FN ISI Export Format VR 1.0 MT MC ER PT J AU Tansey, J TI Industrial ecology and planning: assessing and socially embedding green technological systems SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oxford, James Martin Inst Sci & Civilizat, Said Business Sch, Oxford OX1 1HP, England. RP Tansey, J, Univ Oxford, James Martin Inst Sci & Civilizat, Said Business Sch, Pk End St, Oxford OX1 1HP, England. AB The notion that industrial systems can be redesigned to reflect 'lessons from nature' has led to the emergence of a new discipline known as 'industrial ecology'. In this paper I provide a brief overview of the principles that underpin the discipline, and provide a critical evaluation of the extent to which it is guided by ecology or simply uses the label for rhetorical support. I suggest that simply appealing to ecological analogies is not sufficient to ensure that the impacts of industrial activities are reduced. Further, I propose that the technical process of industrial design needs to be embedded in legitimate social processes if social acceptability is to be attained. 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Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Malanson, GP, Univ Iowa, Dept Geog, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. AB Advancing ecotones, such as treelines and frontiers of human settlement, may share some characteristic dynamics because both include feedbacks between spatial pattern and process. Both might be examined as complex, self-organizing systems in terms of complexity theory and thus be usefully compared. A cellular automaton of advancing alpine treeline in Montana shows attractors in power-law frequency distributions of spatial and temporal pattern. Frontiers of study areas in the Amazonian region of Ecuador, analyzed using change detection of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, have power-law distributions of advancing deforestation. Alternative approaches in self-organized complexity, including self-organized percolation, and the inverse cascade model, and an approach to complexity involving optimization, highly optimized tolerance, are considered. Some combination of these, based on their common ancestry in percolation theory (with its ties to geocomputation), might provide insights into population-environment interactions at settlement frontiers and ecotones together, given comparisons drawn between the spatial feedbacks at alpine treeline and in Ecuador. GIScience and landscape ecology can develop synergies by building on this area of geocomputation and complexity theory, as in analysis of attractors in state spaces of spatial metrics from spatially explicit simulations and representing their uncertainty. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Walker, BH, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, POB 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB Approaches to natural resource management are often based on a presumed ability to predict probabilistic responses to management and external drivers such as climate. They also tend to assume that the manager is outside the system being managed. However, where the objectives include long-term sustainability, linked social-ecological systems (SESs) behave as complex adaptive systems, with the managers as integral components of the system. Moreover, uncertainties are large and it may be difficult to reduce them as fast as the system changes. Sustainability involves maintaining the functionality of a system when it is perturbed, or maintaining the elements needed to renew or reorganize if a large perturbation radically alters structure and function. The ability to do this is termed "resilience." This paper presents an evolving approach to analyzing resilience in SESs, as a basis for managing resilience. We propose a framework with four steps, involving close involvement of SES stakeholders. It begins with a stakeholder-led development of a conceptual model of the system, including its historical profile (how it got to be what it is) and preliminary assessments of the drivers of the supply of key ecosystem goods and services. Step 2 deals with identifying the range of unpredictable and uncontrollable drivers, stakeholder visions for the future, and contrasting possible future policies, weaving these three factors into a limited set of future scenarios. Step 3 uses the outputs from steps 1 and 2 to explore the SES for resilience in an iterative way. It generally includes the development of simple models of the system's dynamics for exploring attributes that affect resilience. Step 4 is a stakeholder evaluation of the process and outcomes in terms of policy and management implications. This approach to resilience analysis is illustrated using two stylized examples. 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RP Vatn, A, Agr Univ Norway, Dept Econ & Social Sci, Postbox 5033, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway. AB This paper addresses problems related to transferring market concepts to nonmarket domains. More specifically it is about fallacies following from the use of the commodity concept in environmental valuation studies. First of all, the standard practice tends to misconstrue the ethical aspects related to environmental choices by forcing them into becoming ordinary trade-off problems. Second, the commodity perspective ignores important technical interdependencies within the environment and the relational character of environmental goods. These are all properties that have made many such goods escape the commoditisation pressure of markets in the first place. Further, it is shown that these interdependencies are the source of some of the ethical dilemmas observed. Finally, inherent characteristics of the environment tend to make the concept of the margin, so indispensable to economic calculus, either difficult or irrelevant to define. The commodity 'fiction' twists the perception of the environment from systems preservation to items use or transformation. This is a problem of increased importance as we approach potential systems perturbations. 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AB The carrying capacity concept was developed from animal ecology, and applied to rangeland management in order to assess sustainable livestock stocking rates. In it, long-term ecological sustainability was not a well developed criterion. Early applications of carrying capacity concepts to agricultural land-use have been much criticised, but recent developments provide useful insights. The proposed definition of human carrying capacity is 'the maximum level of exploitation of a renewable resource, imposing limits on a specific type of land-use, that can be sustained without causing irreversible land degradation within a given area'. Hence, it is a property of the ecosystem only. The definition is primarily aimed at maintaining ecosystem productivity and resilience, i.e. avoiding irreversible land degradation. The human carrying capacity is based on the sustainable supply of natural resources and on resilience thresholds of the ecosystem. The level of maximum sustained exploitation of natural resources can also be expressed as maximum sustainable agricultural production levels, or sustainable population densities based on such production levels. Such applications require careful definitions of the assumptions and conditions involved. Absolute assessments of human carrying capacity have limited value only, particularly in semi-arid regions. However, comparing human carrying capacity levels with current exploitation rates of natural resources provides a useful framework to consider the ecological aspects of sustainable land-use. 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Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Holmes, KJ, Natl Res Council, Board Environm Studies & Toxicol, 2001 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. AB Contemporary approaches to natural resources and environmental decision-making typically draw on a "systems" perspective to assess and improve management strategies. This paper describes the early genesis of the systems analysis approach. It concentrates on a period between the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. During the early part of this period, George Marsh's Man and Nature and related works laid out an approach to problem-solving that recognized the relationship among physically disperse elements in the environment, the need to balance benefits against costs, the potential for using quantitative modeling to understand management options, and the importance of integrating human and natural components into solutions. In the early 20th century, the Miami Conservancy District project brought this approach to fruition with its use of complex simulation and optimization modeling, detailed cost-benefit analysis, and its linking of economics, engineering, science, and law into a far-reaching solution to a complex water resources problem. The objective of this paper is to describe the early development and application of this conceptual approach to problem-solving. An examination of the origins of natural resources systems analysis can broaden one's perspective of the contemporary field to understand its roots as a philosophy for environmental problem-solving. 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RP Pyke, CR, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. AB Land use and land cover interact with atmospheric conditions to determine current climate conditions, as well, as the impact of climate change and environmental variability on ecological systems. Such interactions are ubiquitous, yet changes in LULC are generally made without regard to their biophysical implications. This review considers the potential for LULC to compound, confound, or even contradict changes expected from climate change alone. These properties give LULC the potential to be used as powerful tools capable of modifying local climate and contributing significantly to the net impact of climate change. Management practices based modifications of LULC patterns and processes could be applied strategically to increase the resilience of vulnerable ecological systems and facilitate climate adaptation. These interventions build on the traditional competencies of land management and land protection organizations and suggest that these institutions have a central role in determining the ecological impact of climate change and the development of strategies for adaptation. The practical limits to the use of LULC-based tools also suggest important inflection points between manageable and dangerous levels of climate change. 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RP Naess, LO, CICERO, POB 1129 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. AB The article examines the role institutions play in climate adaptation in Norway. Using examples from two municipalities in the context of institutional responses to floods, we find, first, that the institutional framework for flood management in Norway gives weak incentives for proactive local flood management. Second, when strong local political and economic interests coincide with national level willingness to pay and provide support, measures are often carried out rapidly at the expense of weaker environmental interests. Third, we find that new perspectives on flood management are more apparent at the national than the municipal level, as new perspectives are filtered by local power structures. The findings have important implications for vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in terms of policy options and the local level as the optimal level for adaptation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, CoNISMa, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. Univ Napoli Parthenope, Dipartimento Sci Ambiente, I-80133 Naples, Italy. RP Terlizzi, A, Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, CoNISMa, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB 1. Understanding whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can be considered as a suitable tool for restoring the structure and function of populations and assemblages is urgently needed to achieve an effective policy of mitigation of human impact in coastal management. However, to date, the role played by MPAs in enhancing ecosystems resilience has been more advocated than unambiguously documented. 2. This study was designed to test whether full protection in marine reserves facilitates recovery of benthos impacted by the date mussel Lithophaga lithophaga fishery, one of the most harmful human activities affecting subtidal rocky habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. 3. The effects of this destructive fishery were reproduced at one fully protected location (P) and at two unprotected control locations (Cs) in the SW Mediterranean Sea. At each location, three plots (4 m(2)) of rocky surface at 4-6 m depth were disturbed experimentally, while another three plots served as reference. In each plot, the species composition and relative cover of the sessile benthic assemblages were sampled photographically on each of five occasions during a period of 20 months. 4. Over and above variation in habitat features among locations, multivariate and univariate analyses revealed significant differences between P-vs.-Cs in patterns of assemblage recovery and showed that, at the fully protected location, recovery was faster than at the unprotected control locations. 5. Our results suggest that MPAs have the potential to change the trajectories of recovery of disturbed assemblages by accelerating the processes of recolonization and call for further investigation to identify the specific mechanisms underlying increased resilience. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Ludwig, D, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. AB Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is controversial for environmental issues, but is nevertheless employed by many governments and private organizations for making environmental decisions. Controversy centers on the practice of economic discounting in CBA for decisions that have substantial long-term consequences, as do most environmental decisions. Customarily, economic discounting has been calculated at a constant exponential rate, a practice that weights the present heavily in comparison with the future. Recent analyses of economic data show that the assumption of constant exponential discounting should be modified to take into account large uncertainties in long-term discount rates. A proper treatment of this uncertainty requires that we consider returns over a plausible range of assumptions about future discounting rates. 