund, James P. O'Donovan, Maria 1995xrCerro de Trincheras Mapping Project: Final Technical Report to the National Geographic Society for Grant #4454-9182  Cerro de Trincheras was mapped duMcGuire, Randall H. 1989:3The Greater Southwest as a Periphery of Mesoamerica T. C. Champion@9Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology London Allen and Unwini 40-66i  This paper dwells on the epistemology of integrating local relations of production and long-range interactions, and incorporating ideology and human action into reconstructions. The paper is written from a neo-marxist perspective. McGuire presents Casas Grandes as part of the later Mogollon sequence. He considers it the most Mesoamerican of sites in the Southwest. This observations leads into an explanation of Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, which he is none too enamoured with. McGuire states that the Southwest was never more than a very minor part of the Mesoamerican World system. He presents "relations of production" as a preferred alternative and adopts Wolf's view in which these relations are "mystified" so that participants cannot see the true nature of social relations. (* A condescending theory). Kin ordered and tributary modes of production apply here. Tribute implies standing armies in McGuire's view, which are not evident in the Southwest. He envisions a situation where kin-based elites became dependent on outsiders for provision of their symbols of power. The Hohokam had such a system by A.D. 700 and Chaco by 950. In the Chaco system prestige goods of clear Mesoamerican origin occur only in the larger sites. Southwestern prestige goods, of assumed lesser value, occur in smaller communities. Chacoans probably traded turquoise south in return for Mesoamerican goods. The rise of Casas Grandes may have cut off the flow of luxury goods to Chaco creating a crisis in leadership. (* I doubt this since the timing is probably not workable). So there is a late 13th century stress that is environmental and social. The new ideology to emerge from this stress is the Katchina cult which has a revivalist aspect to it. This cult has an ultimate Mesoamerican ancestry as many of the motifs indicate. So in summary, the sequence of events McGuire sees leading to the Chacoan collapse is severe drought, the rise of Paquim, loss of Chacoan leaders to negotiate between kin factions, and ideological crisis leading to a crisis cult. * The ideas are interesting but this is a story in a lot of ways since marxist economics have ill-suited assumptions given the context, and there is thin evidence of exchange dynamics as McGuire perceives them.,%McGuire, Randall H. Villapando, M. E.a 19914.Prehistory and the Making of History in Sonora  Thomas, D.H.Columbian Consequences Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press15159-178W NW MexicoW NW Mexicotive Prestige Structures in the Pueblo SouthwestAmerican Anthropologist69322-338Minnis, Paul E.o 1981& Social Adaptation to Food Stress Chicagoc "University of Chocago Presso otherd*$agriculture diet environment MimbresMinnis, Paul E.o 1985>8Domesticating Plants and People in the Greater Southwest  Ford, R. I. 2,Prehistoric Food Production in North America  Ann Arborb TMAnthropological Papers No. 74, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan309-339early agricultureyagriculture, early dietMinnis, Paul E.o 1985JDSocial Adaptation to Food Stress: A Prehistoric Southwestern Example Chicago "University of Chicago PresseMogollon/Mimbres.'ethnobot diet Mimbres human impact risk ("Minnis, Paul E. Redman, Charles L. 1990*$Perspectives on Southwest Prehistory Boulderh Westview Pressgeneral referencei SW generalsomewhat out of date&:nLipe, William D. 1989.(Social Scale of Mesa Verde Anasazi Kivas Lipe, W. D. Hegmon, M.D=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos Cortez, Colorado d]Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Occasional Papers No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center 53-72social integration social integration Anasazi(!Lipe, William D. Hegmon, Michellet 1989`YHistorical Perspectives on Architecture and Social Integration in the Prehistoric PueblosA Lipe, W. D. Hegmon, M.D=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos Cortez, Colorado d]Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Occasional Papers No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Centersocial integration"social integration Puebloan (!Lipe, William D. Hegmon, Michelle  1989D=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblosr Cortez, Colorado b\Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Occasional Paper No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Centergeneral reference"social integration Puebloana selections    & .o/ ) BXs9b X  *~t RZ qu}O  hp  X 2:  @ 8>KQ!)q0a zG T  qjM _  57 4%CE * 2? : Lister, Robert H.  1946@:Survey of Archaeological Remains in Northwestern Chihuahua*$Southwestern Journal of Anthropology2h4,433-453  This article is based on a 1936 survey when Donald Brand took a UNM field school into Chihuahua. The purpose was to search for a source for "Chihuahua culture." They concluded that the earliest Chihuahuan pottery is derived from a Mogollon source in southern New Mexico, then influenced by Mimbres and Salado, in turn. During 1936 they found no sites with good stratigraphy (presumably for seriation). They also conclude that the Chihuahuan cliff sites post-date the inland basin sites. The first part of the trip was spent surveying and collecting sites. This includes time in the Guerrero area which they reached from Chihuahua City. There are three main phases to the project: survey along the Garabato River, excavation at the Agua Zarca Site, and excavation at the La Morita Site. In the Rio Garabato survey they camped 14 miles northwest of Las Varas and recorded cave sites. Several caves, some previously recorded, are briefly described. Garabato No.7 is Cuarenta Casas. The Agua Zarca Site is southwest of Janos. There are several mounds at this site. (* Brand visited this site in 1931 and includes it on his 1933 map. Minnis and Whelan surveyed this area in 1995). Brand (with Lister et al.) dug four trenches at this site. The few burials they excavated and could interpret were seated. The La Morita Site is on the Carretas about 10 miles northwest of the Agua Zarca Site. Brand (1933) also stopped at this site in 1931. They dug only one trench at La Morita. Finds include one Carretas olla. This site has Carretas and Huerigos Polychrome unlike the Agua Zarca Site. There is a table of sherd type frequencies. They found four burials that were "generally" in a sitting position. In the Conclusions Lister states that the basin and cave sites must have been at least partially contemporaneous. But he restates the idea of people retreating to the caves. They did not find "t"-shaped doorways at either site during the trenching. A summary of similarities between basin and cave sites follows. By cross-dating pottery they believe that migrations into the Sierra occurred between A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1400. Lister cites Gladwin's idea of a Salado migration into northwest Chihuahua after A.D. 1350. Chihuahua sites seem to lack extensive refuse mounds which may mean a short-lived culture or frequent moving (* or not finding the middens or throwing garbage into active washes). Pottery types suggest that both tested sites were not occupied for too long. They close by saying Agua Zarca was more "advanced", possibly because La Morita was, "more on the periphery", or a different age. * Interesting but this falls far short of being a site report on the excavations. Lister never does get around to explaining why the pottery is reportedly derived from a Mogollon source.(!Lister, Robert H. Agnes M. Howard 195560The Chalchihuites Culture of Northwestern MexicoAmerican Antiquity212122-129The culture is named after the Chalchihuites site in western Zacatecas. The area involved is Durango and Zacatecas. Mason and Brand believe the northern limit is around Zape, 150 miles north of Durango (city). La Quemada is part of this. Data for this article is primarily from surface contexts. Most Chalchihuites sites around Durango are near or on top of large hills. Traits include rectangular stone house outlines, hillside terracing, and non-cremation urn burials. Pottery falls into six categories: ** i) heavy brownware ** ii) red on brown ware ** iii) grooved redware ** iv) white on red ware ** v) incised ware ** vi) cloisonn ware Among these ware lugs and tripod legs often occur. There are also a few tradewares that are likely from central Mexico. Other clay artifacts include spindle whorls, pipes, figurines and beads. Full-grooved, 3/4-grooved and double-grooved axes are common. There are some mauls. Manos and metates are common. Trough metates, closed at one end, and made of vesicular basalt are common. Manos are often near rectangular forms worked on both sides. Mortars, pestles and carved stone effigies are also present. Cruciforms about one inch across are also present. There are also shell and copper ornaments. Overall this is a material-rich culture. Most of these traits are widespread in Mexico. The authors agree with the longstanding idea that Chalchihuites is the northernmost extension of Mesoamerican culture. They list the aforementioned traits that are linked to Mesoamerica, but also note many other traits are too widespread too be diagnostic of Mesoamerica. They link this temporally to the Toltec horizon at A.D. 900 to 1200. This is a period of widespread cultural development. They talk about coastal and inland contact routes to the south, concluding both were used. Lister et al. suggest that there are some Southwestern elements also: possibly grooved stone axes, shell bracelets (particularly with Hohokam), and painting small naturalistic human or animal figures on red or brown pottery. They are unsure about a contact route with the Southwest but vaguely endorse the Sierra Madres.Pt0)Margaret C. Nelson Karen Gust Schollmeyery 2003^XGame Resources, Social Interaction, and the Ecological Footprint in Southwest New Mexico2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Thoeryl102e 69-110RLMargaret C. Nelson Hegmon, Michelle Kulow, Stephanie Schollmeyer, Karen Gust 2006~xArchaeological and Ecological Perspectives on Reorganization: A Case Study from the Mimbres Region of the U.S. SouthwestAmerican Antiquity713403-432Neuzil, Anna A.o 2005f`Corrugated Ceramics and Migration in the Pueblo II to Pueblo IV Transition, Silver Cree, Arizona Kiva71101-124 Ortiz, A.m 1969JDThe Tewa World: Space, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society Chicagoo "University of Chicago Pressl ethnographicethnographic Puebloanjust know about itOrtiz, Alfonso 1972JCThe Tewa World: Space, Time, Being and Becoming in a Pueblo Societyg Chicago "University of Chicago Press 197o Ortiz, Alfonso 1972&New Perspectives on the Pueblosc0*School of American Research Research Books  Albuquerquer $University of New Mexico Press Ortiz, Alfonso 1979("Handbook of North American Indians Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Pressv9o Ortiz, A. 1994.