#!/bin/sh # MetaCard 2.4 stack # The following is not ASCII text, # so now would be a good time to q out of more exec mc $0 "$@" YUnity Explained3--2004 Richard Burkett -- all rights reserved worldwide on shutdownRequest answer "Save changes to HyperGlaze before quitting?" with "Don't Save" or "Cancel" or "Save" if it is "Don't Save" then pass shutDownRequest exit shutdownRequest end if if it is "Cancel" then exit shutdownRequest if it is "Save" then send SaveHyperGlaze to stack "HyperGlaze" pass shutDownRequest end if end shutdownRequest on openstack if the platform is "MacOS" then put 335 into myMinHeight else -- if the platform is Win32 -- Windows with menus in window put 360 into myMinHeight end if revChangeWindowSize 512,myMinHeight end openstack on mouseup if the clicktext is not empty then checkDefinitions else pass mouseup end mouseup on checkDefinitions lock screen put the clickText into MyText find whole MyText in fld "Glossary" if the result is empty then if the short name of this card is "Glossary" then put (word 2 of the foundLine) into myDefinition put line myDefinition of fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheWord" put line myDefinition of fld "Definitions" into cd fld "TheDefinition" unlock screen end if else if the last char of MyText is "s" then delete the last char of MyText find whole MyText in fld "Glossary" if the result is empty then if the short name of this card is "Glossary" then put (word 2 of the foundLine) into myDefinition put line myDefinition of fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheWord" put line myDefinition of fld "Definitions" into cd fld "TheDefinition" unlock screen end if end if end if end checkDefinitions eUnity ExplainedT" U helveticaWtimes U helvetica @U helvetica @U helvetica W helvetica W helvetica Utimes U helveticaW helveticaW helvetica @U helveticaWtimesW helvetica ULucida Grande UArial U HelveticaU Helvetica U Helvetica UArial WArial UBickley Script LET UQuickType Mono UTimesUTimesUTimesWTimesWTimes$WTimesWArial$WArial UArialUArial WArialUnityExpMenubarcREVGeometryCachestackID22999 cREVGeneralPindex P#on opencard push card end opencardecREVGeometryCacheIDs$10886135425022298310899197003372299510899197003382299610899197003392299710899197003402299810886133695552298210899179957902293610899179957892644108991799580022876108991799579122937108991799580122877108861445635122986108991799579222938108991799580222878108991799579322939108991799580322879108991799579422942108991799580422880108991799579522943108991799580522881108991799580622882108991799579622944108991799580722883108991799579722945108991799580822886108991799579822946108991799581022889108991799580922888108991799579922007108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994cREVGeometrycachetotal36order  TUY\Y]Y^Y_Y`YaYbYcYfYhYiYYYYY recipe @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089917995790229361089917995789264410899179957912293710899179957922293810899179957932293910899179957942294210899179957952294310899179957962294410899179957972294510899179957982294610899179958112298810899179958122298910899179958132299010899179958142299110899179958152299210899179958162299310899179958172299410899198639363852108991970033722995108991986393722890108991970033822996108991986393822891108991970034022998108991970033922997cREVGeometryCacheorder total24 T YjYkYYtunity @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089917995790229361089917995789264410899179957912293710899179957922293810899179957932293910899179957942294210899179957952294310899179957962294410899179957972294510899179957982294610899179958112298810899179958122298910899179958132299010899179958142299110899179958152299210899198660074243108991799581622993108991986600822892108991799581722994108991986600922893108991986601022894108991986601122895108991986601222896108991986601322897108991986601422898108991986601522899108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970034022998108991970033922997cREVGeometryCacheorder total30 TYlYmYnYoYpYqYrYsYYQ meaning of R 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ecREVGeometryCacheIDs10899179957902293610899179957892644108991799579122937108991799579222938108991799579322939108991799579422942108991799579522943108991799579622944108991799579722945108991799579822946108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991991798920383108991991799022909108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970034022998108991970033922997cREVGeometryCacheorder total23 TOY}YYLUnity2 @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs10899179957902293610899179957892644108991799579122937108991799579222938108991799579322939108991799579422942108991992685319786108991799579522943108991992685422910108991799579622944108991799579722945108991799579822946108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970034022998108991970033922997cREVGeometryCacheorder total23 TMJY~YYflux @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs/1089919700337229951089919700338229961089919700340229981089919700339229971089917995789264410899179957902293610899179957912293710899179957922293810899199280764723108991799579322939108991992807722911108991799579422942108991992807822912108991799579522943108991992808022914108991992807922913108991799579622944108991992808122915108991799579722945108991992808222916108991799579822946108991992808322917108991799581122988108991992808422918108991799581222989108991992808522919108991799581322990108991992808622920108991799581422991108991992808722921108991799581522992108991992808822922108991799581622993108991992810022934108991992808922923108991992809022924108991799581722994108991992810122935108991992809122925108991992809222926108991992809322927108991992809422928108991992809522929108991992809622930108991992809722931108991992809822932108991992809922933cREVGeometryCacheorder total47 TsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYPotassium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229501089919928827229511089919928828229521089919928829229531089919928830229551089919928831229561089919928832229581089919928833229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919700340229981089919700339229971089919928821614210899199288226547108991992882322947108991992882422948108991992882522949cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YYx Sodium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY Calcium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YYMMagnesium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YYYLithium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY Barium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY Lead Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY! Zinc Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY" Copper Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY# Cobalt Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY$ Nickel Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YYWStrontium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY stabilizers @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs%1089919700337229951089919700338229961089919700340229981089919700339229971089923866400561710899238664012283610899238664022283710899179957892644108991799579022936108992386640322838108991799579122937108992386640422839108991799579222938108992386640522840108991799579322939108992386640622841108991799579422942108991799579522943108992386640722842108991799579622944108992386640822843108991799579722945108992386640922844108992386641022845108991799579822946108992386641122846108992386641222847108992386641322848108991799581122988108992386641422849108991799581222989108992386641522850108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994cREVGeometryCacheorder total37 TY4Y5Y6Y7Y8Y9Y:Y;Y<Y=Y>Y?Y@YAYBYY%Alumina @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581095543686661161901089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total26?