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AB 1. Land degradation in non-equilibrium rangelands may be defined in terms of loss of resilience and is linked with lower economic productivity through reduction in forage consumption by stock. 2. Loss of resilience may be represented by lower water use efficiency and increased tree and shrub cover, in a simple herbage production and consumption model. The model may be calibrated from remotely sensed data. 3. Model calibration for rangeland areas in central Australia yields parameter values for degraded and undegraded situations, allowing estimation of productivity. 4. Modelling of a 50-year rainfall sequence shows that herbage production and consumption by cattle change through time because of rainfall variability. They also change with paddock layout and access to water. 5. The effect of degradation on herbage consumption is relatively small compared with the effects of rainfall variability, but it increases the chance of running out of forage during drought. 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RP Butzer, KW, Univ Texas, Dept Geog & Environm, Austin, TX 78712 USA. AB Environmental history is a multidisciplinary enterprise united by shared interests in ecological change and the complex interactions between people and the environment. Its practitioners include expertise in the natural sciences, ill history or archaeology, or in political ecology and related social sciences; but there is no agreement on a common agenda and limited success in bridging methodological and epistemological divisions that impede integrative and interdisciplinary research. World-systems history and environmental history also have overlapping interests in long-term change and matters of sustainability. The Mediterranean world sustained agricultural lifeways across some 8000 years, yet its environment has repeatedly been described as degraded, suggesting conceptual confusion between transformation and destruction. This paper is didactic in purpose and uses landscape histories for the Peloponnese and eastern Spain to show that the impact of recurrent, excessive precipitation events and of reduced quality of land cover are difficult to unravel, because they commonly appear to work in tandem. As a result (a) environmental change cannot be assumed or "predicted", but must be studied inductively by experts with science skills, and (b) cause-and-effect relationships demand an understanding of ecological behavior, for which humanistic insights are indispensable. Social science models highlight systemic relationships from socioeconomic and structural perspectives., but are less suited to deal with the complexity of environmental change or the contingencies exemplified by human resilience. Near Eastern.. Greek and Roman agronomic writings offer elite "voices" that speak to cumulative technological change, scientific understanding, and the context of intensification. Rural voices can be heard through ethnography, and in eastern Spain are extended into the past by archaeology and archival research. In the absence of structural constraints, they reveal collective decision-making with respect to a shifting repertoire of agricultural strategies that take into account market opportunities, demographic growth, finite resources and environmental problems. Such adaptability spells resilience, and "good farming" is culturally embedded as a civic responsibility, both in the ethnographic present and in the older, elite agronomic writings. But if the "moral economy" erodes in the wake of food stress, tax extortion, instability, insecurity, or ideological oppression, there is little incentive to pursue long-term strategies, so that behavior focuses on short-term survival. The context for this dialectic of poor versus good ecological management may be structural, but cause-and-effect in the traditional Mediterranean world ultimately depended on ecological and human resilience. Long-term sustainability is similarly non-predictive. It depends on people, rather than social theory. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Brock, WA, Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Many environmental conflicts involve pollutants such as greenhouse gas emissions that are dispersed through space and cause losses of ecosystem services. As pollutant emissions rise in one place, a spatial cascade of declining ecosystem services can spread across a larger landscape because of the dispersion of the pollutant. This paper considers the problem of anticipating such spatial regime shifts by monitoring time series of the pollutant or associated ecosystem services. Using such data, it is possible to construct indicators that rise sharply in advance of regime shifts. Specifically, the maximum eigenvalue of the variance-covariance matrix of the multivariate time series of pollutants and ecosystem services rises prior to the regime shift. No specific knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the regime shift is needed to construct the indicator. Such leading indicators of regime shifts could provide useful signals to management agencies or to investors in ecosystem service markets. 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Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR *RES ALL, 2002, ICSU SERIES SUST DEV, V3 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 MALHOTRA Y, 1999, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, P18 NR 3 TC 2 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 6 IS 1 GA 591QW UT ISI:000177892600001 ER PT J AU OFlaherty, RM TI The tragedy of property: Ecology and land tenure in southeastern Zimbabwe SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article C1 Taiga Inst Land Culture & Econ, Kenosha, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP OFlaherty, RM, Taiga Inst Land Culture & Econ, Kenosha, ON, Canada. AB The approach to land management taken by Zimbabwean government agencies in the Communal Areas (the former African Reserves) depends on social and ecological divisions in the landscape that prevent effective ecosystem management-as opposed to the management of discrete natural resources contained within units of land holding and land use. 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AB Is the transformation from Communism to a more market-based society making Bulgarians - and particularly farmers more vulnerable to environmental change? Intensive, open-ended interviews suggest that government policies, new privatization laws and the nation's economic crisis are decreasing farmers' flexibility and removing social safety nets. Yet generalizations are difficult because implementation of the decollectivization process is different at each cooperative farm, thus creating varying levels of vulnerability. Easing the crisis is the tradition of family-based, small-plot gardening, which appears to ensure sufficient food for most Bulgarians. 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CR DAVANZO C, 1986, MITIGATING FRESHWATE, P53 DREYER GD, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P113 FERNALD ML, 1950, GRAYS MANUAL BOTANY GOOD RE, 1978, FRESHWATER WETLANDS GRIGAL DF, 1985, ENVIRON MANAGE, V9, P449 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KLEINBAUM DG, 1978, APPLIED REGRESSION A KREBS CJ, 1978, ECOLOGY EXPT ANAL DI KUSLER JA, 1983, OUR NATIONAL WETLAND MACLELLAN P, 1986, CAN J BOT, V64, P1311 MAGEE DW, 1981, FRESHWATER WETLANDS MAGNUSSON B, 1987, ARCTIC APLINE RES, V19, P470 MARGALEF R, 1957, GENERAL SYSTEMS B, V31, P36 NICKERSON NH, 1984, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P221 NICKERSON NH, 1987, EFFECTS POWER LINE C QUIGLEY E, 1978, 4TH JOINT C SENS ENV, P151 SHANNON CE, 1949, MATH THEORY COMMUNIC THIBODEAU FR, 1984, RHODORA, V86, P389 THIBODEAU FR, 1985, BIOL CONSERV, V33, P269 THIBODEAU FR, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P809 THORHAUG A, 1980, RECOVERY PROCESS DAM, P113 TINER RW, 1984, WETLANDS US CURRENT TRESHOW M, 1985, ENVIRON MANAGE, V9, P471 NR 23 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 477 EP 483 PY 1989 PD JUL-AUG VL 13 IS 4 GA AM871 UT ISI:A1989AM87100009 ER PT J AU Young, O TI Vertical interplay among scale-dependent environmental and resource regimes SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Young, O, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB Environmental and resource regimes, operating at different levels of social organization, vary in terms of factors such as the sources of actor behavior, the knowledge available to actors, the operation of compliance mechanisms, the use of policy instruments, and the nature of the broader social setting. Cross-level interactions among scale-dependent regimes can result in patterns of dominance, separation, merger, negotiated agreement, or system change. The mechanisms that determine which of these patterns will occur include authority/power differentials, limits of decentralization, dueling discourses, cognitive transitions, and blocking coalitions. Recurrent linkages or syndromes occur in this realm, e. g., limitations of authority and power regularly produce negotiated agreements in such forms as comanagement arrangements. The consequences of these interactions are often far-reaching as measured in terms of ecological sustainability, social welfare/efficiency, cultural values, and robustness. 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RP Wilson, JA, UNIV MAINE,DEPT RESOURCE ECON & POLICY,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ORONO,ME 04469. AB A number of people provided helpful comments and suggestions during the preparation of this reply. None of them, of course, bear responsibility for any mistakes or conclusions drawn here. They were: Michael Fogarty, Lloyd Dickie, David Feeney, Spencer Apollonio, Ted Ames, Robin Alden, Richard Langton, Peter Auster, Stephanie Watson, and Raymond O' Connor. We are grateful to the Sea Grant Program of the Universities of Maine and New Hampshire and the Resource and Property Rights Program of the Beijer Institute for the valuable resources. CR AMES T, 1996, EXTINCT COD HADDOCK CSIRKE J, 1980, RAPP P REUN CONS INT, V177, P307 DAAN N, 1980, RAPPORTS PROCESVERBA, V177, P405 FOGARTY MJ, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P437 GILPIN ME, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P19 GILPIN ME, 1987, VIABLE POPULATIONS C, P125 GOODE GB, 1987, SECTION 2 FISHING GR HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73 HILBORN R, 1996, MAR POLICY, V20, P87 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 HUTCHINGS JA, 1995, N ATLANTIC FISHERIES, P37 ODUM EP, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P4 ONEIL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT REGIER HA, 1973, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V30, P1992 RICH WH, 1929, FISHING GROUNDS GULF ROSENBERG AA, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P828 SCHACKELL NL, 1995, MARINE PROTECTED ARE, P21 WILSON JA, 1990, OCEAN SHORELINE MANA, V13, P179 WILSON JA, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V58, P303 WILSON JA, 1991, ICES MARINE SCI S, V193, P287 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 WILSON JA, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS SOCI, P153 NR 23 TC 4 J9 MAR POLICY BP 429 EP 438 PY 1996 PD SEP VL 20 IS 5 GA VF310 UT ISI:A1996VF31000007 ER PT J AU Michaels, S TI Configuring who does what in watershed management: The Massachusetts Watershed Initiative SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Michaels, S, Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. AB The goal of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative (MWI) is to use a watershed approach to restore and maintain the integrity of state waters. The MWI is presented as an effort to bring about the convergence of the agendas of government, the informed public, and the general public. In the planning phase of the MWI's pilot project in the Neponset River Watershed, government and the informed public successfully struggled to create a joint basin-wide action plan. Stronger outreach is needed to involve the broader public and to engage local municipalities and businesses more fully. CR *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1995, MASSACHUSETTS RI FAL, P1 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSETTS RI SPR, P12 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSETTS RI SPR, P8 *DEP FISH WILDL EN, 1997, MASSACHUSTTS RIV SPR, P2 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1996, EPA840S96001 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1997, EPA840F96004 *EPA OFF WAT OFF W, 1997, EPA840F97001 *EX OFF ENV AFF, 1993, SUMM P CONS POINTS D *EX OFF ENV AFF, 1997, MASS WAT IN *MASS CLEAN WAT CO, 1997, STAT WAT MASS ASS PR *NEP RIV WAT ASS E, 1997, NEP RIV WAT BAS WID *NEP TEAM, 1995, TYPEWRITTEN, V2, P1 *WAT IN STEER COMM, 1995, MASS WAT APPR ITS IM ADLER RW, 1995, ENV L, V25, P973 COHEN NH, 1993, THESIS U MASSACHUSET CORTNER HJ, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P167 COX WE, 1997, WM MARY ENV L POLY R, V21, P69 COXE T, 1996, WAT 96 C BALT MD DESHAZO R, 1996, LESSONS LEARNED SUBW DESHAZO R, 1996, WATERSHED EVENTS WHA, P2 DORF MC, 1998, COLUMBIA LAW REV, V98, P267 DUANE TP, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P771 FLATT VB, 1997, BC ENV AFF L REV, V25, P1 FLYNN KC, 1994, WATER ENV TECHNOLOGY, V6, P36 GELTMAN E, 1998, COLOMBIA J ENV LAW, V23, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAYS SP, 1996, JL COM, V15, P549 HECLO H, 1974, SOCIAL POLICY BRITAI HILL J, 1995, THESIS MIT CAMBRIDGE JOHN D, 1994, CIVIC ENV KENNEDY LE, 1995, NEPONSET RIVER WATER KIMBALL JC, 1996, ADOPT STREAM SHORELI KIMBALL JC, 1996, P 5 NAT VOL MON C PR, P20 KRAFT ME, 1996, ENV POLICY POLITICS LAZARUS RJ, 1992, IOWA LAW REV, V77, P1739 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE MANTELL MA, 1990, CREATING SUCCESSFUL MARCH JG, 1958, ORGANIZATIONS MICHAELS S, 1997, ENVIRONMENTALIST, V17, P181 NELSON B, 1984, MAKING ISSUE CHILD A ROBERTS NC, 1992, POLICY STUDIES REV, V11, P55 STEWART K, 1997, NEWS NEPONSET, P1 THOMAS GB, 1995, ENV POLITICS POLICY, P347 WALKER PA, 1996, 1996 NEW ENGLAND ENV WARRINER GK, 1996, CANADIAN WATER RESOU, V21, P253 WILLIAMS EM, 1996, NATURAL RESOURCE PAR NR 46 TC 3 J9 POLICY STUD J BP 565 EP 577 PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 GA 260YG UT ISI:000083980600009 ER PT J AU Buhk, C Hensen, I TI "Fire seeders" during early post-fire succession and their