Social Transformations and Regional Scales of Social Identity in the Cibola World: AD 1100-1325

Social Transformations and Regional Scales of Social Identity in the Cibola World (A.D. 1100-1325) Matthew Peeples On-going PhD dissertation research Introduction
This research is concerned with the interrelationships between major social transformations and collective social identities at regional scales. I develop methods for operationalizing contemporary social theory and apply them to archaeological data from the Cibola/Zuni region of the North American Southwest (ca. AD 1100-1325), in order to better understand how changes in the mechanisms of collective social identification influence the trajectories of large-scale social transformations. The period considered here was marked by a well documented shift from relatively dispersed hamlets, to clustered villages, and eventually, to large nucleated towns (Huntley and Kintigh 2004; Kintigh 1985a, 1996; Kintigh et al. 2004). The creation of larger settlements both concentrated populations in smaller portions of the region and created vast empty expanses (Peeples and Schachner 2008; Wilcox et al. 2007), providing an ideal context for the exploration of social transformation at a regional scale. I use insights based on contemporary social theory of social movements to investigate a key question: What is the relationship between changes in collective social identities and major social transformations—specifically nucleation and population movement—observed in the archaeological record? The Cibola region, centered on the contemporary Pueblo of Zuni (Figure 1), has long been of interest to archaeologists and ethnographers interested in issues of cultural identity (e.g., Fewkes 1891; Green 1990; Spier 1917, 1918). The Zuni language is a linguistic isolate, which suggests a long period of separation from other language groups throughout the greater Southwest (Hill 2007). The region is located between two traditionally defined archaeological cultures; the Anasazi or Ancestral Puebloan to the north and the Mogollon to the south (Danson 1957; Lekson 1996). Archaeologists have long recognized that some Cibola sites contain a combination of material attributes that are typically associated with populations in both areas (Danson 1957; Martin et al. 1956). In particular, archaeologists have suggested that the simultaneous presence of Anasazi gray ware pottery and Mogollon brown ware pottery at some settlements indicates the presence of multiple social groups (see Clark et al. 2006; Danson 1957). A great deal of survey and excavation was carried out in the mid-twentieth century focused, in part, on better understanding this variation (e.g., Danson 1957; Martin 1961; Martin et al. 1952, 1956, 1957, 1962; Martin and Rinaldo 1950; McGimsey 1980). My research will build upon this history of work in the region and the collections that it produced by applying new theoretical tools and methods.
The Study Area
	Figure 1. Cibola region study area. The Cibola region encompasses a large portion of the U.S. Southwest centered on the contemporary Pueblo of Zuni. The map to the left shows major and excavated sites (ca. A.D. 1100-1325) across the region. The shaded regions represent complementary areas that are only included in this project using previously published data. (click image to see full size).