>YY& Boric Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY Iron Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY'Phosphorous Pentoxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY)Antimony Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY+Chromium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY,Vanadium Pentoxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YYGlass Formers @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs$1089920071496228591089920071497228601089920071498228611089920071499228621089919700337229951089919700338229961089919700340229981089919700339229971089917995789264410899179957902293610899179957912293710899179957922293810899179957932293910899179957942294210899179957952294310899179957962294410899179957972294510899179957982294610899179958112298810899179958122298910899179958132299010899179958142299110899179958152299210899179958162299310899179958172299410899200714875842108992007148822851108992007149022853108992007148922852108992007150022863108992007149122854108992007150122864108992007149222855108992007149322856108992007149422857108992007149522858cREVGeometryCacheorder total36 TYCYDYEYFYGYHYIYJYKYLYMYNYOYPYYSilica @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY-Titanium Dioxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY.Zirconium Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY/3 Tin Oxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY0bManganese Dioxide @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY1 Fluorine @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs1089919928826229511089919928827229521089919928828229531089919928829229551089919928830229561089919928831229581089919928832229591089917995811229881089917995812229891089917995813229901089917995814229911089917995815229921089917995816229931089917995817229941088614587413229871089919700337229951089919700338229961089919928820614210899197003402299810899197003392299710899199288216547108991992882222947108991992882322948108991992882422949108991992882522950cREVGeometryCacheorder total25YY*LimitFormulas @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs108992006413522963108992006413622964108992006413722966108992006413822967108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108992391095213522108992391095322865108992391095422866108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970033922997108991970034022998108992006413210365108992006413322960108992006413422962cREVGeometryCacheorder total21(}4YQYRYY2 More Limits @ecREVGeometryCacheIDs108992006413522963108992006413622964108992006413722966108992006413822967108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994109554364389613257109554364389722867108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970034022998108991970033922997108992006413210365108992006413322960108992006413422962cREVGeometryCacheorder total20(}3YSYY < Glossary Pon closecard put empty into cd fld "theWord" put empty into cd fld "theDefinition" send mouseup to btn id 3 pass closecard end closecard function stripReturns myText -- 1990 Richard Burkett repeat the number of lines of myText put offset(return,myText) into myReturn if myReturn >0 then put " " into char myReturn of myText else exit repeat end repeat return myText end stripReturns on sortTheGlossary put fld "Glossary" into cd fld "TheGlossary" sort cd fld "TheGlossary" repeat with i=1 to the number of lines of cd fld "TheGlossary" set the cursor to busy get the number of words of line i of cd fld "TheGlossary" set the textStyle of word 1 to it of line i of cd fld "TheGlossary" to link end repeat end sortTheGlossary ecREVGeometryCacheIDs10899200641352296310899200641362296410899200641372296610899200641382296710899200641402286810899200641393493108992006414122869108992006414222870108992006414322871108992006414422872108992006414522873108992006414622874109605736197422999108992006414722875108991799581122988108991799581222989108991799581322990108991799581422991108991799581522992108991799581622993108991799581722994108991970033722995108991970033822996108991970033922997108991970034022998108992006413210365108992006413322960108992006413422962cREVGeometryCacheorder total28 cREVGeneral(} YYTYUYVYWYXYYYZY[YYY4AluminaE-on mouseUp go to card "Alumina" end mouseUp <\a cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866400 Y5 Boric OxideE1on mouseUp go to card "Boric oxide" end mouseUp Pk cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866401 Y6 Iron OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Iron oxide" end mouseUp [d cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866402 Y7Phosphorous PentoxideE;on mouseUp go to card "Phosphorous Pentoxide" end mouseUp @ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866403 Y8Antimony OxideE4on mouseUp go to card "Antimony oxide" end mouseUp ^ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866404 Y9Chromium OxideE4on mouseUp go to card "Chromium oxide" end mouseUp T cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866405 Y:Vanadium PentoxideE8on mouseUp go to card "Vanadium Pentoxide" end mouseUp E cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866406 Y;AluminaA-on mouseUp go to card "Alumina" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866407 Y< Boric OxideA1on mouseUp go to card "Boric oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866408 Y= Iron OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Iron oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866409 Y>Phosphorous PentoxideA;on mouseUp go to card "Phosphorous Pentoxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866410 Y?Antimony OxideA4on mouseUp go to card "Antimony oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866411 Y@Chromium OxideA4on mouseUp go to card "Chromium oxide" end mouseUp N  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866412 YAVanadium PentoxideA8on mouseUp go to card "Vanadium Pentoxide" end mouseUp N cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866413 YBlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp xM cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866414 YCSilicaE,on mouseUp go to card "Silica" end mouseUp hZ6 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071487 YDTitanium DioxideE6on mouseUp go to card "Titanium Dioxide" end mouseUp k cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071488 YEZirconium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "Zirconium oxide" end mouseUp k cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071489 YF Tin OxideE/on mouseUp go to card "tin oxide" end mouseUp lP cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071490 YGManganese DioxideE7on mouseUp go to card "Manganese Dioxide" end mouseUp a cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071491 YH FluorineE.on mouseUp go to card "Fluorine" end mouseUp sU cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071492 YISilicaA,on mouseUp go to card "Silica" end mouseUp :  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071493 YJTitanium DioxideA6on mouseUp go to card "Titanium Dioxide" end mouseUp ;  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071494 YKZirconium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "Zirconium oxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071495 YL Tin OxideA/on mouseUp go to card "tin oxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071496 YMManganese DioxideA7on mouseUp go to card "Manganese Dioxide" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071497 YN FlourineA.on mouseUp go to card "Fluorine" end mouseUp ? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071498 YOlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp |O cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071499 YPlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp 8  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920071500 YQ  4m cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923910953 * The limit formulas for a few temperatures are given below. These limit formulas may be used for comparison with actual glazes to make an educated guess as to the fired glaze characteristics What one primarily wants to compare are the amounts of Alumina, Silica, and Boron, as these will change while the flux or RO column always remains 1.0 or Unity. However, the type and amount of fluxes used will have an effect on the glaze melting temperature and color.   