(The Dynamics of Pueblo Cultural Survival Demallie, R. Adams, R. N.fHANorth American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture Norman "University of Oklahoma Press296-306# ethnographicethnographic Puebloan?.A"^(0Longacre, William A.  1970 H+Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies   ( Albuquerquei  :University of New Mexico Press $ix, 247e  i>7William A. Longacre Kenneth L. Kvamme Masashi Kobayashia 1988\VSouthwestern POttery Standardization: An Ethnoarchaeological View from the PhilippinesThe Kiva532A101-112 &William A. Longacre Miram Stark  19926/Ceramics, Kinship, and Space: A Kalinga Example,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology11125-136Lowell, Julie C. 1988PIThe Social use of space at Turkey Creek Pueblo: An Architectural AnalysisoThe Kiva532s 85-100Lyneis, Margaret 1996^XPueblo II-Pueblo III Change in Southwestern Utah, the Arizona Strip, and Southern Nevada Adler, Michael A.e2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 11-28tLyons, Patrick D.i 2001B7Chapters in the Prehistory of Eastern Arizona, Volume I Fieldiana Anthropology Chicagoe $Chicago Natural History Museum53 Martin, Paul. S. Plog, F. 1973B8archaeology Sonora mexico trincheras geography geography rs(!McGuire, Randall H. Saitta, R. D.b 1996yAlthough They Have Petty Captains, they Obey Them Badly: The Dialectics of Prehispanic Western Pueblo Social OrganizationAmerican Antiquity61197-216 leadership,&social integration leadership PuebloanMeline, James F. 1966Two Thousand Mils on Horseback, Santa Fe and Back: A Summer Tour Through Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico, in the Year 1866 New York Hurd and HoughtonMera, Harry Percival 1939Style trends of Pueblo pottery in the Rio Grande and Little Colorado cultural areas from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century  Santa Fe, NM  Waverly PressWilliam L. Merrill 1983JDTarahumara Social Organization, Political Organization, and Religion Ortiz, Alfonso4-Southwest, Handbook of North American Indianso Washington, D. C.i Smithsonian Institutiont10290-305i Laura Michalik 2005|vCultural Resources Inventory of the Proposed Outlaw Hideaway Subdivision East of Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico 0*Report prepared by Archaeological ServicesMills, Barbara J.e 1989jdIntegrating Functional Analyses of Vessels and Sherds through Models of Ceramic Assemblage FormationWorld Archaeologyt211{133-147*$Mills, Barbara J. Crown, Patricia L. 19952,Ceramic Production in the American Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona PresstMills, Barbara J. 1999PJCeramics and Social Contexts of Food Consumption in the Northern Southwest & Skibo, James M. Feinman, Gary M.0)Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction Salt Lake City University of Utah Press Mills, Barbara J.r 2000D>Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest Tucson "University of Arizona Press- 299social integration, Thomas H.l 1995>7Casas Grandes Outlier Ballcourts in Northwest pSGary P. Nabhan Amadeo M. Rea Karen L. Reichhardt Eric Mellink Charles F. Hutchinsonr  1982 4Journal of Ethnobiology 2 2 $124-143 $ecology lOPapago Influences on Habitat and Biotic Diversity: Quitovac Oasis Ethnoecologya N2Quitovac, Sonora, is an oasis and Papago Indian community in the U.S./Mexico borderlands, 54 km from an analagous (sic) oasis, Quitobaquito, in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Comparison of the two sites provides insight into how traditional Papago subsistence and land use affects habitat and biotic Diversity. Quitovac's springs and modified lagoon have been utilized by Papago farmers for centuries. Around these perennial water sources, Papago land and plant management practices created eight large scale and two small scale vegetation associations. These provided habitat for a Diversity of plants, birds and mammals, many of which the Papgo harvest for utilitarian or religious purposes. Over 138 species of plants, 14 mamals and 103 birds are documented from a 5 ha study site at the oasis. The concentration of utlized speices in certain habitats clearly affects how these habitats are managed. Since the initiation of the study, however, a 125 ha area was cleared and levelled for irrigated agriculture. This has dramatically altered life at Quitovac.  Nabhan, G. P. 1985Gathering the Desert Tucson "University of Arizona Press 209 MinnisSonora ethnobotanyyNabhan discusses the ecological relationships between indigenous groups of the Sonoran desert and several species of indigenous plants, including their changes through time. The plants discussed are creosote bush, agave, sandfood (Pholisma sonorae), mesquite, organpipe cactus, amaranth, teparies, chiltepines, devil's claw, panicgrass, and gourds (Cucurbita foetidissima and C. sororia.) Nabhan focuses on the symbiotic relationships between these plants and animals, including humans, and pays special attention to their increasing scarcity in recent times, as well as new valuations of these plants for medicinal or other value.a   ^ g y { Pt0)Margaret C. Nelson Karen Gust Schollmeyery 2003^XGame Resources, Social Interaction, and the Ecological Footprint in Southwest New Mexico2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Thoeryl102e 69-110RLMargaret C. Nelson Hegmon, Michelle Kulow, Stephanie Schollmeyer, Karen Gust 2006~xArchaeological and Ecological Perspectives on Reorganization: A Case Study from the Mimbres Region of the U.S. SouthwestAmerican Antiquity713403-432Neuzil, Anna A.o 2005f`Corrugated Ceramics and Migration in the Pueblo II to Pueblo IV Transition, Silver Cree, Arizona Kiva71101-124 Ortiz, A.m 1969JDThe Tewa World: Space, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society Chicagoo "University of Chicago Pressl ethnographicethnographic Puebloanjust know about it Ortiz, Alfonso 1979("Handbook of North American Indians Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Pressv9o Ortiz, A. 1994.(The Dynamics of Pueblo Cultural Survival Demallie, R. Adams, R. N.fHANorth American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture Norman "University of Oklahoma Press296-306# ethnographicethnographic Puebloan' 8Pailes, Richard A. 198060The Upper Rio Sonora Valley in Prehistoric Trade6/Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Sciencee724o 20-39 archaeology Mexico t nPailes endorses logical-positivism and general systems theory. Taylor (1954) believed that Kidder was much influenced by the culture area concept, which in turn, sent Southwest archaeology into a very regional philosophy, in which Mesoamerica was evaluated only as a separate place, and source of a few important practices. In a seamless sequence from Basketmaker to classic Pueblo the Valley of Mexico seems remote and irrelevant. Beals (1932) added northwest Mexico into the picture with his concept of "Greater Southwest." Some theoretical discussion of Mesoamerican - Southwest interaction in the language of general systems theory is next, followed by an endorsing review of world systems theory. The convenience of the Pochteca idea is that archaeologists can invoke it without having to worry about the territory in between. Some trade goods in eastern Sonora include: marine shell, copper crotals, Guasave red pottery, unidentified West Mexican sherds, and effigy vessels. Trade can come in many forms, several of which are enumerated (e.g. any interested individuals, elite control, pochteca). On this project they recorded 279 sites, most of which are in the upper Rio Sonora Valley. Most of them look to have been permanent habitations. Court platforms from a couple sites are described. They did partial excavations at 34 sites. There are large sites but none that are identified as secondary centres. One of the sites they worked at, San Jos, had a house in pit with 14C intercepts of A.D. 1075 and 1085 (* not clear if these are calibrated). This feature had over 100,000 sherds. Four sites suggest "an intravalley pyral system comparable to the signal system reported by Di Peso". These sites are on high spots and have rings of stone about two metres in diameter. Each one is visible from the previous site moving up the valley. The original idea of a Rio Sonora culture is attributed to Amsden. Pailes believes this should be extended to cover eastern Sonora and even into northern Sinaloa. In the north it is linked directly with Chihuahuan culture. Amsden also considered surface texturing to be an important part of Rio Sonora culture. To Pailes this pottery is indistinguishable from Convento incised and Casas Grandes incised pottery. In combination, the pottery and architecture resemble Di Peso's Viejo period, followed (in Sonora) by a non-elaborate Medio period. Pailes likens the area to a frontier of Paquim. Things seem to happen later in the Rio Sonora so are perhaps a westward expansion of Chihuahuan events. So, people related to Casas Grandes controlled trade routes. There is not much trade pottery but most of it is Chihuahuan. (* There is no mention of sourcing work raising the question of where it was made). There is a bit of Santa Cruz polychrome. * This paper gives no compelling case for the models Pailes endorses, in part as he notes, because these are questions not settled with any one study. But Pailes never takes up the issue of why some trade requires regional organization based on trade. He presents no major evidence that it was a major economic or social focal point of Rio Sonora culture. XmR R wP Adams, E. C. 1998VPLate Prehistory in the Middle Little Colorado River Area: A Regional Perspective Spielmann, K.A.dRLMigration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest Tempe @:Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 51Western Pueblo W Pueblo P IVfAdams, E. Charles 2004PIHomol'ovi: A 13th-14th Century Settlement Cluster in Northeastern Arizonan (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.e4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Press119-127:4Adams, E. Charles LaMotta, Vincent M. Dongoske, Kurt 20040)Hopi Settlement Clusters Past and Presentd (!Adams, E. Charles Duff, Andrew I.4.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Press128-136f &E. Charles Adams Andrew I. Duff 20044.The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275-1600 Tucson "University of Arizona Presst.Adler, Michael A.i  1989 \?Ritual Facilities and Social Integration in Nonranked Societiesl  >!Lipe, William D. Hegmon, Michelled Z=The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos  ,Cortez, Colorado  >!Crow Canyon Archaeological Center "35-52 .'Adler, Michael A. Wilshusen, Richard H. 1990leLarge-Scale Integrative Facilities in Tribal Societies: Cross-Cultural and Southwestern U.S. ExamplessWorld Archaeologyl222h133-144 social integration$SW general social integration Adler, M. Wilshusen, R.H.r 1990leLarge-Scale Integrative Facilities in Tribal Societies: Cross-Cultural and Southwestern U.S. Examples6World Archaeologye222133-144Isocial integration$SW general social integrationAdler, Michael 1994\VPopulation Aggregation and the Anasazi Social Landscape: A View from the Four Corners &Wills, W. H. Leonard, Robert D.snhThe Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico Press 85-101  Adler, M. A. 19962,The Prehistoric Pueblo World: A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Pressrgeneral referencen SW general selectionsAdler, Michael A.s 1996JCLand Tenure, Archaeology, and the Ancestral Pueblo Social Landscape,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology154337-371settlement patternsJ4.Anasazi settlement patterns social integration:3Adler, Michael A. Van Pool, Todd Leonard, Robert D.  1996^WAncestral Pueblo Population Aggregation and Abandonment in the North American Southwest"Journal of World Prehistory103375-4384.abandonment aggregation Pueblo Southwestern USAhlstrom, Richard V. N..:4The interpretation of archaeological tree-ring dates 19852 v. (687 leaves)iby Richard Van Ness Ahlstrom. Thesis (Ph. D. - Anthropology)--University of Arizona, 1985. Bibliography: leaves 662-688. ps/el.fVPDendrochronology. Southwest, New History Chronology. Southwest, New Antiquities.F@Ahlstrom, Richard V.N., Jeffrey S. Dean, and William J. Robinson 1991:4Evaluating Tree-ring Interpretations at Walpi PuebloAmerican Antiquity564628-644 lTamaron y Romeral, Pedro Tawater, Art Taylor, A.J.Taylor, Judith RoweTaylor, Judy RoweTeague, Lynn S. Tefft, S.Tefft, Stanton K. Thomas, D.H.Tkaczuk, D. C.Tkaczuk, Diane ClaireToll, H. Wolcott,(Tomka, Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, S. A. Tooker, E. Triadan, D.Triadan, DanielaTrombold, C. D.Tuggle, H. DavidTurner, Christy G. IITwitchell, Ralph E. Ugan, A. Unknown Upham, S.Upham, SteadmanVaillant, G.C.Van Dyke, R.M.Van Dyke, Ruth M.Van Keuren, ScottVan Keuren, Scott G.Van Pool, Christine S.Van Pool, ToddVan West, CarlaVan West, Carla R.Van Zandt, TinekeVarien, Mark D.