quantitative importance in south-eastern Spain SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Geobot & Bot Garden, D-06108 Halle, Germany. RP Buhk, C, Univ Bayreuth, GEO II,Univ Str 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. AB Resilience against fire disturbance of Mediterranean vegetation has been frequently described. However, fire regimes change due to abandonment of local land use practices and climatic change. Thus, it is useful to know the importance of fire-specific and unspecific mechanisms during regeneration in order to predict changes in-species resilience under an altered fire regime. In six burnt areas in a mountainous and in a coastal region in south-eastern Spain we collected information on fire-related germination characteristics (impact of smoke, charred wood or heat) of all abundant species. We excluded those species that predominantly recover by sprouting. According to these results (germination tests and literature research) we classified species that showed a positive reaction to any of the fire-related treatments studied as potential "fire seeders". Germination of seven out of a total of 21 tested species was significantly increased by heat whereas germination of I I hard-seeded species was mainly triggered by mechanical and/or chemical scarification. However, none of the tested species reacted positively to the treatments of ash, charred wood, and smoke. According to a quantitative plot-based vegetation analysis we then compared the coverage of "fire seeders" on (a) fire sites at the coast (2-3 years old) with sites of similar age in the mountains and (b) fire sites in the mountains of mid-successional stages (7-9 years) with undisturbed reference sites and areas of different types of disturbance (i.e. logging and fire break areas) but of comparable age and location. Results of comparison (a) showed that "fire seeder" coverage is below 4% and even lower in the coastal area. Comparison (b) showed similar coverage (about 15%) of "fire seeders" on the fire sites and on the fire breaks (strongly disturbed sites) whereas their abundance on logging and undisturbed reference sites was significantly lower. Thus, the term "fire seeder" might be misleading as fire impact is not essential for inducing germination of heat-triggered seeds. In south-eastern Spain, the low abundance of "fire seeders" and their successful regeneration on other disturbed sites are in line with historically early and strong human disturbance and low fire frequencies as the fuel load is limited due to the dry conditions. The tested species are not dependent on a certain regular fire impact though strong disturbance is very favourable for the creation of dense populations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Peterson, GD, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB The biosphere is increasingly dominated by human action. Consequently, ecology must incorporate human behavior. Political ecology, as long as it includes ecology, is a powerful framework for integrating natural and social dynamics. In this paper I present a resilience-oriented approach to political ecology that integrates system dynamics, scale, and cross-scale interactions in both human and natural systems. This approach suggests that understanding the coupled dynamics of human-ecological systems allows the assessment of when systems are most vulnerable and most open to transformation. I use this framework to examine the political ecology of salmon in the Columbia River Basin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Natl Wildlife Federat, Vienna, VA 22184 USA. AB The empirical evidence in the papers in this special issue identifies pervasive and difficult cross-scale and cross-level interactions in managing the environment. The complexity of these interactions and the fact that both scholarship and management have only recently begun to address this complexity have provided the impetus for us to present one synthesis of scale and cross-scale dynamics. In doing so, we draw from multiple cases, multiple disciplines, and multiple perspectives. In this synthesis paper, and in the accompanying cases, we hypothesize that the dynamics of cross-scale and cross-level interactions are affected by the interplay between institutions at multiple levels and scales. We suggest that the advent of co-management structures and conscious boundary management that includes knowledge co-production, mediation, translation, and negotiation across scale-related boundaries may facilitate solutions to complex problems that decision makers have historically been unable to solve. 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II. Catastrophic loss of aquatic plants consequent to nutrient enrichment SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Univ Victoria, St Albans, Vic 8001, Australia. RP Morris, K, Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. AB The theory of alternative stable states predicts that high nutrient concentrations increase the probability of shallow lakes switching from a state dominated by vascular macrophytes to one dominated by phytoplankton and/or other algae. In the first paper of this series it was demonstrated that chronic, low-level nutrient loading did not affect a switch across vegetation states. To test the possibility that higher nutrient loadings result in vegetation changes, replicated mesocosms (similar to3000 L) were placed in an urban lake densely colonized by Vallisneria americana Michaux, a submerged angiosperm, and were subjected to higher levels of chronic nutrient enrichment. Moderate and high nutrient loadings significantly increased phytoplankton biomass and produced extensive, dense mats of floating algae. Many mesocosms became covered by the floating fern Azolla pinnata R. Br. This reduced light penetration and concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water column profoundly and resulted in the complete loss of V. americana from almost all nutrient-enriched mesocosms within 4 months. A catastrophic loss of submerged aquatic plants so rapidly after nutrient enrichment is a relatively novel experimental finding, particularly in terms of the likely mechanism; that is, shading and subsequent anoxia caused by dense mats of floating plants other than algae. CR AREJA KR, 1992, P INDIAN NATL SCI B, V58, P357 BLANCH SJ, 1998, AQUAT BOT, V61, P181 BOYLEN CW, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V415, P207 CARPENTER SR, 1978, WATER RES, V12, P55 COATES MJ, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P1186 DODSON SI, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P2662 ENGEL S, 1995, FISHERIES, V20, P20 GILLET JD, 1988, PLANT PROTECTION Q, V3, P144 HAMILTON SK, 1997, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V42, P257 HOUGH RA, 1989, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V173, P199 IRVINE K, 1989, FRESHWATER BIOL, V22, P89 JANES RA, 1996, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V340, P23 KIRK RE, 1968, EXPT PROCEDURES BEHA MADSEN JD, 1991, FRESHWATER BIOL, V26, P233 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MCDOUGAL RL, 1997, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V140, P145 MIRANDA LE, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V44, P617 MIRANDA LE, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V427, P51 MITCHELL DS, 1978, AQUATIC WEEDS AUSTR MORRIS K, 2003, MARINE FRESHWATER RE, V54, R20 MOSS B, 1998, SCI COMMITTEE PROBLE, V29, P1 ONDOK JP, 1984, AQUAT BOT, V19, P293 PORTIELJE R, 1995, AQUAT BOT, V50, P127 QUINN GP, 2002, EXPT DESIGN DATA ANA ROOM PM, 1988, ECOLOGY EXOTIC ANIMA, P165 ROOM PM, 1995, BIOL AUSTR WEEDS, P217 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SILBERSTEIN K, 1986, AQUAT BOT, V24, P355 THOMAS JD, 1994, J APPL ECOL, V31, P571 TITUS JE, 1979, OECOLOGIA, V40, P273 WIGAND C, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V418, P137 NR 32 TC 0 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES BP 201 EP 215 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 3 GA 692CG UT ISI:000183642300002 ER PT J AU Bellman, MA Heppell, SA Goldfinger, C TI Evaluation of a US west coast groundfish habitat conservation regulation via analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of trawl fishing effort SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Marine Geol Act Tecton Grp, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bellman, MA, Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. AB We examined the extent to which the 2000 Pacific Fishery Management Council footrope restriction shifted and reduced trawl fishing effort on Oregon fishing grounds, related these changes to the seafloor habitat type over which they occurred, and developed methods for enhancing spatial review of fishing effort. Density analysis of trawl start locations demonstrated how fishing efforts increased and decreased in relation to habitat distribution and fishery management actions between 1995 and 2002. Trawl effort patterns exhibited significant interannual variability and were patchy in distribution. Tow end-point locations from 1998 to 2001 were retrieved from manual logbooks for five reference sites located in proximity to rocky habitat. Trawl towlines were mapped and demonstrated a marked enhancement of fine-scale fishing effort resolution. Spatial shifts in fishing intensity (measured as kilometres towed) away from rock habitat were evident at all reference sites after the footrope restriction, with an average reduction of 86%. Some slight shifts into surrounding unconsolidated sediments also occurred. Our results indicate that the footrope restriction, in conjunction with associated landing limits, was effective in protecting rocky habitats from trawl fishing impacts. Continued spatial monitoring of trawl data would assist in fishery management assessment of conservation objectives for depleted groundfish and essential fish habitat protection. CR *NAT MAR FISH SERV, 2005, PAC COAST GROUNDF FI *NAT RES COUNC, 2000, IMPR COLL MAN US MAR *NAT RES COUNC, 2002, EFF TRAWL DREDG SEAF *NAT RES COUNC, 2004, COOP RES NAT MAR FIS AUSTER PJ, 1999, AM FISH SOC S, V22, P150 BABCOCK EA, 2000, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V57, P357 BRANCH TA, 2005, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V62, P631 CICINSAIN B, 1998, INTEGRATED COASTAL O COLLIE JS, 2000, J ANIM ECOL, V69, P785 DIETER BE, 2003, MOBILE FISHING GEAR FOX DS, 1996, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V53, P2681 FREESE L, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V182, P119 FREESE L, 2001, MAR FISH REV, V63, P7 FRIEDLANDER AM, 1999, FISH B-NOAA, V97, P786 GILDEN J, 2002, ORESUG01004 OR STAT GILLIS DM, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P402 GOLDFINGER C, 2003, ACTIVE TECTONICS SEA, V201 GREENE HG, 1999, OCEANOL ACTA, V22, P663 HANNAH RW, 2003, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V23, P693 HIXON MA, 1991, 910052 MMS USDI HOLLAND DS, 2003, ICES J MAR SCI, V60, P915 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC JENNINGS S, 1998, ADV MAR BIOL, V34, P201 JOHNSON KA, 2002, NMFSFSPO57 NOAA KAISER MJ, 2002, FISH FISH, V3, P114 KAISER MJ, 2003, RESPONSIBLE FISHERIE KAPLAN IM, 1998, MAR POLICY, V22, P327 KEMP Z, 2002, ICES J MAR SCI, V59, P190 KROST P, 1990, MEERESFORSCHUNG, V32, P344 KULKA DW, 2001, 2001R02 ICES CM LARCOMBE JWP, 2001, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V52, P419 LOVE MS, 2002, ROCK FISHES NE PACIF MARRS SJ, 2002, FISH RES, V58, P109 MATTHEWS KR, 1990, FISH B, V88, P223 MCCAIN B, 2003, REVISED APPENDIX ESS MCREA JE, 1999, OCEANOL ACTA, V22, P679 MEADEN GJ, 2000, MARINE COASTAL GEOGR, P205 NASBYLUCAS NM, 2002, FISH B-NOAA, V100, P739 PIET GJ, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P1332 PIKITCH EK, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P349 PITCHER CR, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P1359 RAGNARSSON SA, 2003, ICES J MAR SCI, V60, P1200 RIJNSDORP AD, 1998, ICES J MAR SCI, V55, P403 RIJNSDORP AD, 2001, 2001N01 ICES CM ROMSOS C, 2004, THESIS OREGON STATE SAMPSON DB, 1997, NMFSNWFSC31 NOAA SAMPSON DB, 2001, SPATIAL PROCESSES MA, P539 SCHOLZ A, 2005, BENTHIC HABITATS EFF, P727 STEIN DL, 1992, FISH B-NOAA, V90, P540 VALDEMARSEN JW, 2003, RESPONSIBLE FISHERIE VANMARLEN B, 2000, EFFECTS FISHING NONT, P198 YOKLAVICH MM, 2000, FISH B-NOAA, V98, P625 NR 53 TC 0 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 2886 EP 2900 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 62 IS 12 GA 991FZ UT ISI:000233799100021 ER PT J AU Huntingford, C Hemming, D Gash, JHC Gedney, N Nuttall, PA TI Impact of climate change on health: what is required of climate modellers? SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Joint Ctr Hydrometeorol Res, Met Off, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Swindon SN2 1EU, Wilts, England. RP Huntingford, C, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. AB The potential impacts of climate change on human health are significant, ranging from direct effects such as heat stress and flooding, to indirect influences including changes in disease transmission and malnutrition in response to increased competition for crop and water resources. Development agencies and policy makers tasked with implementing adaptive strategies recognize the need to plan for these impacts. However at present there is little guidance on how to prioritize their funding to best improve the resilience of vulnerable communities. Here we address this issue by arguing that closer collaboration between the climate modelling and health communities is required to provide the focused information necessary to best inform policy makers. The immediate requirement is to create multidisciplinary research teams bringing together skills in both climate and health modelling. This will enable considerable information exchange, and closer collaboration will highlight current uncertainties and hopefully routes to their reduction. We recognize that climate is only one aspect influencing the highly complex behaviour of health and disease issues. However we are optimistic that climate-health model simulations, including uncertainty bounds, will provide much needed estimates of the likely impacts of climate change on human health. (C) 2006 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *WHO, 2002, WORLD HLTH REP 2002 *WHO, 2003, HLTH ASP AIR POLL PA *WORLD WAT ASS PRO, 2003, UN WORLD WAT DEV REP ALBRITTON DL, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P21 ANIELLO C, 1995, COMPUT GEOSCI, V21, P965 ASHRAF H, 2002, LANCET, V360, P1950 CAMPBELLLENDRUM DH, 