0 B P Below is a picture of the Limit Graph from HyperGlaze. Glaze Limits are shown by the black rectangles behind the white bars (which represent actual oxide amounts).YRMore on Limit FormulasE Ron mouseUp --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "More Limits" end mouseUp N cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923910954 YS h6 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095543643896 2 2 Limit formulas are useful in that they give the range of "normal" quantities for each oxide which should make a successful glaze at a particular firing temperature or cone. This can help you in creating new glazes, adjusting old ones, or guessing at the firing properties of the glaze in question.    8The following may be of help in using this information: LGlazes with high Silica/low Alumina (typically 8:1 Si:Al ratio or higher) - may result in shiny, hard, and possibly fluid glazes due to the large amount of glass former. Silica beyond the limit may result in rough matte glazes due to recrystallization, especially in very low alumina glazes (which have an extremely high Si:Al ratio). JGlazes with high Alumina/Low Silica (typically 4:1 Si:Al ratio or lower) w- may result in mat glazes or underfired glazes due to the large amount of refractory material (Alumina) in the glaze. Increasing the amounts of the more powerful fluxes can cause more fluid glazes. Substituting lower melting temperature fluxes in a glaze will have the same effect. Read about each particular flux in this stack for more information.Y `@7 YTTheWord h/P*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064140 < YUTheDefinition h=vx cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064141 < YVA Lon mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down and\ the usermodify is false and the visible of fld "Glossary" is false\ and the userlevel=5 then set the visible of fld "Glossary" to true else set the visible of fld "Glossary" to false if the visible of fld "Definitions" is true then put true into SortGlossary else put false into SortGlossary -- set the visible of cd fld "theGlossary" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of fld "Definitions" to visible of fld "Glossary" set the locktext of cd fld "theDefinition" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the locktext of cd fld "theWord" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of btn "add new Definition" to visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of btn "Now Editing Glossary" to visible of fld "Glossary" if SortGlossary then SortTheGlossary end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064142 YWAdd New Definition@Eyon mouseUp put return after fld "Glossary" set the textstyle of last char of fld "Glossary" to plain put stripReturns (cd fld "TheWord") after fld "Glossary" put return & stripReturns (cd fld "TheDefinition") after fld "Definitions" repeat with i=1 to the number of items of last line of fld "Glossary" set the textStyle of item i of last line of fld "Glossary" to group end repeat sortTheGlossary end mouseUpiT cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064143 YX TheGlossaryx on mousewithin if the visible of fld "Glossary" is true then send mousewithin to fld "Glossary" pass mousewithin end mousewithin $I  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064144 < Amphoteric  Batch recipe  Carbonate  Carcinogenic  Chun glaze  Colorant  Copper Red  Crater glaze  Crawl, crawling  Craze, crazing  Crystal, crystalline  Devitrification  Drip glaze  Eutectic  Feldspar  Flotative  Flux, fluxes  Frit  Glass former  Glaze fit  hypertext  Insoluble  Limit Formula  Magnesia  Majolica  Mat, matt, matte  Mole  Molecular equivalent  Molecular Formula  Opacifier  Opalescence  Oxide  Oxidize, oxidizing, oxidation  Percentage recipe  Pinholing, pinhole  Plasticity  Reduction  Refractory  Saturation, saturated  Scumming  Shivering  Stabilizer  Stain  Thermal expansion  Unity Formula  Viscosity, viscous  #Vitreous, vitrified, vitrificationY `@-GYYGo Back to ReadingEon mouseUp go back end mouseUpG! cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064145 YZGo Back@a _ on mouseUp go back end mouseUp$?Go Back cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064146 Y[Now Editing Glossary@E_3on mouseUp send mouseup to cd btn id 3 end mouseUpA] cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064147 Y\ GlossaryE.on mouseUp go to card "Glossary" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995800 Y]A Typical Glaze RecipeE,on mouseUp go to card "recipe" end mouseUp v cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995801 Y^The Unity FormulaE+on mouseUp go to card "unity" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995802 Y_Unity & MolesE,on mouseUp go to card "unity1" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995803 Y` The FluxesE*on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995804 YaStabilizers & AmphotericsE3on mouseUp go to card "stabilizers" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995805 YbGlass Formers & OpacifiersE5on mouseUp go to card "glass formers" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995806 YcLimit FormulasE3on mouseUp go to card "limitformulas" end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995807 YfThe Meaning of 'R' in ROE4on mouseUp go to card "Meaning of R" end mouseUp   cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995808 Yh New Button@A_+on mouseUp go to card "index" end mouseUp m.#& cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995809 YiaboutC on mouseup hide me end mouseup@<  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995810 P Unity Explained   UWhile basically sound, no warranty is made for inaccurate or incomplete information! The intention of this tutorial is to be a supplement to the the teaching of glaze calculation. It is not intended to provide exhaustive or even complete coverage of such a broad topic, but to enhance and refresh one's knowledge of how glazes work. kIf you have suggestions, improvements, or corrections please send them to the author at the address below. This stack is not free. "Do not give it away or copy it! ECopies may be obtained along with the HyperGlaze (tm) stacks from: Richard Burkett 6354 Lorca Drive San Diego, CA 92115-5509 e-mail: HyperGlaze@AOL.COM - Click to Close - @Red :1989-2004 Richard Burkett, all rights reserved worldwideYj UnityFormulaA +on mouseUp go to card "Unity" end mouseUp 4H cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919863936 Yk UnityFormulaA +on mouseUp go to card "Unity" end mouseUp 9 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919863937 YlFluxesA *on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp ?%j cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866008 Ym stabilizerA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp w cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866009 Yn glassformerA 2on mouseUp go to card "Glass Former" end mouseUp ?* cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866010 Yo H( cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866011 t The Unity or molecular Formula* is broken down into three columns that show how the oxides function in a glaze. The Flux* column is Yp H47  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866012 t always calculated to total "1" or unity, which allows easy comparisons of glazes. The units here are molecular equivalents or moles*.YqgoMoleA eon mouseUp --visual effect dissolve go to card "Unity1" find whole " molecular formula" end mouseUp 1  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866013 YrgoMoleA Ton mouseUp --visual effect dissolve go to card "Unity1" find " moles " end mouseUp ?0  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866014 YsFluxesA Don mouseUp --visual effect zoom open go to card "flux" end mouseUp 0%  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919866015 Yt  &fF cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910772 Q The 'R' in RO, R2O3, RO2 is an abbreviation for radical and stands for the chemical symbol of a group of elements. All ceramic materials are made of oxides. In the heat of kiln firing most elements will oxidize or burn when they come into contact with the Oxygen atoms in air. How each element affects a glaze is related somewhat by the number of Oxygen atoms it chooses to cling to in its oxidized form. Yu  a7 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910773 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has three Oxygen atom are usually stabilizers* (refractory materials that keep the glaze from becoming too fluid when it melts) and amphoteric oxides*. As a group these are designated by the 'R2O3' abbreviation. Yv  a, cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910774 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has only one Oxygen atom are usually fluxes* - chemicals that help the glaze to melt. As a group these are designated by the 'RO' abbreviation. Example: Calcium Oxide is CaO. Yw  a  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910775 Q Elements that react to form an oxide that has two Oxygen atom are usually glass formers* or opacifiers*. As a group these are designated by 'RO2' . YxfluxA *on mouseUp go to card "flux" end mouseUp )  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910776 Yy glassformersA 2on mouseUp go to card "glass former" end mouseUp cN  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910777 Yz glassformersA 2on mouseUp go to card "glass former" end mouseUp =  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910778 Y{ glassformersA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp bC  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910779 Y| glassformersA 0on mouseUp go to card "stabilizer" end mouseUp c cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919910780 Y} x (on mouseup checkDefinitions end mouseupVN cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919917990 NH uThe numbers in the unity or molecular formula may be thought of as the number of molecules or moles of each oxide.   -G @In this typical recipe there is one mole of Flux (RO) for every 6four tenths of a mole of Alumina (stabilizer, R2O3), / / 0 1 2 Cand three and six tenths of a mole of Silica (glass former, RO2). > > ? Y~ h kK cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919926854 L ^The fluxes (RO) may be further broken up into their respective fractions of a mole. This way of looking at a glaze formula helps us to better understand the way the the different oxides affect the glaze. Of course, in the actual glaze there are no partial atoms. What we are looking at is the ratio of Flux(RO) to Alumina (R2O3) and Silica (RO2). G G H I J Z [YPotassium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "potassium oxide" end mouseUp BI cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928076 Y Sodium OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "sodium oxide" end mouseUp O]u cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928077 YCalcium OxideE3on mouseUp go to card "calcium oxide" end mouseUp Wow cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928078 YMagnesium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "magnesium oxide" end mouseUp _ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928079 YLithium OxideE3on mouseUp go to card "Lithium oxide" end mouseUp ht cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928080 Y Barium OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp oy cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928081 Y Lead OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Lead oxide" end mouseUp ra cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928082 Y Zinc OxideE0on mouseUp go to card "Zinc oxide" end mouseUp jb  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928083 Y Copper OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Copper oxide" end mouseUp E  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928084 Y Cobalt OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Cobalt oxide" end mouseUp \  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928085 Y Nickel OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Nickel oxide" end mouseUp Mr  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928086 YlimitFormulasA^on mouseUp push card --visual effect zoom open slowly go to card "LimitFormulas" end mouseUp S cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928087 YPotassium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "potassium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928088 Y Sodium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "sodium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928089 YCalcium OxideA3on mouseUp go to card "calcium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928090 YMagnesium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "magnesium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928091 Y Barium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp G cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928092 Y Barium OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Barium oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928093 Y Lead OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Lead oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928094 Y Zinc OxideA0on mouseUp go to card "Zinc oxide" end mouseUp G  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928095 Y Copper OxideE2on mouseUp go to card "Copper oxide" end mouseUp f cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928096 Y Cobalt OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Cobalt oxide" end mouseUp E  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928097 Y Nickel OxideA2on mouseUp go to card "Nickel oxide" end mouseUp D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928098 YStrontium OxideE5on mouseUp go to card "Strontium Oxide" end mouseUp 0 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928099 YStrontium OxideA5on mouseUp go to card "Strontium oxide" end mouseUp D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928100  Ti ^ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995789YnextC? on mouseUp go next end mouseUp 4 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995790 YprevC? on mouseUp go prev end mouseUp 4  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995791 YinfoH @P cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995792 P NH Q t  The RO2 group is dominated by the main and necessary ingredient of most glass - SILICA. In the limit formulas* Silica is usually the only oxide represented from this group.   The other oxides, Titanium Dioxide, Zirconium Oxide, and Tin Oxide, function mainly as opacifiers. Manganese Dioxide is useful as a colorant. Fluorine is in this column of HyperGlaze for convenience only, as it affects glaze melt as a flux at low temperatures, then evaporates from the glaze, often leaving craters.   Alumina is the primary glaze stabilizer, so named because it adds viscosity to glazes, thus lessening the chance of the glaze running off of a vertical surface, making the glaze more stable. In the limit formula* it is the most important oxide of this group. y Other oxides in this group fall into the category of "Amphoteric Oxides" - oxides whose affect on the glaze varies. Boric Oxide usually functions as a flux in glazes, occasionally as a glass former. Phosphorous usually acts as a glass former. Iron, Chromium, and Vanadium are most often used as colorants.    