$ Varien, Mark D. and James Potter Villalpando C., Maria ElisaVillapando, M. E.Villapondo, Maria Eliza Vivian, B. C.Vivian, Brain C. Vivian, R.G. Vogel, JosephWade, Edwin L.(#Wade, Edwin L. and Lea S. McChesneyWallace, H. D.Wallace, Henry D.Walsh-Anduze, Mary-EllenWard, Albert E. Ware, John A.Watson, Patty JoWauchope, RobertWeber, David J.Webster, D. L.Webster, Laurie D.Weed, Carol S.Weigand, Phil C.Welch, John R.Wells, E. Christian Welsh, J.R. Wendorf, F. Wendorf, FredWengard, Sherman A.West, Carla R. VanWestfall, Deborah A.Whalen, Michael E.White, Leslie A. Whiteley, P.Whiteley, PeterWhiteley, Peter M.Whittlesey, StephanieWhittlesey, Stephanie M. Wilcox, D.R. Wilcox, DavidWilcox, David R.Wilcox, Michael V. Wills, W. H. Wills, W.H.$!Wills, W.H. and Robert D. LeonardWills, Wirt H. Wilmsen, E.Wilmsen, Edwin N.Wilshusen, R.H.Wilshusen, Richard H.Wilson, John P. Wilson, S. M.Wilson, Suzanne M. Windes, T.C.Windes, Thomas C.$!Windes, ThomasC., and Dabney FordWiseman, Regge D.Wiseman, Reggie N.Wood, J. Scott Woosley, A.I.Woosley, Anne I. Yannie, V. J. Yeatts, M.Yeatts, MichaelZedeno, Maria NievesZedeo, M. NievesZedeo, Maria NievesZedeo, Mara Nieves Zier, A. H. Zier, Anna H.Zingg, Robert M.Zubrow, Ezra B. W.|ery but nothing major. Like macaw feathers and turquoise, copper was easily transported but manufactured in only a few areas. Paquim is the northernmost copper manufacturing centre reported to date. So far there are no identified smelting works at Paquim. There are no copper artifacts from Black Mountain sites. There are some copper bells in the periphery but nothing overwhelming. Paquim literally had several million Medio shell artifacts, mostly from the West Coast. Most of the shell came from two rooms which may have been warehouses, or Minnis says, hoards. There is not much shell from the periphery. It is in a lot of sites but in low amounts. With all of these materials there is no direct evidence that things found in peripheral sites are actually from Paquim. Using JCGP survey data Minnis determines that intermediate sized sites, or presumed secondary centres, are mostly concentrated within 65 km of Paquim. Based on site size and distribution in the periphery Minnis notes four general patterns: i site size hierarchies do exist, ii larger sites are present during the Medio compared with earlier times, iii residential sites tend to cluster together more in outlying areas (Mimbres and El Paso), iv there seems to be a correlation between the size of the largest sites and the distance from Casas Grandes. It is not clear what patterns actually exist in northern Chihuahua other than what is noted above. This information provides no real basis for discussing the extent of Casas integration, since multiple lines of explanation are possible. A "regional communication network" may mark the boundaries for Casas Grandes. Atalayas, roads and trincheras are possible bases for measuring this. Most atalayas recorded by Di Peso are between 65 and 130 Km from Paquim. Many of the atalayas are to the northeast from Paquim in sparsely inhabited desert area. There is a lot of specialized ritual architecture at Casas. There are examples of presumed ritual architecture in the northeast periphery, suggesting strong centralization, or nothing. His first conclusion is that the data is ambiguous. It is not clear that there was a widespread integrated Casas Grandes system. Animas, Black Mountain, El Paso and Medio sites all share some traits and may have the same heritage, but that does not mean they were an integrated complex society. Minnis suspects that larger sites in northwestern Chihuahua may have functioned as secondary centres. So Minnis says most of the area in question was not part of an integrated regional system. This is basically in agreement with De Atley and Findlow on interaction between Casas Grandes and the Animas phase. They conclude that interaction is limited and far from being outright incorporation. Minnis suggests that the Chaco system was less centralized. Minnis thinks there is less specialized craft production at Casas Grandes than Di Peso suggests. Minnis rejects trade as being the basis for Paquim's rise.Minnis, Paul E.o 1985>8Domesticating Plants and People in the Greater Southwest  Ford, R. I. 2,Prehistoric Food Production in North America  Ann Arborb TMAnthropological Papers No. 74, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan309-339early agricultureyagriculture, early dietMinnis, Paul E.o 1985JDSocial Adaptation to Food Stress: A Prehistoric Southwestern Example Chicago "University of Chicago PresseMogollon/Mimbres.'ethnobot diet Mimbres human impact risk  Minnis, Paul E. 1988VPFour Examples of Specialized Production at Casas Grandes, Northwestern ChihuahuaThe Kiva532 181-193tmThis is a study of the production of shell, parrots, turkeys and agave at Paquim. The characteristics that Minnis emphasizes are, the amount and distribution of materials; the scale and formalization of the production facilities; and the degree of production centralization at Paquim. A review of general interpretations of Casas Grandes precedes discussion of economic specialization. Shell and macaws are interpreted as important elements in inter-regional exchange, while turkeys and agave were presumably for use within the Casas Grandes system. There is only 2.1 kg of turquoise at Paquim, and 14.6 kg of copper with no indication of smelting facilities. Two adjacent rooms have over 3,000,000 pieces of shell. These two and one other room also contained disproportionately large amounts of ceremonial axes and Gila polychrome bowls. There are few shell-working tools on site, but Minnis seems satisfied that there is specialized shell working at Paquim. He accepts Bradley's position of central control of shell working, but as a small-scale operation. He says there are both scarlet and military macaws. (Its not clear how he is dealing with the problem of distinguishing species since there are no feathers). There is no other Greater Southwestern evidence for raising macaws so any macaw remains found are presumably from Paquim. There are six clusters of macaw pens though, so production was presumably not centralized. Parrots may also have been raised on pueblo roofs. Di Peso believed that turkeys were raised at Paquim for ritual reasons. Turkey pens don't have entrance stones. There are two excavated turkey pen areas so they may not have been raised at the household level. Di Peso excavated five large pit ovens likely for agave or sotol. Since four of the ovens are in the same part of the site related production may have been centralized. So production patterns for the goods varies. Minnis does not really develop the point beyond this but does emphasize that relations with the north and west were strong. *This is a good argument given the data but makes profound behavioral and organizational assumptions. Paul Minnis 1989@:The Casas Grandes Polity in the International Four Corners 82Steadman Upham Kent G. Lightfoot Roberta A. JewettHBThe Sociopolitical Structure of Prehistoric Southwestern Societies Boulder Westview Press269-307u Paul Minnis ,&Investigations in American Archaeologyshell 284-285, macaw: 285-6 turkey 286-287 agave production facilities: 287 graves: 288 conclusions about intrasite organization: 288-9 (lineage elites)tMinnis argues that Paquim may have been the most centralized Southwest polity, but there is no evidence that it was the largest. Minnis argues for a non-hierarchical view of Casas participation in Southwest interaction, in contrast to how World Systems Theory has been applied to the issue. Paquim was far from being a state but is complex by SW standards. There is an excellent site report for Paquim but almost no regional data. Minnis divides discussion into intrasite, regional and interregional levels, and says the regional level is the least substantiated. A description of geography, then Di Peso's chronology follows. He cites about five different proposed chronologies for the Medio: (Braniff, 1986: LeBlanc, 1980: Lekson, 1984; Ravesloot, et al., 1986; Wilcox and Shenk, 1977). The first Medio phase, Buena Fe, is an aggregate of about 20 compounds; this is typified by unit 11 of Di Peso's excavations. Unit 11 has 28 rooms surrounded by a compound wall, with four internal plazas. This is similar to classic Hohokam according to several sources. During the Paquim phase the dense multistorey architecture happened. The following Diablo phase is characterized as a troubled time of decay. He mentions the Pochteca argument and notes that Pailes and Reff basically accept it. Minnis then gets into a discussion of intrasite complexity and layout. There is a review of the abundant public architecture. A concentration of mounds occurs in the NW quadrant of the site. There are fewer mounds at Chaco but they add up to a much greater volume and there are some Hohokam mounds of comparable or greater scale. Minnis thinks that the mounds at Paquim were built at one time. Casas ballcourts are "I" shaped in the Mesoamerican style in contrast to ballcourts in the Hohokam and Sinagua regions. Di Peso thought there was a lot of other ritual construction at Paquim. This is difficult to evaluate, but if true, implies some sort of concentration of ritual power (* not necessarily). Rooms at Paquim are often irregular shapes unlike pueblos to the north. The water distribution system includes a reservoir, canal to bring water in 3.6 km, and a sewage system. Minnis is reading strong centralized planning into all of these traits. Di Peso described a mercantile economy, but Minnis is sceptical. He accepts some economic specialization but it is not clear what was going on so not too much can be concluded. Di Peso interpreted the plaza as a marketplace; Minnis sees no direct evidence for this. A few rooms had extraordinary wealth in luxury goods concentrated in them. Minnis interprets this as reflecting strong centralized economic control. The scale of specialized economic production at Paquim is unclear. Di Peso argued that there were shell-production areas adjacent to the warehouses. (* Shell production?). Minnis says there was a lot of shell but no tools to work it. Although Paquim is the only known parrot breeding site in the New World, it may have been widespread within the site, rather than guild controlled for example. There is an equal number of turkey skeletons and pens (as compared to macaws) at Casas. But, while there was at least six areas of parrot production, there are only two areas of turkey production. Minnis infers that turkey production was more centralized. The five agave pits at Paquim are in one area of the site and are really large, so again Minnis infers central control. Minnis goes on to review Ravesloot's dissertation of a ranked society with ascribed status. One problem is that no elite living quarters have been identified at the site. Di Peso reported that Casas materials are found over 85,000 km2, and as far south as the Papagochic. Minnis lists various surveys of northwest Chihuahua but there are no systematic data. Having said this Minnis will proceed to analyze settlement patterns. The area north and northwest of Casas seems to have a particularly high site density. There have been some good surveys in adjacent American lands and some claims of strong mutual influence with Casas Grandes (Di Peso, 1974; Nelson and Leblanc, 1986; Schaafsma, 1979). Other just see similarities. Minnis ties in Salado, Classic Hohokam, Animas and El Paso periods as being contemporaries of Medio, and says for all, these were times of extreme aggregation. There are more