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Please read the following text. Most questions are based on it. It is adapted from The New York Times, 4 December 1996.
The Moon May have Water
Scientists think they have detected water on the Moon. Suddenly, visions of people living in lunar colonies that stop off to refuel on the way to Mars are less far-fetched. After two years of careful analysis, scientists said yesterday that radar signals from an American spacecraft indicated the moon was not bone-dry. The spacecraft's radar signatures suggested the presence of water ice in the permanently cold shadows of a deep basin near the lunar south pole.
The survey revealed a vast landscape in which ice crystals are mixed with dirt. It seems a kind of permafrost that is presumably the residue of moisture from comets striking the Moon over the last three billion years.
Even though scientists are not positive, they see signals consistent with ice. Dr. Paul Spudis, one of the scientists reporting on the discovery, acknowledged that the discovery needed to be confirmed by an independent investigation. That might come a year from now because then another spacecraft will orbit the Moon with instruments of even greater precision for determining the presence of lunar water.
This discovery gives astronauts hope for longer stays in space. Told of the new discovery, Dr. Story Musgrave was very enthusiastic. He said that this implied there might be water and water is extraordinarily important to establishing a permanent base on the Moon. Other scientists reacted to the report with a mixture of caution and enthusiasm. They noted that the radar results were particularly difficult to interpret.
A. List all PPs used as adverbials in the first paragraph (or underline them clearly in the text).
B. Indicate function and name (or realization) of the phrases at sentence/clause level in the sentences/clauses below, e.g. the world is round: SU: NP/Pred: VP/SubjPr: AdjP. DO NOT ANALYSE THESE UNITS ANY FURTHER.
1. Suddenly, visions of people living in lunar colonies that stop off to refuel on the way to Mars are less far-fetched.
2. The survey revealed a vast landscape in which ice crystals are mixed with dirt.
3. . . . another spacecraft will orbit the Moon with instruments of even greater precision for determining the presence of lunar water.
4. This discovery gives astronauts hope for longer stays in space.
C. Draw trees for the following phrases (use NP, N, D etc.):
1. The spacecraft's radar signatures
2. a kind of permafrost that is presumably the residue of moisture from comets striking the Moon over the last three billion years.
D. Locate all non-finite clauses in the third paragraph. List them here or underline them clearly in the text.
E. What is the function and name of the following phrases in the structures in which they occur (e.g. Su/NP):
1. positive (l. 10)
2. consistent with ice (l. 10)
3. Told of the new discovery (l. 15)
4. that the radar results were particularly difficult to interpret (ll 18-9)
F. List the postmodifiers in the fourth paragraph. Also indicate what their name is (e.g. PP, Restrictive or Non-Restrictive Relative Clause, etc.)
G. List all auxiliaries. Indicate what kind they are (perfect . . .)
H. Draw trees for:
1. After two years of careful analysis, scientists said yesterday that radar signals from an American spacecraft indicated the moon was not bone-dry.
2. Dr. Paul Spudis, one of the scientists reporting on the discovery, acknowledged that the discovery needed to be confirmed by an independent investigation.
3. He said that this implied there might be water and water is extraordinarily important to establishing a permanent base on the Moon.
Please read the following text. Most questions are based on it. If anything is unclear, please ask!
Arizona State University Museum showcases `another' Arizona
The identity of `Arizona' or `Southwest' art has been changing for some time now. The urban forces that molded the cultures of other international cities have begun to affect our own. The art being made here has become varied and complex. The museum's curator tells us that we will not find any coyotes or cowboys in the Arizona State exhibit. People should not consider coyotes, sunsets or cowboys the only kind of Arizona art. The show's aim was to get beyond the stereotypical.
A jury of 23 Arizonans decided what to include. Like most juried exhibitions, `Another Arizona' is a mishmash of quality and works. A couple of trends are worth noting. While the show contains a smattering of paintings and sculpture, it emphasizes works in new formats and new media. Many are laden with the increasingly popular notion that ideas and messages make the art.
All in all, the trends in `Another Arizona' are hardly Arizonan. They inhabit contemporary university programs, where most of the artists in the show were trained. They reflect the art world's continuing efforts to overhaul the identity of art.
The real point of this show is not the works, which are generally mediocre. Rather, the works suggest a changing idea of regional artistic identities. If global markets have not killed regionalism outright, they at least have weakened it considerably. What are we left with?
(adapted from The New Times, April 30-May 6, 1998)
A. List all PPs used as adverbials in the first paragraph (or underline them clearly in the text).
B. Indicate function and name (or realization) of the phrases at sentence/clause level in the sentences/clauses below, e.g. the museum's curator left (l.4-5): SU: NP/ Pred: VP. DO NOT ANALYSE THESE UNITS ANY FURTHER.
1. A jury of 23 Arizonans decided what to include (l. 8).
2. The show's aim was to get beyond the stereotypical (l. 7).
3. While the show contains a smattering of paintings and sculpture, it emphasizes works in new formats and new media. (ll. 10-11)
C. Draw trees for the following phrases (use NP, N, D etc.):
1. the art world's continuing efforts to overhaul the identity of art (ll. 15-16).
2. most of the artists in the show (l. 14)
D. Locate all relative clauses in the last paragraph. List them here or underline them clearly in the text. If you find any, please indicate whether they are restrictive or not.
E. What is the function and name of the following phrases in the structures in which they occur (e.g. Su/NP):
1. varied and complex (l.4)
2. considerably (l. 20)
3. that we will not find any coyotes or cowboys in the Arizona State exhibit (ll. 5-6).
4. the identity of art (ll. 15-16)
F. List the postmodifiers in the third paragraph. Also indicate how they are realized (e.g. PP, Restrictive or Non-Restrictive Relative Clause etc.)
G. List the auxiliaries in the first two paragraphs. Indicate whether or not they are finite.
H. Draw trees for the following sentences (Please use extra paper if needed):
1. If global markets have not killed regionalism outright, they at least have weakened it considerably (ll. 18-20).
2. What are we left with?