2003, CLIMATE CHANGE HUMAN, P133 CHALLINOR AJ, 2005, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V360, P2085 CHECKLEY W, 2000, LANCET, V355, P442 COLLINS WJ, 2002, Q J ROY METEOR SOC A, V128, P991 DOBSON A, 1992, GLOBAL WARMING BIOL, P201 DONALDSON GC, 2003, ENVIRON RES, V91, P1 GEDNEY N, 2000, ASSESSMENT POTENTIAL GEDNEY N, 2003, J HYDROMETEOROL, V4, P1265 HALES S, 2002, LANCET, V360, P830 HAMNETT MP, 1999, 101999 PEAC U HAW MA HAY SI, 2002, NATURE, V415, P905 HONDA Y, 1998, J RISK RES, V1, P209 HOUGHTON JT, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001 HUNTINGFORD C, 2005, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V360, P1999 HUNTINGFORD C, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1789 KNOWLTON K, 2004, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V112, P1557 KOPPE C, 2004, HLTH GLOBAL ENV CHAN, V2 LINTHICUM KJ, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P397 LONG SP, 2005, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V360, P2011 MAITELLI GT, 1996, AMAZONIAN DEFORESTAT, P193 MARTENS P, 1999, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V9, P89 MARTENS P, 2002, ENV CHANGE CLIMATE H MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 MURPHY JM, 2004, NATURE, V430, P768 PARRY ML, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P53 PEET J, 2003, ECONOMIST, V368 ROGERS DJ, 2002, NATURE, V415, P710 ROGERS DJ, 2006, ADV PARASIT, V62, P345 STAINFORTH DA, 2005, NATURE, V433, P403 STEVENSON DS, 2006, J GEOPHYS RES, V111 STOTT PA, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P2133 STOTT PA, 2004, NATURE, V432, P610 SULLIVAN C, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P1195 SULLIVAN C, 2005, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V51, P69 SULLIVAN CA, 2003, NAT RESOUR FORUM, V27, P189 TANSER FC, 2003, LANCET, V326, P1792 VANLIESHOUT M, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P87 WATSON RT, 2002, ENV CHANGE CLIMATE H WHEELER TR, 2005, PHILOS T R SOC LON B, V360, P1981 NR 45 TC 0 J9 TRANS ROY SOC TROP MED HYG BP 97 EP 103 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 101 IS 2 GA 129DI UT ISI:000243708200001 ER PT J AU Boesch, DF TI The role of science in ocean governance SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Boesch, DF, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. AB Sustainable governance of the ocean demands a more integral and timely role for science. Although, science has played a limited role in global ocean governance regimes, science has made essential contributions to governance on regional scales, particularly when there is strong scientific consensus, clear identification of problems and solutions, and convergence with cultural ideas. Science is especially challenged to contribute to: understanding intergenerational and interspatial effects, addressing inherent uncertainty about the behavior of marine ecosystems, and integrated ecological-economic models and assessments needed for adaptive management. Pressing issues requiring stronger inclusion of science in ocean governance include the global nitrogen cycle and coastal eutrophication, irreversible habitat degradation, sustainable exploitation of living resources, and the effects of climate change on ocean and coastal environments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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SOPAC, Suva, Fiji. RP Villa, F, Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB Environmental decision-making and policy-making at all levels refers necessarily to synthetic, approximate quantification of environmental properties such as vulnerability, conservation status, and ability to recover after perturbation. Knowledge of such properties is essential to informed decision-making, but their definition is controversial and their precise characterization requires investments in research, modeling, and data collection that are only possible in the most developed countries. Environmental agencies and governments worldwide have increasingly requested numerical quantification or semi quantitative ranking of such attributes at the ecosystem, landscape, and country level. We do not have a theory to guide their calculation, in general or specific con-texts, particularly with the amount of resources usually available in such cases. As a result, these measures are often calculated with little scientific justification and high subjectivity, and such doubtful approximations are used for critical decision-making. This problem applies particularly to countries with weak economies, such as small island states, where the most precious environmental resources are often concentrated. This paper discusses frameworks for a "least disappointing," approximate quantification of environmental vulnerability. After a review of recent research and recent attempts to quantify environmental vulnerability, we discuss models and theoretical frameworks for obtaining an approximate, standardizable vulnerability indicator of minimal subjectivity and maximum generality. We also discuss issues of empirical testing and comparability between indicators developed for different environments, To assess the state of the art, we describe an independent ongoing project developed in the South Pacific area and aimed to the comparative evaluation of the vulnerability of arbitrary countries. 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The stock complex is an amalgamation of several hundred discrete spawning populations. Structured within lake systems, individual populations display diverse life history characteristics and local adaptations to the variation in spawning and rearing habitats. This biocomplexity has enabled the aggregate of populations to sustain its productivity despite major changes in climatic conditions affecting the freshwater and marine environments during the last century. Different geographic and life history components that were minor producers during one climatic regime have dominated during others, emphasizing that the biocomplexity of fish stocks is critical for maintaining their resilience to environmental change. 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RP Guerry, AD, Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB A growing realization that the oceans are being degraded has led to calls for a fundamental shift in the management of activities that affect marine ecosystems. Insights from research in coastal marine ecosystems will help shape policies that consider interactions between ecosystem components. The concept of connections is central to coastal marine ecology. Connections between: (1) ecosystem structure and functioning; (2) land and sea; (3) marine habitats; (4) species; (5) diverse stressors; and (6) knowledge and uncertainty are of particular importance. These linkages provide conceptual and tactical guidance to inform the transition to ecosystem-based management for the oceans. Conceptual guidance includes recognizing of linkages, expecting of surprises, and avoiding hubris in management. Tactical guidance includes managing coastal systems at watershed scales, emphasizing monitoring, using area-based management, and incorporating the recognition of uncertainties into decision-making. Ultimately, successful management of human activities that affect the oceans will require integrating these conceptual and tactical approaches. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Hahn, T, Univ Stockholm, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, CTM, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The literature on ecosystem management and assessment is increasingly focusing on social capacity to enhance ecosystem resilience. Organizational flexibility, participatory approaches to learning, and knowledge generation for responding adequately to environmental change have been highlighted but not critically assessed. The small, flexible municipal organization, Ecomuseum Kristianstads Vattenrike (EKV) in southern Sweden, has identified win-win situations and gained broad support and legitimacy for ecosystem management among a diversity of actors in the region. Navigating the existing legal-political framework, EKV has built a loose social network of local stewards and key persons from organizations at municipal and higher societal levels. As a 'bridging organization', EKV has created arenas for trust-building, knowledge generation, collaborative learning, preference formation, and conflicts solving among actors in relation to specific environmental issues. Ad hoc projects are developed as issues arise by mobilizing individuals from the social network. Our results suggest that the EKV approach to adaptive comanagement has enhanced the social capacity to respond to unpredictable change and developed a trajectory towards resilience of a desirable social-ecological system. 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Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Dasgupta, P, Univ Cambridge, Fac Econ, Sidgwick Ave, Cambridge CB3 9DD, England. AB The word "convexity" is ubiquitous in economics, but absent from economics. In this paper we explain why, and show what difference it makes to economic analysis if ecosystem non-convexities are taken seriously. A simple proof is provided of the connection between "self-similarity" and "power laws". We also provide an introduction to each of the papers in the Symposium and draw out the way in which they form a linked set of contributions. 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RP Currie, DJ, Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Inst Biol, Box 450,Stn A, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. AB It is commonly asserted in the ecological and economic literature that habitat loss is the main cause of loss of imperiled species. The evidence clearly shows that habitat loss is a common contributing factor, but there is little evidence that it is the most important factor. Studies that have focused on the mechanisms of species loss have failed to produce models capable of predicting patterns of loss as a function of human activities. I propose that this is because ecologists have employed an unrealistic conceptual model of the functioning of natural systems. Karl Popper's construct of the propensities of natural systems provides a more realistic view, and better potential to yield predictive models. I provide two examples of patterns of biodiversity and species loss in Canada where mechanistic reasoning is inconsistent with the observed propensities of species loss. (C) 2003 Academie des sciences. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. 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RP Sinclair, AJ, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB This research investigates the livelihood systems of two mountain villages in the northwest Himalaya, focussing or? household strategies of diversification as a means of maintaining livelihood security Field research was carried out with women of different age and caste from 32 households. Eight strategies were found to be of particular importance: (1) the diversification of activities and household inputs, (2) the maintenance of crop biodiversity and landscape diversity in the agricultural system, (3) the increased negotiations with the market, (4) the reliance on agricultural wage labour (5) the building up and drawing down of household inventories, (6) the reliance on common property resources, (7) the development of social networks, and (8) the formation of community groups. Policy for sustainable livelihoods in mountain ecosystems must be firmly rooted in an understanding of these complex strategies and the knowledge of women's own efforts to ensure that their households are secure and resilient. CR *CWD, 1987, UNU WORKSH COMP STUD *INT CTR INT MOUNT, 1988, INT WORKSH WOM DEV M ACHARYA S, 1985, WOMENS WORK FAMILY S AGARWAL B, 1988, POVERTY STRUCTURES P, P83 AGARWAL B, 1990, J PEASANT STUD, V17, P341 ALLAN NJR, 1987, HUMAN IMPACT MOUNTAI BERKES F, 1997, SUSTAINABILITY MOUNT BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1998, MT RES DEV, V18, P19 BERREMAN GD, 1970, CHANGE CONTINUITY IN CHAMBERS R, 1983, RURAL DEV PUTTING LA CHAMBERS R, 1992, 296 U SUSS I DEV STU CHEN M, 1988, 4 NAT C WOM STUD WAL DENNISTON D, 1995, 123 WORLD WATCH I DUFFIELD C, 1998, MT RES DEV, V18, P35 ECKHOLM E, 1975, SCIENCE, V189, P764 FISHER J, 1994, ENVIRONMENT, V36, P6 HARCOURT APF, 1871, HIMALAYAN DISTRICTS HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 IVES JD, 1989, HIMALAYAN DILEMMA RE JODHA NS, 1992, SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN, V1 JODHA NS, 1992, SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN, V2 KIRK C, 1993, SOCIOECONOMIC SETTIN, V2 MADAN SS, 1994, COMMUNICATION MOENCH M, 1989, ENVIRON CONSERV, V16, P137 NETTING R, 1993, SMALLHOLDERS HOUSEHO PHILLIPS L, 1989, CANADIAN REV SOCIOLO, V26, P294 SINGH RB, 1998, SUSTAINABLE DEV MOUN THOMPSON M, 1985, MT RES DEV, V5, P115 THOMPSON M, 1993, WORKSH RISK FAIRN LA NR 30 TC 4 J9 REV CAN ETUD DEVELOP BP 89 EP 112 PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 GA 308QL UT ISI:000086724300004 ER PT J AU Ward, TJ TI Indicators for assessing the sustainability of Australia's marine ecosystems SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Marine Res, N Beach, WA 6020, Australia. RP Ward, TJ, Univ Western Australia, Inst Reg Dev, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. AB Principles of integrated ecosystem-based management have been used to derive 61 potential environmental indicators for reporting on Australia's marine and estuarine ecosystems. They are focused on tracking the condition of marine ecosystems in the face of a variety of uses and pressures, and are consistent with approaches used for assessment of public- and private-sector environmental activities, and with the international standard. The indicators cover issues in protected species, common habitats, renewable and non-renewable resources, water and sediment quality, and integrated management. Gaps in knowledge and technical capacity include: knowledge of the nature of the ecosystems is incomplete (ineffective indicators may be selected); scientific understanding of environmental issues is limited (the wrong cause may be identified); the resolving capacity of a monitoring programme cannot be determined (monitoring may falsely infer that no changes have occurred, or provide an answer to the wrong question); procedures for synthesis and aggregation of data across spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, or for estimating uncertainty in national summaries are