speculative explanations for this. If there were hundreds of sites in the Casas sphere then there must have been secondary centres. (* A classic example of turning speculation into fact). Di Peso suggested five such sites, but identified ten intermediate sized sites, eight of them north of the one large site. There are no other known solid mounds in Casas sites. There are at least two "I" shaped ball courts in Animas period sites in Hidalgo County, and five more reported in northwest Chihuahua. Minnis notes the apparent absence of ballcourts to the south in areas of dense Casas sites. (* A lot of these Casas sites are only participating in a material consumer sense perhaps). He quotes Naylor (1985:6) as saying that outlier Casas ballcourts are confined to the northern Sierra and its eastern flanks. Goods are another way to identify secondary regional centres. Minnis considers macaws, turquoise and copper to be likely elite goods. Carey reported small amounts of turquoise in some sites south of Paquim. Of course these goods are basically confined to Paquim and are rare in the periphery. Following Brand (1943) Di Peso talked about atalayas as signalling stations. Atalayas are predominantly within 130 km. of Paquim and very few are south of town. So Minnis thinks that Casas culture was highly integrated, did not extend beyond 130 km, and was mostly to the north and northwest of Paquim. His evidence is the distribution of secondary centres, trade goods, and atalayas. He uses a couple citations to play down Casas Grandes - Mogollon connections. Next is a critical review of World Systems Theory and Casas followed by a pitch for peer polity interaction (interaction between non-state systems). The premise is that the adjacent polities are similar in organization and power and autonomous. Minnis suggests that different Southwest polities might have arrived at similar scales, ie. Casas Grandes and Chaco. So Paquim was possibly interacting with the area to the north and northwest, and he implies, also Salado sites and Classic sites in the Phoenix basin. Western Sonora is another possibility but there is no data. Several researchers noted a lot of burned pueblos in the Casas region (Blackiston 1908, Carey 1931). Characterizing the Casas polity is difficult because there are no unambiguous markers. * This is more of a definition than application of peer polity interaction.RLarchaeology Mexico Paquim production exchange SW-Mesoamerican connections ("Minnis, Paul E. Redman, Charles L. 1990*$Perspectives on Southwest Prehistory Boulderh Westview Pressgeneral referencei SW generalsomewhat out of date8FEzD%@J Neitzel, JillF 1991^WHohokam Material Culture Exchange and Behavior: The Dimensions of Organizational Change Gumerman, G. J.rRKExploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest  Albuquerque $University of New Mexico PressHohokam  Hohokam social integrationNeitzel, Jill E. 2000 What is a Regional System? Hegmon, MichellexqThe Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond  Boulder, CO "University of Colorado Press 25-40 J. E. Neitzrl R. L. Bishop 1990leNeutron Activation of Dogoszhi Style Ceramics: Production and Exchange in the Chacoan Regional System Kiva56 67-85{( N. C. Nelson  1916 D(Chronology of the Tano Ruins, New Mexico 4American Anthropologisto 18 $159-180  < archaeology seriation chronology  Margaret C. Nelson 1984B;Ladder Ranch Research Project: A Report of the First SeasonTechnical Series  Albuquerque $Maxwell Museum of Anthropology1t(!Nelson, Ben A. LeBlanc, Steven A.h 1986PIShort-Term Sedentism in the American Southwest: The Mimbres Valley Saladod  Albuquerque $Maxwell Museum of AnthropologyMogollon/MimbresMimbres generalN skim>7Nelson, Ben A., Timothy D. Kohler, and Keith W. Kintighm 1994ZTDemographic Alternatives: Consequences for Current Models of Southwestern Prehistory<5Understanding Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest- "G. Gumerman and M. Gell-Mann113-146S VOSanta Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proceeding Volume XIVe Addison WesleyNelson, Ben A. 1995|uComplexity, Hierarchy, and Scale: A Controlled Comparison between Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, and La Quemada, ZacatecasoAmerican Antiquity60597-618 NW Mexico ("NW Mexico Chaco social integration(!Nelson, Ben A. LeBlanc, Steven A.i 1996JCFallow Valleys: Asynchronous Occupations in Southwestern New Mexico Kiva61275-294nsettlement patternst"Mimbres settlement patternsNelson, Ben A. 1996 The Northwestern Frontiers "Evans, S. T. Webster, D. L.aLFThe Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia New York Garland NW Mexico NW Mexico Ben A. Nelson Roger Anyon\ 1996JCFallow Valleys: Asynchronous Occupations in Southwestern New Mexicom Kiva61275-2941Nelson, Margaret C.C 1999("Mimbres During the Twelfth Century Tucson "University of Arizona Press,Mogollon/MimbresMimbres generalu$0816518688 (cloth alk. paper).E99.m76 n45 1999Nelson, Margaret Cecile VPMimbres during the twelfth century : abandonment, continuity, and reorganization Tucson "University of Arizona Press 1999 xiii, 236 f_98040197 Margaret C. Nelson. Includes bibliographical references (p. [198]-228) and index. hfq.bMimbres culture. Indians of North America New Mexico Migrations. Indians of North America Land tenure New Mexico. Land settlement patterns New Mexico. Archaeological surveying New Mexico. New Mexico Antiquities.eNelson, Margaret C.C 2000HAAbandonment: Conceptualization, Representation, and Social Change Schiffer, M.B."Social Theory in Archaeology Salt Lake City University of Utah Press abandonment abandonmentOZ LeBlanc19841 LeBlanc1986D LeBlanc1986 LeBlanc1989E LeBlanc1996 LeBlanc1997 LeBlanc1998: LeBlanc1999Z LeBlanc1999 LeBlanc2001 LeBlanc2001 LeBlanc2001 Lehmer1948 Lekson1978 Lekson1984 Lekson1984 Lekson1988 Lekson1989= Lekson1990{b Lekson1991{> Lekson1992{ Lekson1992c Lekson1995\ Lekson1995 Lekson1995 Lekson1995 Lekson1996E Lekson2002 Lekson2002% Lekson2004 Lekson2006 Lekson2006 Lekson2006. Leonard1993 Leonard1993 Leonard1996- Leonard2000 Levy1992Liebmann2002Liebmann20061 Lightfood2000 Lightfoot1984 Lightfoot1993q Lightfoot1994  Lightfoot2000 Lipe19888 Lipe1989 Lipe1989& Lipe1989 Lipe1989r Lipe19952 Lipe2000 Lister1946 Lister1955 Lister1958 Lister1960 Lister1984 Lister1984Longacre1962Longacre1963Longacre1970Longacre1988Longacre1992 Lowell1988 Lyneis1996 Lyons2001 Lyons2003 Lyons2004 Lyons2008% MacWilliams2004 Madsen1990{ Marquardt1978Marshall1984 Martin1950 Martin1950 Martin1952 Martin1956A Martin1957 Martin1960 Martin1961 Martin1962 Martin1973? Martin1979{ Martin19991 Martin20000f Masse1981 Matson1988 Matson1991 Matson1991 Matson1991Matthews1988o Mauldin1996> McClain1980McGimsey1980McGregor1965 McGuire1980 McGuire1981 McGuire1987 McGuire1989 McGuire1989 McGuire1991 McGuire1995 McGuire1996 McGuire1998TMcIntyre1996r McKenna2001 McKie2000 Meegan20088 Meline1966 Mellink1982 Mera1939 Merrill1983t Merrill1992Michalik2005 Miller1995s Mills1989 Mills1995 Mills1995r Mills1999 Mills1999 Mills2000 Mills2000\ Mills2000 Mills2002 Mills2002 Mills2004] Mills2004 Mills2007 Mills2007  Mindeleff1891 Mindeleff1891 Minnis1981{ Minnis1984 Minnis1985{ Minnis19851 Minnis19866 Minnis1988  Minnis1989 Minnis1990{ Minnis1992 Minnis1993 Minnis1996{ Minnis1996 Minnis2001{ Minnis2001( Minnis2001* Minnis2003Mitchell20000A Moberly1975d Montgomery1949L Montgomery1996fM Montgomery1996 Montgomery1998 Montgomery2000u Moore1990 Motsinger2000 Moyle1986. Muenchrath2007> Munson1980C Munson2000{ Nabhan1982 Nabhan1985 Naranjo1995 Naylor1995j Neal2002i Neely1993 Neely2005 Neff19979z Neff20022 Neff20022 Neitzel1991 Neitzel2000 Neitzrl1990% Nelson1916 Nelson19766 Nelson1984D Nelson1986 Nelson1994 Nelson1995E Nelson1996{ Nelson1996{ Nelson19969 Nelson1998{: Nelson19997F Nelson1999{ Nelson1999 Nelson2000{ Nelson2000{& Nelson2000F Nelson2000G Nelson2001H Nelson2002{_ Nelson2002 Nelson2003 Nelson2006 Nelson2006 Nelson2007 Nelson20088t Neuzil2005 Neuzil2005 Neuzil2008#New Mexico State University.1984] Nials1989 Nightengale1986 Nogue2001 O'Donovan1995X Orcutt1994{9 Orcutt1996 Ortiz1969 Ortiz1972 Ortiz1972P Ortiz1979 Ortiz1994k Ortman199992 Ortman20006 Ortman2007Osburnin presss' Pailes1980) Pailes1985( Pailes1990 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker2002220022990 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker200220022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 Parker20022 V?>  <; 2+Plog, Fred Upham, Steadman Weigand, Phil C. 1982:4A Perspective on Mogollon - Mesoamerican Interaction *$Beckett, Patrick H. Silverbird, KiraHAMogollon Archaeology, Proceedings of the 1980 Mogollon Conference227-237 1982 They dichotomize "isolationist" and "imperialist" accounts of Mesoamerican to Southwest interactions. There are variants of the isolationist perspective but the basic argument is that local development chronologies should be explained in terms of local events. These arguments are usually based on restrictive problems or unrecognized non-local effects on local events. Strengths of this approach are: i) correctly distinguishing Mesoamerican evidence in South-western assemblages; ii) identifying different strategies across areas, iii) realistically assessing cultural or ethnic differences that separate groups. Weaknesses are not being able to address the seemingly substantial amounts of turquoise moving south, or the seemingly important symbolic interaction between, "core and peripheral Mesoamerican groups." (This paper is written in terms of World Systems Theory, which is not surprising, given the authorship). The imperialist position is also polymorphic. The Southwest can be considered part of Mesoamerica, a recipient through general diffusion, or more specific processes like pochteca. The greatest strength is that certainty of some Mesoamerican traits occurring in the Southwest. Over-reliance on diffusionism is a liability. Having said all this they advocate ignoring the issue in these terms and adopting World Systems Theory. They review the debate on whether or not there were local elites in the Southwest and conclude that there was. They note that there are relatively few Mesoamerican goods in the Southwest but considerably more commerce within the Southwest. However, what exchange there was occurred in elite goods, and so was politically important. They suggest that Paquim was the centre for copper bell production in the Southwest. This is based on Di Peso's interpretation of copper works at the site. They believe that bells were exchanged by ruling elites within the Southwest. The next section is a critique of the pochteca model as advocated by Di Peso and Kelley. They conclude by claiming that the linkage is elite trade from participating centres such as Pueblo Bonito and Paquim. * Given the title I expected more to be said about Mogollon archaeology. While the review of isolationism versus imperialism is interesting the relapse into World Systems Theory is a misapplication of an explanatory model for historic capitalism. I am unsure of how much evidence exists for turquoise moving south.6Plog, Fred Upham, Steadman  1983 N2The Analysis of Prehistoric Political Organization  & Tooker, E. ^AThe Development of Political Organization in Native North America  ,Washington, D.C.  :American Ethnological Societyc $199-213  Plog, Fred 1983NHPolitical and Economic Alliances on the Colorado Plateaus, A.D. 400-1450 Wendorf, F. Close, A. E..(Advances in World Archaeology, Volume II New York Academic Press289-330 Plog, Fred 1989&The Sinagua and their Relationsi ,%Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, George J.& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press263-291 Plog, Stepheno 1990TMAgriculture, Sedentism, and Environment in the Evolution of Political Systemsi  Upham, S.b("The Evolution of Political Systems177-199\ otherMagriculture environment Plog, Stephen 1990RLSociopolitical Implications of Stylistic Variation in the American Southwest $Conkey, M. Hastorf, Christine& The Uses of Style in Archaeology  Cambridge $University of Cambridge Pressh 61-72i$New Directions in Archaeologye Plog, Stephen 1996ztReview of Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca, edited by Anne I. Woosley and John C. Ravesloot"Journal of Field Archaeology231t135-138 $Abstract from Art MacWilliamsiDi Peso and Haury complemented each other as the provocative and cautious respectively. The issue central to Di Peso's work was the impact of north and central Mexico on the American Southwest. Many of the authors in this book praise Di Peso and then proceed to disagree with what he believed. The Dean and Ravesloot paper is clearly summarized. As Ben Nelson notes (in general terms) the rise of Paquim may have been possible because of the absence of any Mesoamerican power that could intervene in the early 12th century. Doolittle and Breitburg both see Northwest/Southwest origins for their topics as manifested at Paquim (irrigation and domestic turkeys). Woosley and Olinger concluded that Paquim-made Ramos polychrome has a distribution of 70-80 Km. This is seemingly compatible with Minnis and Whalen's view of a strong but compact polity. In varying ways McGuire, Kelley and Weigand emphasize regional Diversity and variable local dynamics, which is not what Di Peso envisioned with his wide reaching views. Plog states that world systems theory has promise so long as people recognize that local groups participate differentially as Doyel recognizes. Plog is critical of the many Southwest archaeologists who simply tie culture change to environmental change singling Breitburg as an example. Plog states that it is time to return "culture" to the study of regional cultural dynamics. He insists this is not the "isolationist" perspective that J. Charles Kelley and others dislike. This review gets used as a soapbox in places. Note that Gummerman and Braniff's papers are not referred to at all although another of Gummerman's publications is mentioned but unfavourably.Mexico Paquim$Plog, Stephen Solometo, Juliai 1997VPThe Never Changing and the Ever-Changing: The Evolution of Western Pueblo Ritual& Cambridge Archaeological Journal7;161-182social integrationPuebloan ritualb Plog, Stephenn 2006RKProtohistoric Western Pueblo Exchange: Barter, Gift, and Violence Revisitedr & Michelle Hegmon B. Sunday Eiseltf_Engaged Anthropology: Research Essays on North American Archaeology, Ethnobotany, and Museology  Ann Arbor :4Museum of Anthropology Press, University of Michigan148-154Potter, James M. 2000NHPots, Parties, and Politics: Communal Feasting in the American SouthwestAmerican Antiquity65471-492n leadership$social integration leadershipM)("Pailes, Richard A. Reff, Daniel T. 1985:4Colonial Exchange Systems and the Decline of Paquim *#Foster, Michael S. Weigand, Phil C.81The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mesoamerica Boulder Westview Press353-363Paquim was planned and involved control and exploitation of indigenous inhabitants. These people were transformed into a complex stratified society after A.D. 1060. Around A.D. 1205 Mesoamerican merchant priests razed the town and rebuilt it as a massive urban trading centre marking the beginning of the Paquim phase. Not surprisingly the authors completely agree with Di Peso's (1974) interpretations of this site as a major mercantile centre on the Mesoamerican frontier. (They also adhere to Di Peso's chronology). A sympathetic review of World Systems theory follows. The authors explain Casas Grandes as a situation where several commercially oriented migrants establish themselves, and transform the economy to trade with Mesoamerica. The authors do not see Paquim as a market for core state products. Luxury goods were produced at Paquim for export. The reason for some departure between theory and (perceived) reality is transportation problems between core and periphery. Without regular imports from the core, the frontier centre needed a self-sufficient hinterland and centre officials needed tight control of a monopoly. But this control did not last at Paquim, which was expensively far from the core, and Casas Grandes could not supplant local economies. Instead of taking control, Paquim stimulated growth of these local economies leading to its own gradual decline. (* this has interesting implications). Pailes and Reff believe that Rio Sonora culture and Casas Grandes share a common "southern Mogollon" ancestry. They cite Fenner (1974) saying that there is evidence that not all of the polychrome pottery was made at Paquim. (* It seems unlikely that sites in Sonora were overly dependent on Paquim for their pottery, which the 1993 Woosley and Olinger papers suggests anyway). Believing in Di Peso's erroneous chronology, they state that sites like Pendelton Ruin have Chihuahuan pottery that post-dates the fall of Paquim. The concluding summary is that Paquim's demise is due to transportation limitations. These prevented Paquim's elite from controlling the regional economy while the centre stimulated local economies. In the end Paquim could not compete, and, "the city was destroyed with its warehouses filled with unsold stock." * This paper is way off for several reasons. The purely economic discussion, and rationalization, of World Systems theory, only illustrates its irrelevance to the problem at hand. Uncritically accepting Di Peso's interpretations and chronology also ensures being seriously wrong. The point about emergence of local economies stimulated by Paquim is interesting even if the underlying reasoning is bad. Implicity this is a bridge to Minnis and Whelan's peer polity ideas, and it is consistent with what is observable on the ground (at least without dates for any sites). Drainage-specific consistencies in the Medio sites exist which could reflect emergence of local organization that is somehow complementary or competitive with Paquim. Di Peso proposed that a group of Mesoamerican traders entered the Casas Grandes Valley around 1060 A.D. and established Paquim. Di Peso argued that the development of Paquim was orchestrated by Pochteca throughout its history. Pailes and Reff agree that Paquim was founded and dominated by Mesoamerican trader-priests. The city was redesigned about 1205 A.D. but, the authors claim, went into an economic and political decline during the Diablo phase, and was torched around A.D. 1340. Di Peso, speculating on the fall of Paquim, considered drought, over-affluence causing lethargy, war and earthquakes. The authors favour loss of export markets, particularly to the north. Pailes and Whitecotton (1985) consider the greater Southwest a peripheral area of a Mesoamerican world system by A.D. 1000. In Wallerstein's world economy model the semi-periphery is a buffer between the periphery and the core, and often provide moderately profitable goods and services. In a world economy the core consists of polities in economic competition. They liken Di Peso's characterization of Viejo to typical southern Mogollon (village farming). The Buena Fe phase emerges without antecedent with a host of Mesoamerican traits. This is the appearance of a Mesoamerican core state trying to take economic control of a northern periphery. The authors predict a central-place distribution system with a monopolistic market. The reason that the merchants were able to maintain a monopoly on commerce at Paquim is technological and organizational superiority. Semi-periphery craft goods cannot compete with products from the core so the local economy is reduced to subsistence farming and limited secondary production. So the periphery is drawn into dependency. But what the authors actually see at Paquim is a nested hierarchy of sites. Also there are few core goods around Casas Grandes; goods like polychromes, feathers, copper bells, and worked shell were produced right there. Due to transporting problems the Mesoamerican core could not place the periphery into dependency if they wanted. There is evidence for the Quetzalcoatl cult at Paquim during the Buena Fe phase; the implication is religious control. So the authors think that Casas Grandes was economically independent. Paquim could not compete with other local periphery economies in goods production because of distribution and an inability to produce anything cheaper. Instead of taking control of local surplus they stimulated growth by being able to provide luxury goods. Local centres with some competitive capacity may have emerged (* Ch-159?). Before Paquim emerged, southern Mogollon expanded to the Rio Sonora. There was a related culture to the south in the eastern foothills of Sonora. This culture, derived from Mogollon, becomes the Opata they speculate. This is the Rio Sonora culture. So when Mesoamerican merchants first show up around A.D. 1060 the prevailing culture in northwest Chihuahua and northeast Sonora is Viejo period Mogollon. Casas Grandes domination was extensive over Chihuahua and Sonora. Peripheral Casas Grandes sites in northeast Sonora have almost entirely Chihuahuan assemblages and the authors think at least some of it had to be local production. So they conclude that due to transportation problems Paquim could not take outright control of the regional economy. So a lot of local economies each provided a little competition. * this article is also annotated as Pailes.85B. See Doolittle (1987) in The Kiva 52(2):154-160 for a review of this book. ./6 -,r+*(Richard A. Pailesf 1990@:Elite Formation and Interregional Exchanges in Peripheries & Paul E. Minnis Charles L. Redman.'Perspectives on Southwestern Prehistory Boulderc Westview Press213-222Paul E. Minnis,&Investigations in American ArchaeologyTMChaco Canyon chiefdoms cultural evolution Hohokam SW-Mesoamerican connectionso.(Chiefdoms are not necessarily precursors to the state: they may be reactions to already formed states, a reaction of the periphery to the core as tribes may be to european contact. If so, then CG and Chaco, and maybe Classic Hohokam may represent polities which interacted with Mesoamerican trade representatives, and thus formed due to stimulus from state level societies to the south The mechanism by which stratification itself is achieved in these peripheries is through the individual accumulation of a surplus of tradable goods, used for currying favor, which eventually leads to economic disparity among individuals and/or families. These higher-ranked people would naturally attract Mesoamerican traders, or would be amenable/able to conduct trade with them, reinforcing their own positions.Parsons, Elsie Clews 1924 Tewa Kin, Clan, and MoietyAmerican Anthropologist3263333-339 Parsons, Elsie Clews 192981The Social Organization of the Tewa of New Mexicoa:3Memoirs of the American Anthropological Associationp  Menasha, WIa AAAl36Parsons, Elsie Clews 1932"Hopi and Zuni Ceremonialismd:3Memoirs of the American Anthropological Associationv  Menasha, WIn .