Collective Identities: Relations and Categories
My theoretical perspective builds on the work of political scientists and sociologists studying the development of political interest groups, social movements, and collective social identities at large scales (both demographically and geographically [e.g., Brubaker and Cooper 2000; Calhoun 1995, 1997; Somers 1994; Stokke and Tjomsland 1996; Tilly 1978, 2001, 2004, 2005; White 1992, 2008]). Researchers working from this perspective suggest that the process of social identification takes place in two primary modes; relational and categorical. Relational identification refers to a process in which individuals identify with groups, often informally, based on networks of interactions or relationships, such as exchange or kin ties. In contrast, in categorical identification individuals identify with more formal units such as political groups, religious organizations, or states, based on perceived similarities with others in these groups. Categorical identities, unlike their relational counterparts, can be defined external to direct interaction and can include far greater numbers of individuals (Calhoun 1994:26). Proponents of the relational/categorical approach have argued that these modes of social identification have been conflated in many studies (see Somers 1994; Tilly 2001), but that an understanding of both, and the interplay between them, is essential to building an understanding of major social transformations (Somers and Gibson 1995:64-69; Stokke and Tjomsland 1996:27-31; Tilly 2001). In some cases, massive social movements and transformations originate among groups sharing strong relational connections, but in a process referred to as “scale shift,” such transformations must become linked to categorical identities in order to expand beyond local contexts (McAdam 2003:294). For example, during the civil rights movement in the United States, protests among local communities, connected by relational networks of interaction (mostly among churches), became increasingly subsumed under the categorical notion of “civil rights activists” that included far greater numbers of individuals than could interact directly (McAdam 1999). Drawing inspiration from this theoretical perspective, I will develop methods to track changes in these modes of identification to determine if the transformations occurring in the Cibola region are characterized by such a scale shift. Existing models of regional social transformations in the Southwest can be profitably considered in terms of categorical and relational explanations for social change. For example, the two main explanations for the similarities in the patterns of aggregation and population movement seen across the Western Pueblo region in the Pueblo IV period are based on either alliance or cult models (Duff 2000:82-84). Alliance models have been used to define a number of sociopolitical entities, represented by closely spaced clusters of nucleated settlements. The social connections within and between these clusters are thought to have been forged through the direct economic interactions resulting from exchange (Plog 1983; Upham 1982). Thus, the alliance model suggests that relational connections among the inhabitants of these settlements are responsible for the similarities in the changes seen across the Southwest. Cult models (Adams 1991; Crown 1994; see also Plog and Solometo 1997), in contrast, treat the similarities in developments across the Southwest at this time as the result of shared participation in widespread cults. The cult model suggests that the Pueblo Katsina Cult and similar entities had their origins at this time as a means for integrating populations across large areas. Cult models conceptualize categorical connections among individuals (shared membership in a religious organization) as explanations for the coordinated changes occurring across the region. In past research, these two perspectives have been viewed as somewhat contradictory. My work will instead use them as complementary, descriptive of different parts of the overall process. I will build on these previous explanations for widespread transformations by tracking both relational and categorical identities. As the work of social movement theorists suggests, it is the interrelationships between these modes of identification that form the basis of major social changes.

