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Racial and Religious Covenantsin the U.S.and Canada |
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Racial Clause of 1925 Abstract of Title of Lake County,
Illinois Property (In possession of author, with thanks to Raymond Brod of University of Illinois at Chicago for making
available a copy) |
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This WWW page was established in connection with the preparation of a Ph.D. dissertation entitled "Deeds of Mistrust: "Racial Restrictive Covenants in Chicago, 1900-1953" by Wendy Plotkin, completed in 1999 at the University of Illinois at Chicago under the supervision of Perry Duis. All original material by Wendy Plotkin is copyrighted, and permission to distribute such material is not authorized and forbidden without the prior written approval of Wendy Plotkin. I am happy to correspond with others interested in the topic of racial
restrictions in housing in the This page was minimally updated on 1 September, 2003, with the majority of material placed prior to 1999. I hope to update it in the coming year to include materials I’ve gathered while working on the manuscript that will result from the dissertation. All links to e-mail addresses for myself other than that shown above are obsolete. |
I. National
I.1 Covenants
- Federal
Housing Agencies
- HOLC Protest by Detroit
Organizations in 1939
- Provisions
of Federal Housing Administration Underwriting Manuals on
Racial Occupancy
- 1947 Statement by Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) Administrator on Covenants' Effect on
Public Housing Planning
- Real
Estate Community
- William L. Bailey, "Appraising Urban Communities:
Techniques & Objectives," The Journal of Land &
Public Utility Economics, XVI:1 (February, 1940), 1-7.
- Rose Helper, Racial Practices & Policies of
Real Estate Brokers (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1969), Selections from Chapter VII, "The Real Estate Board, Part
I". Discussion of various appraisal and real estate texts from
the 1920s through the 1950s that espouse a "racial ideology"
identifying the presence of racial minorities as a negative factor in
assessing the location of real estate
- Judicial
Action
- Studies
of Covenants (Scholarly/Advocacy)
- Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (Originally
published by Harper & Row, 1944) on racial restrictive covenants.
- Robert Weaver, The Negro Ghetto (New
York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948) on racial restrictive covenants.
- Robert Weaver, "Hemmed In: The ABC's of Race Restrictive Housing Covenants," A 1945 Pamphlet Published the American Council of Race Relations
I.2 Sociological Studies of the Ghetto and
Race Relations
- Ernest Burgess on "Residential Segregation in
American Cities" on Ethnic Responses to African-Americans
- E.
Franklin Frazier. Excerpts from various works on racial residential
segregation. (Temporarily
unavailable)
- T. J. Woofter, Jr., Negro Problems in Cities (Originally published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1928) on neighborhood associations and zoning.
I.3 Comparison of South African & U.S.
Race Relations and Institutions
II. Urban
II.1 Chicago
A. Covenants
- Overview
- "Deeds of Mistrust: Race, Housing and
Restrictive Covenants in Chicago, 1900-1950" (a working paper
presented to the Newberry Library Scholl Center for Family and Community
History's Urban History Dissertation Group on May 21, 1997)
- 1920s
- Standard racial restrictive covenant used in Chicago
after 1927
- Helen C. Monchow, The
Use of Deed Restrictions in Subdivision Development (Chicago:
The Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities, 1928),
Adaption of Table III, Restrictions on
Alienation and Occupancy (Non- Chicago subdivisions excluded). List of
- 1930s
- Hansberry
Case
- Key
Events Preceding Case
- Creation
of
- Chicago Defender May 7, 1927 article
about circulation of covenant
- September 30, 1927 Washington Park Subdivision
covenant (recorded 1 February 1928)
- October 22, 1932 Chicago Defender
article "Whites Eager for Color Bar in Woodlawn" (about
attempt to oust James L. Hall from apartment)
- Statements from Decree in 1933 Covenant Case of Burke
v. Kleiman (key to the ruling against
Hansberry in the Circuit and Illinois State Supreme Court cases)
- Saturday, August 5, 1933 Chicago Defender
article "Judge Gentzel Upholds Jim
Crow Plot; To Appeal about Burke v. Kleiman
decree.
- Defendants
in Hansberry Case
- Harry
H. Pace
- CHICAGO DEFENDER article of July 8, 1933
"Harry H. Pace Graduates from
- Attorneys
in Hansberry Case
- Defendants
- Earlier
Attempts to Elect African-American Lawyers to
- October 24, 1923 Clarence Darrow letter to
editor of Chicago Broad Ax (an African-American newspaper)
supporting Edward H. Morris
- Irvin
C. Mollison
- Obituary of Willis E. Mollison,
father of Irvin C. Mollison.
- Timeline
in Hansberry Case
- The Hansberrys purchased the property at
- A
complaint was filed against them in the Cook County Circuit Court on
June 7, 1937.
- Full
text of Hansberry v. Lee complaint filed in State
of Illinois, Circuit Court of Cook County, Gen No. 37C 6804 on June 7,
1937
- Chicago Defender September 25, 1937
editorial "Building Ghettoes," about involvement of
University of Chicago and Judge Michael Feinberg in enforcement of
covenant.
- Chicago Defender April 22, 1939
editorial about Republican scuttling of Judge Michael Feinberg's
slating on Republican ballot for circuit court judge due to Hansberry
trial behavior
- On 17
June 1938 Judge George Bristow announced his decision
in Court (Abstract, Page 264) and asked the Plaintiff's attorney to
draw up the decree.
- On 19
August 1938 Judge George Bristow issued the Decree in favor of the
plaintiffs.
- Decree of Judge George Bristow on 19 August
1938 finding in favor of Plaintiffs and ordering eviction and sale of
premises at
- On 19
August 1938 the Defendants petitioned that the Decree be overruled.
- On 29
September 1938, Judge Bristow denied and overruled the petition.
- On 15
November 1938, the Defendants appealed the case to the Supreme Court of
Illinois.
- In
April 1939, the Supreme Court of Illinois heard the Appeal of Anna M.
Lee, et al vs. Carl A. Hansberry, et al.
- On 10
October 1939 the Supreme Court of Illinois affirmed the Circuit Court's
decision.
- On 22
April 1940, the Supreme Court of the
- On 25
October 1940, the Supreme Court of the
- On 12
November 1940, the Supreme Court of the United reversed the decision of
the Supreme Court of Illinois.
- U.S.
Supreme Court Decision, Hansberry v. Lee, 1940
- Chicago Defender November 2, 1940
article describing October 25, 1940 Supreme Court session on
Hansberry v. Lee
- Chicago Defender November 16, 1940
article about U.S. Supreme Court ruling.
- Chicago Defender November 16, 1940
article about local African-American responses to U.S. Supreme
Court ruling.
- Chicago Defender November 30, 1940
article about Hansberry Victory Celebration
The
Hansberry case was reported in other
major urban African-American newspapers other than the Chicago Defender, such as the Pittsburgh
Courier and the
- "Iron Ring in Housing," Article about
Hansberry case in national NAACP The Crisis (July, 1940)
- Includes
estimate of 80% coverage of
- Description of Hansberry Case in Pursuit of
Freedom: A History of Civil Liberty in Illinois 1787-1942
- Discussion of Lorraine Hansberry, Raisin in the
Sun
- 1940s
B. Public Housing
- Chicago Defender October 16, 1940 History of Ida B. Wells Housing Project
II.2 Detroit
II.3 New
York City
III. Suburban
IV. Canada
Revised, August 6, 2007 (Added “Negro Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States”)