(The American Anthropological Association39Parsons, Elsie Clews 1939Pueblo Indian Religion Chicago "University of Chicago PressrParsons, Francis B. 19600)Unusual Stone Head from Chihuahua, Mexicon El Palacio672p 66-67F@ Di Peso's field work at Paquim is mentioned. The stone head is from near Nuevas Casas Grandes. It is 27 pounds and 10.5 inches high. Parsons suggests that it was carved from a river cobble. Parsons speculates that the head represents a god. * The top of the head looks as though it may have been shaped to accomodate a headdress or wig of some sort. There is a clear photo of this carving that shows it to be much like others from Paquim, Tapiecitas, and La Raspadura. The face does not look appreciably different from those often molded onto effigy vessels.,&Peeples, Matthew A. Schachner, Gregson 2008D>Long-term Patterns of Settlement along the Zuni River Drainage(!20th Biannual Southwest Symposiumt  Tempe, AZe.Pennington, C. W.n  1980 D'The Pima Bajo of Central Sonora, Mexicoo  *Salt Lake City  4University of Utah Press IA  II  410 "Minnis pA cultural geographer, concerned with the material culture and environmental utilization of the Pima Bajo, reports on the folowing areas of Piman life: Agriculture, gardening, food preparation, hunting, gathering, fishing, animal husbandry, ceremonies, games, drugs, leather goods, fibers, textiles, personal adornment, and dwellings. He focuses particular attention to the utillization of native plants by the indigenous group. These are based on archival records of contact and post-contact periods, a record of Piman vocabulary, and three summers of fieldwork spent among the Pima Bajo at Onavas between 1968 and 1971. :Pima Mexico Pima Pima ecology Campbell W. Pennington 1983 Tarahumara  Alfonso Ortize.'Southwest, Handbook of American Indians Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institutionc10276-287i10IPeterson, J.A. 1988|vSettlement and Subsistence Patterns in the Reserve Phase and Mountain Mogollon: A Test Case in Devils Park, New Mexico Kiva53113-127tMogollon/MimbresMimbres generalPhelps, Alan L. 1987(!Jewellery from Northern Chihuahua The Artifact251a 49-58  The paper begins with a quick review of previous research in northern Chihuahua. This paper discusses jewellery from three sites in Chihuahua. Materials are stone, turquoise, shell, serpentine, copper and possibly bone and chrysocolla. The shell all appears to be from the west coast. CHIH 3-5 (Sapelo) had 23 shell beads, many found in screens. This site has no known associated rooms or burials and Phelps suspects ants brought the beads to surface. The Ojo Caliente site is northwest of Villa Ahumada near hot springs. Sites around Ojo Caliente have been badly looted. Convento pottery is abundant here as are lesser amounts of El Paso and Mimbres wares; there are no Chihuahuan polychromes. Various bits of jewellery, mostly beads, were found by screening. The third site is El Espia (Chih 3-23b). This site is identified as a "satellite" of Paquim which is about 95 km to the south. Polychromes found at the site include Ramos, Tucson and Gila. (* This must be approaching the southern limit for Gila Polychrome if I am clear on where this site is). There is a rich variety of jewelry here, including serpentine and turquoise, and also pieces of cut shell. This site has an associated room block. The paper closes with drawing and metrics for some of the jewelry they found.Phelps, Alan L. 1990RLA Clovis Projectile Point From the Vicinity of Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico The ArtifactThe point is from the Samalayuca dunefields south of El Paso. The point was found in an interdune blowout during a search for El Paso phase sites. A description of the point follows. It falls into the general pattern of Clovis points from the American Southwest judging by the descriptions and photo. There are a few Folsom points from the area, and one point that resembles Midland but for being atypically small. Di Peso (1974) reports a Clovis point from the Timmy site near the New Mexico border in Chihuahua. The point is an isolate and so may have been carried in by Archaic people who are well-represented in the immediate area.c32Phelps, Alan L. 1990D>A Paleo-Indian Presence in Northern Chihuahua - El Milln Site The Artifact284 53-59This is a description of artifacts found during survey in lakebed in northern Chihuahua. The area is 15 km south of El Milln. There is active dunefield along the lakebed perimeter. They were in the area to relocate a brownware site. They found four bases they describe as Plainview. The photos look pretty good for Plainveiw points. The bases are ground so there was apparently no intent to flute these. Metrics on the bases come out quite close. There are also three tips, one of which is reworked to a graver, and four utilized flakes. He assigns the materials (chert) to various sources in southern Texas on hand-specimen criteria, evidently not considering the possiblity of sources within Mexico. Di Peso reports several Clovis points from the Casas Grandes basin. Assorted, and isolated Paleoindian points are reported elsewhere in northern Chihuahua, including a "serrated Scottsbluff". The paper closes with some rambling about why Paleoindian artifacts would occur in desert Chihuahua.Phelps, Alan L. 1994rlSan Juan de Miranda: A Series of Peripheral Sites on the Rio Casas Grandes in Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico The Artifact321 51-56archaeology MexicoThis short article gives descriptions of a five sites on an ejido 20 km west of Ascencion. They are in a small valley with several springs. Artifacts from the five sites are described with no great surprises. The sites probably range from late Archaic to Medio. There is no evidence of room blocks in any of the sites although Medio pottery is present in at least two of them. There are rough sketches of 18 projectile points from the area.l4 Phillips, David A. Jr. 19890*Prehistory of Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico"Journal of World Prehistory 3D4o373-401 > 7 The American Southwest should be called Northern Mexico, as much of this area lies below the international border. There is little data from the border Mexican states, which hampers the ability of American archaeologists to understand American-side prehistory. The two states are divided into five geographic zones by DAP. The paper shifts to describing complexes by chronology following the general American scheme of Paleo-Archaic-Ceramic. There is little to be said about the former two for want of data, although many complexes identified in the U.S. (eg. Clovis), are present. Pottery appears in Northern Mexico after 250 B.C. A review of Loma San Gabriel (LSG) follows. Chalchihuites began moving in on LSG around 200 A.D. in western Zacatecas. LSG is approximately 1400 years in duration but for want of data phases cannot be distinguished yet. A review of Casas Grandes follows in which events are attributed primarily to local development, with limited Mesoamerican input. Discussion of the Jornada Mogollon incursion down the Rio Conchos and Rio Bravos is set to the La Junta Phase from about A.D. 1200 to 1450, or so. The Rio Conchos in central and southern Chihuahua is summarized following Kelley. The review moves into Sonora, describing Huatabampo, largely following McGuire and Villalpando, then the coastal Seri adaptation. Rio Sonora culture is discussed largely following Doolittle. A florescence lasting into the contact period is described. Trincheras people emerged about A.D. 200 in the Concepcin Basin. The La Playa site falls into A.D. 800 to 1300 where purple on red became prominent along with a shell industry. (* Much of La Playa is probably late Archaic). The cerros de trincheras emerged about 1300 A.D. and died out about 1450 A.D. Trincheras and Hohokam rock art are almost identical. Dave suggests that these are "sibling" cultures; both developed out of a shared Cochise heritage. They ran separate paths for about 1000 years then reconverged. To date the central theme of northwest Mexican archaeology has been Mesoamerican connections. During the 1930's a large gap was perceived between the regions. Lister and Di Peso reversed this view, arguing for direct intervention, during the 60's and the debate became polarized. Early ceramic cultures of the north are derived from formative Mesoamerica. Evidence includes pottery, cultigens (maize, squash, beans), and living in formal villages. There is no evidence for directed change. Dave argues for corridors along the Sierras. After A.D. 300 new elements are ballcourts, platform mounds, and even a few specific artifacts. DAP takes this to represent intensified contact. (* The data is so sparse this is a premature statement). DAP says clarifying relationships requires testing prevailing hypotheses not trying new models. This is a call for fieldwork that, he predicts, will produce limited evidence of direct contact. In a way the whole issue is frivolous because the typical Mexican of the time was a subsistence farmer. * The one problem is conflating geographic and cultural boundaries.5 Phillips, David A. Jr. 1990\UA Re-Evaluation of the Robles Phase of the Casas Grandes Culture, Northwest ChihuahuaB;55th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology  Las Vegase6/ Di Peso believed that the Robles phase was a late survival of Casas Grandes culture, that persisted after Paquim was abandoned, ending the Medio period. Phillips argues that the Robles phase does not exist since Paquim was abandoned rather than lingering beyond the Medio period. (* This is another example of how Chihuahua culture is discussed only in terms of Paquim). Di Peso thought that Casas Grandes thrived under the control of Early Postclassic Toltec pochteca. The Toltec collapse left Casas Grandes high and dry. Survivors from Paquim's collapse moved into the Sierras where they continued to produce polychromes and survived into historic times. So the Robles phase of Di Peso covers the interval between the destruction/abandonment of Paquim and historic time. Di Peso placed the end of the Medio period at A.D. 1340; later sites were Robles. Di Peso had only five dates from three sources for Casas Grandes sites post-dating A.D. 1340. Di Peso had 63 obsidian hydration dates suggesting that the Medio period lasted beyond A.D. 1340 but he did not address the point. Di Peso assumed only two years were missing from his tree ring dates. Phillips suggests it is closer to 90 years which would give a final construction date around A.D. 1430. Medio tradeware suggests the end occurred around A.D. 1400 to 1450. Phillips then rejects each of the dates as used by Di Peso. What they actually indicate is that would-be Robles sites fall into the Medio period using the corrected chronology. Since the Robles phase did not exist, it follows that Spanish explorers never came into contact with the last vestiges of Casas Grandes culture. Complete abandonment of the Casas Grandes area, is part of a much broader regional collapse. (* This is confusing change with abandonment perhaps; there could be dissimilar sites in the area). There is also a lesson in the dangers of following preconceptions as Di Peso did. An interesting angle in this paper is that the author uses only data available to Di Peso, which underscores the cautionary tale aspect of this. P(~t0)Margaret C. Nelson Karen Gust Schollmeyery 2003^XGame Resources, Social Interaction, and the Ecological Footprint in Southwest New Mexico2+Journal of Archaeological Method and Thoeryl102e 69-110RLMargaret C. Nelson Hegmon, Michelle Kulow, Stephanie Schollmeyer, Karen Gust 2006~xArchaeological and Ecological Perspectives on Reorganization: A Case Study from the Mimbres Region of the U.S. SouthwestAmerican Antiquity713403-432Neuzil, Anna A.o 2005f`Corrugated Ceramics and Migration in the Pueblo II to Pueblo IV Transition, Silver Cree, Arizona Kiva71101-124Neuzil, Anna A.e 2005hbCorrugated Ceramics and Migration in the Pueblo III to Pueblo IV Transition, Silver Creek, Arizona Kiva711o101-124\Neuzil, Anna A.r 2008\UIn the Aftermath of Migration: Renegotiating Ancient Identity in Southeastern ArizonarAnthropological Papers Tucson "University of Arizona Pressz73 C. B. Nightengalee 1986:4Fort Bayard Seed Orchard for Gila NF-Silver City Rd. Unpublished survey reportvLeslie K. Nogues 2001leClassic Mimbres Demographic Shifts and Interaction: Precursors to Postclassic Regional Reorganizationl:4Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University Tempe TMUnpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University1 Ortiz, A.m 1969JDThe Tewa World: Space, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society Chicagoo "University of Chicago Pressl ethnographicethnographic Puebloanjust know about itOrtiz, Alfonso 1972JCThe Tewa World: Space, Time, Being and Becoming in a Pueblo Societyg Chicago "University of Chicago Press 197o Ortiz, Alfonso 1972&New Perspectives on the Pueblosc0*School of American Research Research Books  Albuquerquer $University of New Mexico Press Ortiz, Alfonso 1979("Handbook of North American Indians Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Pressv9o Ortiz, A. 1994.