#!/bin/sh # MetaCard 2.4 stack # The following is not ASCII text, # so now would be a good time to q out of more exec mc $0 "$@" HyperGlaze Help2 ton shutdownRequest answer "Save changes to HyperGlaze before quitting?" with "Don't Save" or "Cancel" or "Save" if it is "Don't Save" then pass shutDownRequest exit shutdownRequest end if if it is "Cancel" then exit shutdownRequest if it is "Save" then send SaveHyperGlaze to stack "HyperGlaze" pass shutDownRequest end if end shutdownRequest on openstack get the openStacks find empty if line 2 of it is not empty then find whole last word of line 2 of it in fld "HelpTitle" if the result is "not found" then go to first card revChangeWindowSize 512,360 find empty end openstack hHyperGlaze Help U helvetica WArialWArial UArialUArialUArialWArialWArial UArial WArial WArial WArial UArial UArial ULucida Grande UArial WArialUArial UArial WArialWArial W AppleMyungjo WArial U BerkeleyU BerkeleyW Berkeley UTimes New Roman WTimes New Roman cREVGeneralIndex @h cREVGeneralCV @h/H @h` @hI @hU @h. @hL @hNOMf @hk @hnp @h @h @h @h @h @h @h @h @hj @hJ @h[K @hZ @h @h @h @h* @h @h @h @h% @h$ @h @h& @h' @h12h @hi0 @h @h @h) @h @h @h @h @h @h @h @h# @h @h @h\ @ha @h @h6 @ht7 @hv! @hx5 @hz4 @h|8 @h" @h~ @h @h9:F @hG @h @h @h @he @h @hX @h^ @h_ @h @h @h @h cREVGeneralTW @h= @h @h> @h? @h@ @h @hY @h] @hb @hc @hib cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088624999990CloseMxWon mouseup save stack "HyperGlaze Help" close stack "HyperGlaze Help" end mouseup I: cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1086573767303  HelpTitle,h 333333  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088623908939  /HyperGlaze Help   Compare UMFs c & Importing Files on a Windows PC b - Importing PC .GLZ files on a Macintosh ] ( Problem: searches end too quickly Y ( Problem: Glaze Calc adds too much  * Arrow buttons don't go to all cards @ Problem: can't open stack ? " Problem: can't save changes > Troubleshooting  Licensing Agreement = Preferences W  Potter's Friend   QuadBlender   Bibliography Stack  1 Unity Explained - a tutorial about the UMF _ ) Complex Searches for glaze recipes ^  Complex Search X #Utility Stacks - helpful resources  ! Printing Material Analyses e , Print Special - Limit Graphs & Labels   Printing Marked Cards  Printing  $ Viewing options for Materials G , Materials - entering the new analysis F Materials - new materials  Materials Cards  *Clays - a recipe database of clay bodies " 0 The USE Column - multiple frits and spars 8 * Calculation tips - tricks and hints 4 " Calculation tips, continued 5 . Calculation tips - Combining K2O & Na2O $ $ % + , ! . Calculation tips - order of ingredients 7 ! Glaze calc - recalculating 6 ( Glaze calc - interpreting results  Glaze Calculator a  Analyze Glaze \ ) Calculating your own Custom Limits  ' Installing Custom Limits, cont'd  - Importing and Installing Custom Limits #  Custom Limit Formulas  ) Adjusting the Cone in Glaze Limits  * Altering a Glaze Using Glaze Limits  Glaze Limits  Glaze Picture  Glaze Lists  & Importing and Exporting Recipes   Picture button ) ) Other Glaze card tips and features   Compare Glazes 0  The Glazes menu h . Glazes - Thermal Expansion Calculations ' & The glaze recipe & calculations &  Entering a new glaze  #Glazes - the glaze recipe database $  Indexing New Cards % & Browsing, Updating, and Marking  Index - Glaze, Clay, & Material   New Materials Analyses   New Clay Recipes * % Making a copy of a recipe card  ! Calculating Your New Glaze  " Entering a New Glaze Recipe  New Recipes - Making a New Card Z % Updating from an older version K  More Keyboard Shortcuts J  Keyboard Shortcuts j % Things to do with Marked Cards   Finding & Marking Cards  " Finding Recipes & Searching   Useful Tools  HyperGlaze Basics  ( Lists - Glaze Lists and Clay Lists   Indexes - Marking Cards  # Indexes - browse the recipes   Moving from Card to Card  Navigating HyperGlaze k * Making back-up copies of HyperGlaze f ( Arranging Your HyperGlaze Windows L  Stack window sizes . & Macintosh & Windows differences U & Important note - Saving changes I " What's new in HyperGlaze X? ` & Windows Installation, continued H , Installing HyperGlaze from the CD-ROM  Getting Started  HelpText(6< cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088624001566  Click on a topic:   bThe Compare UMFs menu choice in the Glazes menu shows the Compare Unity Formulas window. You can click the Get Current Glaze button at the bottom to add the currently shown glaze in the Glazes stack to the list of unity molecular formulas. By clicking back and forth between the Glazes and Compare Unity windows you can find and add the glazes you want.    $ * : P k |>  W   " /2 WA faster way to add a number of glaze unity formulas to the Compare Unity window is to first mark the glaze recipes you want to add. You can mark them by hand or by using Complex Search to find and mark the glaze recipes you want. Then hold down the Option [ALT] key and click the Get Current Glaze button to add all the marked glaze recipes. < < Ib  H @Blue   *, c You must first start HyperGlaze, then choose Import from the File menu while in the proper database (Glazes, Clays, or Materials) to import a HyperGlaze recipe or material file. Find the file you want to import in the open file dialogue box and choose Open.     - 3 = A$ e k m r w   d   iHyperGlaze can import recipes it exports (.HGZ and .TXT) and .RCP and .RCX formatted files from Insight.  ^ MDon't double-click the files - HyperGlaze doesn't open them that way. Sorry.    )# b If you have glaze recipes in a HyperGlaze file (.GLZ) which were saved on a Windows PC and you want to import them to your Macintosh version of HyperGlaze, do the following:    )g   B1. Hold down the Option key and choose Import from the File menu. 2. You'll see all of the files available, including many which are not HyperGlaze files. Pick the correct file ending in .GLZ to start the import of recipes. G  G QL HyperGlaze can import recipes it exports (.HGZ, .TXT and .RCP) from Insight. HyperGlaze also import .RCX files from Insight, but does not export these files.  D  N XF ] You know there are recipes that satisfy your search but you keep getting "Search canceled after..." messages when using Complex Search. x  x  It's likely that you're holding down the mouse button or clicking the mouse after the search begins. Searches are canceled by holding down the mouse button. If you find that you inadvertantly start a new search with your cancelling click, then move the mouse cursor off of the Search button before clicking. x x ~ Y If you are trying to calculate a glaze batch from the molecular formula using the Glaze Calculator, and you continually get the message that the calculation has added too much of an oxide, you need to consider one or both of these things: R  R b : - Try rearranging the order of the ingredients in the 4 ingredient list. Remember that more complex 7 ingredients which contain several oxides should > appear at the very top of the list. If your glaze needs 6 something like boron or lithium, try adding an , ingredient which supplies that first! : - Check the analysis of ingredients in the Materials ; stack to make sure ingredients you're trying to use - don't add an oxide which isn't needed.  DAll of the database stacks in HyperGlaze have the option to view only the marked cards in that particular database when you click on the forward or backward arrow buttons. Make sure View Marked (just below the arrow buttons) is not highlighted in red when viewing all recipes. If it is, click on it to turn View Marked off.    (  r 3 > In the Materials database, there are several other options for viewing. You can pick the options by clicking on them in the list (just like that at the right) on the bottom right side of any Materials card.      The options include: View All - goes to all cards    9 Current Glaze - shows only materials in current glaze   ( 5 Current Claybody - only materials in current clay   ! . View Marked - shows only marked materials    7 View Inventory - shows only materials in inventory   % @ HyperGlaze expects to have all of its files in the same folder. Please don't rename files, either, as HyperGlaze looks for the original file names when opening stacks.  \ f p8 It is possible for any computer file to become corrupted and unreadable. While this unfortunate event is unlikely, it is a wise idea to keep regular backups of HyperGlaze (and all of your files!) to another type of storage. Do this by either copying the HyperGlaze folder to your backup disk, or by using commercially- available backup software. If your files should be corrupted and unreadable, reinstall HyperGlaze from your backup or the original CD-ROM.  T    ) kMake backups regularly! You don't want to lose all of your hard work entering your favorite glaze recipes! ? ROne likely problem is if HyperGlaze is run directly from the HyperGlaze CD-ROM. CD-ROMs are read-only, meaning that HyperGlaze cannot save changes to the CD-ROM. Be sure to copy the appropriate HyperGlaze folder (Macintosh OS X or Windows) to your hard disk. Do this by dragging the entire folder to your computer's hard disk or desktop.   #Q t ~D  Windows users will also have to uncheck the 'Read Only' setting for the HyperGlaze files. Do this by opening the HyperGlaze folder on your computer's hard disk so that you see all of the parts of HyperGlaze. Click on each file and look at it's Properties (in the File menu). If 'Read Only' is checked, then uncheck it. You should only have to do this once after installing HyperGlaze from the CD-ROM.   ( H R q {z  w v  > iHyperGlaze is designed to be easy to use, but if you do have problems, here are some possible solutions.  ^ *If the software has an error, it will automatically generate an email message. Please send these if you see them pop up, as they contain information critical to making HyperGlaze work better for you. You can write to this same address if you have a problem using HyperGlaze: HGErrors@sbcglobal.net  U   Enjoy HyperGlaze!    If you want to view the licensing agreement again after the initial start-up of HyperGlaze, click on the copyright notice on the Index window. You can view the software license for HyperGlaze and print a copy if needed. eRemember that a single user license for HyperGlaze allows you to install the software on two computers that you use: a desktop computer at work and either another desktop computer at home or portable computer. It does not allow installation of multiple copies of HyperGlaze in a computer lab or classroom or the copying of HyperGlaze for student computers. If you'd like to use HyperGlaze in a lab situation, please purchase the site license which allows use on up to 25 lab computers plus an instructor copy for a very low price. = EUse Preferences to adjust settings to your personal needs including:   5 5 Turn Tool Tips on and off - in General preferences    ! ( 3 Save window locations - in General preferences   & 5 Enter your own thermal expansion coefficients - in $ Thermal Expansion preferences    Please note that you must click the Save button (which also closes preferences) to make your changes permanent. Clicking on the close box in the bar at the top of the window will not save your preferences. W 'The Potter's Friend stack includes a number of useful tools, from simple weight and measure translations, time calculations for those long jobs, plaster working calculations, postage and material cost calculation, to calculating molecular weights from the chemical formula of ceramic materials.     8Take a look and see if there's something there for you!  The QuadBlender stack helps with the math and logic of doing quadraxial and line blends of glazes or colorants. You can enter four separate glaze recipes in the QuadBlender, or just four materials or colorants.      ' Clicking on any of the buttons on the numbered grid will give you the recipe for that test batch and tile. If you have entered four different glaze recipes, the QuadBlender will give you the final batch recipe of that test tile.  9 Choosing Blend Recipe Grid from the QuadBlender menu will show a printable grid of volumetric recipes for making the actual tests from the four recipes: A, B, C, & D.    $ /w +See also the Help menu of the QuadBlender.     )  The Bibliography stack offers a list of ceramics books, mostly on glaze topics, which you can review. You can add your own book listings, too.    ~ yClicking on a name or title in the list of books and authors on the index card will take you to that book's information.  The Unity Explained stack offers a discussion of various topics related to glazes, their oxide makeup, the UMF, and other aspects of glaze calculation and formulation.     If you're unfamiliar with all of the chemical oxides that make up glazes, take some time to read through this stack. It's full of helpful information about how each of these oxides affects the final glaze. _ When looking for glaze recipes using Complex Search, you must specify a cone number. If you don't add any other search qualifications (or keys), then you'll find all of the recipes in the Glazes stack which have that cone number in the Cone field. %  % 3 9 =M  .  *   To find a smaller and more selective group of glazes at the same cone, you can add other search keys: aspects that the glaze does or does NOT have (use the NOT search fields). Keep these search keys short and simple to find more glazes. Use a repeat search after choosing "Find in the Found Set..." to further refine the set of recipes found. HyperGlaze will look only in the previously marked cards, and unmark any recipes which don't fit your search criteria. j j tl ^ Complex Search helps to find cards in the Glazes, Clays, and Materials stacks using more complicated searches than are possible using the Find menu choices. In addition, it will find and mark many cards at once while you do something else.    * 0 2 7 = F Finding things using multiple keys can be frustrating if you are asking for HyperGlaze to find a recipe with too many specific qualities. If you don't find any recipes, try a simpler search. (more on this on the next card) L L V (Some of the Complex Searches may take time, especially if you have a lot of recipes to search in HyperGlaze. You can cancel a search by holding down the mouse button. If any cards have been marked before you cancel the search, you'll see that in the search results right above the Search button.   E a m   X Complex Search is a utility which makes finding and marking cards you want to view or print easier. It works with the Glazes, Clays, and Materials stacks.   h v | ~    There are four more stacks included in HyperGlaze which contain useful resources and tools for ceramists: Bibliography, Unity Explained, QuadBlender, and Potter's Friend. j  j v  x        Use these for everything from keeping track of books on ceramics, understanding more about glaze chemistry, doing glaze tests, to estimating and mixing plaster batches.   You can print materials analyses as a table by choosing Print Special - Marked Cards as Analyses in the File menu of the Materials stack. Be sure to mark the cards you want to print first! 8 8( `\ At this time this printing option works best for clays, frits, and feldspar which don't contain trace or unusual oxides not listed on the print out. e  In the Glaze database of HyperGlaze you can print each recipe with its Glaze Limits graph. Choose Print Special in the File menu and then the submenu for either a single glaze with graph or all the marked cards. The recipe and graph should print with both on one page.     #$ G S b o w { Printing labels for glaze containers is another option under Print Special in the File Menu. The format is set up for Avery 8254 3-1/3 x 4 inch shipping labels or the equivalent. The choice to print only the recipe, Marked Glazes as Labels 3.3x4, will print 6 recipe labels per sheet from the currently marked recipes. If you want to have both recipes and hazard warnings and the percentage analysis, choose Marked Glazes as Labels with Hazards.  $   Once you've marked a few cards containing your favorite recipes, you'll probably want to print them. Choose Print Marked Cards from the File menu, and HyperGlaze will print only the cards you've marked. l  l ~L yYou'll probably want to choose Page Setup the first time you print, to make sure you're print settings are satisfactory.    )O rMake sure these are the recipes you want. If not, choose Unmark Card in the Glazes or Clays menu to deselect it. 9  9 D L R V [ eYou'll probably want to make sure the batch sizes are correct, too. (See Glaze Index-Set Batch Size) &  & 1 I c  lPrinting is easy and flexible - you can print one card or recipe at a time by choosing Print Card, or many using Print Marked Cards. These will print the recipe or analysis as it appears on the screen. Comments which are longer than the visible Domments field won't be printed. Use a different printing format for recipes with lots of information in the comments. W  W b  q There are several printing options for different formats of recipes and analyses, including long comments, comparison lists, cards, and labels. Try them out.  In the Materials database, there are several other options for viewing the materials analyses. You can pick the options by clicking on them in the list (just like that at the right) on the bottom right side of any Materials card. When one of these buttons is chosen it changes the way the arrow buttons on the Materials cards work. The current glaze or clay is the recipe shown in the Glazes or Clays window, even if that window is not currently visible.     The options include: View All - goes to all cards    9 Current Glaze - shows only materials in current glaze   ( 4 review what's in your glaze recipe 5 Current Claybody - only materials in current clay   ! . View Marked - shows only marked materials    5 View Inventory - shows only materials marked as   # 7 being in your inventory (checked box) G ?Once you have made a new Materials card, you can enter either a molecular formula (UMF) or more typically the percentage analysis by weight which you obtained from a supplier or manufacturer. Either way, type the amounts for each oxide in the material into the fields directly below the chemical symbol for that oxide.   " If you have entered a percentage analysis, choose Convert to Unity from the Materials menu. The percentage analysis will appear in that field. It may differ slightly from the manufacturer's analysis, especially if the supplier's analysis doesn't add to 100! 2  2 B L U Simple ingredients like silica are entered by putting a 1 (one) under SIO2 and entering the molecular weight in the Mol. Wt. field. Hold down the option [ALT] key and click Mol Wt. to calculate simpler materials. F F I J*  t | @Blue   F You can easily add new materials to HyperGlaze, or make materials cards which use your own abbreviations or names for materials. Use New Card or Duplicate Card to enter new materials or variations on materials. $  $ .W     2 In the interest of sharing recipes with others, it's always best to use the most accurate name for a material. For example, using 'Custer potash feldspar' is better than just 'feldspar,' even though 'feldspar' may use the same analysis. If you print out this recipe and give it away, 'feldspar' in another locale may mean a different brand - and result in a different glaze! Unique names speed up glaze calculation, too, by finding analyses faster! =On the next card, we'll enter a new analysis and convert it.  Materials cards are a bit different than the Glaze and Clay cards. The Materials stack stores all of the analyses needed for glaze and clay calculation. It's important to keep this stack accurate.    - 2 7 ; G Pu dYou'll probably need to add a few new materials to calculate glazes and clays made with your local materials. Get the analyses of your locally-available materials from your supplier or possibly from the manufacturer. Check for internet websites for suppliers and manufacturers, as these are often the fastest way to find the analyses of ceramic materials. Typical materials analyses from suppliers are in the form of a percentage analysis. You can type this into HyperGlaze and convert it to a UMF (unity formula) by choosing Convert to Unity in the Materials menu. k  k u5      vClay recipe cards work very much like the Glaze recipe cards. All of the same calculations are done, with the exception of thermal expansion which cannot be accurately calculated for largely crystalline materials like clay bodies. The popup materials buttons [+] for ingredients have a slightly different list of materials on Clay cards, especially in the Also Add section.   & * / F J d l The Graph UMF bar graph has been adjusted slightly to allow the display of the relatively larger amounts of silica and alumina in clays, compared to glazes.    There are also places to store a few descriptive words about the relative plasticity of the claybody, and also to record drying, firing and overall shrinkage. Enter any other pertinent information in the Comments field.    " The USE column allows you to limit the amount of an individual material added in calculating a glaze in the Glaze Calculator. The USE column is to the right of each ingredient and amount. Enter USE amounts on the same line as ingredients you want to limit.    e  l |   =   ; 9You can enter any amount in the USE column between 0 and 1. Enter these as a decimal. For example, entering 0.7 to the right of Soda feldspar will limit the amount of Soda feldspar added during the calculation to 70% (0.7) of the amount needed in the UMF. This allows adding another feldspar to fullfill the UMF.   #]    Leaving the USE column amounts empty is the same as entering a one (1) - the full amount of that ingredient is added during calculation.   z 8 Sometimes HyperGlaze is fooled by trace amounts in an ingredient, typically in clays like kaolins or ball clay. Not as of the ingredient will be added as you think should be added.   Try putting the same material twice in the ingredient list, then click Calc. If this works the way you want, when calculations are done, click % Batch and HyperGlaze adds the two lines of the same material together in the recipe. G  G KD     @ tIf you want to use multiple different clays, frits, or feldspars in the glaze recipe, see the USE Column help page. ^  ^ h 4 If your UMF (unity formula) has tiny amounts (below 0.005 moles) of oxides like titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3) or phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), it's often safe to delete these from the UMF before calculating, as they will be supplied anyway as trace ingredients of clays and other materials in the glaze. Deleting these trace amounts will make calculation go much easier, with the calculator focusing on the major oxides needed. e e f w x y z     There are exceptions to ignoring trace amounts of oxides, for instance if you're trying to make a blue celadon with iron oxide, where keeping the amount of titanium dioxide to a minimum is critical to keep the glaze from going to more of a green color. 5 5Most glazes and feldspars contain both potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide (Na2O). Both of these alkaline oxides work in similar ways in glazes. Often it's safe and much easier to calculate glazes using a combined amount of these two oxides. For convenience, this combination is often referred to as KNaO. 9 9 : Q RV  / bHyperGlaze lets you combine sodium and potassium oxides in the Glaze Calculator and Glaze Limits.  5  ? O  T  aChoose Combine K and Na in the Glaze Calculator menu to combine these oxides before calculating.      /1 ! kGlaze calculation is quick and easy in HyperGlaze, but there are a few things that will make it go faster. ' ' 19 Put ingredients in the order of how many oxides they supply. Put the ingredients with the most oxides at the top of the list, and the simpler ingredients at the end. EXAMPLES: Feldspars contain sodium, potassium, alumina, and silica as major ingredients, along with smaller amounts of calcium and perhaps other oxides. Frits, gerstley borate and spodumene also supply several oxides. Put them at the top of the ingredient list. @ Red @Red       H 4Clays & kaolins are fairly complex - add them next.      $ kTalc, dolomite, and wollastonite all have two oxides each - put them in the middle of the ingredient list.    J nSilica, whiting, and lithium carbonate, all contain just one ceramic oxide - put them at the end of the list.    ' (E 7 If you're lucky, the calculation you just did was perfect - all the oxides needed were supplied perfectly by the ingredients you chose. In that case, click % Batch and save the glaze recipe by choosing Send Recipe to Glazes from the Glaze Calculator menu.   &      $If not, you'll need to recalculate. Click the Clear Amts button to start calculating the recipe again. This only deletes the batch amounts that were calculated - the ingredient list and UMF are still there. You'll see the original UMF appear.   Change the ingredient list, adding new ingredients or rearranging the order of ingredients and try again. You can do calculations repeatedly in seconds! 6 Take a look at the UMF after you've calculated the glaze in the Glaze Calculator. You'll probably see a few numbers still in the UMF, and a few which were there have disappeared. HyperGlaze deducts the amount of each oxide after it adds each ingredient. @  @ Pc  @ Negative numbers in the UMF ( the numbers turn red with a minus sign in front, as in the picture at right) represent oxides where too much of an oxide has been added in the calculation, Usually these amounts will be small, and if less than 0.005 can often be ignored. If larger, you may need to try different ingredients or re-arrange the order of the list with the most complex ingredients at the top. Positive numbers still in the UMF after calculating represent oxides still needed. Add an ingredient that supplies this oxide to the list, and click Calculate.   The Glaze Calculator is where you can reformulate a glaze using new ingredients, or modify the UMF (unity molecular formula) and recalculate the recipe from the same ingredients.     Click the button Use Current Glaze to put the UMF for the currently visible glaze recipe into the Glaze Calculator. It will also enter the glaze name, cone, and ingredient list.    "@  b t>  Change ingredients in the list to different ones, for instance changing to a different feldspar, or using wollastonite instead of whiting and silica. Then click Calc or choose Calculate from the Glaze Calculator menu and see the new recipe.         1Save your new glaze using Send Recipe to Glazes.    a Choose Analyze Glaze from the Glaze Limits menu to see a short interpretation of how your glaze compares to the typical glaze of this temperature.       *h This analysis of the recipe is very general in nature, but may be useful in understanding how oxides affect the glaze recipe. Click the Done button to hide the analysis. To update the analysis after making changes, choose Analyze Glaze from the menu again.   R   \ You can use the Complex Search stack to find a set of glazes and then analyse the results by averaging and finding the standard deviation for each oxide amount in the glazes you have selected. @ @ @ 1. First do searches using Complex Search to find a group of closely related glazes, for example cone 10 Shino glazes, cone 10 matte glazes containing spodumene, or more generally, cone 6 glossy glazes. @ @ @ @) 2. Once you have a group of recipes found and marked, review them in the glaze stack using View Marked to make sure that the marked glazes are indeed related and fit your criteria for a limit formula. @ @Y @\ @gd  3. Use Complex Search again to create the limits by selecting the Calculate Custom Limits... button. This creates both a text file of the average oxide amounts, and a custom limit file with the file extension .LMT that can be imported into the Custom Limit Editor. @ @ @ @- @B @\ @  4. Make any changes you feel are needed in the new custom limit formula you just opened, changing the name, cone, or surface appropriately, and if necessary adjusting the limit bars. @ @ q5. When you are satisfied that your new limit formula is what you want, click the Install Custom Limit button. @ @m 6. Check that your new custom limt is indeed in the list of installed custom limits in the Custom Limit Editor. These are automatically sorted by cone number first, with a subsort alphabetically by name within each cone number. @ @X @[ @nu 7. Your new limit should now also appear on the Glaze Limits card popup menu of custom limits. Click the arrow at the bottom left of the Custom Limit Editor card to return to the Glaze Limits card. @ @- @0 @<M @ @ @ @ `8. Choose Save from the File menu of HyperGlaze to save your new limit formula for use later. @ @ @ @ @ ' @2-  1. Once you have a custom limit file created, again go to the Glaze Limits stack, and then choose Install Custom Limits from the Glaze Limits menu. @ @; @> @J @b @x @ @ {2. Next start the import process by clicking the Import Limit File button at the lower right of the Limit Formula Editor. @ @. @1 @B" @d @x r3. Youll be prompted to locate the custom limit file you have created (with file extension .LMT) and open it. @ @n @ Note: You may get a warning Do you want to install (save) the current limit formula before replacing it? when you click the "Import Limit File" button and IF the limit formula shown has not yet been installed. If you choose Install the limit formula which is already shown in the Limit Formula Editor will be added to the custom limits. If you choose No the old custom limit will be replaced by the one you are about to open. @  @ @ @0 # You can make and install custom limit formulas based on information found in texts or calculated from a group of glazes in HyperGlaze. { {  Go to the Glaze Limits stack, and then choose Install Custom Limits from the Glaze Limits menu. You'll see the custom limit editing card which looks a lot like the Glaze Limits card, but without colored bars. You can click and drag the top and bottom of these limit bars up and down to set all the oxide limits, then add your custom limit name and cone at the top. You can also import custom limits that you have calculated using the Complex Search feature of HyperGlaze. After you have the custom limit set up, you'll need to install it.    . C M YK  S      D IMore on installing your own custom limit formulas on the next Help card. > > B  You can use the Glaze Limits card to automatically adjust the firing temperature of a glaze formula. Click the small up and down arrows to the left of the Limit Cone number. Each time you click, you'll be asked if you want to change the firing cone of the glaze by one cone number.     u IMPORTANT Note: Merely typing in a new cone number does NOT change the molecular formula, but only changes the limit bars behind the light blue oxide bars. You can then adjust the firing temperature of the glaze manually.    After adjusting the formula, choose Send to Glaze Calculator to calculate a batch recipe from actual ingredients. (see Glaze Calculator for more info) $  $ <;  w    PGlaze Limits is only a workspace: glaze recipes aren't stored here permanently.  C Click and drag the light blue bars of each oxide in the Glaze Limits stack to adjust that oxide amount. Notice that if you move any of the flux amounts (RO), the other flux oxides adjust to keep the formula in unity. You can drag the oxide bars within the limit amounts if you like. 8 8 E dYou may also see the Estimated Thermal Expansion change as you move the oxides up and down. If it's empty or doesn't change, click the Thermal Expansion field to update it. You'll likely also see a note explaining why HyperGlaze isn't calculating the estimated thermal expansion. See the next card for calculating new recipes after adjusting glaze limits.   0W   B    WClick on Glaze Limits to show that stack, then click the Limits for Current Glaze button to see the analysis of the current glaze superimposed as light blue bars over limits for glazes of the same cone. The limit initally shown will be for generic glazes - either glossy or matte. Click the Surface: field to change between these two choices.  $  9 Q  # ++ Choose a Custom Limit from the pop-up menu for specific type type of glaze and cone (for example c10 Shino) to see the glaze limits for a much narrower range of glazes.    Click in the light blue bars which represent each oxide and drag them up and down to adjust molecular amounts for that oxide for later calculation (next card). -Percentage by weight amounts are also shown.  [Here's how to add a picture of a glaze that will be displayed in the Glaze Picture window: E E R FTake a digital picture of the glaze. Size and crop it in your favorite photo editor so that it's about 300x300 pixels at 72dpi. Try to take the photo so that the image is about life size at 72dpi resolution. A flat-bed scanner can be used to scan images of flat tiles, but be careful not to scratch the glass on the scanner! ^SAVE the image or copy it to the "Glaze Images" folder that is inside your HyperGlaze folder. K  K U Click on the Picture button below the Unity Molecular Formula in the Glazes window. Choose the JPEG (.jpg) file of the glaze and choose Open.    & = E K>    The Glaze Lists and Clay Lists stacks offer a powerful way to keep groups of recipes easy to use. You can quickly build personal or shop lists of recipes by marking cards individually or using Complex Search to find groups.        7The number of lists is practically unlimited There are five lists per page (card). Choose New Card from the Edit menu to make new pages (cards) as needed. Name each list in the text field at the top of each window, then mark recipe cards to add and click Update This List to put the marked cards on that list. Z Z c l p z  % Results of multiple searches can be saved in the Glaze or Clay Lists stack, and easily marked again later for printing , viewing or export.These lists work like the Indexes, click on a recipe name to see it. 1 1 7 : E`  $  }You can import and export glaze and clay recipes, and material analyes in several formats. Use the File menu choice Export. c c g t z | jHyperGlaze format for glazes and clay recipes makes a file that can be re-imported back into HyperGlaze.  S  ] h Text format will save a file that can be used with word processors, or imported into some other glaze programs. This is also the format use for the GlazeBase database on the web: art.sdsu.edu/ceramicsweb/    bInsight format will create a file which you should be able to import into Insight glaze software.  Z  hHyperGlaze will also import these same file formats, creating a new recipe card for each in HyperGlaze.   R  \ f  [You can take a digital JPEG picture of your favorite glazes to save with the glaze recipe. See the Glaze Picture help page for how to add pictures of your glaze that will be displayed each time you go to a recipe that has an associated image. The Glaze Picture window must be open to see the image.     & If no image appears even after you've selected the image using the Picture button, go to the Preferences and click on the Glazes tab. Click the Set Folder button and select the Glaze Images folder. C C J ] h z      SClick Glaze Picture in the Index window to show or hide the Glaze Picture window.      < I ) If you add a comma after the name of an ingredient in the recipe, any words after that will be ignored in doing the glaze calculation. Use this for things like mesh size that may not affect the chemical content of the glaze (although mesh size does often affect glaze melt!).   Use the pop-up menus for color and surface to enter standard terms for a recipe. This makes searching for these aspects of a glaze easier and more accurate later on - the Complex Search form has the same pop-up menus!  Put the main color name of the glaze first in the color field, followed by modifiers. That way when you sort by glaze color, the colors will be grouped together.  The Compare Glazes menu choice brings up a small window with a glaze recipe. You can change this to the current glaze recipe shown in the Glazes stack by clicking the Get Current Glaze button. This recipe will stay in the Compare Glazes window while you navigate to other glaze recipes in the Glazes stack, allowing you to compare both the batch recipe and the molecular formulas for the glazes.   x    &  9 % +` Close Compare Glazes by clicking the close box at the top of the window or the Close button at the bottom right of the window.   j 0 |The Glazes menu includes not only the Calculate, New Batch, and Mark/Unmark Card menu choices, but also these useful items:      & /  1 :  @ P+ 4Compare Glazes Puts this recipe in a new window.   % -Compare UMFs Use to compare unity formulas.  =Sort by... Sorts the recipe stack by the aspects listed  1 ; (note that sorting does not affect the the Glaze Index) . . 9 Send to Blender Sends this glaze recipe to the QuadBlender. Pick one of the four glazes in the QuadBlender stack: Recipe A, B, C, or D.   # 4 ?% d o w Send to Calculator Sends this glaze to the Glaze Calculator stack where you can substitute materials or alter the molecular formula and recalculate.    0 @Y Send to Limits Sends this glaze to the Glaze Limits stack where you can compare the UMF to typical glaze analyses for different cones, and adust the firing temperature of the glaze.    , 8 h HyperGlaze calculates the estimated thermal expansion of each recipe when you choose Calculate. You can also click the Thermal Expansion button to instantly recalculate this quantity.  K U ^ w / >Please remember that thermal expansion calculations are not always accurate and at best represent only an approximation of the real world glaze expansion. HyperGlaze has some built in warnings about when the estimated thermal expansion is most likely to be inaccurate. In any event, you can use the thermal expansion numbers to get an idea if changes you make to the glaze will likely result in a better glaze fit or not. Higher expansion numbers are more likely to craze, lower more liketly to fit (between 6.5 and 7.0 for most clays), and if too low shivering may occur!   ' The ingredients and amounts for each glaze are typed into the fields under those headings. If the dotted lines which show the location of each ingredient aren't visible, click the button Show Lines to make them visible. These lines are hidden whenever you print a card.  H Open the Materials Index, and use the list of ingredients for reference. Shift-click a material to add it to the recipe without typing. See the tip below, too.    NOTE: You must enter an ingredient and amount on the very first line of the recipe (above the top dotted line) and not skip lines when entering ingredients. HyperGlaze stops calculating at the first empty line! @ Red   + -Do the same in the colorants area, Also Add. #  # & BEntering a new glaze is easy. HyperGlaze is set up in the format of a typical glaze recipe. First make a new card using New Card in the Edit menu. Type the name of the glaze at the upper left (under "GLAZE RECIPE"). then press the tab key and the cursor will move to the field where you type the cone number of the glaze.   (P  x   ;  m Surface and color fields are next, and each has a popup menu of standard color and surface descriptions. Click on these to choose descriptions which match your glaze, or type in your own short description of the color and surface.. iFiring and testing also have pop-up menus, but here you'll have to use the menu to enter standard terms. #Next we'll enter the glaze recipe.  vGlazes is the area in HyperGlaze where you can store glaze recipes with all the information about the glaze you need.     U The recipe is shown on the screen in a familiar format, and you can type in the original recipe in either percentage or as a batch. Either way, HyperGlaze converts what you enter to a percentage recipe with the base glaze (everything but colorants and additives) adding up to 100%. Colorants and other additives like bentonite and flocculants are added in the lower part of the recipe as a percentage addition.   When you choose Calculate Glaze, percentage conversion, batch, UMF (unity molecular formula), thermal expansion, and cost are calculated.    j $ ]New recipe cards are added to the appropriate index menu as soon as you leave the new card. _Newly added names in the index will be at the top of the list and preceded by an asterisk (*). If you leave the new card and realize you've made a spelling mistake in the name, simply fix the mistake on the Glazes or Clays recipe or Materials analysis card, then go the appropriate index and click the Update Index button. p p v z   P Note that updating the index will remove the + and red color of marked cards in that index list, but the actual marking of each card will remain. Choose Update Marked to restore these labels. % If you use Complex Search on a Glazes, Clays, or Materials card to find a group of cards which match your search, the found cards are marked. However, to save a little speed, HyperGlaze doesn't update the indexes by hilighting the marked cards in red.     % ' , 1 :u  B Click the Update Marked button to have the marked cards from a Complex Search show in the appropriate index. Edit the marked cards from the index as you review each card.   Arrange the indexes at one side of your screen, and the databases on the other for easy browsing. Click on the recipe you want in the index, and you'll see it in the Glazes, Clay, or Materials stack window instantly!        fThe three index stacks, Glaze Index, Clay Index, and Materials Index, all work in very similar ways.    1  5 E The Glaze and Clay Index stacks have three different lists of recipe names: Lowfire (cone 022 to cone 1), Midrange (cone 2 to 7), and Highfire (above cone 7). Click on those names at the top of the index window to view each of the lists.        The Materials Index stack has two different lists: Materials (which lists all of the materials including clays), and Clays (which lists materials labeled as clays on their analysis card).      kMark cards for browsing or printing by holding down the Option [ALT] key and clicking a name in the index. @ @Blue@ D&  /Go to the Materials stack and choose New Card.    % - For most simple materials, you can enter a unity molecular formula based on the number of molecules of the particular oxide supplied. For example for silica you would enter 1 in the SiO2 field.   !For more complex materials such as clays, feldspars, and frits, a percentage analysis (by weight) is usually what you'll have from the manufacturer. Enter the percentage analysis for each oxide in the appropriate field for that oxide. Then choose Convert to Unity from the Materials menu.        GClay recipes are entered just like new glazes, but in the Clays stack. All of the same calculations are done, with the exception of estimated thermal expansion. Calculations for thermal expansion are not accurate for crystalline materials like clays (or mat glazes). You can enter a variety of other information about a particular clay body on each clay recipe card, including drying, firing, and overall shrinkage. * In the Glazes, Clays, and Materials stacks you can quickly make a copy of the current recipe by choosing Duplicate Card from the Edit menu.       #F  i w    Once you've got a copy of your original card, change the name (add "revised," a new color, or something similar), and make whatever changes you like to the recipe. While HyperGlaze allows duplicate names for glazes, you may find it confusing to have a lot of recipes with the same name.  j   fSee the following cards for more help with entering the new clay or glaze recipe and calculating it. lNew materials analyses can be easily added in the Materials stack, too. See the Materials stack help pages. P  P Y Z If you've been using HyperGlaze for a while and have your own recipes and material analyses entered in HyperGlaze IIx (the older version) you'll want to move those over to this version of HyperGlaze.   H  g vQ 8Do this by first exporting your glaze and clay recipes and materials analyses as HyperGlaze files. Don't export them as text. You can export an entire list of recipes at once using the Utilities List function of HyperGlaze IIx. Then archive your old version. (see printed instructions, included, or your manual) These HyperGlaze files can then be imported by this new version of HyperGlaze. The import process may be somewhat time comsuming if you have many hundreds or recipes or materials. Start each import and go work in the studio. K 5 Cmd [Control] - H................Index (home) @Blue     ?Keyboard shortcuts in the Glazes, Clays, and Materials stacks: 1 Cmd [Control] - N................New Card @Blue     7 Cmd [Control] - D................Duplicate Card @Blue     ? Cmd [Control] - E................Delete Card - no undo! @Blue    & . Cmd [Control] - F............... .Find @Blue     3 Cmd [Control] - G................Find Again @Blue     2 Cmd [Control] - K................Mark Card @Blue     5 Cmd [Control] - J.................Unmark Card @Blue     J Arrow keys...........................Move from card to card D or move text selection if cursor is in a text field wIn addition, there are letters designated for many keys using the ALT key in Windows which do many of the same things. J \If you'd prefer to use the keyboard as much as possible, here are a few keyboard shortcuts: , Cmd = Command (Apple)= Control on Windows  @Blue ! & Opt = Option Key works like ALT key - Cmd [Control] - S................Save @Blue     . Cmd [Control] - P................Print @Blue     - Cmd [Control] - O................Open @Blue     - Cmd [Control] - W ..............Close @Blue     . Cmd [Control] - Z ................Undo @Blue     - Cmd [Control] - X ................Cut @Blue     . Cmd [Control] - C ................Copy @Blue     / Cmd [Control] - V ................Paste @Blue     0 Cmd [Control] - [................Go Back @Blue     3 Cmd [Control] - ]................Go Forward @Blue     - Cmd [Control] - Q ...............Quit @Blue     j mOnce you've marked glaze, clay or materials cards you can do a number of things using only the marked cards: " - View just the marked cards  - Print the marked cards . - Export the marked recipes or materials 9 - Print glaze recipes with the limit graph for each . - Print glazes as labels (Print Special) 1 - Delete the marked cards from the database 6 - Add a line of text to all the comments of the 9 marked cards (your shop glazes, for example) 0 - Calculate the marked glaze or clay cards 3 - Set the batch size for the marked glaze or  clay cards  VComplex Search will help you to find the recipes you want, and then make use of them!   F $In Glazes and Clays you can search        (for one or several aspects of a glaze, and if the seach finds recipes, HyperGlaze marks the cards it finds. You can use View Only Marked Cards to look at only the cards you've found. Click the right and left arrow buttons in the Glazes stack to go through the list of found glazes.  *'  Q hW   . dIn Complex Search you can choose both where to look for glazes and what to do when you find them.    R mFor now, click on "Find and Mark Cards" before you do a complex search. More about the other choices later. l bChoose Unmark ALL Cards in the Glazes or Clays menu to clear previous searches before you search.       %  ) .3 /Hold down the mouse button to cancel searches. .  EIn the Glazes and Clays stacks you can find recipes by looking in particular places for what you want. For instance, in the Find menu you can choose Find by Color to look for a glaze with a particular color name written in the color field (the text field at the top of the Glazes stack just to the right of the word color).       e  |   A   T < A mNOTE: HyperGlaze looks ONLY in the color field in this search, so colors in the glaze's name won't be found!   Q YThere are other menu choices for finding by surface (or use in Clays), firing, and cone. ,  , 3  8 ;  G M  S W dIf you find something, you can find the same thing again by choosing Find Again from the Find menu. E  E O  Y ]  TIn addition to the Glazes, Clays, and Materials stacks (the recipe and analysis databases) and their indexes, there are many other tools in HyperGlaze, such as the Glaze Calculator, Glaze Limits, QuadBlender and Complex Search. There are separate sections of this Help stack which will help you to use each of these tools more effectively.  +    q One thing you'll need to know is how to find recipes, calculate them and print them. You can use the Find menu to do basic searches for one thing, or Complex Search to find recipes with a number of different chararacteristics. e  e i-   ? ,More help with finding is on the next page.  fThink of HyperGlaze as being like a set of cards, with one recipe or material analysis on each card. Cards are organized into stacks, much like the pages of a book. By clicking on the next and previous card buttons you can page from card to card. The arrow buttons in stacks with more than one card take you from card to card. There are three databases in Hyperglaze: Glazes for keeping your glaze recipes, Clays for storing recipes for claybodies, and Materials for storing the material analyses which are used in calculating glazes and clays. There is an separate index for each of these three databases. )  ) /!  P U)  ~  The Glaze Lists and Clay Lists stacks offer a powerful way to keep groups of recipes easy to use. You can quickly build personal or shop lists of recipes by marking cards individually or using Complex Search to find groups.        7The number of lists is practically unlimited There are five lists per page (card). Choose New Card from the Edit menu to make new pages (cards) as needed. Name each list in the text field at the top of each window, then mark recipe cards to add and click Update This List to put the marked cards on that list. Z Z c l p z  % Results of multiple searches can be saved in the Glaze or Clay Lists stack, and easily marked again later for printing , viewing or export.These lists work like the Indexes, click on a recipe name to see it. 1 1 7 : E`  $  One of the most useful features of HyperGlaze is the ability to view and use only a few selected recipes from the hundreds you're likely to have in the database.  >Marked Cards are temporarily labeled with a 'mark' which is invisible. In the Glaze Index, hold down the Option key [the ALT key if you're using Windows] and click a glaze name. You'll see the glaze name change from black to red, and a + sign will appear before the name. This shows you that the glaze is now marked.  B  N Y @Blueu# You can view just these marked cards by choosing View ONLY Marked Cards from the Find menu of the Glazes stack. See the View Marked button (under the arrow buttons) turn red? 1  1 G  b hG  bThe three indexes, Glaze Index, Clay Index, and Materials Index, are one of the easiest ways to browse for a recipe or material. Scroll up and down the list of recipe or material names, and when you see one you want to look at, just point to it with the mouse and click the name. The appropriate stack will open and you'll instantly see the full recipe.    ,  0 A {For instance if you click on a glaze name in the Glaze Index, you'll see the Glazes stack open to the glaze you've chosen. Try the tip at the right for quicker browsing. If you don't see a name selected in the index, then there is no recipe which starts with that letter. Make sure the Glaze Index is selected, so you're not typing in a recipe!  Besides using the arrow buttons, you can use the arrow keys of your keyboard to navigate, too. The left and right arrows will go from card to card, just like the arrow buttons on each card. 1 1 ; tThe up and down arrows will take you back and forward, following whatever path you've taken while browsing. Try it! SNOTE: If the cursor is in a text field (where you can type or select text, such as the name of a glaze) the left and right arrow keys will move the cursor from character to character, and the up and down arrows move from line to line. Click outside a text field (in a blank area of the window) to change the arrow keys back to navigation.  L  oThe HyperGlaze Index stack (one of the first windows you see when you start HyperGlaze) contains a list of links to most of the parts of HyperGlaze. You can click on each item to show or hide it. Keep the Index window in a handy place on your computer screen for quick navigation. When a window is selected (the bar at the top is hilighted), you can do things in it.            Hiding windows (stacks) using the Index allows you to keep your screen less cluttered when you don't need a particular tool. Clicking on a name in the Index will show that window and bring it to the front, and also hide a window if it's already the top window. "  " 'p   h You can also use the Go menu to choose which part of HyperGlaze to view, including the Index. Try it! Choose Go Back in the Go menu to retrace you path.     5 ?/  n u }  k Once you've added your own glaze recipes, clay bodies, and materials analyses to HyperGlaze, you'll want to keep a regular back-up copy of HyperGlaze in another location besides your computer's hard disk. Q  Q [0  7 To make a back-up copy:  % First save and quit HyperGlaze.    # 6 Then copy HyperGlaze to CD-R, CD-RW, or ZIP disk 8 - for Mactinosh OSX drag the HyperGlaze icon to %  % / . the back-up disk to copy HyperGlaze #  # 8 - for Mactinosh OS9 or Windows drag the entire : HyperGlaze folder to the back-up disk (you need  $ ; to copy Glazes.rev, Clays.rev, and Materials.rev     ' - 8 along with the HyperGlaze application and the    # 4 other HyperGlaze files for a full backup)     This will protect your investment of time working with HyperGlaze in case your hard disk fails (crashes) or you're hit with a severe computer virus. 7  7 AS f JYou can arrange your HyperGlaze windows however you like on your screen.    * AIf you'd HyperGlaze to remember the current arrangement, open the Preferences window and check Save Window Locations (uncheck it first if already checked). Be sure to click Save to close the Preferences stack and save your changes. The next time you open HyperGlaze the windows will be arranged just as you like them.  /  B M ` u:     6    4 Clicking on the window name in the HyperGlaze Index will first bring the window to the front, then if you click again, it will hide that portion of HyperGlaze. You can also minimize windows anytime you want. #  # - . 3a  1 L 5To make the screen less cluttered and to allow printing more compact recipe cards, you can enlarge or reduce the size of many HyperGlaze windows. Look for the small up or down arrow a the bottom left of a stack, for example in the Glazes stack window. Try the tiny version to the right to see how this works. ~ ~ _  G When the window is scrolled up, anything in the hidden section will not be printed when you choose Print Card. If you want to have the comments for a glaze recipe printed, for example, be sure to enlarge the Glazes stack window before printing. c  c oa    In the Glaze Limits stack, buttons and popup menus at the bottom are hidden so it will print with less clutter. In the Glaze Calculator stack, the two scrolling click-on lists of possible ingredients are hidden or shown.   d w T . A few things to note:  HyperGlaze was entirely constructed on a Macintosh computer. Certain aspects may look somewhat different for Windows users, although both are similar.  In Windows, menus appear within each window instead of in the main menu bar. Buttons have a different shape in Windows. Fonts and printing may look different, too, due to the way Windows works! dInstructions which are specific to Windows users are labeled in blue like this in this help stack: 2 type Command [Control]-N to make a new card   @Blue  Typically these will be issues such as Macintosh using the command key and option key, while Windows uses the control and ALT keys for the same operations. U HyperGlaze users who are familiar with previous versions of HyperGlaze should be aware of a very important change in how HyperGlaze saves changes.  2 < FL In the original versions, changes were saved automatically. In HyperGlaze X, the current version, you must save changes as you make them. If your computer crashes before you've saved, all changes and new glaze entries will be lost! ?  ? L 5Choose Save from the File menu to save your changes.      Another important aspect: While you can run HyperGlaze directly from the CD-ROM and do everything HyperGlaze does, you will NOT be able to save changes as the computer can't write to a CD-ROM. Install HyperGlaze onto your computer. , , 6, b l]   I eWhile most of HyperGlaze X will look familiar to users of previous versions, a few new features are:    J ; - an improved look in OS X, with color in all platforms 6 - stacks open in multiple windows (see Navigation) *  * 4  - simplified navigation : - easy copy and paste of the text of an entire recipe # to word processor or email 1 - easier to move glazes between recipe, Glaze +  + $ Calculator and Glaze Limits       8 - install your own thermal expansion coefficients or & use the default coefficients. : - marked cards & Glaze Lists instead of Utilities List     . - separate Complex Search and Help windows      ! % ) - more powerful Complex Search stacks 5 - Help stack floats above window - leave it open!    + 6 - improved Compare Glazes, Clays, Materials stacks    . ( - more popup menus and improved help ` Windows users will also have to unlock the files of HyperGlaze after copying them from the CD-ROM. For reasons best known only to Microsoft, files are left in the Read Only state when copied from a CD. 4  4 >e   7To unlock files so you can save changes to HyperGlaze: +  + 5 Open your HyperGlaze folder on your computer's hard disk (not on the CD). Click on each file ONCE to select it, then choose "Properties" from the File menu. At the bottom of the menu you should see a check box next to the words "Read Only." Uncheck the box and close the Properties window. Do this for each HyperGlaze file, with the exception of HyperGlaze.exe, as this file is the main program and is always read only.  I ] a }    3 =  Z h; H yIt's easy to install HyperGlaze on most computers - just insert the HyperGlaze CD-ROM and open the HyperGlaze X folder.    % D N  c o Next, drag the folder containing the proper version of HyperGlaze to your computer's hard disk. Pick the folder which is labeled with your operating system: MacOSX or WIndows (or a Linux version which may also be available soon!) HyperGlaze must be installed to be able to save changes.    8  . sIf you're using a Macintosh computer, drag the HyperGlaze application to the Applications folder on your computer. / / 99 bIf you're using a Windows PC, drag the HyperGlaze Windows folder on the CD to the Progams folder. ' ' 1 2 9 @ L R Y :You MUST unlock the files after installation! (next page)  Take some time to browse through the menus and look at the glazes, clays and materials that come with HyperGlaze. Don't be afraid to try features of HyperGlaze and see what they do! @Black    There are many things which you can do with HyperGlaze which are quite intuitive. Most of these are available as either menu choices or buttons which you can click, like the arrows at the upper right of this card. More complex features such as creating your own custom glaze limits, finding recipes using complex searches to narrow down choices, and short cuts may require a bit more study of HyperGlaze Help. NNote: You can turn tool tips on or off in the General section of Preferences.     . 5 @ LprevC on mouseup go to the previous card end mouseup  T  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088624120701 nextC ,on mouseup go to next card end mouseup  U cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088624120702 IndexExon mouseup go to card "Index" end mouseup  6T cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088624165852 Tips(KP cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088637888850   c b Cross-platform tip: If you have moved files from a PC to a Mac, the icons may not appear correct, just make sure the file extension is correct. @ Red { ] Y jCalc TIP: click on chemical symbols for oxides and see the list of ingredients which supply those oxides. @ Red @Red  _  @ aBackup TIP: make a HyperGlaze backup file immediately after entering new glazes into HyperGlaze! @ Red U ? zLab TIP: HyperGlaze runs in memory, so you can leave Materials stack set to 'Read Only' in a lab to lock it from changes. @ Red p >  = W  hTesting TIP: Use volumetric blending for quick tests - teaspoon or tablespoonfuls to measure the glaze. @ Red [   _ ^ X  e rGlaze Book Tip: Make a quick glaze book or handout or recipes by using the label printing format on plain paper. @ Red @Red a  oPrinting TIP: Review the marked recipes first. Click View Marked and go to each card with the arrow buttons. @ Red (  6 B,  SPrinting TIP: Press the command [control]-P keys to quickly print one recipe card. @ Red  @Blue! (*  lMaterials tip: Use the choices above on any Materials card to view only the materials that you want to see. @ Red  , 56 G Entry TIP: HyperGlaze will calculate the molecular weight for you! Or use Potter's Friend if you have the material's chemical formula. @ Red  q F lMaterials TIP: use Duplicate Card to make multiple Materials cards for variations on names for ingredients. @ Red    ! 3 </  kMaterial TIP: be sure to set the Material Type for each new material to make sorting and browsing easier. @ Red  ! .< Try it above!  qClay TIP: Estimated thermal expansion calculations are not accurate for clays, so that item is not on clay cards @ Red g " fCalc TIP: the USE column often helps in glazes which need specific amounts of boron, soda and potash. @ Red [ 8 4 yTrace Amounts TIP: Click the Simplify UMF button to highlight it and have HyperGlaze ignore trace amounts automatically. @ Red   )O 5 KNaO TIP: @ Red JOption [ALT] - click the chemical symbol K2O in the UMF to change to KNaO  @Blue   * + ! qCalc TIP: If your UMF has boron (B2O3), put an ingredient (maybe a frit) which supplies boron first on the list. @ Red f 7 Calc TIP: putting an empty line between items in the ingredient list stops the calculations at that ingredient. Calculate one item at a time! @ Red 6 |Ingredient entry TIP: Click on the chemical symbol for each oxide and the ingredient list scrolls to that oxide & material. @ Red e  hTIP: the Glaze Calculator is only a workspace. Choose Send Recipe to Glazes to save it as a glaze card. @ Red      6 K a \ Search TIP: @ Red lHold down the mouse button to cancel long searches. You will get only partial search results if you cancel. k  ]Custom Limits TIP: Use the Complex Search feature of HyperGlaze to make. See the next card. @ Red   * 6 @  ~Custom Limits TIP: Name limits by glaze type and include a surface description - but use short names and standardized terms @ Red k # }Custom Limits TIP: Drag oxide bars (top and bottom) to zero if that oxide is not included in the type of glaze you're using. @ Red j  sAdjusting TIP: Changing a recipe by more than two or three cones may alter it so that it no longer looks the same. @ Red c  sLimits TIP: Check the Link Ratio box to keep the alumina and silica in the same ratio when adjusting those oxides. @ Red   R  kNew Glaze TIP: Make a new glaze by adjusting the oxides in Glaze Limits and then calculating a new recipe! @ Red \  wTIP: Holding down the Option [ALT] key when clicking the Picture button allows you to choose a new picture to display. @ Red  @Blue #S  TLists Tip: Use Complex Search to find and mark recipes to build your lists quickly. @Red H  iImport Tip: Get a lot of new glaze recipes to try from the GlazeBase database on the CeramicsWeb online: @ Red ] art.sdsu.edu/ceramicsweb/   {TIP: A flat-bed scanner can be used to scan images of flat tiles, but be careful not to scratch the glass on the scanner! @ Red u )  0 ,TIP: Sort the recipe stack before browsing. @ Red & h Thermal Expansion Tip: click the yellow triangle with the exclamation point when you see it to find out more about your glaze's properties. @ Red u ' yIngredient TIP: Use the popup menus ( + ) at the left of each ingredient and colorant field to enter common ingredients. @ Red h & Glaze Entry TIP: @ Red NPressing the tab key after each entry will move the cursor to the next field.  cGlazes TIP: Put parentheses around an ingredient or note in the recipe and it won't be calculated. @ Red V $ vIndex TIP: Type a letter or * or + and the index will scroll to the first instance. Keep pressing that key to browse. @ Red j % qBrowsing TIP: Mark the cards you find interesting in the index as you go - Option [ALT] click the name you want. @ Red E @BlueS V  fIndex TIP: After using Complex Search, click the Update Marked button to see the marked recipe names! @ Red &  1 >'  Molecular Weight TIP: @ Red WHyperGlaze will calculate the molecular weight for you! Just click the Mol Wt. button. G  G N  * fDuplicating Cards TIP: Press the Command [control] -D keys as a shortcut to quickly make a duplicate. @ Red  @Blue* 14  Calculating TIP: @ Red JPress the command [control]- = (equal) keys to quickly calculate a glaze.  @Blue /  wEntry Tip: After typing each bit of information, press the TAB key to move the cursor automatically to the next field! @ Red l  GNew Card TIP: Press the command [control]-N to quickly make new cards. @ Red  @Blue! ( Z TIP: before importing, you can delete all original recipes and analyses in HyperGlaze X using the Delete ALL... menu choices in each section. @ Red F K W  b o K `TIP: All of these shortcuts are also represented by menu choices if you'd rather use the mouse. @ Red Z J aShortcut TIP: print this card and the next one and keep them handy when working with HyperGlaze! @ Red H U j Marking tip: After getting a set of marked glazes you will use again, add a unique comment that allows you to find and mark them again quickly. @ Red  mSearch TIP: Do several different Complex Searches without unmarking cards to build a bigger list of recipes! @ Red @Black  @ Black! @Black1;  nFind Again TIP: Press the Command [Control] and "G" keys to quickly browse all found cards with "Find Again." @ Red  @Blue# *C  lFind TIP: Use the simple Find menu to look everywhere on a card. Press the command [control]-F key to find. @ Red    7 @BlueT [   TLists Tip: Use Complex Search to find and mark recipes to build your lists quickly. @Red H  bQUICK TIP: Click the View Marked button, too, to turn viewing of marked cards on and off. Try it! @ Red W  Handy Tip: Press any letter key (or + or * ) and you'll see the list scroll to the first name in the index with that letter. Press enter to see the recipe. @ Red  uNavigation TIP: Use Go Back in the Go menu to retrace your steps. It follows your path backwards one card at a time. @ Red      # %O  k |Back-up tip: rename the backed up folder HyperGlaze BU and put the back-up disk in a safe location away from your computer! @ Red   ) 7D f Smaller Screen Tip: stack windows in staggered layers to quickly see what's open. Then use the Index stack to move between windows. @ Red L _ d L Windows TIP: Windows doesn't always resize its windows easily - use HyperGlaze's resize buttons to enlarge windows to full size. @ Blue 8 E Q0 . jCross Platform TIP: HyperGlaze uses Arial font. Make sure it's installed for better viewing and printing. @ Red   K U I ` Properties tip: Click on the HyperGlaze folder, choose Properties, uncheck "Read Only" and unlock all the files in HyperGlaze at once! @ Red    ' 7 A2  s } H bHandy TIP: Make an alias [shortcut] for HyperGlaze and put it on your desktop, dock, or toolbar. @ Red  @Blue # ) 3.  