The RO column always totals 1.0 or Unity, hence the name. This convention aids in the estimation of firing temperatures and surface properties when comparing the unity formula of a glaze with another glaze of known qualities or with specific limit formulas*. The RO group of oxides largely controls the color that is possible using the various colorants. Surface effects, such as some types of mat glazes, are also often the result of the one or more oxides from this group. g The last three oxides in this group, Copper, Cobalt, and Nickel, are primarily used as colorants. L Y New ButtonC +on mouseUp go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#&- cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995793 YGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp#?  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995794 Y Glossary!h 4n*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995795 P NH Q t    L Unity Formula  Batch recipe  Percentage recipe   Ya@]5( Y Definitions!h \4*  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995796 P NH Q t    L qthe composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides with the flux oxides totalling one. \the recipe for a glaze expressed in actual ingredients in the amounts you might weigh out. Qthe recipe for a glaze expressed in percentages by weight of actual ingredients.Ya@5(YA on mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down -- and the usermodify is true then if the userlevel<5 then set the userlevel to 5 else set the userlevel to 2 end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995797 YA fon mouseUp if the optionKey is down and the ShiftKey is down and the usermodify is false then if the userlevel=5 then set the visible of fld "Glossary" to not visible of fld "Glossary" set the visible of fld "Definitions" to visible of fld "Glossary" end if if the visible of fld "Glossary" is true then hide card picture else show card picture end mouseUp  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995798 Oxidesion closecard set the name of this card to Field "oxide" pass closecard end closecard on NewCard tabKey pass newCard end newCardD cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928820 D!4PNG  IHDR4Mv̎gAMA=-f PLTEsxctRNS A=IDATxV@@єvIH匸R-?8::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::@@@@@@@@ݳ? n[y28:/~ſaVWu/?> queeb٬[Mz廃2)N9,5ylϕef`ẁշ^M9ھviy%ַx'VԽ5챣֓5?08`2ç3> GY4pgwpgwpgS  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928824 1 Fluorspar Cryolite Amblygonite 0b Manganese dioxide Manganese carbonate /3 Tin Oxide . Generic zirconium opacifier:  Zirconium Silicate Commercial opacifiers: Zircopax  Opax Superpax Ultrox - Titanium Dioxide Rutile Ilmenite  Silica Flint or Quartz Clays - Al2O3      Feldspars - RO2Al2O36SiO2       Feldspar-like materials Talc (also adds Magnesium) !Wollastonite (also adds Calcium) >Zirconium Opacifiers (primarily Zirconium Silicates) , Vanadium Stain Vanadium Pentoxide + Chromium Oxide (Chrome oxide) Various Chromates -  Iron Chromate  Potassium Bichromate e(All Chromates are potentially CARCINOGENIC and often toxic! Use with care - avoid use if possible.) ) Antimony Oxide ' Bone Ash Small amounts in: Some types of ash  Red Iron Oxide Black Iron Oxide (flux - FeO) Impure sources of iron:  Yellow ocher  Red earthenware clays  Many natural slip clays & Gerstley Borate Colemanite (may cause crawling) Borax (soluble) Frits (such as Ferro 3124) % Clay Kaolin )China Clay Al2O32 SiO22 H2O      ! " & ' Ball Clay EPK Alumina hydrate Feldspar - RO2Al2O36SiO2       Feldspar-like Materials Cryolite (flux) "Pyrophyllite - Al2O34SiO2H2O          W Strontium Carbonate Some frits $ Nickel Carbonate Nickel Oxide # Cobalt Carbonate Cobalt Oxide " Copper Carbonate Copper Oxide ! Zinc Oxide (calcined) Lead-containing Frit Lead Bisilicate %- less dangerous to the artist than ! the RAW lead materials below "Non-fritted (raw) Lead Materials:  White Lead Red Lead  Lead Oxide  Lead Carbonate Litharge  Barium Carbonate Barium Sulfate Y Lithium Carbonate Spodumene Lithospar Lepidolite Petalite M Dolomite (also adds Calcium) Talc (also adds Silica) Magnesium Carbonate Magnesite Whiting Dolomite (also adds MgO) !Bone Ash (also adds Phosphorous) Wollastonite (also adds Silica) Small amounts in many feldspars Lowfire glazes:  Often contained in frits % Gerstley borate (with boron and  silica) x Soda feldspar Nepheline syenite Frit (such as Ferro #3110) Cryolite Soluble Forms: Sodium bicarbonate Borax (also adds Boron) Sodium silicate Soda ash (Sodium carbonate)  Potash Feldspar Frit Soluble Forms: Pearl Ash - KCO3    Most wood ashesYprevC =on mouseUp --visual effect scroll right go prev end mouseUp .#@ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928825 YnextC =on mouseUp --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp .#A cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928826 YOxideIG;8  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928827 1 0b RO2 group Colorant /3 RO2 group Opacifier . RO2 group Opacifier - RO2 group Opacifier  RO2 Group Glass Former , R2O3 group Colorant + R2O3 group Colorant ) R2O3 group Opacifier ' R2O3 Group Glass Former  R2O3 group Colorant & R2O3 Group Flux % R2O3 Group Stabilizer W RO Flux $ RO Group Colorant # RO Group Colorant " RO Group Colorant ! RO Group Flux RO Group Flux  RO Group Flux Y RO Group Flux M RO Group Flux RO Group Flux x RO Group Flux  RO Group FluxY New ButtonC Gon mouseUp -- --visual effect dissolve go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#& - cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928828 YprevC? ?on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll left go prev end mouseUp 4  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928829 YnextC? @on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp 4 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928830 Y Flux Power  In cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928831 1 0b /3 . -  , + "Flux power: very low - refractory ) '  & Flux power: high % W Flux power: moderate $ Flux power: very low # Flux power: high " Flux power: high ! Flux power: moderate to low Flux power: high  Flux power: moderate to high Y Flux power: high M Flux power: moderate to low Flux power: moderate to high x Flux power: very high  Flux power: very highYGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp#? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919928832 Y ChemName(H J$ cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088614587413 1 F 0b MnO2   /3 SnO2   . ZrO2   - TiO2    SiO2   , V2O5     + Cr2O3     ) Sb2O3     ' P2O5      Fe2O3     & B2O3     % Al2O3     W SrO $ NiO # CoO " Cu2O    ! ZnO PbO  BaO Y Li2O    M MgO CaO x Na2O     K2O   (}otherij l: cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064132 Y Glossaryx on mouseup if the optionKey is down then if the shiftKey is down then put word two of the clickLine into myLine put line myLine of fld "Glossary" into myWord answer "Delete the definitition for:" & return &\ " " & myWord with "Delete" or "Cancel" if it is cancel then exit mouseup delete line myLine of fld "Glossary" delete line myLine of fld "Definitions" if last char of fld "Glossary" is return then delete last char of fld "Glossary" if last char of fld "Definitions" is return then delete last char of fld "Definitions" end if else put word two of the clickLine into myLine put line myLine of fld "Glossary" into myWord answer "Replace the definition for:" & return & " " & myWord \ with "Replace" or "Cancel" if it is "Cancel" then exit mouseup Get offset(return, cd fld "theWord") if it>0 then put stripReturns (cd fld "theWord") into line myLine of fld "Glossary" else put cd fld "theWord" into line myLine of fld "Glossary" Get offset(return, cd fld "TheDefinition") if it>0 then put stripReturns (cd fld "TheDefinition") into line myLine of fld "Definitions" else put cd fld "TheDefinition" into line myLine of fld "Definitions" repeat with i=1 to the number of items of line myLine of fld "Glossary" set the textStyle of (item i of line myLine of fld "Glossary") to "link" end repeat sortTheGlossary end if else pass mouseup end mouseup on mousewithin set the scroll of fld "Definitions" to the scroll of me pass mousewithin end mousewithin D  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064133 < Unity Formula  Batch recipe  Percentage recipe   Molecular Formula   Limit Formula  Refractory  Oxide   Flux, fluxes  Glass former  Stabilizer  Reduction  Opacifier  Colorant   Eutectic   Pinholing, pinhole   Frit   Amphoteric  Carbonate  Carcinogenic  Chun glaze  Copper Red  Crater glaze  Crawl, crawling   Craze, crazing      Crystal, crystalline      Devitrification   Drip glaze  Feldspar   Flotative  Glaze fit  Insoluble  Magnesia   Majolica   Mat, matt, matte   Molecular equivalent   Mole   Opalescence  Oxidize, oxidizing, oxidation   Plasticity  Saturation, saturated    Scumming   Shivering  Stain   Thermal expansion   Viscosity, viscous     #Vitreous, vitrified, vitrification  " hypertext 2 * Y a@BY New ButtonC Gon mouseUp -- --visual effect dissolve go to card "index" end mouseUp n0#&- cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064134 YprevC? ?on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll left go prev end mouseUp 5  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064135 YnextC? @on mouseUp -- --visual effect scroll right go next end mouseUp 5 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064136 YGo BackE on mouseUp go back end mouseUp$?  