Analytical Methods
In order to explore the relationships among the relational and categorical modes of social identification and the rapid organizational transformations in the Cibola region through time, I will concentrate on three major classes of evidence: (1) settlement and community organization, (2) relational connections in the form of direct interaction, and (3) categorical connections in the form of the active expressions of group membership.
		(1) Characterizations of settlement and changes in the sizes and compositions of communities through time form a necessary background for studying social identity. The shift from dispersed to more nucleated settlement in the Cibola region has been characterized as necessitating fundamental changes in social organization (Figure 2; Huntley and Kintigh 2004; Kintigh 1994). In order to explore this process at a regional scale, I have gathered data on site location, size, and layout for all sites of over 50 rooms and all smaller sites from full coverage survey throughout the region. This database contains over 1,500 dated sites from over 350,000 acres of survey. I have placed these sites into temporal categories of roughly 50 year intervals based on the proportions of well dated decorated ceramics (Figure 3; Kintigh et al. 2004). These data allow me to track changes in community organization through time across the study area. Figure 2 (top). Examples of communities from the Pueblo III and Pueblo IV periods (A) The Hinkson Site: a community of over 500 clustered rooms (solid black) dating from ca. AD 1150-1275. (B) Archeotekopa II: a large nucleated site of approximately 1,400 rooms dating from ca. AD 1275-1325. Figure 3 (bottom). Plot of room counts over time (standardized for the period length) for 4 full-coverage surveys in the study area. This figure illustrates the massive population shift occurring across the Pueblo III to Pueblo IV transition.
(2) Relational identities are forged out of networks of interaction. One tool that has frequently been used to characterize interaction is ceramic compositional analysis. For this study, I am using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis to characterize 600 ceramic sherds, including both decorated and undecorated wares from 22 sites from across the Cibola region (see Figure 1). These data will be combined with the nearly 1,500 existing samples from previous studies in the region (Duff 1999:Appendix B; Huntley 2004:Table 5.1; Mills 1995; Schachner 2007:Table 4.1). Following recent ceramic compositional studies in the U.S. Southwest (see Glowacki 2006) I will interpret the presence of ceramics from a particular source as evidence of direct interaction in the form of exchange, population circulation, or migration between a settlement and other settlements within the probable production area. The relative degree and directionality of ceramic circulation among settlements will be used as measures of interaction. In addition to this, several recent studies have suggested that attributes of material culture that are invisible in the final product, or that are located in contexts of low visibility, often vary in relation to the degree of direct interaction among individual producers (Carr 1995; Clark 2001; Gosselain 2000; Lyons 2003; Stark et al. 1998). Examples include ceramic forming methods, which are not visible once the vessel is fired or interior domestic architecture. Strong patterns of similarity in low visibility technological styles provide important indicators of shared social practices. These traits can be seen as a measure of frequent interaction and strong relational connections among producers. I am conducting a detailed technological comparison of the utilitarian ceramic assemblages from 49 excavated settlements in the Cibola region, measuring 21 low visibility technological attributes on approximately 100 randomly selected ceramic cooking jar sherds from each site (Table 1). These data will be quantitatively assessed using a combination of Gower coefficients, principal coordinates analysis, and k-means cluster analysis in order to identify groups of producers operating under common technological frameworks (see Peeples 2010). This classification procedure is similar to methods used for identifying clusters among hybridized biological species (Dibble et al. 1998; Hawkins et al. 1999). Combined with the INAA study, these data will allow me to consider networks of relational identification at multiple scales.
		Table 1. Variables and potential variable states recorded for samples included in this study. The 12 attributes highlighted in blue are the only variables included in the quantitative analysis described here. (click to see full size).
(3) Categorical identities do not depend on direct connections among individuals. Thus, such identities require symbolization to facilitate recognition among members and non-members of groups (Calhoun 1994). It is extremely difficult to define attributes of material culture directed at active expression of identity (Hegmon 1992). The profiles of change in stylistic attributes across space and through time, however, can sometimes serve to identify likely loci of active expression. My analysis will consider highly visible ceramic designs and public architecture. In the Cibola region, bold designs on the exteriors of large serving bowls have been suggested as one such signal of identity (Mills 2007a, 2007b). Previous studies have shown that the sizes and boldness of these designs vary in relation to the sizes of the settlements and plazas through time (Mills 2007a). The bowls are frequently found in contexts associated with other evidence of communal feasting events (Mills 1999; Potter 2000; Spielmann 1998). Furthermore, certain communities appear to have produced concentrations of certain iconic designs and color combinations on bowl exteriors (Huntley 2008), designs that were important means of signaling visual information. I will compare bowl exterior designs with hierarchical methods of stylistic analysis (Clark 2006; Hegmon 1995; Plog 1980) using published photographs and whole vessel collections from 39 sites throughout the region (see Figure 4). Style data will be used to assess the scales at which certain stylistic conventions or iconic designs were shared, providing a measure of categorical connections. Additionally, I will compare the forms of public architectural spaces—common contexts for public rituals—across the region. Settlements with similar public architectural spaces likely engaged in similar public ritual expressions (e.g., Adams 1991; Adler and Wilshusen 1990). The public nature of these spaces further suggests that such features provide contexts for active expressions of social identity among communities.
Figure 4. Examples of commonly reoccurring motifs found on White Mountain Redware and Zuni Glazeware bowl exteriors from sites across the Cibola region. (click image to see full size).

Significance
This research will result in the use of well-developed body of theory new to archaeology, as well as new insights into how to address regional-scale social processes. The use of this theoretical perspective also has the potential to forge new connections between archaeologists and social scientists exploring similar issues. The large, well-documented regional database will permit an examination of social change at scales that are seldom directly considered by archaeologists or ethnographers. As synthetic treatments of regional-scale social processes become more common (e.g., Asouti 2006; Hegmon et al. 2008; Parkinson 2006; Pauketat 2003; Wells 2005), studies explicitly focused on identifying useful material correlates and developing analytical tools for tracking changes in the relationships among identity, organizational change, and material culture will be increasingly important. Archaeological studies such as the one proposed here are uniquely suited to this objective because ethnological studies cannot typically take place at such scales and are limited in their temporal coverage (Veit 1989). Lastly, this research addresses questions directly relevant for assessments of cultural affiliation as mandated by NAGPRA. Specifically, this research will provide an alternative means for defining affiliation that does not rely on traditional archaeological culture areas. This alternative has the potential to help in reintegrating Native American perspectives into archaeological assessments of affiliation by specifically addressing variation rather than masking it (see Dongoske et al. 1997).

