VanLehn, K., Lynch, C., Taylor, L., Weinstein, A., Shelby, R., Schulze, K., Treacy, D., & Wintersgill, M. (2002). Minimally invasive tutoring of complex physics problem solving. In S. A. Cerri, G. Gouarderes, & F. Paraguacu, (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 2002, 6th International Conference (pages 367-376).

Solving complex physics problems requires some kind of knowledge for selecting appropriate applications of physics principles.  This knowledge is tacit, in that it is not explicitly taught in textbooks, existing tutoring systems or anywhere else.  Experts seem to have acquired it via implicit learning and may not be aware of it.  Andes is a coach for physics problem solving that has had good evaluations, but still does not teach complex problem solving as well as we would like.  The conventional ITS approach to increasing its effectiveness requires teaching the tacit knowledge explicitly, and yet this would cause Andes to be more invasive.  In particular, the textbooks and instructors would have to make space in an already packed curriculum for teaching the tacit knowledge.  This paper discusses our attempts to teach the tacit knowledge without making Andes more invasive.  

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