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064137 Y Definitionsx eon mousewithin set the scroll of fld "Glossary" to the scroll of me pass mousewithin end mousewithinvD  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064138 < xThe composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides, with the flux oxides totaling one (unity). \The recipe for a glaze, expressed in actual ingredients in the amounts you might weigh out. QThe recipe for a glaze expressed in percentages by weight of actual ingredients. The composition of a glaze expressed as the molecular formula of all oxides, with the flux oxides totaling one. The molecular formula might be thought of as being like a count of the numbers of molecules of each oxide in the glaze, instead of amounts by weight like the batch formula. Often called a Unity Formula because the normal format is with the fluxes totaling one and all other oxides in ratio to the flux total. A limit formula is a glaze or clay formula which gives the highest and lowest 'normal' amounts for an ingredient or oxide. Molecular limit formulas for a glaze are useful in determining the approximate cone and other properties of the glaze. They are also useful as a starting point for the creation of new glazes. Beware: many wonderful glazes fall outside the 'normal' limit formulas. A material that is able to withstand extreme heat. Also used as an adjective to describe such materials. Alumina is an example of a very refractory oxide. Fireclay is a refractory clay. Firebricks and kiln shelves are often called 'refractories.' All ceramic materials are oxides - the chemical combination of one or more oxygen atoms and one or more atoms of another element, usually a metal in the case of ceramics. In a glaze a flux is a melter, an oxide that helps the other two major components of the glaze (the stabilizers, and glass formers) melt at a lower temperature that they would otherwise. The type of flux used will also affect the colors given by any colorants in the glaze. =In a glaze the glass former is usually silica - SiO2 - the part of a glaze that is responsible for the glassy nature of glazes. Glasses are supercooled liquids which retain an amorphous, non-crystalline structure. Other molten materials would most likely become crystalline when allowed to cool normally in the kiln. In a glaze the stabilizer is a refractory material, usually alumina - Al2O3 - whose role it is to keep the glaze from running right off the ware by adding viscosity or stiffness to the glaze. Common sources of alumina in glazes are clays, frits and feldspars. }A type of firing in which excess fuel is introduced into the kiln. This excess fuel uses up all available oxygen from the atmosphere in the kiln and causes materials (all ceramic materials are oxides) in the clay and glaze to give up some of their oxygen (thus reducing these materials). The oxygen released then combines with the superheated unburned fuel to complete combustion. A material that can be added to a glaze which causes the glaze to no longer be transparent and that colors it white. Typical ceramic opacifiers are Tin Oxide, Zircopax (or other Zirconium silicates), and Titanium dioxide. A material that is added primarily to create color in glazes. Colorants are metallic oxides or mixtures of oxides when fired. In the raw glaze they may take the form of carbonates, oxides, stains, or spinels. The lowest-melting-point composition of two or more materials, at a lower temperature than the melting point of any of the materials alone. In a glaze the concept of eutectics explains how a flux can lower the normally high melting point of silica and alumina so drastically. To formulate a glaze with the widest firing range, one wants to avoid having the composition exactly match the eutectic. Pinholes are a glaze defect characterized by small holes in the fired glaze that did not smooth over during firing. They are usually caused by the combination of gases being given off by the clay and glaze during firing, and by a viscous glaze that does not flow easily to heal the resulting gas bubbles. Sulfur in the clay is a common cause of pinholing and usually can be remedied by bisque-firing to a higher cone, above cone 05. XA pre-melted glass which is finely ground for use in glazes. By melting otherwise soluble glaze ingredients into a glass, they become insoluble. Frits are especially useful in formulating low-fire glazes where it is difficult to get sufficient flux in the glaze recipe without using soluble materials. Fritting is the process of making a frit. Oxides whose function in a glaze falls into more than one category (flux, glass former, stabilizer) are amphoteric oxides. Boric oxide is a good example of an amphoteric oxide as it usually acts as both a flux and a glass former, but falls chemically in the stabilizer group - R2O3. Carbonates are glaze materials that contain both carbon and oxygen in the form RCO3. The carbon dioxide (carbon and two of the oxygens) is given off during firing to convert the carbonate glaze material to an oxide in its fired form. Carcinogenic materials are ones that are known to cause cancer. Handle these materials with care, or avoid using them entirely. Chun glazes are stoneware glazes which originated in the far east, and usually have small amounts of copper in them. The color of Chun glazes typically varies from purple red to a pearlescent blue when fired in reduction. Copper red glazes are porcelain glazes which originated in the far east, and typically have small amounts of copper in them. When fired in reduction, they turn a rich red. Sometimes called 'oxblood glazes.' Crater glazes are glazes that are intentionally formulated to leave blisters and large pinholes in the surface of the glaze after firing - a lunar crater-like texture. This is often done by including ingredients which burn out late in the firing disrupting the glaze surface. `Crawling is when a glaze pulls away from the surface of the clay during firing leaving a bare, unglazed spot. Thick, viscous, high-shrinkage glazes or dirty bisqueware are typical causes. Normally this is a glaze defect. Crawl glazes intentionally make use of the tendency for high-shrinkage glaze materials like Magnesium carbonate to cause crawling. Crazing or crackling of the fired glaze surface occurs when the glaze shrinks more than the clay during cooling. The strain of this uneven shrinkage causes the glaze to pull itself apart and develop a network of small cracks in the glaze surface. Crystal glazes and crystalline glaze surfaces form when a glaze cools and oxides in the glaze take on the orderly molecular structure typical of crystalline materials. Glass is amorphous and non-crystalline. Slow cooling is usually necessary for the greatest amount of crystal growth. As many mat glazes depend on crystallization of the glaze surface, quick cooling may result in shinier