lacking; case-study trials, reference sites, and suitable interpretative models are needed; and an established procedure for revising and updating the indicators as new knowledge accrues, or if new issues arise, is lacking. CR 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE 1992, NATL STRATEGY ECOLOG 1994, ENV INDICATORS OECD 1994, STATE ENV REPORTING 1996, 14001 ASNZS ISO 1996, AUSTR STATE ENV 1996 1996, GESAMP REPORTS STUDI, V61 1996, NATL STRATEGY CONSER 1997, AUSTR OCEANS NEW HOR 1997, BEST PRACTICE PERFOR 1997, ENV MONITORING ASSES 1998, AUSTR OCEANS POLICY 1998, CORE ENV INDICATORS 1998, ENV PERFORMANCE INDI 1998, INTERIM MARINE COAST 1998, STRATEGIC PLAN ACTIO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COSTANZA R, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P198 DAHL AL, 1997, SCOPE, V58 GILBERTSON M, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P483 GRIFFIS RB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P708 GRIFFITH JA, 1997, J ENVIRON SYST, V26, P325 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 HARWELL MA, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P497 HILTY J, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V92, P185 JACKSON L, 1999, EVALUATION GUIDELINE JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V3 KENCHINGTON R, 1993, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V21, P109 LARKIN PA, 1996, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V6, P1 MAURER D, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P699 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 RODENBURG E, 1995, 11 GLOB ENV FAC SAUNDERS D, 1998, ENV INDICATORS NATL SCHRAMM HL, 1996, FISHERIES, V21, P6 SHERMAN K, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V112, P277 SLOCOMBE DS, 1998, ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P483 VANDERMEULEN H, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V39, P63 WARD T, 1997, 7 DEP ENV WARD TJ, 1996, MANAGING AUSTR MARIN WARD TJ, 1998, ENV INDICATORS NATL WARD TJ, 1998, RAPID ASSESSMENT MAR WARD TJ, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P691 WEISBERG SB, 1997, ESTUARIES, V20, P149 NR 44 TC 3 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES BP 435 EP 446 PY 2000 VL 51 IS 5 GA 321FE UT ISI:000087444100004 ER PT J AU Kim, S TI Irresolvable cultural conflicts and conservation/development arguments: Analysis of Korea's Saemangeum project SO POLICY SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Korea Univ, Inst Govt Studies, Seoul 136701, South Korea. RP Kim, S, Korea Univ, Inst Govt Studies, Anamdong 5Ga-1, Seoul 136701, South Korea. AB This paper examines, through argument analysis & grid-group model, how cultural bias, as the frame of reference of an advocacy coalition (AC), brings about irresolvable conflicts and produces divided arguments between coalitions for development and conservation in Korea's Saemangeum project. Based on different cultural biases, two ACs - the advocacy coalition for development (ACD) and the advocacy coalition for conservation (ACC) - interpreted the same facts differently in line with their cultural orientations and ways of life. The dynamic argument patterns reflected each coalition's cultural bias, which restricted the frame of reference of actors in each AC. After reviewing argument analysis as an analytic tool, we introduce cultural theory in which ways of life, consisting of cultural biases and social relations, amplify the irresolvable conflicts between two ACs. Second, to show the culturally constructed nature of the conflicts, we analyze the contrasting arguments between the ACD (dominated by a hierarchy bias) and ACC (led by egalitarianism) in the Saemangeum project. Third, we discuss the implications of Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky's cultural theory to advocacy coalition framework (ACF) as follows: 1) constraining effects on inter-coalitional learning by cultural biases, 2) coexistence of different solidarities under a coalition, and 3) asymmetric relationships between parties in a coalition. CR *GKU, 2001, AG SAEM PROJ *JCGRT, 2000, RES REP ENV IMP SAEM *KARIC, 2001, EXPL ISS SAEM PROJ *KFEM, 2001, LIV SAEM MUD FLATS *MOAF, 2001, RIGHTL UND SAEM PROJ *STRP, 2000, SAEM ADAMS J, 1995, RISK ARGYRIS C, 1996, ORG LEARNING, V2 BOVENS M, 1996, UNDERSTANDING POLICY BURCHELL K, 1998, 52 LOND SCH EC DEP G CHAI SK, 1994, POLITICS POLICY CULT, P159 CHAI SK, 1997, CULTURE MATTERS ESSA, P45 COYLE D, 1994, POLITICS POLICY CULT, P33 DAKE K, 1991, J CROSS CULT PSYCHOL, V22, P61 DAVY B, 1997, ESSENTIAL INJUSTICE DOUGLAS M, 1982, ACTIVE VOICE DOUGLAS M, 1985, RISK ACCEPTABILITY A DOUGLAS M, 1992, RISK BLAME ESSAYS CU DUNN W, 1994, PUBLIC POLICY ANAL DURKHEIM E, 1951, SUICIDE STUDY SOCIOL GRENDSTAD G, 1999, CULTURAL THEORY POLI, P151 GRENDSTAD G, 2000, SCAND POLIT STUD, V23, P217 GYAWALI D, 1999, GEOJOURNAL, V47, P443 HAJER MA, 1993, ARGUMENTATIVE TURN P, P43 HECLO H, 1974, SOCIAL POLICY BRIT S HENDRIKS F, 1999, PUBLIC POLICY POLITI HENDRY J, 1999, HUM RELAT, V52, P557 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOOD C, 1998, ART STATE CULTURE RH HOPPE R, 1993, CONTROVERSIAL SCI CO, P275 HOPPE R, 1993, HANDLING FROZEN FIRE HUBBARD AS, 1999, HUM RELAT, V52, P303 JENKINSSMITH HC, 1994, POLITICS POLICY CULT, P17 LASSWELL H, 1963, FUTURE POLITICAL SCI LASSWELL HD, 1951, POLICY SCI RECENT DE, P3 MARCH JG, 1994, PRIMER DECISION MAKI MARRIS C, 1998, RISK ANAL, V18, P635 MOSCOVICI S, 1994, CONFLICT CONSENSUS G NEY S, 1999, INNOVATION, V12, P489 PARK CM, 2002, CULTURAL ANAL PUBOLI, P52 PIMM S, 1984, NATURE, V307, P322 RAYNER S, 1986, SOC STUD SCI, V16, P573 RAYNER S, 1992, SOCIAL THEORIES RISK, P83 ROSS MH, 1993, CULTURE CONFLICT SABATIER P, 1993, POLICY CHANGE LEARNI SABATIER PA, 1988, POLICY SCI, V21, P129 SCHON D, 1994, FRAME REFLECTION RES SCHWARZ M, 1984, PLURAL RATIONALITY I, P22 SCHWARZ M, 1990, DIVIDED WE STAND RED STONE D, 1988, POLICY PARADOX POLIT THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY THOMPSON M, 1992, UNDERSTANDING ENTERP, P182 THOMPSON M, 1996, INHERENT RELATIONALI THOMPSON M, 2000, SEM ENV VFAL CARN CO THOMPSON MG, 1999, CULTURAL THEORY POLI, P1 THOMSON MA, 1997, COCHRANE LIB, P1 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 VANEEMEREN FH, 1987, DISCOURSE STRUCTURE, P208 WILDAVSKY A, 1987, AM POLIT SCI REV, V81, P3 WILDAVSKY A, 1989, RELEVANCE CULTURE, P58 NR 60 TC 0 J9 POLICY SCI BP 125 EP 149 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 36 IS 2 GA 702YH UT ISI:000184252200002 ER PT J AU Saito, L Johnson, BM Bartholow, J Hanna, RB TI Assessing ecosystem effects of reservoir operations using food web-energy transfer and water quality models SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Saito, L, Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB We investigated the effects on the reservoir food web of a new temperature control device (TCD) on the dam at Shasta Lake, California. We followed a linked modeling approach that used a specialized reservoir water quality model to forecast operation-induced changes in phytoplankton production. A food web-energy transfer model was also applied to propagate predicted changes in phytoplankton up through the food web to the predators and sport fishes of interest. The food web-energy transfer model employed a 10% trophic transfer efficiency through a food web that was mapped using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Stable isotope analysis provided an efficient and comprehensive means of estimating the structure of the reservoir's food web with minimal sampling and background data. We used an optimization procedure to estimate the diet proportions of all food web components simultaneously from their isotopic signatures. Some consumers were estimated to be much more sensitive than others to perturbations to phytoplankton supply. The linked modeling approach demonstrated that interdisciplinary efforts enhance the value of information obtained from studies of managed ecosystems. The approach exploited the strengths of engineering and ecological modeling methods to address concerns that neither of the models could have addressed alone: (a) the water quality model could not have addressed quantitatively the possible impacts to fish, and (b) the food web model could not have examined how phyto plankton availability might change due to reservoir operations. 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V6, P741 STANFORD JA, 1996, REGUL RIVER, V12, P391 STUBER RJ, 1982, FWSOBS821015 US DEP STUBER RJ, 1982, FWSOBS82108 US DEP I TAFT AC, 1950, CALIF FISH GAME, V36, P147 TIESZEN LL, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V57, P32 TURNER JL, 1966, CALIFORNIA DEP FISH, V136, P144 TURNER JL, 1966, CALIFORNIA DEP FISH, V136, P160 VANDENAVYLE MJ, 1988, T AM FISH SOC, V117, P84 VANDENHEUVEL M, 1996, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V6, P451 VANDERZANDEN MJ, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1142 VANDERZANDEN MJ, 1998, T AM FISH SOC, V127, P729 VERMEYEN TB, 1998, USBR POW OP MAINT WO VOGELE LE, 1975, BLACK BASS BIOL MANA, P34 VONGELDERN C, 1975, BLACK BASS BIOL MANA, P436 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WANG JCS, 1986, 9F104ATR869 CAL DEP WANJALA BS, 1986, J FRESHWATER ECOL, V3, P359 WARD JV, 1984, REGUL RIVER, P23 WARD JV, 1987, ECOLOGY REGULATED ST, P391 WHITLEDGE GW, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P2555 WOOTTON JT, 1996, SCIENCE, V273, P1558 YOSHIOKA T, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P835 NR 142 TC 3 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 105 EP 125 PY 2001 PD MAR VL 4 IS 2 GA 426VY UT ISI:000168370100002 ER PT J AU GADGIL, M BERKES, F FOLKE, C TI INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MANITOBA,INST NAT RESOURCES,WINNIPEG R3T 2N2,MANITOBA,CANADA. ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT SYST ECOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RP GADGIL, M, INDIAN INST SCI,CTR ECOL SCI,BANGALORE 560012,KARNATAKA,INDIA. AB Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such ''diachronic'' observations can be of great value and complement the ''synchronic''observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples. CR 1991, GUIDELINES MICROPLAN, P51 BERKES F, 1977, HUM ECOL, V5, P289 BERKES F, 1979, ARCTIC, V32, P46 BERKES F, 1982, MUSK OX, V30, P23 BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1992, ECOL ECON, V5, P1 BERKES F, 1993, IN PRESS TRADITIONAL COSTAPIERCE BA, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P320 COSTAPIERCE BA, 1988, NAGA, V11, P3 DALY HE, 1990, ECOL ECON, V2, P1 DIAMOND J, 1989, NAT HIST, V89, P16 DIAMOND J, 1989, NAT HIST, V89, P26 DIAMOND J, 1992, RIZE FALL 3RD CHIMPA EHRLICH PR, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P757 FEIT HA, 1986, NATIVE PEOPLE RENEWA FOLKE C, 1989, AMBIO, V18, P234 FOLKE C, 1992, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V17, P5 GADGIL M, 1987, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V2, P369 GADGIL M, 1992, FISSURED LAND ECOLOG HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 IRVINE D, 1989, ADV EC BOT, V7, P223 JOSHI NV, 1991, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V40, P211 LASSERRE P, 1983, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDG LEWIS HT, 1988, HUM ECOL, V16, P57 LEWIS HT, 1989, AM ANTHROPOL, V91, P940 MALHOTRA KC, 1989, 1989 P WORK GROUP M, P47 MALHOTRA KC, 1990, 5 INT C EC, P439 NIAMIR M, 1990, FAO4 COMM FOR NOT OLDFIELD ML, 1991, BIODIVERSTIY CULTURE OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV POSEY DA, 1985, AGROFOREST SYST, V3, P139 RUDDLE K, 1988, INTEGRATED AGR AQUAC RUDDLE K, 1989, TRADITIONAL MARINE R SINCLAIR ARE, 1985, CAN J ZOOL, V63, P987 SLOBODKIN LB, 1968, AM ZOOL, V8, P43 SLOBODKIN LB, 1988, BIOSCIENCE, V38, P337 SOLBRIG OT, 1991, GENES ECOSYSTEMS RES TAYLOR KI, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P138 TERBORGH J, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WELLS M, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P237 WELLS MP, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P157 YAN J, 1989, ECOLOGICAL ENG INTRO, P375 NR 43 TC 80 J9 AMBIO BP 151 EP 156 PY 1993 PD MAY VL 22 IS 2-3 GA LF517 UT ISI:A1993LF51700015 ER PT J AU Li, WC TI A conceptual model for predicting and managing vegetative types in shallow lakes SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. RP Li, WC, Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol, 73 E Beijing Rd, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. AB The model presented is composed of two curved surfaces in a three-dimensional space. The first dimension is the external nutrient loading of the lake (ENL). Water nutrient level (WNL) is defined as the second dimension. The third represents relative dominance of macrophytes and phytoplankton (RD). The upper surface represents macrophyte-dominated clear-water phase, and the lower surface represents phytoplankton-dominated turbid-water phase. The two phases are separated into six states (M1, M2, M3, P1, P2, P3) by the critical values of a and b on the WNL dimension. When WNL < a, there is only one stable state, macrophyte-dominated clear-water state M1. Some biotic or environmental factors may keep the lake at a turbid state, a sub-stable state PI. If these factors are removed, the system will automatically skip to the hll state. When a < WNL < b, two stable states, M2 and P2, may exist. The M2 state may be maintained by macrophytes due to their positive effects on the lake water and their inhibition effects on phytoplankton. If macrophytes are destroyed for any reason, the system may irreversibly skip to the P2 state, phytoplankton-dominated turbid-water. To restore the system to the M2 state, much more help is needed for reducing phytoplankton and increasing water transparency. When WNL > b, there is only one stable state, the phytoplankton-dominated turbid-water state P3. An unstable state M3 may exist if b < WNL < c, but macrophyte dominance will be automatically replaced by phytoplankton dominance in a short time, and WNL will increase to c at the same time. When WNL > b, any attempt to restore the system by biomanipulation will be fruitless. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *HUAD TEACH COLL, 1959, REP AQ BIOL E BAY LA, P1 *NIGCAS, 1965, NAT RES LAK TAIH CAI QM, 1995, J LAKE SCI, V7, P106 CHEN HD, 1989, ACTA HYDROBIOL SINIC, V13, P359 CHU SP, 1959, OCEANOL LIMNOL SIN, V2, P146 GULATI RD, 1990, P INT C AMST NETH 8 HOSPER H, 1993, ECOL ENG, V2, P63 HOSPER SH, 1989, HYDROBIOL B, V23, P5 HOSPER SH, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P523 HUANG WY, 1996, J LAKE SCI, V8, P330 HUANG YP, 1993, ENV PROTECTION LAKE, P181 KETO J, 1988, AQUA FENNICA, V18, P193 KURASAWA H, 1987, 6 SHINSH U SUW HYDR LI JK, 1983, J SHANGHAI TEACHERS, P1 LI WC, 1993, ACAD SIN MEM NANJING, V9, P93 LI WC, 1993, ENV PROTECTION LAKE, P243 LI WC, 1994, J LAKE SCI, V6, P134 LI WC, 1995, ECOL ENG, V5, P107 LI WC, 1996, J LAKE SCI, V8, P1 LI WC, 1996, J LAKE SCI, V8, P25 LI WCH, 1996, J LAKE SCI, V8, P37 LIU JK, 1980, OCEANOL LIMNOL SIN, V11, P185 LIU JK, 1990, STUDIES ECOLOGY LAKE, V1 LIU JK, 1995, STUDIES ECOLOGY LAKE, V2 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MOSS B, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P367 OZIMEK T, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P399 RAO CR, 1980, HDB STATISTICS, V1, P1 RUAN JR, 1988, ACTA HYDROBIOL SIN, V12, P289 SCHEFFER M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P475 SUN SC, 1993, LAKE TAIHU TIMMS RM, 1984, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V29, P472 VANDONK E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P275 VANDONK E, 1995, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V32, P197 WU HW, 1962, ACTA HYDROBIOL SIN, V1, P63 YANG QX, 1996, J LAKE SCI, V8, P17 NR 36 TC 2 J9 ECOL ENG BP 165 EP 178 PY 1998 PD JUN 15 VL 10 IS 2 GA 105UA UT ISI:000075090900006 ER PT J AU Parlee, B Berkes, F TI Indigenous knowledge of ecological variability and commons management: A case study on berry harvesting from Northern Canada SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3N3, Canada. Teetlit Gwichin Renewable Resources Council, Ft McPherson, NT, Canada. Teetlit Gwichin Renewable Resources Council, Teetlit Gwichin Band Off, Ft McPherson, NT X0E 0J0, Canada. RP Parlee, B, AFHE, Fac Native Sci, Dept Rural Econ, 507 GSB, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada. AB Common property arrangements govern the subsistence harvest of berries in the Gwich'in region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Some of these arrangements, including rules for resource access, sharing information and harvest sharing, enable the Gwich'in to deal with ecological variability. The rules change in response to year-to-year variations in the abundance and distribution of the species, spatially and temporally across the region. This paper illustrates the interrelationships between ecosystem dynamics and local institutions, a neglected area of commons research. CR ANDRE A, 2001, GWICH ETHNOBOTANY PL BERKES F, 1977, HUM ECOL, V5, P289 BERKES F, 1986, ANTHROPOLOGICA, V28, P145 BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P1437 DAVIDSONHUNT I, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 DOLSAK N, 2003, COMMONS NEW MILLENNI DYSONHUDSON R, 1978, AM ANTHROPOL, V80, P21 EERKENS JW, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P297 FEENY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 FRATKIN E, 1986, HUM ECOL, V14, P269 FRIERE P, 1973, ED CRITICAL CONSCIOU GADGIL M, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1248 HEIME M, 2001, GWICHYA GWICH GOOGWA JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 JOHNSONGOTTESFE.L, 1994, HUM ECOL, V22, P171 JOHNSONGOTTESFE.LM, 1995, ECOL FOOD NUTR, V34, P149 LEVISTRAUSS C, 1962, SAVAGE MIND MACKENZIE A, 1801, VOYAGES MONTREAL FRO MARLES R, 2000, ABORIGINAL PLANT USE MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS MURRAY G, 2002, DISTRIBUTION ABUNDAN OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PARLEE B, 2005, ARCTIC, V58, P26 PARLEE B, 2005, BREAKING ICE INTEGRA RIDINGTON R, 1990, LITTLE BIT KNOW SOME ROOTS F, 1998, TERRA BOREALIS, V1, P42 SMITH JGE, 1978, ARCTIC ANTHROPOL, V15, P68 TURNER NJ, 1993, J ETHNOBIOL, V13, P1 NR 31 TC 0 J9 HUM ECOL BP 515 EP 528 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 34 IS 4 GA 090VQ UT ISI:000240981100004 ER PT J AU Gallopin, GC TI The Latin American world model (aka the Bariloche model): three decades ago SO FUTURES LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Environm Inst, Sys Sustainable Dev Programme, S-10314 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Gallopin, GC, ECLAC, Div Environm & Human Settlements, Casila 179D, Santiago, Chile. AB Almost twenty five years ago, "Catastrophe and New Society. A Latin American World Model" was published [Herrera AO et al. Catastrophe or New Society? A Latin American World Model. Canada: DRC, 1976]. It described the work of a group of Latin American researchers, led by the late Amilcar O. Herrera, and it represented both a response to the diagnostic and proposal embodied in World 3, the first world model sponsored by the Club of Rome [Meadows D, et al. The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books, 1972], and a new proposal for the global system. It remains to date the only global model made in the South. The present paper is a personal reflection by one of the authors of the Latin American World Model (LAWM) on what the model meant (and what it may still mean) in the context of the limits debate and the more general issue of the future(s) of the world system. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *CENTR PLANN BUR, 1994, SCANN FUT LONT TERM *DAG HAMM FDN, 1975, AN DEV APPR STRAT *UN ENV PROGR, 1999, GLOB ENV OUTL 2000 *UNDP, HUM DEV REP 1992 *UNDP, HUM DEV REP 1999 BURROWS B, 1991, HDB SUSTAINABLE FUTU CARSON R, 1962, SILENT SPRING CASTLI JL, 1995, COMPLEXIFICATION DALE R, 1995, TIME 0313, V145, P35 GALLOPIN G, 1992, WORLD DEV, V20, P1391 GALLOPIN G, 1997, 7 POL STOCKH ENV I GALLOPIN GC, 1994, HUMAN DEV REPORT 199 GUNDERSON LH, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN HERRERA AO, 1976, CATASTROPHE NEW SOC MEADOWS D, 1982, GROPING DARK 1 DECAD MILES I, 1981, UNESCO, P31 RASKIN P, 1998, ENVIRONMENT, V40, P7 THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY VANSTEENBERGEN B, 1994, FUTURES, V26, P44 WALDROP MM, 1992, COMPLEXITY EMERGING NR 20 TC 0 J9 FUTURES BP 77 EP 89 PY 2001 PD FEB VL 33 IS 1 GA 384MJ UT ISI:000165946600009 ER PT J AU Smith, F TI Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic development SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. AB It is clear from the scale of anthropogenic resource use that economic systems should be brought within biophysical limits as soon as possible. One might assume that this task is difficult because it would involve identifying these limits, knowing when and where they are breached, and allocating responsibility. However, an intimate understanding of the natural limits to economic development may not be necessary for achieving a biophysically sustainable economy. Certain measurable features of the natural world are intimately connected with overall biophysical integrity, one such feature being biological diversity, A growing body of ecological research gives compelling evidence that biodiversity confers stability on ecosystems by buffering them against natural and artificial perturbations, and that it increases system productivity. It is well known that the stability and productivity of ecosystems are fundamental components of the earth's biophysical integrity. Therefore, biodiversity should act as a measure of biophysical integrity and biodiversity conservation might provide a viable framework for policies that drive economic activity towards overall biophysical sustainability. Economic instruments to implement a biodiversity constraint would penalise economic activities that directly or indirectly cause biodiversity loss and favour those that conserve it, A biodiversity constraint would, of course, require new legal and institutional underpinnings. What makes a biodiversity constraint doubly attractive is that it would also conserve the potentially large economic use and option values of biodiversity itself, thus removing the need for separate measures for its conservation. CR *POP REF BUR, 1993, 1993 WORLD POP DAT S *WORLD CONS MON CT, 1992, GLOB BIOD STAT EARTH *WORLD RES I, 1992, WORLD RES 1992 1993 *WORLD RES I, 1994, WORLD RES 1993 1994 ANGIER N, 1994, NY TIMES 1129, B6 ANGIER N, 1994, NY TIMES 1129, B9 ASBURY CE, 1991, B ECOL SOC AM S, V72, P58 BARNS SM, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P1609 BEGON M, 1986, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS BERETTA E, 1987, MATH BIOSCI, V85, P153 CARPENTER SR, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P119 CHERFAS J, 1994, NEW SCI 0806, P36 DALY H, 1994, ECOL ECON, V9, P73 DALY HE, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P183 DEANGELIS DL, 1975, ECOLOGY, V56, P238 DEANGELIS DL, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P71 DEBELLEVUE EB, 1994, ECOL ECON, V9, P53 DELONG EF, 1994, NATURE, V371, P695 EHRLICH PR, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P1212 EHRLICH PR, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P64 FRANK DA, 1991, OIKOS, V62, P360 GILBERT LE, 1980, CONSERVATION BIOL EV, P11 HAMMER M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P97 HANSKI I, 1993, NATURE, V364, P232 HOLDREN JP, 1991, POPUL ENVIRON, V12, P231 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 JORGENSEN SE, 1988, ECOL MODEL, V41, P117 JORGENSEN SE, 1990, ECOL MODEL, V52, P125 LAWTON JH, 1993, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V341, P181 LEWONTIN RC, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P13 MAY RM, 1972, NATURE, V238, P413 MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MAY RM, 1981, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY, P197 MAYR E, 1963, ANIMAL SPECIES EVOLU MCMURTIE RE, 1975, J THEOR BIOL, V5, P1 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 MOORE JC, 1993, SCIENCE, V261, P906 NAEEM S, 1994, NATURE, V368, P734 ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY ONEILL RV, 1989, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI, P140 PAGE T, 1977, CONSERVATION EC EFFI PEARCE DW, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PEARCE DW, 1993, WORLD ENG PERRINGS C, 1991, STRUCT CHANGE EC DYN, V2, P275 PERSSON L, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P193 PILETTE R, 1990, BIOSYSTEMS, V23, P359 PIMM SL, 1979, OIKOS, V33, P351 ROOT TL, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P256 ROUGHGARDEN JR, 1996, IN PRESS P NATL ACAD RUDSTAM LG, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P303 SCHINDLER DW, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P25 SCHULZE ED, 1993, ECOL STU AN, V99, P497 SMITH FDM, 1993, NATURE, V364, P494 SMITH FDM, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P375 SOLE RV, 1992, J THEOR BIOL, V159, P469 SOLOW RM, 1971, SCIENCE, V173, P498 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 URBAN DL, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P119 VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WAGENSBERG J, 1990, B MATH BIOL, V52, P733 WAKE DB, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P860 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE WULFF F, 1989, NETWORK ANAL MARINE NR 65 TC 9 J9 ECOL ECON BP 191 EP 203 PY 1996 PD MAR VL 16 IS 3 GA UG932 UT ISI:A1996UG93200002 ER PT J AU [Anon] TI The vulnerability of cities: Natural disasters and social resilience SO ENVIRONMENT AND URBANIZATION CR PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES NR TC 0 BP 216 EP 216 PY 2003 PD APR VL 15 IS 1 UT ISI:000182904200019 ER PT J AU Amemiya, T Enomoto, T Rossberg, AG Takamura, N Itoh, K TI Lake restoration in terms of ecological resilience: a numerical study of biomanipulations under bistable conditions SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Yokohama Natl Univ, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Amemiya, T, Yokohama Natl Univ, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. AB An abstract version of the comprehensive aquatic simulation model (CASM) is found to exhibit bistability under intermediate loading of nutrient input, supporting the alternative-stable-states theory and field observations for shallow lakes. Our simulations of biomanipulations under the bistable conditions reveal that a reduction in the abundance of zooplanktivorous fish cannot switch the system from a turbid to a clear state. Rather, a direct reduction of phytoplankton and detritus was found to be most effective to make this switch in the present model. These results imply that multiple manipulations may be effective for practical restorations of lakes. We discuss the present results of biomanipulations in terms of ecological resilience in multivariable systems or natural systems. CR BARTELL SM, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V124, P43 BEISNER BE, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P1563 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BOWIE GL, 1985, EPA600385040 CARPENTER SR, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P8 DEANGELIS DL, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P778 DEANGELIS DL, 2003, ADV SPACE RES, V31, P1657 DEMELO R, 1992, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V37, P192 DRENNER RW, 1999, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V146, P129 HANSELWELCH N, 2003, AQUAT BOT, V75, P323 HANSSON LA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P558 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 HULOT FD, 2000, NATURE, V405, P340 JEPPESEN E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P205 JEPPESEN E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P219 MEIJER ML, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V275, P457 NAITO W, 2002, WATER RES, V36, P1 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RIEMANN B, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P241 SCHEFFER M, 2001, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHAPIRO J, 1975, P S WAT QUAL MAN BIO, P85 SONDERGAARD M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P229 TAKAMURA N, 2003, ECOL RES, V18, P381 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 NR 26 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 3 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 10 IS 2 GA 001TV UT ISI:000234561400003 ER PT J AU McIntyre, S Hobbs, RJ TI A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO, Trop Agr, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Midland, WA 6056, Australia. RP McIntyre, S, CSIRO, Trop Agr, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. AB The concept of habitat fragmentation is limited in its ability to describe the range of possible landscape configurations created by a variety of disturbances This limitation is especially problematic in landscapes ;where human use of the habitat matrix occurs at multiple levels and where habitat modification may be a more important consideration than a simple binary classification of habitat versus nonhabitat. We propose a synthesizing scheme that places intact, variegated, fragmented, and relictual landscape states on a continuum, depending on tbe degree of habitat destruction. At a second level, the scheme considers the patterns of habitat modification that are imposed on remaining habitats Management for conservation involves halting and sometimes reversing the trends of habitat destruction and modification. Conservation strategies will differ according to the state of alteration of the landscape but all strategies include some consideration of the degree of modification of the matrix in determining habitat viability It is convenient for biologists to assess landscape alteration state in terms of the persistence of large structural elements such as trees. Because animal species use habitats differently, however, they also experience the landscape differently A landscape considered structurally fragmented by humans may be functionally variegated to other species. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the extent to which the entire landscape including the matrix, is accessible and utilized by organisms with different spatial scales of resource use. CR ABENSPERGTRAUN M, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1281 ANDREN H, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P355 ARONSON J, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P377 BARRY BA, 1994, MOL BIOL CYANOBACTER, V1, P215 BAUDRY J, 1991, LAND ABANDONMENT ITS, P103 BELL S, 1993, ELEMENTS VISUAL DESI BENNETT AF, 1997, PACIFIC CONSERVATION, V3, P24 BUREL F, 1995, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V55, P193 CALE PG, 1994, PACIFIC CONSERV BIOL, V1, P183 CATTERALL CP, 1993, REMNANT BUSHLAND SE DEBRUYN LAL, 1993, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V25, P1043 DUNNING JB, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P542 FENSHAM RJ, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V84, P301 FORMAN RTT, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P133 FOX MD, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO, P57 FRY G, 1993, NATURE CONSERVATION, P225 GOUDIE A, 1990, HUMAN IMPACT NATURAL GREEN DG, 1994, PACIFIC CONSERVATION, V1, P194 GREENBERG R, 1996, FOREST PATCHES TROPI, P59 HANSEN AJ, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P481 HOBBS RJ, 1990, P ECOL SOC AUST, V16, P93 HOBBS RJ, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P324 HOBBS RJ, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V64, P193 HOBBS RJ, 1993, REINTEGRATING FRAGME HOBBS RJ, 1993, REINTEGRATING FRAGME, P65 HOBBS RJ, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P93 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 INGHAM DS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1353 KING KL, 1985, AUST J ECOL, V10, P421 KIRKPATRICK JB, 1986, AUST J BOT, V34, P691 KOTLIAR NB, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P253 LAMBECK RJ, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P849 LANDSBERG J, 1999, P 5 INT S NUTR HERB, P752 LAURANCE WF, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P577 LAVOREL S, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P474 LORD JM, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P197 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MARGULES CR, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P2033 MCINTYRE S, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P146 MCINTYRE S, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P521 MCINTYRE S, 1994, J VEG SCI, V5, P373 MCINTYRE S, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, P154 MCINTYRE S, 2000, NATURE CONSERVATION MUSICK BH, 1990, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P77 NASSAUER JI, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P229 NEPSTAD DC, 1996, FOREST PATCHES TROPI, P133 NORTON DA, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P426 PEARSON SM, 1996, BIODIVERSITY MANAGED, P77 PERRY DA, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P31 PETRAITIS PS, 1989, Q REV BIOL, V64, P393 PICKETT STA, 1989, OIKOS, V54, P129 SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18 SAUNDERS DA, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V64, P185 SCOUGALL SA, 1991, EDGE EFFECTS FENCED WIENS JA, 1989, ECOLOGY BIRD COMMUNI, V1 WIENS JA, 1994, ECOLOGY BIRD COMMUNI, V137, S97 WIENS JA, 1997, METAPOPULATION BIOL, P43 YATES CJ, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P28 NR 58 TC 34 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 1282 EP 1292 PY 1999 PD DEC VL 13 IS 6 GA 260RF UT ISI:000083963100010 ER PT J AU Anderies, JM Janssen, MA Walker, BH TI Grazing management, resilience, and the dynamics of a fire-driven rangeland system SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Anderies, JM, CSIRO, GPO 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB We developed a stylized mathematical model to explore the effects of physical, ecological, and economic factors on the resilience of a managed fire-driven rangeland system. Depending on grazing pressure, the model exhibits one of three distinct configurations: a fire-dominated, grazing-dominated, or shrub-dominated rangeland system. Transaction costs and costs due to shrub invasion, via their effect on grazing decisions, strongly influence which stable configuration is occupied. This, in turn, determines the resilience of the rangeland system. These results are used to establish conditions under which management for profit is consistent with the maintenance of resilience. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BROCK WA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P239 BULMER M, 1994, THEORETICAL EVOLUTIO BUXTON R, 1996, RANGELAND J, V18, P292 CARPENTER SA, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CHJARLEY JL, 1968, P EC SOC AUS CHRISTIE EK, 1978, AUST J AGR RES, V29, P773 CLARK CW, 1973, SCIENCE, V181, P630 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP DOEDEL EJ, 1981, CONGRESSUS NUMERANTI, V30, P265 EDELSTEINKESHET L, 1988, MATH MODELS BIOL GILL A, 1981, FIRE AUSTR BIOTA HANLEY N, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P244 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 KESHET L, 1986, MATH ECOLOGY LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERVA ECOL, V1 LUDWIG J, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LUKE RH, 1978, BUSHFIRE AUSTR MACLEOD ND, 1993, PESTS PASTURES WEED, P58 MURRAY JD, 1989, MATH BIOL NOBLE J, FLAMMABLE AUSTR NOBLE J, 1996, FIRE MANAGEMENT NO A NOBLE J, 1999, DELICATE NOXIOUS SHR NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 RICHARDS JH, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C PA, P85 SHORT J, 1985, J APPL ECOL, V22, P435 SMITH DMS, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P196 SMITH MS, 1992, AGR SYST, V39, P83 WALKER BH, IN PRESS PANARCHY UN WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILLIAMS OB, 1970, J ECOL, V58, P869 NR 36 TC 6 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 23 EP 44 PY 2002 PD JAN VL 5 IS 1 GA 549DM UT ISI:000175429300003 ER PT J AU Smallwood, KS Beyea, J Morrison, ML TI Using the best scientific data for endangered species conservation SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Biol Sci, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Smallwood, KS, 109 Luz Pl, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB The Endangered Species Act calls for the use of the best scientific data in conserving threatened or endangered species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The language of this act and other environmental laws and relevant judicial rulings also require assessments based on modern scientific standards that are routinely applied in ecological research. Particularly for the Endangered Species Act, "take" decisions should be made only after the supporting documents provide: (1) designation of critical habitat based on use and availability methods; (2) risk assessment(s) for proposed take and other project impacts; (3) ecosystem assessment by trained ecosystem ecologists; (4) a description of an adaptive management program involving more than post hoc adjustments to problems in mitigation design; (5) a description of the proposed scientific monitoring along with thresholds for application of adaptive management; (6) uncertainty analysis along with estimates of species' abundance and project impacts; (7) nonselective, academic-quality referencing of data. methods, and theory supporting the conclusions; and (8) reviews of the assessment by independent scientists. These standards have been rarely applied to assessments of environmental take, due to lack of incentives for cooperation among academic scientists, environmental consultants, and the government regulatory agencies. Particularly important is requiring the type of independent review used by academic scientists. Such review would help ensure that take decisions are based on use of the appropriate scientific standards, thereby qualifying the supporting data as scientific and the best available. no matter how limited the data. Until these standards are applied prior to political trade-off and pragmatism, the environmental laws will continue to have little bearing on conservation. CR *EIP ASS, 1996, YOL COUNT FIN HAB CO *NRC, 1986, EC KNOWL ENV PROBL S *US EPA, 1996, EPA630R96010 *US FISH WILDL SER, 1997, NAT BAS HAB CONS PLA *US FISH WILDL SER, 1997, SAN DIEG MULT SPEC C *US NRC, 1995, NUREGCR6244VI3 *USDA, 1994, AGR HDB USDA, V705 *USDI, 1996, END SPEC HAB CONS PL BATTAGLIN WA, 1995, 944176 US GEOL SURV BEDFORD BL, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P751 BERRY DA, 1996, BAYESIAN BIOSTATISTI BLACKBURN TM, 1996, OIKOS, V75, P303 BLEW RD, 1996, B ECOL SOC AM, V77, P171 BOGERT LM, 1994, IDAHO LAW REV, V31, P85 BOYCE MS, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P481 CAIRNS J, 1992, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V14, P186 CARROLL R, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1 CHUBIN DE, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P80 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P729 COOKE RM, 1991, EXPERTS UNCERTAINTY CYR H, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P549 DENBOER PJ, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V50, P39 DOBSON AP, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P550 DYNESIUS M, 1994, SCIENCE, V266, P753 FAUTH JE, 1997, B ECOL SOC AM, V78, P295 FORE LS, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P1077 GERRODETTE T, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1364 GILPIN M, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P11 GOODMAN D, 1987, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P59 GORDON RE, 1997, ENVIRON INT, V23, P359 GRAHAM RL, 1991, ECOL APPL, V1, P196 GREEN RH, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P351 GREIGSMITH P, 1983, QUANTITATIVE PLANT E HALBERT C, 1993, REV FISH SCI, V1, P261 HALL LS, 1997, WILDLIFE SOC B, V25, P173 HANEY A, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P879 HANNAH L, 1994, AMBIO, V23, P246 HANSKI I, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V343, P19 HEATH AG, 1989, BIOSCIENCE, V39, P472 HEYER WR, 1993, MEASURING MONITORING HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUNSAKER CT, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P325 HURLBERT SH, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P187 KARR JR, 1986, ILLINOIS NATURAL HIS, V5 KARR JR, 1994, BIODIVERSITY LANDSCA, P229 KARR JR, 1995, PROTECTING AQUATIC E, P7 KENNEDY PL, 1997, J RAPTOR RES, V31, P95 KLIJN F, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V9, P89 KOTLIAR NB, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P253 KUHN TS, 1970, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU LANCIA RA, 1996, WILDLIFE SOC B, V24, P436 LEE KN, 1991, ENVIRON LAW, V21, P745 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MASER C, 1978, ECOLOGY, V59, P799 MCCOLD L, 1995, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V17, P2 MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MEYER WB, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P39 MORGAN MG, 1990, UNCERTAINTY GUIDE DE MORRISON ML, 1998, WILDLIFE HABITAT REL ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT ONEILL RV, 1994, 620R94009 EPA PIMM SL, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P757 POPPER KR, 1969, CONJECTURE REFUTATIO RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 REJESKI D, 1993, ENV MODELING GIS, P318 RICKLEFS RE, 1984, ENVIRONMENTALIST S8, V4, P1 RIITTERS KH, 1997, BIOL CONSERV, V81, P191 ROTMANS J, 1994, GLOBO REPORT SERIES, V4 SCHOENER TW, 1983, NATURE, V302, P332 SCHONEWALDCOX C, 1991, SPECIES CONSERVATION, P213 SCHULZE I, 1994, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SHAFFER ML, 1981, BIOSCIENCE, V31, P131 SHILLING F, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1662 SHRADERFRECHETT.KS, 1992, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V7, P96 SIMBERLOFF D, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V83, P247 SMALLWOOD KS, 1993, ACTA OECOL, V14, P443 SMALLWOOD KS, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P251 SMALLWOOD KS, 1995, J RAPTOR RES, V29, P172 SMALLWOOD KS, 1996, OECOLOGIA, V105, P329 SMALLWOOD KS, 1997, NATOMAS BASIN HABITA, P6 SMALLWOOD KS, 1998, IN PRESS ENV MANAGEM SMALLWOOD KS, 1998, J RAPTOR RES, V32, P323 SOULE M, 1980, CONSERVATION BIOL EV SOULE ME, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P744 SUTHERLAND WJ, 1996, ECOLOGICAL CENSUS TE TAYLOR RAJ, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P1 TAYLOR RJ, 1993, NAT RESOURCES ENV, V8, P6 TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171 VERNER JM, 1986, WILDLIFE 2000 MODELI WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WATT KEF, 1986, SYST RES, V3, P191 WILCOX BA, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P879 WILSON DE, 1996, MEASURING MONITORING WOOLF P, 1981, HASTINGS CTR REPORT, V11, P9 ZHANG MH, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P170 NR 97 TC 8 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 421 EP 435 PY 1999 PD NOV VL 24 IS 4 GA 241PN UT ISI:000082891900001 ER PT J AU NILSSON, C KEDDY, PA TI PREDICTABILITY OF CHANGE IN SHORELINE VEGETATION IN A HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIR, NORTHERN SWEDEN SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT BIOL,OTTAWA K1N 6N5,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP NILSSON, C, UMEA UNIV,DEPT ECOL BOT,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN. 