References Cited
Adams, E. Charles 1991 The Origin and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cult. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Adler, Michael A. and Richard H. Wilshusen 1990 Large-Scale Integrative Facilities in Tribal Societies: Cross-Cultural and Southwestern U.S. Examples. World Archaeology 22(2):133-144. Asouti, Eleni 2006 Beyond the Pre-pottery Neolithic B Interaction Sphere. Journal of World Prehistory 20(2-4):87-126. Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper 2000 Beyond "Identity". Theory and Society 29(1):1-47. Calhoun, Craig 1994 Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. In Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun, pp. 9-36. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Calhoun, Craig 1995 Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Calhoun, Craig 1997 Nationalism. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul. Carr, Christopher 1995 A Unified Middle-Range Theory of Artifact Design. In Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Christopher Carr and Jill E. Neitzel, pp. 171-258. Plenum Press, New York. Clark, Jeffrey J. 2001 Tracking Prehistoric Migrations: Pueblo Settlers among the Tonto Basin Hohokam. Anthropological Papers No. 65. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Clark, Tiffany C., Gregson Schachner, Suzanne L. Eckert, Todd L. Howell and Deborah L. Huntley 2006 Rudd Creek Pueblo: A Late Tularosa Phase Village in East Central Arizona. Kiva 71(4):397-428. Crown, Patricia L. 1994 Ceramics and Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Danson, Edward Bridge 1957 An Archaeological Survey of West Central New Mexico and East Central Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University 44. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Dibble, Alison C., Wesley A. Wright, Christopher S. Campbell and Craig W. Greene 1998 Quantitative Morphology of the Amelanchier Agamic Complex (Rosaceae) at a Maine Site. Systematic Botany 23(1):31-41. Dongoske, Kurt E., Michael Yeatts, Roger Anyon and T.J. Ferguson 1997 Archaeological Cultures and Cultural Affiliation: Hopi and Zuni Perspectives in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 62(4):600-608. Duff, Andrew I. 1999 Regional Interaction and the Transformation of Western Pueblo Identities, A.D. 1275-1400. PhD Dissertation, Arizona State University. Duff, Andrew I. 2000 Scale, Interaction, and Regional Analysis in late Pueblo Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest, edited by Michelle Hegmon, pp. 51-71. University of Colorado Press, Boulder. Fewkes, Jessie Walter 1891 Reconnaissance of on or Near the Zuñi Reservation. Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology 1:92-132. Glowacki, Donna M. and Hector Neff (editors) 2002 Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southwest. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, Los Angeles. Gosselain, Olivier P. 2000 Materializating Identities: An African Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7(3):187-217. Green, Jesse (editor) 1990 Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Hawkins, Julie A., Laura White Olascoaga, Colin E. Hughes, José-Luis R. Contreras Jiménez and Pedro Mercado Ruardo 1999 Investigation and Documentation of Hybridization between Parkinsonia aculeata and Cercidium praecox (Leguminosae: Caesalipinioideae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 216(1-2):49-68. Hegmon, Michelle 1992 Archaeological Research on Style. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:517-536. Hegmon, Michelle Hegmon, Michelle 1995 The Social Dynamics of Pottery Style in the Early Puebloan Southwest. Occasional Papers 4. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO. Hegmon, Michelle, Matthew A. Peeples, Ann P. Kinzig, Stephanie Kulow, Cathryn M. Meegan and Margaret C. Nelson 2008 Social Transformation and Its Human Costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 110(3):313-324. Hill, Jane H. 2007 The Zuni Language in Southwestern Areal Context. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David A. Gregory and David R. Wilcox, pp. 22-38. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Huntley, Deborah L. and Keith W. Kintigh 2004 Archaeological Patterning and the Organizational Scale of Late Prehistoric Settlement Clusters in the Zuni Region of New Mexico. In The Protohistoric Pueblo World: A.D. 1275-1600, edited by E. Charles Adams and Andrew I. Duff, pp. 62-74. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Huntley, Deborah L. 2004 Interaction, Boundaries, and Identities: A Multiscalar Approach to the Organizational Scale of Pueblo IV Zuni Society. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University. Huntley, Deborah L. 2008 Ancestral Zuni Glaze-Decorated Pottery: Viewing Pueblo IV Regional Organization through Ceramic Production and Exchange. Anthropological Papers No. 72. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Kintigh, Keith W. 1985 Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory. Anthropological Papers No. 44. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Kintigh, Keith W. 1994 Chaco, Community Architecture, and Cibolan Aggregation. In The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, edited by W.H. Wills and R.D. Leonard, pp. 131-140. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Kintigh, Keith W. 1996 The Cibola Region in the Post-Chacoan Era. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350, edited by M. Adler, pp. 131-144. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Kintigh, Keith W. 2007 Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Settlement Systems in the Zuni Area. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David A. Gregory and David R. Wilcox, pp. 361-376. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Kintigh, Keith W., Donna M. Glowacki and Deborah L. Huntley 2004 Long-term Settlement History and the Emergence of Towns in the Zuni Area. American Antiquity 69(3):432-456. Lekson, Stephen H. 1996 Southwestern New Mexico and Southeastern Arizona. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World: AD 1150-1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, pp. 170-176. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Lyons, Patrick D. 2003 Ancestral Hopi Migrations. Anthropological Paper 68. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Martin, Paul S. and John B. Rinaldo 1950 Sites of the Reserve Phase, Pine Lawn Valley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana Anthropology 38. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, John B. Bluhm, Hugh C. Cutler and Roger Grange, Jr. 1952 Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change: The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves. Fieldiana Anthropology 40. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, John B. Bluhm and Hugh C. Cutler 1956 Higgins Flat Pueblo, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana Anthropology 45. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo and Eloise R. Barter 1957 Late Mogollon Communities: Four Sites of the Tularosa Phase, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology 49(1). Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S. and John B. Rinaldo 1960 Table Rock Pueblo, Arizona. Fieldiana: Anthropology 51(2). Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S. 1961 Mineral Creek Site and Hooper Ranch Pueblo, Eastern Arizona. Fieldiana Anthropology 52. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, William A. Longacre, Constance Cronin, Leslie G. Freeman, Jr. and James Schoenwetter 1962 Chapters in the Prehistory of Eastern Arizona, Volume I. Fieldiana Anthropology 53. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago. McAdam, Doug 1999 Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. McAdam, Doug 2003 Beyond Structural Analysis: Toward a More Dynamic Understanding of Social Movements. In Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, edited by Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, pp. 281-298. Oxford University Press, Oxford. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly 2001 Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. McGimsey, Charles R., III 1980 Mariana Mesa: Seven Prehistoric Settlements in West-Central New Mexico. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 72. Harvard University, Cambridge. Mills, Barbara J. 1995 The Organization of Protohistoric Zuni Ceramic Production. In Ceramic Production in the American Southwest, edited by Barbara J. Mills and Patricia L. Crown, pp. 200-230. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Mills, Barbara J. 1999 Ceramics and Social Contexts of Food Consumption in the Northern Southwest. In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction, edited by James M. Skibo and Gary M. Feinman. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Mills, Barbara J. 2007a A Regional Perspective on Ceramics and Zuni Identity, A.D. 200-1630. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David A. Gregory and David R. Wilcox, pp. 210-238. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Mills, Barbara J. 2007b Performing the Feast: Visual Display and Suprahousehold Commensalism in the Puebloan Southwest. American Antiquity 72(2):210-240. Parkinson, William A. 2006 Tribal Boundaries: Stylistic Variability and Social Boundary Maintenance during the Transition to the Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25:33-58. Pauketat, Timothy R. 2003 Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity. American Antiquity 68(1):39-66. Peeples, Matthew A. and Gregson Schachner 2008 Long-term Patterns of Settlement along the Zuni River Drainage. Poster presented at the 20th Biannual Southwest Symposium, Tempe, AZ. Plog, Fred 1983 Political and Economic Alliances on the Colorado Plateaus, A.D. 400-1450. In Advances in World Archaeology, Volume II, edited by F. Wendorf and A. E. Close, pp. 289-330. Academic Press, New York. Plog, Stephen 1980 Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American Southwest. Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge. Plog, Stephen and Julia Solometo 1997 The Never Changing and the Ever-Changing: The Evolution of Western Pueblo Ritual. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7(2):161-182. Potter, James M. 2000 Pots, Parties, and Politics: Communal Feasting in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 65(4):471-492. Schachner, Gregson 2007 Population Circulation and the Transformation of Ancient Cibola Communities. PhD Dissertation, Arizona State University. Somers, Margaret R. 1994 The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society 23(5):605-649. Somers, Margaret R. and Gloria D. Gibson 1994 Reclaiming the Epistemological "Other": Narrative and the Social Construction of Identity. In Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun, pp. 37-99. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Spielmann, Katherine A. 1998 Ritual Influences on the Development of Rio Grande Glaze A Ceramics. In Migration and Reorganization: the Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest, edited by Katherine A. Spielmann, pp. 253-262. Anthropological Research Papers 51. Arizona State University Press, Tempe, AZ. Spier, Leslie 1917 An Outline for a Chronology of Zuni Ruins. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 18, part 3. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Spier, Leslie 1918 Notes on Some Little Colorado Ruins. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 18, part 4. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Stark, Miriam T., Mark D. Elson and Jeffrey J. Clark 1998 Social Boundaries and Technical Choices in Tonto Basin Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Social Boundaries, edited by Miriam T. Stark, pp. 208-231. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Stokke, Hugo and Marit Tjomsland 1996 Collective Identities and Social Movements. Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway. Tilly, Charles 1978 Mobilization to Revolution. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Tilly, Charles 1998 Social Movements and (all sorts of) Other Political Interactions - Local, National, and International - Including Identities. Theory and Society 27(4):453-480. Tilly, Charles 2001 Relational Origins of Inequality. Anthropological Theory 1(3):355-372. Tilly, Charles 2004 Social Boundary Mechanisms. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34(2):211-236. Tilly, Charles 2005 Identities, Boundaries, and Social Ties. Paradigm Publishers, Boulder, CO. Upham, Steadman 1982 Polities and Power: An Economic and Political History of the Western Pueblo. Academic Press, New York. Veit, U. 1989 Ethnic Concepts in Prehistory: A Case Study on the Relationship between Cultural Identity and Archaeological Objectivity. In Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, edited by Stephen J. Shennan, pp. 35-56. Unwin-Hyman, London. Wells, Peter S. 2005 Creating an Imperial Frontier: Archaeology of the Formation of Rome's Danube Borderland. Journal of Archaeological Research 13(1):49-88. White, Harrison 1992 Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton University Press, Princeton. White, Harrison 2008 Notes on the Constituents of Social Structure. Sociologica 1:1-15. Wilcox, David R., David A. Gregory and J. Brett Hill 2007 Zuni in the Puebloan and Southwestern Worlds. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David A. Gregory and David R. Wilcox, pp. 165-209. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

Social Transformations and Regional Scales of Social Identity in the Cibola World (A.D. 1100-1325)

Matthew Peeples

On-going PhD dissertation research Introduction

The Study Area

Collective Identities: Relations and Categories

Analytical Methods

Significance

References Cited

On-going PhD dissertation research

Introduction