(The Dynamics of Pueblo Cultural Survival Demallie, R. Adams, R. N.fHANorth American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture Norman "University of Oklahoma Press296-306# ethnographicethnographic Puebloana Pressa 59-72l 0)Fred T. Plog James N. Hill Dwight W. Read 1976d^Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, 1971-1972: Monograph II of the Archaeological Survey  Los Angeleso University of California* Plog, Stephen  1980 tWStylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American SouthwestQ  & Cambridge  6Cambridge University Press  R# ONG\Renfrew, Colin 2001|uProduction and Consumption in a Sacred Economy: The Material Correlates of High Devotional Expression at Chaco CanyonbAmerican Antiquity661} 14-25Rice, Glenn E. 1990>7Variability in the Development of Classic Period Elitesu Rice, Glenn E."A Design for Salado Research Tempes Anthropological Field Studies No. 22, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University 31-40 leadershipSalado leadershipRice, Glenn E. 1998D>War and Water: An Ecological Perspective on Hohokam Irrigation Kiva63263-302conflict"Hohokam conflict environment Rice, Glen E. 2000f`Hohokam and Salado Segmentary Organization: The Evidence from the Roosevelt Platform Mound Study Dean, Jeffrey S. Salado  Albuquerque NGAmerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona and University of New Mexico Press143-166(!Rice, Glenn E. LeBlanc, Steven A. 2001JCDeadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare0 Salt Lake City University of Utah PressconflictRiley, Carrol L. 1975rkThe Road to Hawikuh: Trade and Trade Routes to Cibola-Zuni During Late Prehistoric and Early Historic TimesoThe Kiva412a137-159 Robertson, Ian n.d.jdSharing, Debt and Incipient Inequality in Small-Scale Agricultural Economies: A Computer Simulation ManuscriptRobinson, David G. 1980pjMogollon Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Middle San Francisco River Valley, Southwestern New Mexico 6/Department of Anthropology, University of Texas MA ThesisRocek, Thomas R. 1995zSedentarization and Agricultural Dependence: Perspectives from the Pithouse-to-Pueblo Transition in the American SouthwestAmerican Antiquity60218-239early agriculturey,&agriculture, early settlement patterns*Roney, John R.  1992 \@Prehistoric Roads and Regional Integration in the Chacoan System  ,Doyel, David E.t N2Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System  :Maxwell Museum of Anthropology $123-131o 8Anthropological Papers No. 5 By A.D. 1100 much of the Colorado Plateau participated in a system of regional integration centered on Chaco Canyon. This regional integration is inferred from regionally uniform ceramic styles, architectural elements and styles (great kivas and houses), and a series of prehistoric roads. These prehistoric roads were not constructed in order to facilitate transportation and communication; prevailing notions of the road system's interconnectivity are somewhat exaggeratedand a more conservative reconstruction of the road network is necessary. Finally, the association of these roads with local integrative structures could mean that thier importance lies in the reinforcement of social organization through their construction. G"EDbBPreucel, Robert W. 1987@9Settlement Succession on the Pajarito Plateau, New MexicotThe Kiva531\ 3-33 Preucel, Robert W. 2002\VArchaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World  Albuquerque\ $University of New Mexico PressRamenofsky, Ann F. 1996RLThe Problem of Introduced Infectious Diseases in New Mexico: A.D. 1540-1680*#Journal of Anthropological Research52161-184("disease Pueblo social organizationRautman, Alsion  1993rlResource Variability, Risk, and the Structure of Social Networks: An Example from the Prehistoric SouthwestAmerican Antiquity583E403-424bRautman, Alison E. 1998ZSHierarchy and Heterarchy in the American Southwest: A Comment on McGuire and SaittaAmerican Antiquity63325-333r leadershipleadership PuebloanMRautman, Alison E. 2000jdPopulation Aggregation, Community Organization, and Plaza-Oriented Pueblos in the American Southwest"Journal of Field Arcaheology273n271-283dVUTNSXQXRoney, John R. 1995>7Mesa Verdean Manifestations South of the San Juan Riverr,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology14170-183xqAnasazi architecture ceramic analysis Mesa Verde migration settlement patterns Southwestern US stylistic analysise@9The greater San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexido is often seen as an empty corridor through which people from the Mesa Verdean area migrated, en route to the northern Rio Grande. Instead, it is argued here on the basis of settlement patterns, architecture, ande stylistic ceramic data that during the 13th century there were a number of discrete communities in the San Juan Basin which participated in a sharply bounded, geographically based ceramic tradition which included the core Mesa Verde area. The culture histories and population histories of these communities closely parallel those of the Mesa Verde core area, implying systemic linkages among the communities which comprise the ceramic tradition. The greater San Juan Basin was abandoned at about the same time as the Mesa Verde are. Similarities in ceramic style and complementary population histories suggest migration to the northern Rio Grande. The paper closes with a consideration of the social units by which emigration may have proceeded and the kinds of archaeological evidence which might be expected.Roney, John R. 1996PIThe Pueblo III Period in the Eastern San Juan Basin and Acoma-Laguna Area1 Adler, Michael A.n2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press145-169VRoney, John R. 1996 Field Notes.atalaya referenceAtalayaLERothschild, Nan A., Barbara J. Mills, T.J. Ferguson, and Susan Dublin 1993*$Abandonment at Zuni Farming Villages`YAbandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approachess .'Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomkae123-137n Cambridge University Press  Cambridge( Russell, F.I  1975 ,The Pima Indians  "Tucson  8University of Arizona Pressb  479s  2nd. "Minnis 2This is the prime ethnographic account of the Pima Indians, based on fieldwork conducted in 1902. Information on social organization, philosophy and song was actually written by a memeber of the Pima, although this was not recognized until later. Much of the reconstruction of the Pima was based on information gained through the use of elderly informants, whose memories extended into the early 18th. century: this heavily utilized the concept of the ethnographic present. This work is valuable for presenting 18th. century subsistence patterns of the Pima, as well as their attitudes toward and uses of various domesticated and wild plants. The recitation of the events from a 'calendar stick' provides some interesting year-by-year data on the occurrence of epidemics, droughts, and floods, as well as some of the Piman responses to them, from 1833 to 1902. This can be useful in reconstructing patterns of response to environmental stress during that period, and may have implications for response patterns previous to that time period. *Pima ethnology  S. H. Ryerson 1994F?The Potters of Povenir: The Lesser Known Artisans of Mata Ortiz Kiva60 93-118 Saitta, R. D.o 1997LEPower, Labor, and the Dynamics of Change in Chacoan Political EconomyAmerican Antiquity62 7-26economicChaco general economicM6  LnK,K J&INRavesloot, John C. 1984tmSocial Differentiation at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico: An Archaeological Analysis of Mortuary Practices  Department of Anthropology  Carbondale "Southern Illinois University$Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation*$Paquim mortuary study power paquim Di Peso excavated 576 burials, which Ravesloot analyzed to study social organization in Casas Grandes. Over 100 were actually unburied bodies while 447 were buried. The specific goal is assessing the extent to which social life at Casas Grandes was hierarchically organized, due to ascriptive ranking, during the Medio period. Of course the premise is that burial patterns reflect living social organization (referred to as the "dimensional approach" in this application). Another concern is that Ravesloot used Di Peso's chronology which places the Medio period between A.D. 1060 and 1340. A set of 39 variables are used to analyze grave contents, proxemics, etc. using several statistical techniques. The most elaborate burials included such traits as macaws, bone wands, necklaces, rasps, and copper ornaments. Principle components analysis produced three eigens of burial traits that tended to co-occur. The latter two sets of traits stands out for cross-cutting age and gender. The distilled conclusion is that burials with the more impressive goods and certain spatial traits represent an ascritive elite at Paquim. * Current work by Pam Kogler of UNM with the same collections also comes out for there having been an elite. Some skeletons are definitely better fed people.eRavesloot, John C. 1988XQMortuary Practices and Social Differentiation at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico@:Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 49 Tucson "University of Arizona Press <6archaeology mortuary study social organization Paquim,&Ravesloot, John C. Spoerl, Patricia M. 1989f`The Role of Warfare in the Development of Status Hierarchies at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico ,&Tkaczuk, Diane Claire Vivian, Brain C.@:Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives Calgaryt :4The University of Calgary Archaeological Association130-137iThe paper opens with some discussion of what warfare means within the context of archaeology. Cordell (1984) is cited as saying that conflict is a factor that led to abandonment of large areas of the Southwest in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Di Peso believed that warfare led to the sudden abandonment of Casas Grandes. His evidence consists of burning, macaws and turkeys abandoned in their pens, unburied bodies and broken altar stones and figures. Ravesloot and Spoerl claim that Paquim's decline followed decades of stagnation and long after the site functioned as a major trading centre. They judge the Medio period to have lasted from about A.D. 1200 to 1450 based on current evidence. There may have been limited occupation of the site into the contact period. Bandelier (1892) noted that Paquim's location would make it hard to sneak up on the site. The House of the Serpent has only a single outside entry which may be a defensive feature. The potential of Cerro Moctezuma as a signalling tower is also mentioned. The walk-in well provides a permanent water supply. Benfer (1968) identified pathologies on several skeletons that may be battle wounds. There are trophy skulls from Unit 16. A lot of bones, mostly from black bears, were found with these skulls. Many of the unburied bodies were found in room fill mixed with roof-fall and scattered on room floors. Others were found articulated in such places as plaza drains. They suggest that the Mound of the Offerings may have been ransacked at some point. There is little evidence of weaponry for these people. They conclude that this constitutes considerable direct and indirect evidence for warfare as an integral part of Casas Grandes society. An elite may have encouraged chronic warfare to consolidate their own power. They close with a few platitudes about inherent uncertainty given the subject. * There is no reason to doubt that