wTIP: Many items of have tool tips - point to an item and a small window pops up with a description of its use. Try it! @ Red q -more on mouseup if the optionKey is down then if fld "more" is empty then put "more..." into fld "more" else put empty into fld "more" exit mouseup else if fld "more" contains "more..." then go next end if end mouseup @0D cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088863900212   c b ] Y  @ ? >  = W    _ ^ more... X  e more...  more...  more...  G F more...  more...  " 8 more... 4 more... 5 more... ! more... 7 more... 6 more...  more... a \  more...  more... # more...   more...  more...     )  0 h more... ' more... & more...  more... $ % more...  more...   *    Z K J more... j  more...  more...      more...  more...  more... k f L . U I more... ` H more...  more... ; findTextxUon enterInField put fld "FindText" into findText find findText end enterInField )r cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088902845125 Glaze card<FindEMon mouseup put field "findText" into findText find findText end mouseup U)* cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088902872430   HelpIndex)x Yon mouseup put the short name of me into MyListField put MyListField & "ID" into myField --put Clickline() into MyChoice put the selectedLine into myChoice put word 2 of myChoice into MyLine put (line myLine of fld myField) into myCard -- if the optionKey is down then -- if the foregroundColor (line myLine of fld MyListField) is "#990000" then -- set the foregroundColor (line myLine of fld MyListField) to "#000000" -- else -- set the foregroundColor (line myLine of fld MyListField) to "#333366" -- end if -- else go to card id myCard --end if end mouseup %P  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088625152052  Getting Started @333333#333333 , Installing HyperGlaze from the CD-ROM & Windows Installation, continued " What's new in HyperGlaze X? & Important note - Saving changes & Macintosh & Windows differences  Stack window sizes ( Arranging Your HyperGlaze Windows * Making back-up copies of HyperGlaze Navigating HyperGlaze @333333#333333  Moving from Card to Card # Indexes - browse the recipes  Indexes - Marking Cards ( Lists - Glaze Lists and Clay Lists HyperGlaze Basics @333333#333333  Useful Tools " Finding Recipes & Searching  Finding & Marking Cards % Things to do with Marked Cards  Keyboard Shortcuts  More Keyboard Shortcuts % Updating from an older version New Recipes - Making a New Card @333333#333333 " Entering a New Glaze Recipe ! Calculating Your New Glaze % Making a copy of a recipe card  New Clay Recipes  New Materials Analyses Index - Glaze, Clay, & Material @333333#333333 & Browsing, Updating, and Marking  Indexing New Cards #Glazes - the glaze recipe database @333333#333333"  Entering a new glaze & The glaze recipe & calculations . Glazes - Thermal Expansion Calculations  The Glazes menu  Compare Glazes  Compare UMFs ) Other Glaze card tips and features  Picture button & Importing and Exporting Recipes Glaze Lists @333333#333333 Glaze Picture @333333#333333 Glaze Limits @333333#333333 * Altering a Glaze Using Glaze Limits ) Adjusting the Cone in Glaze Limits  Custom Limit Formulas - Importing and Installing Custom Limits ' Installing Custom Limits, cont'd ) Calculating your own Custom Limits  Analyze Glaze Glaze Calculator @333333#333333 ( Glaze calc - interpreting results ! Glaze calc - recalculating . Calculation tips - order of ingredients . Calculation tips - Combining K2O & Na2O " Calculation tips, continued * Calculation tips - tricks and hints 0 The USE Column - multiple frits and spars *Clays - a recipe database of clay bodies @333333#333333) Materials Cards @333333#333333 Materials - new materials , Materials - entering the new analysis $ Viewing options for Materials Printing @333333#333333  Printing Marked Cards , Print Special - Limit Graphs & Labels ! Printing Material Analyses #Utility Stacks - helpful resources @333333#333333"  Complex Search ) Complex Searches for glaze recipes 1 Unity Explained - a tutorial about the UMF  Bibliography Stack  QuadBlender  Potter's Friend Preferences @333333#333333 Licensing Agreement @333333#333333 Troubleshooting @333333#333333 " Problem: can't save changes Problem: can't open stack * Arrow buttons don't go to all cards ( Problem: Glaze Calc adds too much ( Problem: searches end too quickly - Importing PC .GLZ files on a Macintosh & Importing Files on a Windows PC  `@8Q  HelpIndexID p9on mouseup if the optionKey is down then hide me set the lockText of fld "HelpTitle" to true set the lockText of fld "HelpText" to true set the lockText of fld "Tips" to true else put empty into myIndexList put empty into myIndexListID go to the first card repeat (the number of cards)-1 go next put line 1 of fld "HelpTitle" & return after myIndexList put the id of this card & return after myIndexListID end repeat go next put myIndexList into fld "HelpIndex" put myIndexListID into fld "helpIndexID" repeat with i=1 to the number of lines of fld "helpIndex" if char 1 of line i of fld "helpIndex" is not " " then set the foregroundColor (line i of fld "helpIndex") to "#333333" end if end repeat end if end mouseup @2j cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088625342634  1016 1096 1120 1097 1109 1070 1100 1126 1131 1023 1025 1026 1027 1167 1022 1024 1030 1031 1130 1098 1099 1114 1038 1039 1040 1066 1044 1045 1046 1061 1060 1047 1062 1063 1128 1072 1186 1187 1065 1181 1170 1183 1184 1050 1051 1052 1059 1178 1179 1116 1121 1053 1078 1079 1057 1077 1076 1080 1058 1048 1049 1094 1095 1160 1037 1036 1125 1152 1112 1118 1119 1055 1056 1054 1111 1085 1169 1086 1087 1088 1153 1113 1117 1122 1123  copyright  on mouseup if the optionKey is down then show fld "HelpIndexID" set the lockText of fld "HelpTitle" to false set the lockText of fld "HelpText" to false set the lockText of fld "Tips" to false end if end mouseup T* cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088632728816 9 2004-05 Richard Burkett, all rights reserved worldwide  Index info RN cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088632830052 SUse this HyperGlaze Help stack as a tutorial or to find specific help information. NewMaterialType and \ --OldMaterialType is not in "clay, feldspar, frit, stabilizer, refractory, glass former, unity format"\ --and NewMaterialType is not in "Flux, Colorant, Opacifier, Deflocculent, Other Material" then --answer "WARNING: Changing from '" & OldMaterialType & "' to '" & NewMaterialType & "' may cause the format of this material to change" &\ --" irreversably, unless the material is truly a " & NewMaterialType & ". This will not affect glaze calculations, but merely the format here." with "Change" or\ --"Keep Format" or "Cancel" --if it is "cancel" then --put oldMaterialType into fld "ClayUnity" --exit mousedown --else if it is "Keep Format" then --exit mousedown --end if --end if --checkMaterialFormat --end mousedown -- on checkMaterialFormat if field "Al"= 1 and fld "ClayUnity" is not in "Clay, Stabilizer, Refractory" then set the cursor to busy set numberFormat to "0.00000000" put 0 into Tot repeat with i=2 to 5 add field i to tot end repeat repeat with i= 9 to 12 add field i to tot end repeat add field "Cu" to Tot add field "Co" to Tot add field "Ni" to Tot add field "Sr" to Tot if field Si > 0 then if Tot > 0 then if abs(Tot-1)>.002 then repeat with i=2 to 29 put (field i)/Tot into NewTot if newTot > 0 then put newTot into field i else put empty into field i end if end repeat send mouseup to bkgnd button "Mol. Wt." end if end if end if -- put "Unity Format" into me else if field "Si" is not empty and fld "ClayUnity" is "Glass Former" then set the cursor to busy set the numberFormat to "0.00000000" if field "molWt" is not empty then put Field "Si" into Silica repeat with i=2 to 29 put (field i)/Silica into NewTot if newTot > 0 then put newTot into field i else put empty into field i end if end repeat put Field "molWt"/Silica into Field "molWt" end if else if field "Al" is not empty and (fld "ClayUnity" is "Clay"\ or fld "ClayUnity" is "Stabilizer" or fld "ClayUnity" is "Refractory") then set the cursor to busy set the numberFormat to "0.00000000" if field "molWt" is not empty then put Field "Al" into Alumina repeat with i=2 to 29 put (field i)/Alumina into NewTot if newTot > 0 then put newTot into field i else put empty into field i end if end repeat put Field "molWt"/Alumina into Field "molWt" end if -- put "Clay Format" into me end if -- else if field "Al" is empty then answer "This is not a clay mineral!" & return & return & "The analysis cannot change formats." end if end checkMaterialFormat tet cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088875586340  Unity formatCHG LogoD @ PNG  IHDR xgAMA=-fPLTE)*DEDDEEbbbbnmnmmnZZ[ZZ[[[HGH766776''&&' PtRNS^Uk mIDATxe]V"wW5!Ьբ-G%(@BТ螳6Msf93׵s?}7rf&=/Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A얻6[fٻl̖ٙapSm<;\>s=fx?v29,dzu붹ms[۾msssm>oaw[}sN)YgǗ߱_?~~R]?s~~a_\;w.Oz)%~ݻ==Gû}hyxtW<69,޽۷w}'7G79,7ؿSFρo |jw809,sGy>{7?3WyzsN)YI9d9YQ,(YGw,#;J%,=/}iC?thiСC?X:nt~ni釓sJr/>ґ^|^~#'=甒x~W_}WW[~1< דsJr<'N8u<}rXu'N >}ztqI9d9Ϝ9s3gϼsg6#/~:3sJr< ;]\\waaq`aaa]xw];\SJ9wVοr~ee=7f؝[Yyج{oeesN)YgVWw}pqux‡.vu/_z჋sJr< ?ey?9,dzvȕ˗/K^<|/]Y[2ܮ]vI9d9Wׯn\[~WqmccsN)Y7oݺ~ǷFϭ?͛7o\On޸yɍI9d9ݾ秷?=?-]z{sN)Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$Hɒ Y$KdI, %A$H1Pa%IENDB`N TinyWindowK@Y@d cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089396478589 Olabel  `AV cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089396927762 Glazes My Glaze C10 ---- -- ---- -- ---- -- MbigSmallWindowCon mouseup if the icon of me is 201186 then set the icon of me to 200951 set the height of graphic "tinyWindow" to 100 else set the icon of me to 201186 set the height of graphic "tinyWindow" to 150 end if end mouseup Z cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089396525616 TDh PNG  IHDRhbgAMA=-fPLTE)*DEDDEEbbbbnmnmmnZZ[ZZ[[[HGH766776''&&' PtRNS^UkIDATx[TUF"gF5!Ь#ZšFMf NG7]}?^{57Z*,383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838383838CJS]RaӐtzwCt!J%~;3Nvޠٻ'l/’qBؔi4knjjnd2͙LSs9v2͍4'=gPڲ?-ں5ھ>ֿMz8hk?=kfsge=fm\69 PgGGWG9uюqP錮;:qBp;|z9}]G$=gPd_moo%=gPꏜ>I 'gNׯ>=qBq207p 8 g g `a@t /3N ]8<6_84tҥKs!6us Saqrj":MLOɩ*3333ӳӷgf&gg"觙3I'T\[N>amrكgs*|m+MinqBP_^(,,,>xX ˏ-]Ť*O?yyF+*rdeyyo]T*+ᶲRY^T3N`Z]]֪kZZUjZqB=[ۛ}dz*?wv; 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18,18,18,41 -- 0.5,0.25,0.25,0.56 inches set the printGutters to 5,5 open printing with dialog if the result is not empty then exit mouseup print stack "HyperGlaze Help" close printing end mouseUp R0.prints all help cards in order, two to a page cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1109920249148 YUnity Explained3lon shutdownRequest answer "Save changes to HyperGlaze before quitting?" with "Don't Save" or "Cancel" or "Save" if it is "Don't Save" then pass shutDownRequest exit shutdownRequest end if if it is "Cancel" then exit shutdownRequest if it is "Save" then send SaveHyperGlaze to stack "HyperGlaze" pass shutDownRequest end if end shutdownRequest on openstack if the platform is "MacOS" then put 335 into myMinHeight else -- if the platform is Win32 -- Windows with menus in window put 360 into myMinHeight end if revChangeWindowSize 512,myMinHeight end openstack on mouseup if the clicktext is not empty then checkDefinitions else pass mouseup end mouseup on checkDefinitions lock screen put the clickText into MyText find whole MyText in fld "Glossary" if the result is empty then if the short name of this card is "Glossary" then put (word 2 of the foundLine) into myDefinition put line myDefinition of fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheWord" put line myDefinition of fld "Definitions" into cd fld "TheDefinition" unlock screen end if else if the last char of MyText is "s" then delete the last char of MyText find whole MyText in fld "Glossary" if the result is empty then if the short name of this card is "Glossary" then put (word 2 of the foundLine) into myDefinition put line myDefinition of fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheWord" put line myDefinition of fld "Definitions" into cd fld "TheDefinition" unlock screen end if end if end if end checkDefinitions _eUnity ExplainedT" U helveticaWtimes U helvetica @U helvetica @U helvetica W helvetica W helvetica Utimes U helveticaW helveticaW helvetica @U helveticaWtimesW helvetica ULucida Grande UArial U HelveticaU Helvetica U Helvetica UArial 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@ecREVGeometryCacheIDs108992006413522963108992006413622964109582531660313257108992006413722966109582531660422867108992006413822967108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970033922997108991970034022998108992006413210365108992006413322960108992006413422962cREVGeometryCachetotal20order (}3YSYY < Glossary Pon closecard put empty into cd fld "theWord" put empty into cd fld "theDefinition" send mouseup to btn id 3 pass closecard end closecard function stripReturns myText -- 1990 Richard Burkett repeat the number of lines of myText put offset(return,myText) into myReturn if myReturn >0 then put " " into char myReturn of myText else exit repeat end repeat return myText end stripReturns on sortTheGlossary put fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheGlossary" sort cd fld "TheGlossary" repeat with i=1 to the number of lines of cd fld "TheGlossary" set the cursor to busy get the number of words of line i of cd fld "TheGlossary" set the textStyle of word 1 to it of line i of cd fld "TheGlossary" to link end repeat end sortTheGlossary ecREVGeometryCacheIDs10899200641352296310899200641362296410899200641372296610899200641382296710899200641402286810899200641393493108992006414122869108992006414222870108992006414322871108992006414422872108992006414522873108992006414622874108992006414722875108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970034022998108991970033922997108992006413210365108992006413322960108992006413422962cREVGeometryCachetotal27order  cREVGeneral(} YTYUYVYWYXYYYZY[YYY4AluminaE-on mouseUp go to card "Alumina" end mouseUp <\a cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866400 Y5 Boric OxideE1on mouseUp go to card "Boric oxide" end mouseUp Pk cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866401 Y6 Iron OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Iron oxide" end mouseUp [d cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866402 Y7Phosphorous PentoxideE;on mouseUp go to card "Phosphorous Pentoxide" end mouseUp @ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866403 Y8Antimony OxideE4on mouseUp go to card "Antimony oxide" end mouseUp ^ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866404 Y9Chromium OxideE4on mouseUp go to card "Chromium oxide" end mouseUp T cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866405 Y:Vanadium PentoxideE8on mouseUp go to card "Vanadium Pentoxide" end mouseUp E cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866406 Y;AluminaA-on mouseUp go to card "Alumina" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866407 Y< Boric OxideA1on mouseUp go to card "Boric oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866408 Y= Iron OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Iron oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866409 Y>Phosphorous PentoxideA;on mouseUp go to card "Phosphorous Pentoxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866410 Y?Antimony OxideA4on mouseUp go to card "Antimony oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866411 Y@Chromium OxideA4on mouseUp go to card "Chromium oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866412 YAVanadium PentoxideA8on mouseUp go to card "Vanadium Pentoxide" end mouseUp N cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866413 YBlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp xM cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866414 YCSilicaE,on mouseUp go to card "Silica" end mouseUp hZ6 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071487 YDTitanium DioxideE6on mouseUp go to card "Titanium Dioxide" end mouseUp k cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071488 YEZirconium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "Zirconium oxide" end mouseUp k cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071489 YF Tin OxideE/on mouseUp go to card "tin oxide" end mouseUp lP cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071490 YGManganese DioxideE7on mouseUp go to card "Manganese Dioxide" end mouseUp a cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071491 YH FluorineE.on mouseUp go to card "Fluorine" end mouseUp sU cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071492 YISilicaA,on mouseUp go to card "Silica" end mouseUp :  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071493 YJTitanium DioxideA6on mouseUp go to card "Titanium Dioxide" end mouseUp ;  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071494 YKZirconium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "Zirconium oxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071495 YL Tin OxideA/on mouseUp go to card "tin oxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071496 YMManganese DioxideA7on mouseUp go to card "Manganese Dioxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071497 YN FlourineA.on mouseUp go to card "Fluorine" end mouseUp ? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071498 YOlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp |O cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071499 YPlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp 8  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071500 YQ  4m cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923910953 * The limit formulas for a few temperatures are given below. These limit formulas may be used for comparison with actual glazes to make an educated guess as to the fired glaze characteristics What one primarily wants to compare are the amounts of Alumina, Silica, and Boron, as these will change while the flux or RO column always remains 1.0 or Unity. However, the type and amount of fluxes used will have an effect on the glaze melting temperature and color.   0 B P Below is a picture of the Limit Graph from HyperGlaze. Glaze Limits are shown by the black rectangles behind the white bars (which represent actual oxide amounts).YRMore on Limit FormulasE Ron mouseUp --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "More Limits" end mouseUp N cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923910954 YS h6 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095825316603 2 2 Limit formulas are useful in that they give the range of "normal" quantities for each oxide which should make a successful glaze at a particular firing temperature or cone. This can help you in creating new glazes, adjusting old ones, or guessing at the firing properties of the glaze in question.    8The following may be of help in using this information: LGlazes with high Silica/low Alumina (typically 8:1 Si:Al ratio or higher) - may result in shiny, hard, and possibly fluid glazes due to the large amount of glass former. Silica beyond the limit may result in rough matte glazes due to recrystallization, especially in very low alumina glazes (which have an extremely high Si:Al ratio). JGlazes with high Alumina/Low Silica (typically 4:1 Si:Al ratio or lower) w- may result in mat glazes or underfired glazes due to the large amount of refractory material (Alumina) in the glaze. Increasing the amounts of the more powerful fluxes can cause more fluid glazes. Substituting lower melting temperature fluxes in a glaze will have the same effect. Read about each particular flux in this stack for more information.Y `7 YTTheWord h/P*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064140 < YUTheDefinition hP=vx cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064141 < YVA Lon mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down and\ the usermodify is false and the visible of fld "Glossary" is false\ and the userlevel=5 then set the visible of fld "Glossary" to true else set the visible of fld "Glossary" to false if the visible of fld "Definitions" is true then put true into SortGlossary else put false into SortGlossary -- set the visible of cd fld "theGlossary" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of fld "Definitions" to visible of fld "Glossary" set the locktext of cd fld "theDefinition" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the locktext of cd fld "theWord" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of btn "add new Definition" to visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of btn "Now Editing Glossary" to visible of fld "Glossary" if SortGlossary then SortTheGlossary end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064142 YWAdd New Definition@Eyon mouseUp put return after fld "Glossary" set the textstyle of last char of fld "Glossary" to plain put stripReturns (cd fld "TheWord") after fld "Glossary" put return & stripReturns (cd fld "TheDefinition") after fld "Definitions" repeat with i=1 to the number of items of last line of fld "Glossary" set the textStyle of item i of last line of fld "Glossary" to group end repeat sortTheGlossary end mouseUpiT cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064143 YX TheGlossaryx on mousewithin if the visible of fld "Glossary" is true then send mousewithin to fld "Glossary" pass mousewithin end mousewithin P$I  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064144 < Amphoteric  Batch recipe  Carbonate  Carcinogenic  Chun glaze  Colorant  Copper Red  Crater glaze  Crawl, crawling  Craze, crazing  Crystal, crystalline  Devitrification  Drip glaze  Eutectic  Feldspar  Flotative  Flux, fluxes  Frit  Glass former  Glaze fit  hypertext  Insoluble  Limit Formula  Magnesia  Majolica  Mat, matt, matte  Mole  Molecular equivalent  Molecular Formula  Opacifier  Opalescence  Oxide  Oxidize, oxidizing, oxidation  Percentage recipe  Pinholing, pinhole  Plasticity  Reduction  Refractory  Saturation, saturated  Scumming  Shivering  Stabilizer  Stain  Thermal expansion  Unity Formula  Viscosity, viscous  #Vitreous, vitrified, vitrificationY `-GYYGo Back to ReadingEon mouseUp go back end mouseUpG! cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064145 YZGo Back@A _ on mouseUp go back end mouseUp$? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064146 Y[Now Editing Glossary@E_3on mouseUp send mouseup to cd btn id 3 end mouseUpA] cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064147 Y\ GlossaryE.on mouseUp go to card "Glossary" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995800 Y]A Typical Glaze RecipeE,on mouseUp go to card "recipe" end mouseUp v cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995801 Y^The Unity FormulaE+on mouseUp go to card "unity" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995802 Y_Unity & MolesE,on mouseUp go to card "unity1" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995803 Y` The FluxesE*on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995804 YaStabilizers & AmphotericsE3on mouseUp go to card "stabilizers" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995805 YbGlass Formers & OpacifiersE5on mouseUp go to card "glass formers" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995806 YcLimit FormulasE3on mouseUp go to card "limitformulas" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995807 YfThe Meaning of 'R' in ROE4on mouseUp go to card "Meaning of R" end mouseUp   cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995808 Yh New Button@A_+on mouseUp go to card "index" end mouseUp m.#& cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995809 YiaboutC on mouseup hide me end mouseup@<  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995810 P Unity Explained   UWhile basically sound, no warranty is made for inaccurate or incomplete information! The intention of this tutorial is to be a supplement to the the teaching of glaze calculation. It is not intended to provide exhaustive or even complete coverage of such a broad topic, but to enhance and refresh one's knowledge of how glazes work. kIf you have suggestions, improvements, or corrections please send them to the author at the address below. This stack is not free. "Do not give it away or copy it! ECopies may be obtained along with the HyperGlaze (tm) stacks from: Richard Burkett 6354 Lorca Drive San Diego, CA 92115-5509 e-mail: HyperGlaze@AOL.COM - Click to Close - @Red :1989-2004 Richard Burkett, all rights reserved worldwideYj UnityFormulaA +on mouseUp go to card "Unity" end mouseUp 4H cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919863936 Yk UnityFormulaA +on mouseUp go to card "Unity" end mouseUp 9 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919863937 YlFluxesA *on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp ?%j cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866008 Ym stabilizerA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp w cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866009 Yn glassformerA 2on mouseUp go to card "Glass Former" end mouseUp ?* cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866010 Yo H( cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866011 t The Unity or molecular Formula* is broken down into three columns that show how the oxides function in a glaze. The Flux* column is Yp H47  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866012 t always calculated to total "1" or unity, which allows easy comparisons of glazes. The units here are molecular equivalents or moles*.YqgoMoleA eon mouseUp --visual effect dissolve go to card "Unity1" find whole " molecular formula" end mouseUp 1  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866013 YrgoMoleA Ton mouseUp --visual effect dissolve go to card "Unity1" find " moles " end mouseUp ?0  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866014 YsFluxesA Don mouseUp --visual effect zoom open go to card "flux" end mouseUp 0%  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866015 Yt  &fF cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910772 Q The 'R' in RO, R2O3, RO2 is an abbreviation for radical and stands for the chemical symbol of a group of elements. All ceramic materials are made of oxides. In the heat of kiln firing most elements will oxidize or burn when they come into contact with the Oxygen atoms in air. How each element affects a glaze is related somewhat by the number of Oxygen atoms it chooses to cling to in its oxidized form. Yu  a7 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910773 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has three Oxygen atom are usually stabilizers* (refractory materials that keep the glaze from becoming too fluid when it melts) and amphoteric oxides*. As a group these are designated by the 'R2O3' abbreviation. Yv  a, cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910774 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has only one Oxygen atom are usually fluxes* - chemicals that help the glaze to melt. As a group these are designated by the 'RO' abbreviation. Example: Calcium Oxide is CaO. Yw  a  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910775 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has two Oxygen atom are usually glass formers* or opacifiers*. As a group these are designated by 'RO2' . YxfluxA *on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp )  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910776 Yy glassformersA 2on mouseUp go to card "glass former" end mouseUp cN  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910777 Yz glassformersA 2on mouseUp go to card "glass former" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910778 Y{ glassformersA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp bC  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910779 Y| glassformersA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp c cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910780 Y} x (on mouseup checkDefinitions end mouseupVN cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919917990 NH uThe numbers in the unity or molecular formula may be thought of as the number of molecules or moles of each oxide.   -G @In this typical recipe there is one mole of Flux (RO) for every 6four tenths of a mole of Alumina (stabilizer, R2O3), / / 0 1 2 Cand three and six tenths of a mole of Silica (glass former, RO2). > > ? Y~ h kK cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919926854 L ^The fluxes (RO) may be further broken up into their respective fractions of a mole. This way of looking at a glaze formula helps us to better understand the way the the different oxides affect the glaze. Of course, in the actual glaze there are no partial atoms. What we are looking at is the ratio of Flux(RO) to Alumina (R2O3) and Silica (RO2). G G H I J Z [YPotassium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "potassium oxide" end mouseUp BI cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928076 Y Sodium OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "sodium oxide" end mouseUp O]u cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928077 YCalcium OxideE3on mouseUp go to card "calcium oxide" end mouseUp Wow cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928078 YMagnesium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "magnesium oxide" end mouseUp _ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928079 YLithium OxideE3on mouseUp go to card "Lithium oxide" end mouseUp ht cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928080 Y Barium OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp oy cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928081 Y Lead OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Lead oxide" end mouseUp ra cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928082 Y Zinc OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Zinc oxide" end mouseUp jb  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928083 Y Copper OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Copper oxide" end mouseUp E  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928084 Y Cobalt OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Cobalt oxide" end mouseUp \  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928085 Y Nickel OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Nickel oxide" end mouseUp Mr  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928086 YlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp S cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928087 YPotassium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "potassium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928088 Y Sodium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "sodium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928089 YCalcium OxideA3on mouseUp go to card "calcium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928090 YMagnesium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "magnesium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928091 Y Barium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp G cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928092 Y Barium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928093 Y Lead OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Lead oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928094 Y Zinc OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Zinc oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928095 Y Copper OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Copper oxide" end mouseUp f cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928096 Y Cobalt OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Cobalt oxide" end mouseUp E  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928097 Y Nickel OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Nickel oxide" end mouseUp D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928098 YStrontium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "Strontium Oxide" end mouseUp 0 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928099 YStrontium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "Strontium oxide" end mouseUp D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928100  Ti ^ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995789YnextC? on mouseUp go next end mouseUp 4 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995790 YprevC? on mouseUp go prev end mouseUp 4  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995791 YinfoH @P cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995792 P   The RO column always totals 1.0 or Unity, hence the name. This convention aids in the estimation of firing temperatures and surface properties when comparing the unity formula of a glaze with another glaze of known qualities or with specific limit formulas*. The RO group of oxides largely controls the color that is possible using the various colorants. Surface effects, such as some types of mat glazes, are also often the result of the one or more oxides from this group. g The last three oxides in this group, Copper, Cobalt, and Nickel, are primarily used as colorants. L NH Q t   Alumina is the primary glaze stabilizer, so named because it adds viscosity to glazes, thus lessening the chance of the glaze running off of a vertical surface, making the glaze more stable. In the limit formula* it is the most important oxide of this group. y Other oxides in this group fall into the category of "Amphoteric Oxides" - oxides whose affect on the glaze varies. Boric Oxide usually functions as a flux in glazes, occasionally as a glass former. Phosphorous usually acts as a glass former. Iron, Chromium, and Vanadium are most often used as colorants.   