Jordan, P., Makatchev, M., & VanLehn, K. (2003). Abductive Theorem Proving for Analyzing Student Explanations. In Hoppe, Verdejo and Kay (Eds.), Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence in Education Conference (pp. 73-80). Amsterdam: IOS Press

The Why2-Atlas tutoring system presents students with qualitative physics questions and encourages them to explain their answers via natural language. Although there are inexpensive techniques for analyzing explanations, we claim that better understanding is necessary to provide substantive feedback. In this paper we motivate and describe how the system creates and utilizes a proof-based representation of student essays and provide some preliminary evaluation results.