Introduction to Programming Languages

Programming in C, C++, Scheme, Prolog, C#, and SOA

Yinong Chen and Wei-Tek Tsai

Arizona State University

Contents

Preface (Second Edition) ix

Preface (First Edition) xi

Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages. 1

1.1 Introduction. 2

1.1.1 Programming concepts and paradigms 2

1.1.2 Program performance and features of programming languages 3

1.1.3 Development of programming languages 4

1.2 Structures of programming languages. 7

1.2.1 Lexical structure 8

1.2.2 Syntactic structure 8

1.2.3 Contextual structure 8

1.2.4 Semantic structure 9

*1.2.5 BNF notation 9

1.2.6 Syntax graph 11

1.3 Data types and type checking. 12

1.3.1 Data types and type equivalence 12

1.3.2 Type checking and type conversion 13

1.3.3 Orthogonality 14

1.4 Program processing and preprocessing. 16

1.4.1 Interpretation and compilation 16

1.4.2 Preprocessing: macro and inlining 18

*1.5 Program development 21

1.5.1 Program development process 21

1.5.2 Program testing 22

1.5.3 Correctness proof 26

1.6 Summary. 28

1.7 Homework and programming exercises. 29

Chapter 2 The Imperative Programming Languages, C/C++. 36

2.1 Getting started with C/C++. 37

2.1.1 Write your first C/C++ program 37

2.1.2 Basic input and output functions 38

2.1.3 Formatted input and output functions 39

2.2 Control structures in C/C++. 41

2.2.1 Operators and the order of evaluation 41

2.2.2 Basic selection structures (if-then-else and the conditional expression) 42

2.2.3 Multiple selection structure (switch) 43

2.2.4 Iteration structures (while, do-while and for) 46

2.3 Data and basic data types in C/C++. 48

2.3.1 Declaration of variables and functions 48

2.3.2 Scope rule 49

2.3.3 Basic data types 51

2.4 Complex types. 53

2.4.1 Array 53

2.4.2 Pointer 56

2.4.3 String 59

2.4.4 Constants