The RO2 group is dominated by the main and necessary ingredient of most glass - SILICA. In the limit formulas* Silica is usually the only oxide represented from this group.   The other oxides, Titanium Dioxide, Zirconium Oxide, and Tin Oxide, function mainly as opacifiers. Manganese Dioxide is useful as a colorant. Fluorine is in this column of HyperGlaze for convenience only, as it affects glaze melt as a flux at low temperatures, then evaporates from the glaze, often leaving craters.Y New ButtonC +on mouseUp go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#&- cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995793 YGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp#?  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995794 Y Glossary!h 4n*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995795 P  L NH Q t   Unity Formula  Batch recipe  Percentage recipe   Ya]5( Y Definitions!h \4*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995796 P  L NH Q t   qthe composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides with the flux oxides totalling one. \the recipe for a glaze expressed in actual ingredients in the amounts you might weigh out. Qthe recipe for a glaze expressed in percentages by weight of actual ingredients.Ya5(YA on mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down -- and the usermodify is true then if the userlevel<5 then set the userlevel to 5 else set the userlevel to 2 end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995797 YA fon mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down and the usermodify is false then if the userlevel=5 then set the visible of fld "Glossary" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of fld "Definitions" to visible of fld "Glossary" end if if the visible of fld "Glossary" is true then hide card picture else show card picture end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995798 Oxidesion closecard set the name of this card to Field "oxide" pass closecard end closecard on NewCard tabKey pass newCard end newCardD cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928820 D!4PNG  IHDR4Mv̎gAMA=-f PLTEsxctRNS A=IDATxV@@єvIH匸R-?8::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::@@@@@@@@ݳ? n[y28:/~ſaVWu/?> queeb٬[Mz廃2)N9,5ylϕef`ẁշ^M9ھviy%ַx'VԽ5챣֓5?08`2ç3> GY4pgwpgwpgS  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928824 Y Lithium Carbonate Spodumene Lithospar Lepidolite Petalite M Dolomite (also adds Calcium) Talc (also adds Silica) Magnesium Carbonate Magnesite Whiting Dolomite (also adds MgO) !Bone Ash (also adds Phosphorous) Wollastonite (also adds Silica) Small amounts in many feldspars Lowfire glazes:  Often contained in frits % Gerstley borate (with boron and  silica) x Soda feldspar Nepheline syenite Frit (such as Ferro #3110) Cryolite Soluble Forms: Sodium bicarbonate Borax (also adds Boron) Sodium silicate Soda ash (Sodium carbonate)  Potash Feldspar Frit Soluble Forms: Pearl Ash - KCO3    Most wood ashes % Clay Kaolin )China Clay Al2O32 SiO22 H2O      ! " & ' Ball Clay EPK Alumina hydrate Feldspar - RO2Al2O36SiO2       Feldspar-like Materials Cryolite (flux) "Pyrophyllite - Al2O34SiO2H2O          & Gerstley Borate Colemanite (may cause crawling) Borax (soluble) Frits (such as Ferro 3124) W Strontium Carbonate Some frits $ Nickel Carbonate Nickel Oxide # Cobalt Carbonate Cobalt Oxide " Copper Carbonate Copper Oxide ! Zinc Oxide (calcined) Lead-containing Frit Lead Bisilicate %- less dangerous to the artist than ! the RAW lead materials below "Non-fritted (raw) Lead Materials:  White Lead Red Lead  Lead Oxide  Lead Carbonate Litharge  Barium Carbonate Barium Sulfate 1 Fluorspar Cryolite Amblygonite 0b Manganese dioxide Manganese carbonate /3 Tin Oxide . Generic zirconium opacifier:  Zirconium Silicate Commercial opacifiers: Zircopax  Opax Superpax Ultrox - Titanium Dioxide Rutile Ilmenite  Silica Flint or Quartz Clays - Al2O3      Feldspars - RO2Al2O36SiO2       Feldspar-like materials Talc (also adds Magnesium) !Wollastonite (also adds Calcium) >Zirconium Opacifiers (primarily Zirconium Silicates) , Vanadium Stain Vanadium Pentoxide + Chromium Oxide (Chrome oxide) Various Chromates -  Iron Chromate  Potassium Bichromate e(All Chromates are potentially CARCINOGENIC and often toxic! Use with care - avoid use if possible.) ) Antimony Oxide ' Bone Ash Small amounts in: Some types of ash  Red Iron Oxide Black Iron Oxide (flux - FeO) Impure sources of iron:  Yellow ocher  Red earthenware clays  Many natural slip claysYprevC =on mouseUp --visual effect scroll right go prev end mouseUp .#@ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928825 YnextC =on mouseUp --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp .#A cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928826 YOxideIG;8  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928827 Y RO Group Flux M RO Group Flux RO Group Flux x RO Group Flux  RO Group Flux % R2O3 Group Stabilizer & R2O3 Group Flux W RO Flux $ RO Group Colorant # RO Group Colorant " RO Group Colorant ! RO Group Flux RO Group Flux  RO Group Flux 1 0b RO2 group Colorant /3 RO2 group Opacifier . RO2 group Opacifier - RO2 group Opacifier  RO2 Group Glass Former , R2O3 group Colorant + R2O3 group Colorant ) R2O3 group Opacifier ' R2O3 Group Glass Former  R2O3 group ColorantY New ButtonC Gon mouseUp -- --visual effect dissolve go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#& - cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928828 YprevC? ?on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll left go prev end mouseUp 4  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928829 YnextC? @on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp 4 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928830 Y Flux Power  In cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928831 Y Flux power: high M Flux power: moderate to low Flux power: moderate to high x Flux power: very high  Flux power: very high % & Flux power: high W Flux power: moderate $ Flux power: very low # Flux power: high " Flux power: high ! Flux power: moderate to low Flux power: high  Flux power: moderate to high 1 0b /3 . -  , + "Flux power: very low - refractory ) '  YGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp#? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928832 Y ChemName(H J$ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088614587413 Y Li2O    M MgO CaO x Na2O     K2O    % Al2O3     & B2O3     W SrO $ NiO # CoO " Cu2O    ! ZnO PbO  BaO 1 F 0b MnO2   /3 SnO2   . ZrO2   - TiO2    SiO2   , V2O5     + Cr2O3     ) Sb2O3     ' P2O5      Fe2O3    (}otherij l: cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064132 Y Glossaryx on mouseup if the optionKey is down then if the shiftKey is down then put word two of the clickLine into myLine put line myLine of fld "Glossary" into myWord answer "Delete the definitition for:" & return &\ " " & myWord with "Delete" or "Cancel" if it is cancel then exit mouseup delete line myLine of fld "Glossary" delete line myLine of fld "Definitions" if last char of fld "Glossary" is return then delete last char of fld "Glossary" if last char of fld "Definitions" is return then delete last char of fld "Definitions" end if else put word two of the clickLine into myLine put line myLine of fld "Glossary" into myWord answer "Replace the definition for:" & return & " " & myWord \ with "Replace" or "Cancel" if it is "Cancel" then exit mouseup Get offset(return, cd fld "theWord") if it>0 then put stripReturns (cd fld "theWord") into line myLine of fld "Glossary" else put cd fld "theWord" into line myLine of fld "Glossary" Get offset(return, cd fld "TheDefinition") if it>0 then put stripReturns (cd fld "TheDefinition") into line myLine of fld "Definitions" else put cd fld "TheDefinition" into line myLine of fld "Definitions" repeat with i=1 to the number of items of line myLine of fld "Glossary" set the textStyle of (item i of line myLine of fld "Glossary") to "link" end repeat sortTheGlossary end if else pass mouseup end mouseup on mousewithin set the scroll of fld "Definitions" to the scroll of me pass mousewithin end mousewithin D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064133 < Unity Formula  Batch recipe  Percentage recipe   Molecular Formula   Limit Formula  Refractory  Oxide   Flux, fluxes  Glass former  Stabilizer  Reduction  Opacifier  Colorant   Eutectic   Pinholing, pinhole   Frit   Amphoteric  Carbonate  Carcinogenic  Chun glaze  Copper Red  Crater glaze  Crawl, crawling   Craze, crazing      Crystal, crystalline      Devitrification   Drip glaze  Feldspar   Flotative  Glaze fit  Insoluble  Magnesia   Majolica   Mat, matt, matte   Molecular equivalent   Mole   Opalescence  Oxidize, oxidizing, oxidation   Plasticity  Saturation, saturated    Scumming   Shivering  Stain   Thermal expansion   Viscosity, viscous     #Vitreous, vitrified, vitrification  " hypertext * 2 Y aBY New ButtonC Gon mouseUp -- --visual effect dissolve go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#&- cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064134 YprevC? ?on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll left go prev end mouseUp 5  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064135 YnextC? @on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp 5 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064136 YGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp$?  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064137 Y Definitionsx eon mousewithin set the scroll of fld "Glossary" to the scroll of me pass mousewithin end mousewithinvD  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064138 < xThe composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides, with the flux oxides totaling one (unity). \The recipe for a glaze, expressed in actual ingredients in the amounts you might weigh out. QThe recipe for a glaze expressed in percentages by weight of actual ingredients. The composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides, with the flux oxides totaling one. The molecular formula might be thought of as being like a count of the numbers of molecules of each oxide in the glaze, instead of amounts by weight like the batch formula. Often called a Unity Formula because the normal format is with the fluxes totaling one and all other oxides in ratio to the flux total. A limit formula is a glaze or clay formula which gives the highest and lowest 'normal' amounts for an ingredient or oxide. Molecular limit formulas for a glaze are useful in determining the approximate cone and other properties of the glaze. They are also useful as a starting point for the creation of new glazes. Beware: many wonderful glazes fall outside the 'normal' limit formulas. A material that is able to withstand extreme heat. Also used as an adjective to describe such materials. Alumina is an example of a very refractory oxide. Fireclay is a refractory clay. Firebricks and kiln shelves are often called 'refractories.' All ceramic materials are oxides - the chemical combination of one or more oxygen atoms and one or more atoms of another element, usually a metal in the case of ceramics. In a glaze a flux is a melter, an oxide that helps the other two major components of the glaze (the stabilizers, and glass formers) melt at a lower temperature that they would otherwise. The type of flux used will also affect the colors given by any colorants in the glaze. =In a glaze the glass former is usually silica - SiO2 - the part of a glaze that is responsible for the glassy nature of glazes. Glasses are supercooled liquids which retain an amorphous, non-crystalline structure. Other molten materials would most likely become crystalline when allowed to cool normally in the kiln. In a glaze the stabilizer is a refractory material, usually alumina - Al2O3 - whose role it is to keep the glaze from running right off the ware by adding viscosity or stiffness to the glaze. Common sources of alumina in glazes are clays, frits and feldspars. }A type of firing in which excess fuel is introduced into the kiln. This excess fuel uses up all available oxygen from the atmosphere in the kiln and causes materials (all ceramic materials are oxides) in the clay and glaze to give up some of their oxygen (thus reducing these materials). The oxygen released then combines with the superheated unburned fuel to complete combustion. A material that can be added to a glaze which causes the glaze to no longer be transparent and that colors it white. Typical ceramic opacifiers are Tin Oxide, Zircopax (or other Zirconium silicates), and Titanium dioxide. A material that is added primarily to create color in glazes. Colorants are metallic oxides or mixtures of oxides when fired. In the raw glaze they may take the form of carbonates, oxides, stains, or spinels. The lowest-melting-point composition of two or more materials, at a lower temperature than the melting point of any of the materials alone. In a glaze the concept of eutectics explains how a flux can lower the normally high melting point of silica and alumina so drastically. To formulate a glaze with the widest firing range, one wants to avoid having the composition exactly match the eutectic. Pinholes are a glaze defect characterized by small holes in the fired glaze that did not smooth over during firing. They are usually caused by the combination of gases being given off by the clay and glaze during firing, and by a viscous glaze that does not flow easily to heal the resulting gas bubbles. Sulfur in the clay is a common cause of pinholing and usually can be remedied by bisque-firing to a higher cone, above cone 05. XA pre-melted glass which is finely ground for use in glazes. By melting otherwise soluble glaze ingredients into a glass, they become insoluble. Frits are especially useful in formulating low-fire glazes where it is difficult to get sufficient flux in the glaze recipe without using soluble materials. Fritting is the process of making a frit. Oxides whose function in a glaze falls into more than one category (flux, glass former, stabilizer) are amphoteric oxides. Boric oxide is a good example of an amphoteric oxide as it usually acts as both a flux and a glass former, but falls chemically in the stabilizer group - R2O3. Carbonates are glaze materials that contain both carbon and oxygen in the form RCO3. The carbon dioxide (carbon and two of the oxygens) is given off during firing to convert the carbonate glaze material to an oxide in its fired form. Carcinogenic materials are ones that are known to cause cancer. Handle these materials with care, or avoid using them entirely. Chun glazes are stoneware glazes which originated in the far east, and usually have small amounts of copper in them. The color of Chun glazes typically varies from purple red to a pearlescent blue when fired in reduction. Copper red glazes are porcelain glazes which originated in the far east, and typically have small amounts of copper in them. When fired in reduction, they turn a rich red. Sometimes called 'oxblood glazes.' Crater glazes are glazes that are intentionally formulated to leave blisters and large pinholes in the surface of the glaze after firing - a lunar crater-like texture. This is often done by including ingredients which burn out late in the firing disrupting the glaze surface. `Crawling is when a glaze pulls away from the surface of the clay during firing leaving a bare, unglazed spot. Thick, viscous, high-shrinkage glazes or dirty bisqueware are typical causes. Normally this is a glaze defect. Crawl glazes intentionally make use of the tendency for high-shrinkage glaze materials like Magnesium carbonate to cause crawling. Crazing or crackling of the fired glaze surface occurs when the glaze shrinks more than the clay during cooling. The strain of this uneven shrinkage causes the glaze to pull itself apart and develop a network of small cracks in the glaze surface. Crystal glazes and crystalline glaze surfaces form when a glaze cools and oxides in the glaze take on the orderly molecular structure typical of crystalline materials. Glass is amorphous and non-crystalline. Slow cooling is usually necessary for the greatest amount of crystal growth. As many mat glazes depend on crystallization of the glaze surface, quick cooling may result in shinier surfaces. Devitrification occurs when a glaze completely crystallizes upon cooling and ceases to have an amorphous, glassy structure. The result is usually a rough, slightly porous glaze surface. So-called "drip glazes" are glazes that typically contain too much flux, usually whiting for stoneware glazes, which causes the glaze to melt and run in rivulets on the clay surface. yAn alumino-silicate which also contains a flux. Potash feldspars contain mostly potassium oxide as the flux, while soda feldspars contain more sodium oxide. A typical formula for a feldspar would be RO2 Al2O3 6SiO2 which means feldspars contain all three glaze components - flux, stabilizer and glass former. Feldspars are one of the most common stoneware glaze materials. A material, often clay, which is used in the raw glaze batch to keep the glaze ingredients in suspension (floating) in the container of raw, liquid glaze. Glaze fit is how well the fired glaze matches the thermal expansion of the clay on which it is fired. In a good 'glaze fit' the thermal expansion of the glaze and clay will nearly match and the glaze will not craze or shiver. For the best glaze fit and least chance of crazing, the glaze is usually under a slight compression (the clay shrinks slightly more on cooling than the glaze). 