surfaces. Devitrification occurs when a glaze completely crystallizes upon cooling and ceases to have an amorphous, glassy structure. The result is usually a rough, slightly porous glaze surface. So-called "drip glazes" are glazes that typically contain too much flux, usually whiting for stoneware glazes, which causes the glaze to melt and run in rivulets on the clay surface. yAn alumino-silicate which also contains a flux. Potash feldspars contain mostly potassium oxide as the flux, while soda feldspars contain more sodium oxide. A typical formula for a feldspar would be RO2 Al2O3 6SiO2 which means feldspars contain all three glaze components - flux, stabilizer and glass former. Feldspars are one of the most common stoneware glaze materials. A material, often clay, which is used in the raw glaze batch to keep the glaze ingredients in suspension (floating) in the container of raw, liquid glaze. Glaze fit is how well the fired glaze matches the thermal expansion of the clay on which it is fired. In a good 'glaze fit' the thermal expansion of the glaze and clay will nearly match and the glaze will not craze or shiver. For the best glaze fit and least chance of crazing, the glaze is usually under a slight compression (the clay shrinks slightly more on cooling than the glaze). 1Not able to be dissolved. Glaze materials generally should not be able to dissolve in water, and thus are insoluble in the raw batch. If a glaze contains large amounts of soluble materials, especially fluxes, the soluble materials may migrate out of the glaze and into the ware, causing firing problems. (Another name for magnesium oxide - MgO. !Majolica is the term usually used to describe the combination of a thick, opaque white, lowfire glaze, and colorants brushed over the glaze while it is raw and unfired. This lends itself to a very painterly approach to glaze decoration. Sometimes spelled as it is pronounced: "maiolica." A description of non-glossy glaze surfaces, usually caused by crystal formation on the glaze surface upon cooling ('true' mattes) or by underfired glazes. A term used to describe the theoretical ratio of the number of molecules of an oxide in a glaze. For example, the number of molecular equivalents of flux in the unity formula for a glaze is one. Similar to molecular equivalents and used to describe the theoretical ratio of the number of molecules of an oxide in a glaze. Often used interchangeably with molecular equivalents. GA pearlescent quality in a fired glaze surface, like the mineral opal. To oxidize means to become an oxide. All ceramic materials are oxides - the chemical combination of one or more oxygen atoms and one or more atoms of another element, usually a metal in the case of ceramics. For a kiln to have an oxidizing atmosphere during firing requires that excess oxygen (from the air) be present in the kiln, so that any fuel may be completely burned. Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. ]Plasticity is the quality of clay that allows it to stretch and be shaped without cracking.  A glaze is said to be saturated with a colorant when it will hold no more colorant in solution when melted. So-called "saturated iron" glazes like temmokus contain enough iron oxide that the glaze will hold no more without becoming metallic in appearance after firing. 6Scumming is a clay defect that occurs when soluble salts in the clay migrate to the clay surface during drying, then become insoluble when fired. The result of severe scumming is usually an unpleasant white cloudiness to the clay surface which may cause problems like crawling, or poor glaze or slip adhesion. Shivering is when fragments or flakes of the glaze pop off the clay surface after firing. It is a thermal expansion problem and is the opposite of crazing in glazes. In shivering, the glaze is under too great of compression after firing due to the clay shrinking more than the glaze during cooling. Shivering may occur some time after the ware has cooled. In severe cases of bad glaze fit, the clay may also be shattered by the stress. A mixture of colorant oxides and other ceramic materials that has been fired and reground to make a stable, predictable ceramic color. Almost all materials expand when heated, and contract when cooled. The thermal expansion of a material or glaze is the measure of that change. For a glaze to fit a clay, the thermal expansion of the each should be reasonably close to the same number. The relative resistance to flow, or stiffness of a glaze. A glaze with low viscosity will flow easily, a viscous glaze will flow very little. Alumina adds viscosity to glazes and is sometimes called the glaze stabilizer or stiffener. Glassy, non-porous. 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U " / p'Ux?? cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919926853s D9 ????????????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?`? `? ?? ????` 0 00 ㍁ǁ7p<{x8 ff61 0ml f61 0m| ff61 0m`!  ff61 0ml c3p 1g8g1øb`rg;J)J$$D)y$pr<$9 J)@A%$ $`'3bprw$`000`11aa0`0`090 @@  @ @@ @ @@ @@0 @ @ `3 8q60 D" <0  D" 80 D"y80@ D" f0@  D `s10D`0@0 D `{0D `0D" f08 8! 0fDB 0f 80<p  <p0`030030`30`30g30a>c>p 803`D"A39xD">mD"3=D"3m?D"3m8p><~>0x>303<36̹>6̹06̹06̹0̃8̃0̃0̈́p30̀ 0x@ @@@ @ @ ~`08@ `0@ xy8s` m3flف` m3f<ـ` m3flف` m3flف` lf0@  D `s10D`0@0 D `{0D `0D" f08 8! 0fDB 0f 80<p  <p0`030030`30`30g30a>c>p 803`D"A39xD">mD"3=D"3m?D"3m8p><~>0x>303<36̹>6̹06̹06̹0????~??????"????"??????|??????? }????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????<????<??????????? ?   9p`rgQJP ! $!K ' ǽ r<QJ ) ! x 9'R`rwί`@  fv Kp  I JR IJR IJR y 0`` I:Rp `` 8xqqq` l6l3m`ٳ`l3o`ٳه `6l3l`ٳنa0l6l3m`ٳن`x`x8l31pq`     0@ @UP  @ @  ބlƄnj`UU1< 8p0f@D xfDxfD$fD>f@Df0` 8p<` 0` 0  UT0 0|`f`f`|`f`fof6c|cƇ8q| D" `3? D" `3D"x@y3D"a3D"a3x8ca`0x8s|D"@f`D"f` D"f`?D" |`D" `o8q`6l`cǾx33x3 3 ۳xس<x0<x<x>Ùٌx @<0  0x x x 1ރ`0l؃0ǎ` @0 @00 @  @ @  ?<?~????????????????~?< ?????>????~??????"????"??????|??????? }????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????<????<??????????? ?   9p`rgQJP ! $!K ' ǽ r<QJ ) ! x 9'R`rwί`@  fv Kp  I JR IJR IJR y 0`` I:Rp `` 8xqqq` l6l3m`ٳ`l3o`ٳه `6l3l`ٳنa0l6l3m`ٳن`x`x8l31pq`     0@ @UP  @ @  ބlƄnj`UU1< 8p0f@D xfDxfD$fD>f@Df0` 8p<` 0` 0  UT0 0|`f`f`|`f`fof6c|cƇ8q| D" `3? D" `3D"x@y3D"a3D"a3x8ca`0x8s|D"@f`D"f` D"f`?D" |`D" `o8q`6l`cǾx33x3 3 ۳xس<x0<x<x>Ùٌx @<0  0x x x 1ރ`0l؃0ǎ` @0 @00 @  @ @  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089923866399?> D@ `hPNG  IHDR`e5gAMA=-fPLTEٟtRNS0JIDATxA0 C Xg>k=C%:D-Qr%GH!G2FjB&G7 ?PLBYZ@h|{˼51'MD M2Sc˶hC ^i`Si Hm|TdHE} \ <}GK#dzl)e8zt^y@xLcń / .?}İNIENDB` cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095543686660 D <~~~<?~=????$??????????$|??? ???} ?? ???? ??? ?????&???&??#?  #???>???????!?????@E8v2LLs ((I B I;Nc< (IJR DI:LN ```y 0``````8xqqq`l6l3m`ٳ``l3o`ٳه`<`6l3l`ٳنfl6l3m`ٳنÆx8l31pq< 0`@0@  @p4 @@f8BE,@NE0REsbDp `0@`03 3p3  0@0`Uz1`|300s030830Q37QD31 8108 pp?18 0QD s0pAD 30B8 30D 37`HD 318 1?x8> 8 0̇p00`?0x~><f>fffff0<`p 0p g8JX lJPt 3l>JP 3lqt 3l 3g|      <~~~<?~=????$??????????$|??? ???} ?? ???? ??? ?????&???&??#?  #???>???????!?????@E8v2LLs ((I B I;Nc< (IJR DI:LN ```y 0``````8xqqq`l6l3m`ٳ``l3o`ٳه`<`6l3l`ٳنfl6l3m`ٳنÆx8l31pq< 0`@0@  @p4 @@f8BE,@NE0REsbDp `0@`03 3p3  0@0`Uz1`|300s030830Q37QD31 8108 pp?18 0QD s0pAD 30B8 30D 37`HD 318 1?x8> 8 0̇p00`?0x~><f>fffff0<`p 0p g8JX lJPt 3l>JP 3lqt 3l 3g|       cREVGeneral revUniqueID 10899200714864 D 88x8888888 x8x?88`qޟ 8<<8 Ϟà 8? Ã88q88aq88qs|88q8 8qÀ8 8ǃ88ǂσ8<8q̟ ?<8?~10ǎ0  19@`B@P1<?%@ y&?%6IM39&ݘhفf1=qKó+>SISÎ00%MQL"+0I(SIP 0 09>I á션hIK  ~ 00  ` 8 0~Ή/Hщ H@HHHΉ'0I"[]uU]mW[mU ] lU[[j8I"HHx ]lH[jH#81I"@@@? %|]uU]W[mU ] lU[[j88"8"8I"~8 |8x 08H>H ]lH[j0#888?|8I"8 C 08 Ā0h8 D h8 D0]uU]xW[mU# U[D:x8 G*H8<08I"888?@8( x߇]l|[j*8 .| 88> 8I"h8>x888 0xU]hW[mU8_U[[j$"|.8I"*H@ @ _ p@@'px@p8@$@@ U]h[mU^lU[@  @@@@@@@8@  @DH@P@?DH@ S~DH S~DH @  P@DH@' @  P@:8@ @   @@ @  @@ @  @@ @  @@? ? 6c88`9@p IKE$(@   K$(@`@ 0K@$(@?=@ @@ sp@; sp@; sp@c?ƅ;0<sp@c3ƅ?p<c?ƅ?p 8?`@  sxf `92?0v;`} ;?0zp}=?0~m 0m`7nm'o6 /o  ~o   lp?~À80 ?80 ??8p ǀ???xÀ? ppǀ p ~`ǀ vؑ ??ǀfȑ ?< nhx?`~xp:8px?