warfare was part of Paquim's story. This paper could have gone a step farther by considering who there was warfare with and noting weapon descriptions from cave sites to the west. I don't see how this advances from what Di Peso said other than the chronology.Reid, J. Jefferson 1989HBA Grasshopper Perspective on the Mogollon of the Arizona Mountains (!Cordell, Linda S. Gumerman, G. J.g& Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press 65-97Mogollon/MimbresMogollon generalJDReid, J. Jefferson Welsh, J.R. Montgomery, B.K. Zedeno, Maria Nieves 1996d]A Demographic Overview of the Late Pueblo III Period in the Mountains of East Central Arizonaa  Adler, M.u2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1300 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 73-85Mogollon/Mimbres"settlement patterns MogollonReid, J. Jefferson 1996d]A Demographic Overview of the Late Pueblo III Period in the Mountains of East-Central Arizonan Adler, Michael A.r2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press 73-85PIJ. Jefferson Reid John R. Welch Barbara K. Montgomery Mara Nieves Zedeo 1996d]A Demographic Overview of the Late Pueblo III Period in the Mountains of East-central Arizona Michael A. Adler2,The Prehistoric Pueblo World: A.D. 1150-1350 Tucson "University of Arizona Press0)Reid, J. Jefferson Montgomery, Barbara K. 1998RLThe Brown and the Gray: Pots and Population Movement in East-Central Arizona*#Journal of Anthropological Researchp544447-459 \3\@] jZ& YSaitta, Dean J. 1997LEPower, Labor, and the Dynamics of Change in Chacoan Political EconomykAmerican Antiquity62 7-26(!Saitta, R. D. McGuire, Randall H. 1998D>Dialectics, Heterarchy, and Western Pueblo Social OrganizationAmerican Antiquity63334-336 leadership Sando, Joe S. 1979The Pueblo Revolt  Alfonso Ortiz>7Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 9, Southwestt Washington D.C.n Smithsonian Institution,&Jon A. Sandor P.L. Gersper J.W. Hawley 1990RKPrehistoric Agricultural Terraces and Soils in the Mimbres Area, New MexicosWorld Archaeology\221\ 70-86fSandor, Jonathan A.c 1991^XLong-term Effects of Prehistoric Agriculture on Soils: Examples from New Mexico and Peru Holliday, Vance T.D>Soils in Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation Washington, DC $Smithsonian Institution Press217-2455 Sayles, E.B. 19364-An Archaeological Survey of Chihuahua, Mexico Medallion Papers No. XXII  Globe, AZ  Gila PuebloThe purpose of the survey reported here was to, "trace the southeastern extension of the culture of the Hohokam . . . to present the archaeology of the region in general; and to define its relations with contiguous regions." The first section of the book includes a description of the physiographic setting and plates of the better known sites in Chihuahua. He reports that in the eastern part of the site only open camp-sites and open shelters were found. Adobe house-ruins occur in the northeast (Samalayuca dunefields ?). The Sierra Madres have numerous sites with architecture and cliff dwellings. More detailed descriptions of architecture and features in the Casas Grandes and Sierra regions follow. The final third of the book is more plates of artifacts of which there is impressive variety. This includes a chronology based on traits that is way off the mark. He describes a "Ramos phase" as the classic period in Chihuahua (* sensu Mesoamerica ?). This is basically equivalent to the Medio period. He describes Villa Ahumada polychrome as being centred on the Santa Maria and a precursor to his Ramos phase. (* Kidder and Cruz in their repsective times have also made this observation). He considers Madera red-on-black to represent southern influence. He concludes that there is no Chihuahuan evidence for direct contact with the Hohokam. But the early ceramics may show links to both Hohokam and Mogollon culture (e.g. Medanos red-on-brown). The monograph closes with a discussion section by Harold Gladwin. He sees strong affinity between Medanos red-on-brown and Mogollon red-on-brown. From this he claims that the earliest pottery in Chihuahua must be derived from New Mexican Mogollon (which I don't buy at all). He also argues for a complete absence of Hohokam traits in Chihuahua. Gladwin also speaks of "Classic period" as an definite interval. Gladwin claims that Babicora polychrome is largely derived from Mimbres. "T-shaped" doorways were introduced to Chihuahua by Salado refugees from the U.S. Southwest. Salado and Babicora elements merge to form the Ramos phase. Gladwin concludes that Chihuahuan development is due to "pulses" from the north; no single feature can definitely be traced to Mesoamerica.Schaafsma, Curtis F. 1979PJThe "El Paso Phase" and its Relationship to the "Casas Grandes Phenomenon" ,&Beckett, Patrick H. Wiseman, Regge D."Jornada Mogollon Archaeology  Las Cruces (!New Mexico State University Press383-388VOaggregation Animas archaeology ceramic analysis Mexico Mimbres Mogollon PaquimLehmer (1948) defined the El Paso Phase as that part of the Jornada Branch characterized by agriculture, coursed adobe villages, El Paso polychrome, Chupadero black-on-white, plainware, and sundry minor types. These sites fall into a more widespread pattern involving Chihuahuan sites, the Animas Phase, and Black Mountain Phase. Two universal denominators are roomblocks arranged around plazas and the absence of semi-subterranean kivas. Schaafsma believes that this is all one culture operating over a vast area. This culture must have been heavily influenced by Casas Grandes. Schaafsma refers to Brand's (1943) reference to the density of sites in the Carretas Basin. Brand and McCluney both thought that the Animas Phase was very much part of Casas Grandes culture. Brand (1943) advocated a colonization model from Chihuahua into New Mexico. Polly Schaafsma is cited as saying these cultures should be linked to Mesoamerica rather than the Anasazi. Lehmer realized that the El Paso Phase post-dated the Mimbres Culture. The El Paso Phase was probably established by A.D. 1200. Lehmer believes that the El Paso Phase lasted until about A.D. 1400 which is also about the end-date for Kelley's La Junta Focus. So Schaafsma summarizes that there was a unified culture over a wide region from maybe A.D. 1200 to 1400. This culture may have been the origin of many elements in Pueblo IV sites to the north. Population aggregation into pueblos is cited as a possible example of this.Schachner, Gregson 2001jcRitual Control and Transformation in Middle-Range Societies: An Example from the American Southwest ,&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology20168-194Schachner, Gregson 2006TMThe Decline of Zuni Glaze Ware Production in the Tumultuous Fifteenth Centurya F@Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. Eckert, Suzanne A. Huntley, Deborah L.b[The Social Life of Pots: Glaze Wares and Cultural Dynamics in the Southwest, A.D. 1250-1680 Tucson "University of Arizona Press124-141ic|dONMe2^`spSchachner, Gregson 2007RKPopulation Circulation and the Transformation of Ancient Cibola Communitiess2+School of Human Evolution and Social Changea Tempeo Arizona State University*#Schlanger, Sarah H. Wilshusen, R.H.  1993PJLocal Abandonments and Regional Conditions in the North American Southwest "Cameron, C. M. Tomka, S. A.l`YAbandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches  Cambridge Cambridge University Press 85-98 abandonmentnAnasazi abandonment Schlegel, A. 1992^XAfrican Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier SocietyAmerican Anthropologistl942376-397  ethnographicethnographic PuebloanNKaren Gust Schollmeyer 2000lfSettlement Size, Environmental Impact and Large Mammal Use in the Mimbres Region, Southwest New Mexico Tempei TMUnpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State UniversityScott, Stuart D. 1966 Dendrochronology in Mexico:4Papers of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research No. 2 Tucson $University of Arizona Press``` This monograph is the publication of Scott's dissertation. There is some of the usual patter about Southwest - Mesoamerican routes of contact. Using the Casas Grandes samples Scott, and others, built up a 500 year chronology. T. Harlan has built a modern tree chronology from the Sierra Madres near Paquim. A typo has Sayles doing his Chihuahua survey in 1937 instead of 1933. Sayles collected cross-sections from beams in several cliff dwellings and sent them back to Gila Pueblo. Haury (1938) published one date from these with some reservations. Brand gave one sample to the Arizona tree ring lab from the Rio Aros (Rio Yaqui) in 1931. Sayles collected 51 cross-sections from cliff dwellings. He collected four cross-sections from CHIH H:11:1 that are presumably ceiling beams or upright supports. There are two more samples from nearby CHIH H:11:3. Sayles also collected samples from CHIH I:9:3 near Las Varas and from Cave Valley. During 1936 Lister collected some samples, also turned over to the tree-ring lab. Most of these are from the Rio Garabato, near Sayles' Rio Chico sites. Twenty one samples came from what I presume is Cuarenta Casas. Lister also collected one sample from Agua Zarca (* southwest of Janos) and one from Cave Valley. Deric Nusbaum collected 42 more samples from the Chihuahua Sierra during May of 1941. He also collected from the Garabato, Chico, and Piedras Verdes (Cave Valley) drainages. These samples must at least in part, come from previously visited cliff dwellings. Nusbaum collected from CHIH D:15:10 and CHIH D:15:11, which are like Corral and Rincon Caves. He also collected at H:11:7, H:11:8, and H:11:9. These are on the Rio Chico. At least the first two are likely sites that Sayles had already recorded. Nusbaum also collected wood from CHIH H:8:3 in the Rio Garabato drainage, CHIH H:2:1 on the Rio Gaviln, and CHIH M:5:1 about 100 Km south of the Cuarenta Casas area. There are also samples from Durango. Sayles and Nusbaum also sampled living trees. Rex Gerald submitted some charcoal from the Hurigos Site northwest of Animas. Apparently he did some excavations here. It was a sizeable mound evidently. After summarizing collections from Mexico, Scott moves into describing the JCGP samples, of which there are more than 400. Most are from Paquim with a few being from four other sites, including the mission at the Convento Site. Most of the Paquim samples are yellow pine. Most of the Cave Valley samples are juniper with some dateable pine. Most of these samples had 40 or less rings. Tom Harlan tried to build a chronology and tie it into Paquim or Southwest chronologies with no luck. These problems generally apply to the other Chihuahua Sierra cave sites too although Haury was able to get a 111 year chronology. Modern samples collected by Sayles, Nusbaum and then Harlan (1961) have provided a precise tree-ring chronology back to A.D. 1524. The Casas Grandes modern series only shows slight similarity to Southwest sequences meaning that they should be considered separate dendro-climatic regions. With Amerind support, Scott built a 200 year sequence from Matachic. This can be cross-dated with the Paquim sequence but there are substantial differences suggesting a separate region again. Scott summarizes R.H. Thompson's 1963 paper on ceramic type associations that places Ramos Polychrome in the fourteenth century. The monograph closes with some general discussion.Sebastian, Lynne 19914.Sociopolitical Complexity and the Chaco System Crown, P.A. Judge, W.J.mPIChaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest Santa Fe (!School of American Research Pressr109-134 Chaco Chaco social integrationShafer, Harry J. 198260Classic Mimbres Households and Room Use Patterns Kiva48 17-381Mogollon/Mimbres"settlement patterns Mimbresl$Shafer, Harry J. Taylor, A.J.n 1986@9Mimbres Mogollon Pueblo Dynamics and Ceramic Style Changeo"Journal of Field Archaeology13 43-68nMogollon/MimbresMimbres general