1Not able to be dissolved. Glaze materials generally should not be able to dissolve in water, and thus are insoluble in the raw batch. If a glaze contains large amounts of soluble materials, especially fluxes, the soluble materials may migrate out of the glaze and into the ware, causing firing problems. (Another name for magnesium oxide - MgO. !Majolica is the term usually used to describe the combination of a thick, opaque white, lowfire glaze, and colorants brushed over the glaze while it is raw and unfired. This lends itself to a very painterly approach to glaze decoration. Sometimes spelled as it is pronounced: "maiolica." A description of non-glossy glaze surfaces, usually caused by crystal formation on the glaze surface upon cooling ('true' mattes) or by underfired glazes. A term used to describe the theoretical ratio of the number of molecules of an oxide in a glaze. For example, the number of molecular equivalents of flux in the unity formula for a glaze is one. Similar to molecular equivalents and used to describe the theoretical ratio of the number of molecules of an oxide in a glaze. Often used interchangeably with molecular equivalents. GA pearlescent quality in a fired glaze surface, like the mineral opal. To oxidize means to become an oxide. All ceramic materials are oxides - the chemical combination of one or more oxygen atoms and one or more atoms of another element, usually a metal in the case of ceramics. For a kiln to have an oxidizing atmosphere during firing requires that excess oxygen (from the air) be present in the kiln, so that any fuel may be completely burned. Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. ]Plasticity is the quality of clay that allows it to stretch and be shaped without cracking.  A glaze is said to be saturated with a colorant when it will hold no more colorant in solution when melted. So-called "saturated iron" glazes like temmokus contain enough iron oxide that the glaze will hold no more without becoming metallic in appearance after firing. 6Scumming is a clay defect that occurs when soluble salts in the clay migrate to the clay surface during drying, then become insoluble when fired. The result of severe scumming is usually an unpleasant white cloudiness to the clay surface which may cause problems like crawling, or poor glaze or slip adhesion. Shivering is when fragments or flakes of the glaze pop off the clay surface after firing. It is a thermal expansion problem and is the opposite of crazing in glazes. In shivering, the glaze is under too great of compression after firing due to the clay shrinking more than the glaze during cooling. Shivering may occur some time after the ware has cooled. In severe cases of bad glaze fit, the clay may also be shattered by the stress. A mixture of colorant oxides and other ceramic materials that has been fired and reground to make a stable, predictable ceramic color. Almost all materials expand when heated, and contract when cooled. The thermal expansion of a material or glaze is the measure of that change. For a glaze to fit a clay, the thermal expansion of the each should be reasonably close to the same number. The relative resistance to flow, or stiffness of a glaze. A glaze with low viscosity will flow easily, a viscous glaze will flow very little. Alumina adds viscosity to glazes and is sometimes called the glaze stabilizer or stiffener. Glassy, non-porous. 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U " / p'Ux?? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919926853s D9 ????????????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?`? `? ?? ????` 0 00 ㍁ǁ7p<{x8 ff61 0ml f61 0m| ff61 0m`!  ff61 0ml c3p 1g8g1øb`rg;J)J$$D)y$pr<$9 J)@A%$ $`'3bprw$`000`11aa0`0`090 @@  @ @@ @ @@ @@0 @ @ `3 8q60 D" <0  D" 80 D"y80@ D" f0@  D `s10D`0@0 D `{0D `0D" f08 8! 0fDB 0f 80<p  <p0`030030`30`30g30a>c>p 803`D"A39xD">mD"3=D"3m?D"3m8p><~>0x>303<36̹>6̹06̹06̹0̃8̃0̃0̈́p30̀ 0x@ @@@ @ @ ~`08@ `0@ xy8s` m3flف` m3f<ـ` m3flف` m3flف` lf0@  D `s10D`0@0 D `{0D `0D" f08 8! 0fDB 0f 80<p  <p0`030030`30`30g30a>c>p 803`D"A39xD">mD"3=D"3m?D"3m8p><~>0x>303<36̹>6̹06̹06̹0????~??????"????"??????|??????? }????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????<????<??????????? ?   9p`rgQJP ! $!K ' ǽ r<QJ ) ! x 9'R`rwί`@  fv Kp  I JR IJR IJR y 0`` I:Rp `` 8xqqq` l6l3m`ٳ`l3o`ٳه `6l3l`ٳنa0l6l3m`ٳن`x`x8l31pq`     0@ @UP  @ @  ބlƄnj`UU1< 8p0f@D xfDxfD$fD>f@Df0` 8p<` 0` 0  UT0 0|`f`f`|`f`fof6c|cƇ8q| D" `3? D" `3D"x@y3D"a3D"a3x8ca`0x8s|D"@f`D"f` D"f`?D" |`D" `o8q`6l`cǾx33x3 3 ۳xس<x0<x<x>Ùٌx @<0  0x x x 1ރ`0l؃0ǎ` @0 @00 @  @ @  ?<?~????????????????~?< ?????>????~??????"????"??????|??????? }????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????<????<??????????? ?   9p`rgQJP ! $!K ' ǽ r<QJ ) ! x 9'R`rwί`@  fv Kp  I JR IJR IJR y 0`` I:Rp `` 8xqqq` l6l3m`ٳ`l3o`ٳه `6l3l`ٳنa0l6l3m`ٳن`x`x8l31pq`     0@ @UP  @ @  ބlƄnj`UU1< 8p0f@D xfDxfD$fD>f@Df0` 8p<` 0` 0  UT0 0|`f`f`|`f`fof6c|cƇ8q| D" `3? D" `3D"x@y3D"a3D"a3x8ca`0x8s|D"@f`D"f` D"f`?D" |`D" `o8q`6l`cǾx33x3 3 ۳xس<x0<x<x>Ùٌx @<0  0x x x 1ރ`0l؃0ǎ` @0 @00 @  @ @  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866399?> D@ `hPNG  IHDR`e5gAMA=-fPLTEٟtRNS0JIDATxA0 C Xg>k=C%:D-Qr%GH!G2FjB&G7 ?PLBYZ@h|{˼51'MD M2Sc˶hC ^i`Si Hm|TdHE} \ <}GK#dzl)e8zt^y@xLcń / .?}İNIENDB` cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095825312669 D <~~~<?~=????$??????????$|??? ???} ?? ???? ??? ?????&???&??#?  #???>???????!?????@E8v2LLs ((I B I;Nc< (IJR DI:LN ```y 0``````8xqqq`l6l3m`ٳ``l3o`ٳه`<`6l3l`ٳنfl6l3m`ٳنÆx8l31pq< 0`@0@  @p4 @@f8BE,@NE0REsbDp `0@`03 3p3  0@0`Uz1`|300s030830Q37QD31 8108 pp?18 0QD s0pAD 30B8 30D 37`HD 318 1?x8> 8 0̇p00`?0x~><f>fffff0<`p 0p g8JX lJPt 3l>JP 3lqt 3l 3g|      <~~~<?~=????$??????????$|??? ???} ?? ???? ??? ?????&???&??#?  #???>???????!?????@E8v2LLs ((I B I;Nc< (IJR DI:LN ```y 0``````8xqqq`l6l3m`ٳ``l3o`ٳه`<`6l3l`ٳنfl6l3m`ٳنÆx8l31pq< 0`@0@  @p4 @@f8BE,@NE0REsbDp `0@`03 3p3  0@0`Uz1`|300s030830Q37QD31 8108 pp?18 0QD s0pAD 30B8 30D 37`HD 318 1?x8> 8 0̇p00`?0x~><f>fffff0<`p 0p g8JX lJPt 3l>JP 3lqt 3l 3g|       cREVGeneral revUniqueID 10899200714864 D 88x8888888 x8x?88`qޟ 8<<8 Ϟà 8? Ã88q88aq88qs|88q8 8qÀ8 8ǃ88ǂσ8<8q̟ ?<8?~10ǎ0  19@`B@P1<?%@ y&?%6IM39&ݘhفf1=qKó+>SISÎ00%MQL"+0I(SIP 0 09>I á션hIK  ~ 00  ` 8 0~Ή/Hщ H@HHHΉ'0I"[]uU]mW[mU ] lU[[j8I"HHx ]lH[jH#81I"@@@? %|]uU]W[mU ] lU[[j88"8"8I"~8 |8x 08H>H ]lH[j0#888?|8I"8 C 08 Ā0h8 D h8 D0]uU]xW[mU# U[D:x8 G*H8<08I"888?@8( x߇]l|[j*8 .| 88> 8I"h8>x888 0xU]hW[mU8_U[[j$"|.8I"*H@ @ _ p@@'px@p8@$@@ U]h[mU^lU[@  @@@@@@@8@  @DH@P@?DH@ S~DH S~DH @  P@DH@' @  P@:8@ @   @@ @  @@ @  @@ @  @@? ? 6c88`9@p IKE$(@   K$(@`@ 0K@$(@?=@ @@ sp@; sp@; sp@c?ƅ;0<sp@c3ƅ?p<c?ƅ?p 8?`@  sxf `92?0v;`} ;?0zp}=?0~m 0m`7nm'o6 /o  ~o   lp?~À80 ?80 ??8p ǀ???xÀ? ppǀ p ~`ǀ vؑ ??ǀfȑ ?< nhx?`~xp:8px?`?p88x8888888 x8x?88`qޟ 8<<8 Ϟà 8? Ã88q88aq88qs|88q8 8qÀ8 8ǃ88ǂσ8<8q̟ ?<8?~10ǎ0  19@`B@P1<?%@ y&?%6IM39&ݘhفf1=qKó+>SISÎ00%MQL"+0I(SIP 0 09>I á션hIK  ~ 00  ` 8 0~Ή/Hщ H@HHHΉ'0I"[]uU]mW[mU ] lU[[j8I"HHx ]lH[jH#81I"@@@? %|]uU]W[mU ] lU[[j88"8"8I"~8 |8x 08H>H ]lH[j0#888?|8I"8 C 08 Ā0h8 D h8 D0]uU]xW[mU# U[D:x8 G*H8<08I"888?@8( x߇]l|[j*8 .| 88> 8I"h8>x888 0xU]hW[mU8_U[[j$"|.8I"*H@ @ _ p@@'px@p8@$@@ U]h[mU^lU[@  @@@@@@@8@  @DH@P@?DH@ S~DH S~DH @  P@DH@' @  P@:8@ @   @@ @  @@ @  @@ @  @@? ? 6c88`9@p IKE$(@   K$(@`@ 0K@$(@?=@ @@ sp@; sp@; sp@c?ƅ;0<sp@c3ƅ?p<c?ƅ?p 8?`@  sxf `92?0v;`} ;?0zp}=?0~m 0m`7nm'o6 /o  ~o   lp?~À80 ?80 ??8p ǀ???xÀ? ppǀ p ~`ǀ vؑ ??ǀfȑ ?< nhx?`~xp:8px?`?p cREVGeneral revUniqueID 10899239109523 D׃?~8xp8ppppp0pp >>߂pp>x~ 8?p8p |Àpx>xq< 88 p88À  88p88qÀ 88p88pÀ? v88p88p v88p88p< |88p88p <88 p88pÀ  <88p880pÀ  88 px88pダǘ?~<>?> ׃?~8xp8ppppp0pp >>߂pp>x~ 8?p8p |Àpx>xq< 88 p88À  88p88qÀ 88p88pÀ? v88p88p v88p88p< |88p88p <88 p88pÀ  <88p880pÀ  88 px88pダǘ?~<>?>  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095825316602 D' C??? ??~??? ??????????? ????  000000000000000000000000000000000000000h 00ۛ8@0I0I0I0H$@000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001D  D@ D c`cp b2ss;8"$AI D ĤJ$! DI$ ArI D$IP$=DI$ AI D$IP$ DI$!$AI D $H$! DI$"b@`rG $ b0sBF$ C??? ??~??? ??????????? ????  000000000000000000000000000000000000000h 00ۛ8@0I0I0I0H$@000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001D  D@ D c`cp b2ss;8"$AI D ĤJ$! DI$ ArI D$IP$=DI$ AI D$IP$ DI$!$AI D $H$! DI$"b@`rG $ b0sBF$ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064139Y HC Iconsi Gskull D G?0@@py0@ `U`ʠ@  @:ҀIU@@]UG?0@@py0@ `U`ʠ@  @:ҀIU@@]UtHG Next Arrow D ?  /((N(((((((((((((((((((((/???  /((N(((((((((((((((((((((/??FHG Prev Arrow D@ ?  /((N(((8(x((((((((((((x(8((((/???  /((N(((8(x((((((((((((x(8((((/??-Index D` |6ny`7mp6a6n{`?P*****|6ny`7mp6a6n{`?P*****Y HC cursorsi  question DH   $H @@20`H<x YLabel1  n cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088613369555 1989-2004 Richard Burkett all rights reserved worldwide YLabel2  p8 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088613542502 This stack uses hypertext. Click on any word and if it's in the glossary, you'll see a definition of the word. YLabel3  h cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088614456351 Click on a topic:YUnityExpMenubarIcREVTempMaster# traversalOnfalse dontSearchfalse boundingRectscrollbarWidth20threeDtruerect -3,-5,270,22 patterns colors showNamefalsehScroll0backgroundBehaviortrue cantDeletefalse vScrollbarfalse hScrollbarfalsetabGroupBehaviorfalseid22988altId0radioBehaviortrue textStylelockLocfalselabelnameUnityExpMenubartoolTiplayer26 borderWidth2 cantSelectfalsevisibletruemargins4opaquefalse showBorderfalse disabledfalse textSize textFontvScroll0hilitedButton0 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995811YFileŋU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Open" answer file "Select the HyperGlaze stack to open:" of type "RSTK" if it is empty then exit menuPick open stack it show stack it break case "Close" close stack the topstack break case "Page Setup" answer printer break case "Print Card" open printing with dialog print this card close printing break case "Quit" answer "Save changes to all HyperGlaze stacks first?" with "Cancel" or "No" or "Save" if it is "Cancel" then exit menuPick if it is "Save" then set cursor to watch save stack "Glazes" save stack "Glaze Index" save stack "Materials" save stack "Materials Index" save stack "clays" save stack "clay Index" save stack "Glaze Limits" save stack "Glaze Calculator" save stack "Bibliography" end if quit break end switch end menuPick  4&Open/0 &Close/W - Page Setup &Print Card/P &Quit/Q cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995812 YEditŋU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Undo" undo break case "Cut" cut break case "Copy" Copy break case "Paste" if the clipboard is "text" then paste break case "Clear" delete break case "New Card" create card break case "Delete Card" answer "Delete this Glaze recipe permanently?" with "Delete" or "Cancel" if it is "Delete" then delete this card break case "Duplicate Card" copy card paste card break case "Preferences" open stack "Preferences" break end switch end menuPick !!5&Undo/Z Cu&t/X &Copy/C &Paste/V Clea&r - Preferences cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995813 YGoŋU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Go Back" go back break case "Go Forward" go forward break case "index" open stack "HyperGlaze" show stack "HyperGlaze" break case "Glazes" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Limits" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Calculator" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Clays" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Clay Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Materials" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Materials Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Unity Explained" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Bibliography" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "QuadBlender" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Potter's Friend" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break end switch end menuPick BGo &Back/[ Go &Forward/] (- Index Glazes Glaze Index (- Glaze Limits Glaze Calculator (- Clays Clay Index (- Materials Materials Index (- Unity Explained Bibliography QuadBlender Potter's Friend cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995814 YFindŋU[--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich global gFindWord, gFindWhich switch pWhich case "Find" ask "What would you like to find?" with gFindWord titled "Find" if it is empty then exit menuPick put it into gFindWord put empty into gFindWhich find string gFindWord if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found." break case "Find Again" if gFindWhich is not empty then find String gFindWord in fld gFindWhich if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found in the " & gFindWhich & " field." end if else find String gFindWord if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found." end if break end switch end menuPick ^$&Find/F Find A&gain/G cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995815 YUnity ExplainedŋU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Typical Glaze Recipe" go to card "Recipe" break case "Unity Formula" go to card "Unity" break case "Meaning of R in RO" go to card "Meaning of R" break case "Unity and Moles" go to card "Unity1" break case "The Fluxes" go to card "Flux" break case "Stabilizers" go to card "Stabilizers" break case "Glass Formers" go to card "Glass Formers" break case "Limit Formulas" go to card "LimitFormulas" break case "Glossary" go to card "Glossary" break end switch end menuPick bTypical Glaze Recipe Unity Formula Meaning of R in RO Unity and Moles The Fluxes Stabilizers Glass Formers Limit Formulas Glossary  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995816 YHelpŋUF--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Help with HyperGlaze" open stack "HyperGlaze Help" show stack "HyperGlaze Help" break case "About HyperGlaze" open stack "HG Splash" show stack "HG Splash" break end switch end menuPick &*&Help with HyperGlaze - &About HyperGlaze cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995817 Y Menubar 1I cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700337YFileŃE  &New &Open/0 &Close/W - &Quit/Q cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700338 YEditŃE!!-Cu&t/X &Copy/C &Paste/V Clea&r - Preferences cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700339 YHelpŃEB&&Help - &About cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700340