`?p88x8888888 x8x?88`qޟ 8<<8 Ϟà 8? Ã88q88aq88qs|88q8 8qÀ8 8ǃ88ǂσ8<8q̟ ?<8?~10ǎ0  19@`B@P1<?%@ y&?%6IM39&ݘhفf1=qKó+>SISÎ00%MQL"+0I(SIP 0 09>I á션hIK  ~ 00  ` 8 0~Ή/Hщ H@HHHΉ'0I"[]uU]mW[mU ] lU[[j8I"HHx ]lH[jH#81I"@@@? %|]uU]W[mU ] lU[[j88"8"8I"~8 |8x 08H>H ]lH[j0#888?|8I"8 C 08 Ā0h8 D h8 D0]uU]xW[mU# U[D:x8 G*H8<08I"888?@8( x߇]l|[j*8 .| 88> 8I"h8>x888 0xU]hW[mU8_U[[j$"|.8I"*H@ @ _ p@@'px@p8@$@@ U]h[mU^lU[@  @@@@@@@8@  @DH@P@?DH@ S~DH S~DH @  P@DH@' @  P@:8@ @   @@ @  @@ @  @@ @  @@? ? 6c88`9@p IKE$(@   K$(@`@ 0K@$(@?=@ @@ sp@; sp@; sp@c?ƅ;0<sp@c3ƅ?p<c?ƅ?p 8?`@  sxf `92?0v;`} ;?0zp}=?0~m 0m`7nm'o6 /o  ~o   lp?~À80 ?80 ??8p ǀ???xÀ? ppǀ p ~`ǀ vؑ ??ǀfȑ ?< nhx?`~xp:8px?`?p cREVGeneral revUniqueID 10899239109523 D׃?~8xp8ppppp0pp >>߂pp>x~ 8?p8p |Àpx>xq< 88 p88À  88p88qÀ 88p88pÀ? v88p88p v88p88p< |88p88p <88 p88pÀ  <88p880pÀ  88 px88pダǘ?~<>?> ׃?~8xp8ppppp0pp >>߂pp>x~ 8?p8p |Àpx>xq< 88 p88À  88p88qÀ 88p88pÀ? v88p88p v88p88p< |88p88p <88 p88pÀ  <88p880pÀ  88 px88pダǘ?~<>?>  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1095543643895  D'̉PNG  IHDR, gAMA=-fPLTEٟtRNS0JcIDATxr _ӤQ>1Iww: ȭDѦet!Nt32#S\ ^3:y9e\̵_SCW2" \]nfC:R 7weoE7BT?~eTn`Fr?j2 )^<7+ LXʰiSgh*NL PW^;nq ' 0Ui{W#8X[7[=UbY sݾQj (O 0Xgs,$CLzXE m_!cs7w5x+`3#@d{Uݠ9\7<<МYY]* ꆣ-*OIJۢ/h:o=1p/8I`^+F}9$ Z UZ8wTWT̚o[E&x=Y9@Ja4@x@>'?;.E(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pIu~K}ȫ8Ym"@iJ,yhrgpYSn2o<ř+ǹ" g{8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pQ8 G(pWJ"ON)e,)P Hf{eIEt,)IAnpTPmxNܮάhפmζQ\˷U#YEsc/-Qyj4MbSS5cYڎ4)ϭ>f/]Q=EaDEu32MK=e4/X+- P_C֚p(@M#@jIAQIkGU9kk*UQSʦ% MeznGȸh|i&Q0jgIENDB` cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089920064139Y HC Iconsi Gskull D G?0@@py0@ `U`ʠ@  @:ҀIU@@]UG?0@@py0@ `U`ʠ@  @:ҀIU@@]UtHG Next Arrow D ?  /((N(((((((((((((((((((((/???  /((N(((((((((((((((((((((/??FHG Prev Arrow D@ ?  /((N(((8(x((((((((((((x(8((((/???  /((N(((8(x((((((((((((x(8((((/??-Index D` |6ny`7mp6a6n{`?P*****|6ny`7mp6a6n{`?P*****Y HC cursorsi  question DH   $H @@20`H<x YLabel1  n cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088613369555 1989-2004 Richard Burkett all rights reserved worldwide YLabel2  p8 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088613542502 This stack uses hypertext. Click on any word and if it's in the glossary, you'll see a definition of the word. YLabel3  h cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1088614456351 Click on a topic:YUnityExpMenubarIcREVTempMaster# traversalOnfalse dontSearchfalsethreeDtruescrollbarWidth20 boundingRectrect -3,-5,270,22 patterns showNamefalsecolors hScroll0backgroundBehaviortrue cantDeletefalse vScrollbarfalsetabGroupBehaviorfalse hScrollbarfalseid22988altId0radioBehaviortrue textStylelockLocfalselabelnameUnityExpMenubartoolTiplayer26visibletrue cantSelectfalse borderWidth2margins4opaquefalse showBorderfalse textSize disabledfalse textFontvScroll0hilitedButton0 cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995811YFileU>--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Open" answer file "Select the HyperGlaze stack to open:" of type "RSTK" if it is empty then exit menuPick open stack it show stack it break case "Close" close stack the topstack break case "Page Setup" answer printer break case "Print Card" open printing with dialog print this card close printing break case "Quit" -- answer "Save changes to all HyperGlaze stacks first?" with "Cancel" or "No" or "Save" -- if it is "Cancel" then exit menuPick -- if it is "Save" then -- set cursor to watch -- save stack "Glazes" -- save stack "Glaze Index" -- save stack "Materials" -- save stack "Materials Index" -- save stack "clays" -- save stack "clay Index" -- save stack "Glaze Limits" -- save stack "Glaze Calculator" -- save stack "Bibliography" -- end if quit break end switch end menuPick  File6&Open/0 &Close/W - Page Setup &Print Card/P - &Quit/Q cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995812 YEditU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Undo" undo break case "Cut" cut break case "Copy" Copy break case "Paste" if the clipboard is "text" then paste break case "Clear" delete break case "New Card" create card break case "Delete Card" answer "Delete this Glaze recipe permanently?" with "Delete" or "Cancel" if it is "Delete" then delete this card break case "Duplicate Card" copy card paste card break case "Preferences" open stack "Preferences" break end switch end menuPick !!Edit5&Undo/Z Cu&t/X &Copy/C &Paste/V Clea&r - Preferences cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995813 YGoU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Go Back" go back break case "Go Forward" go forward break case "index" open stack "HyperGlaze" show stack "HyperGlaze" break case "Glazes" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Limits" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Glaze Calculator" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Clays" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Clay Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Materials" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Materials Index" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Unity Explained" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Bibliography" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "QuadBlender" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break case "Potter's Friend" open stack pWhich show stack pWhich break end switch end menuPick BGoGo &Back/[ Go &Forward/] (- Index Glazes Glaze Index (- Glaze Limits Glaze Calculator (- Clays Clay Index (- Materials Materials Index (- Unity Explained Bibliography QuadBlender Potter's Friend cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995814 YFindU[--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich global gFindWord, gFindWhich switch pWhich case "Find" ask "What would you like to find?" with gFindWord titled "Find" if it is empty then exit menuPick put it into gFindWord put empty into gFindWhich find string gFindWord if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found." break case "Find Again" if gFindWhich is not empty then find String gFindWord in fld gFindWhich if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found in the " & gFindWhich & " field." end if else find String gFindWord if the result is "not found" then answer "Sorry, '" & gFindWord & "' was not found." end if break end switch end menuPick ^$Find&Find/F Find A&gain/G cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995815 YUnity ExplainedU--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Typical Glaze Recipe" go to card "Recipe" break case "Unity Formula" go to card "Unity" break case "Meaning of R in RO" go to card "Meaning of R" break case "Unity and Moles" go to card "Unity1" break case "The Fluxes" go to card "Flux" break case "Stabilizers" go to card "Stabilizers" break case "Glass Formers" go to card "Glass Formers" break case "Limit Formulas" go to card "LimitFormulas" break case "Glossary" go to card "Glossary" break end switch end menuPick bUnity ExplainedTypical Glaze Recipe Unity Formula Meaning of R in RO Unity and Moles The Fluxes Stabilizers Glass Formers Limit Formulas Glossary  cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995816 YHelpUF--The following menuPick handler was generated by the Menu Builder. on menuPick pWhich switch pWhich case "Help with HyperGlaze" open stack "HyperGlaze Help" show stack "HyperGlaze Help" break case "About HyperGlaze" open stack "HG Splash" show stack "HG Splash" break end switch end menuPick &Help*&Help with HyperGlaze - &About HyperGlaze cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089917995817 Y Menubar 1I cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700337YFileŃE  &New &Open/0 &Close/W - &Quit/Q cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700338 YEditŃE!!-Cu&t/X &Copy/C &Paste/V Clea&r - Preferences cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700339 YHelpŃEB&&Help - &About cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1089919700340 Y Graphic 1K@(H cREVGeneral revUniqueID 1096057361974