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US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. NATL BIOL SERV,US DEPT INTERIOR,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW REG OFF,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP Ringold, PL, US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. CR *SOC AM FOR, 1994, J FOR, V8 CAIN SA, 1959, MANUAL VEGETATION AN EVERETT R, 1994, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, V2, P340 FRENTZ I, 1995, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT GAUCH HG, 1982, MULTIVARIATE ANAL CO GREEN RH, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HICKS BB, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KONDOLF GM, 1995, RESTOR ECOL, V3, P133 LARSEN DP, 1995, WATER RESOURCES B, V31, P1 LIKENS GE, 1983, B ECOL SOC AM, V64, P234 MONTGOMERY DR, 1995, WATER RESOUR BULL, V31, P369 MORRISON ML, 1994, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V12, P179 MULDER BS, 1995, EFFECTIVENESS MONITO NOSS RF, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC PETERMAN RM, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P2 POWELL TM, 1995, ECOLOGICAL TIME SERI RAIFFA H, 1968, DECISION ANAL STEELE JH, 1995, ECOLOGICAL TIME SERI STEVENS DL, 1994, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V42, P1 STRAYER D, 1986, LONGTERM ECOLOGICAL TOKAR B, 1994, ECOLOGIST, V24, P149 TOLLE T, 1995, ANAL SUPPORT ECOSYST WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WOLFE DA, 1987, ESTUARIES, V10, P181 YAFFEE SL, 1994, WISDOM SPOTTED OWL P NR 28 TC 15 J9 ECOL APPL BP 745 EP 747 PY 1996 PD AUG VL 6 IS 3 GA UZ412 UT ISI:A1996UZ41200020 ER PT J AU JONES, ML KOONCE, JF OGORMAN, R TI SUSTAINABILITY OF HATCHERY-DEPENDENT SALMONINE FISHERIES IN LAKE-ONTARIO - THE CONFLICT BETWEEN PREDATOR DEMAND AND PREY SUPPLY SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,OSWEGO,NY 13126. RP JONES, ML, ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,RURAL ROUTE 4,PICTON K0K 2T0,ON,CANADA. AB The offshore fish community of Lake Ontario is presently dominated by intensively managed, nonnative species: alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax at the planktivore level and stocked salmonines at the piscivore level. Salmonine stocking rates per unit area of Lake Ontario are the highest in the Great Lakes, and fishery managers are concerned about the sustainability of the fishery under present stocking policies, particularly with the recent collapse of the Lake Michigan fishery for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In this paper, we describe and present the results of a simulation model that integrates predator demand estimates derived from bioenergetics, prey and predator population dynamics, and a predation model based on the multiple-species functional response. Model reconstructions of historical alewife biomass trends and salmonine diets corresponded reasonably well with existing data for the period 1978-1992. The simulations suggest that current predator demand does not exceed the threshold beyond which alewife biomass cannot be sustained, but they indicate that the sustainability of the prey fish community is extremely sensitive to fluctuations in overwinter survival of alewife; an additional mortality of 25% in a single winter would be sufficient to cause the collapse of the alewife population. The model includes a number of assumptions and simplifications with a limited empirical basis; better estimates of salmonine survival rates, an evaluation of the importance of spatial and temporal interactions among predators and prey, and incorporation of the effects of recently observed declines in system productivity at lower trophic levels would significantly increase confidence in the model's projections. CR 1976, LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY DA BAILEY KM, 1989, ADV MAR BIOL, V25, P1 BARRETT JC, 1992, T AM FISH SOC, V121, P437 BERGSTEDT RA, 1989, T AM FISH SOC, V118, P687 BRANDT SB, 1986, J GREAT LAKES RES, V12, P200 BRANDT SB, 1987, T AM FISH SOC, V116, P641 BRANDT SB, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P894 CARLANDER KD, 1969, HDB FRESHWATER FISHE, V1 CHRISTIE WJ, 1974, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V31, P827 CHRISTIE WJ, 1981, IFYGL INT FIELD YEAR, P327 CHRISTIE WJ, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P37 COLBY PJ, 1973, RESPONSE FISH ENV CH, P163 CROWL TA, 1989, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V183, P133 CURIO E, 1976, ETHOLOGY PREDATION DERISO RB, 1985, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V42, P815 ECK GW, 1985, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V42, P449 ECK GW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P53 EFRON B, 1981, BIOMETRIKA, V68, P589 ELROD JH, 1988, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V8, P455 ELROD JH, 1991, T AM FISH SOC, V120, P290 FOLKVORD A, 1986, FISH B-NOAA, V84, P859 GOYKE AP, 1993, T AM FISH SOC, V122, P870 HARGREAVES NB, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P581 HEBERT PDN, 1991, CAN J ZOOL, V69, P405 HEWETT SW, 1989, T AM FISH SOC, V118, P581 HILBORN R, 1992, FISHERIES, V17, P6 HOLLING CS, 1959, CAN ENTOMOL, V91, P385 HOLLING CS, 1965, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V45, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOWICK GL, 1983, T AM FISH SOC, V112, P508 HYATT KD, 1979, FISH PHYSIOL, V8, P71 JOHANNSSON OE, 1991, T AM FISH SOC, V120, P193 KITCHELL JF, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P1922 KOHLER CC, 1982, ANN C SE ASS FISH WI, V34, P137 KOONCE JF, 1993, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V13, P1 LANTRY BF, 1991, THESIS STATE U NEW Y LEACH JH, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P471 LEAN DRS, 1990, INT VEREINIGUNG THEO, V24, P420 MANSFIELD PJ, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P1318 MATHERS A, 1992, 1991 ONT MIN NAT RES MILLS EL, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P2009 MURDOCH WW, 1969, ECOL MONOGR, V39, P335 MURDOCH WW, 1973, J APPL ECOL, V10, P335 NELDER JA, 1965, COMPUT J, V7, P308 NEY JJ, 1990, REV AQUAT SCI, V2, P55 OBRIEN WJ, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V80, P100 OGORMAN R, 1986, T AM FISH SOC, V115, P1 OGORMAN R, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P390 OGORMAN R, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P2250 ONEILL RV, 1980, ECOL MODEL, V8, P297 PALOHEIMO JE, 1980, T AM FISH SOC, V109, P378 PAULY D, 1980, J CONS INT EXPLOR ME, V39, P175 PETERMAN RM, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P1130 POPOVA OA, 1978, ECOL FRESHW FISH, P215 POWER ME, 1987, PREDATION DIRECT IND, P333 SCHNUTE J, 1982, 1140 CAN TECHN REP F SEELBACH PW, 1986, THESIS U MICHIGAN AN SEELBACH PW, 1987, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V7, P223 SHEPHERD JG, 1982, J CONS INT EXPLOR ME, V40, P67 STEWART DJ, 1981, T AM FISH SOC, V110, P751 STEWART DJ, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P909 TALHELM DR, 1988, 54 GREAT LAK FISH CO WALTERS CJ, 1969, T AM FISH SOC, V98, P505 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WARD BR, 1989, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V46, P1853 NR 66 TC 57 J9 TRANS AMER FISH SOC BP 1002 EP 1018 PY 1993 PD SEP VL 122 IS 5 GA MJ440 UT ISI:A1993MJ44000027 ER PT J AU SMITH, EL JOHNSON, PS RUYLE, G SMEINS, F LOPER, D WHETSELL, D CHILD, D SIMS, P SMITH, R VOLLAND, L HEMSTROM, MA BAINTER, E MENDENHALL, A WADMAN, K FRANZEN, D SUTHERS, M WILLOUGHBY, J HABICH, N GAVEN, T HALEY, J TI NEW CONCEPTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF RANGELAND CONDITION SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. USDA ARS,WOODWARD,OK. BUR INDIAN AFFAIRS,HERNDON,VA. US FOREST SERV,PORTLAND,OR. US FOREST SERV,LAKEWOOD,CO. SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,CASPER,WY. SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,LINCOLN,NE. SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20013. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAKEVIEW,OR. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,EVERGREEN,CO. BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,SACRAMENTO,CA. BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,LAKEWOOD,CO. NATL PK SERV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NATL PK SERV,BOULDER CITY,NV. RP SMITH, EL, UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. AB Range condition score or classification does not tell us, in a general sense, much of what managers and the public want to know about rangelands. Range condition is not a reliable indicator, across all rangelands, of biodiversity, erosion potential, nutrient cycling, value for wildlife species, or productivity. Succession, the basis for the current concept of range condition is not an adequate yardstick for evaluation of rangelands. The Society for Range Management (SRM) established the Task Group on Unity in Concepts and Terminology which has developed new concepts for evaluation of the status of rangelands. These concepts are based on the premise that the most important and basic physical resource on each ecological site is the soil. If sufficient soil is lost from an ecological site, the potential of the site is changed. The Task Group made three recommendations, which were adopted by the SRM: 1) evaluations of rangelands should be made from the basis of the same land unit classification, ecological site; 2) plant communities likely to occur on a site should be evaluated for protection of that site against accelerated erosion (Site Conservation Rating, [SCR]); and 3) selection of a Desired Plant Community (DPC) for an ecological site should be made considering both SCR and management objectives for that site. CR 1977, CED7788 US GEN ACC O 1979, MANAGING PUBLIC RANG 1983, GUIDELINES TERMINOLO 1989, ASSESSMENT RANGELAND 1991, NEW DIRECTIONS RANGE 1994, RANGELAND HLTH NEW M 1994, RANGELAND REFORM 94 BLACKBURN WH, 1986, P S COV SOILS WEATH, P31 CLEMENTS FE, 1905, RES METHODS ECOLOGY CLEMENTS FE, 1916, CARNEGIE I WASHINGTO, V242 DREGNE HE, 1983, DESERTIFICATION ARID DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 ELLISON L, 1949, J FOREST, V47, P785 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FROST WE, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P64 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JAMESON DA, 1970, J RANGE MANAGE, V23, P316 JOHNSON HB, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P322 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LAYCOCK WA, 1994, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI, P250 LOVE RM, 1961, J BRIT GRASSLAND SOC, V16, P89 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 PARKER KW, 1954, J RANGE MANAGE, V7, P14 SAMPSON AW, 1919, USDA B, V791 SEVERSON KE, 1994, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI, P232 SMITH EL, 1978, 1ST P INT RANG C SOC, P266 SMITH EL, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P103 STODDART LA, 1975, RANGE MANAGEMENT TONGWAY D, 1994, RANGELAND SOIL CONDI WALD J, 1985, OUR AILING RANGELAND WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WATTERS SE, 1993, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC WEST NE, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P2 WEST NE, 1994, 37 NEW MEX STAT U NE WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 36 TC 20 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 271 EP 282 PY 1995 PD MAY VL 48 IS 3 GA QX772 UT ISI:A1995QX77200015 ER PT J AU Maul, RS Holland, MM Mikell, AT Cooper, CM TI Resilience of forested wetlands located in the southeastern United States: Demonstration of a soil perturbation index SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Maul, RS, Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. AB This study examined the usefulness of soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP) as indicators of resilience in forested wetlands located within southeast Virginia, USA. These data were also examined as standards for reference wetlands before and after timber harvesting and for comparisons of mature and early successional stages. Results indicate that the wetland soils in this study seem to be relatively resilient to perturbation. Soil total phosphorus was significantly greater in the 0- and 0.5-year stages than the 5-, 8-, and 11-year stages (p < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in SOM, TOC, and TKN levels before and after timber harvest or between early and mature successional stages, there were consistent trends that may prove beneficial in determining reference standards. A Soil Perturbation Index was developed by combining all four parameters for soils collected in the Chowan River watershed to determine extent of deviation from the biogeochemical reference. Using the model developed in this study, biogeochemical functions decrease after harvesting, with the low point reached at approximately 8 to 9 years after human alteration. This index predicts that it would take 16-17 years for SOM, TOC, TKN, and TP to return to pre-harvest conditions. Perturbation indices could be used for assessment of human impacts, restoration projects, and mitigation of wetlands. We maintain that a Soil Perturbation Index can be one useful component of an index of biotic integrity for wetland ecosystems. CR *JAND SCI, 1994, SIGM STAT SOFTW *LEC CORP, 1981, 200195 LEC CORP *SAS I INC, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID *TECHN IND SYST CO, 1987, 78786T TECHN IND SYS BRINSON MM, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P69 BROOKS RP, 1988, P NAT WETL S MIT IMP, P276 CEBRIAN J, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P1606 COWARDIN LM, 1979, FWSOBS7931 CRAFT CB, 1991, ESTUARIES, V14, P175 DAHL TE, 1991, STATUS TRENDS WETLAN GAMBRELL RP, 1978, PLANT LIFE ANAEROBIC, P375 GOLDMAN CR, 1961, ECOLOGY, V42, P282 GRIFFIN AJ, 1992, P 13 ANN C SOC WETL, P846 HARMON ME, 1986, ADV ECOL RES, V15, P133 HOLLAND MM, 1996, CAN J FISH AQUAT S1, V53, P432 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KARR JR, 1991, ECOL APPL, V1, P66 LINDAU CW, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V277, P71 LOCKABY BG, 1996, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V60, P1267 LOCKABY BG, 1998, SO FORESTED WETLANDS, P149 MADER SF, 1989, P S FOR WETL SO US 1, P149 MCLAUGHLIN JW, 1996, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V60, P1228 PATRICK WH, 1992, PHOSPHORUS LIFE ENV, P199 REDDY KR, 1994, GLOBAL WETLANDS OLD, P309 SALISBURY FB, 1992, PLANT PHYSL SMITH RL, 1996, C P DELT CONN POINTS, P739 SMITH RL, 1997, THESIS U MISSISSIPPI SPENCER DR, 1998, THESIS COLL WILLIAM TRETTIN CC, 1996, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V60, P1994 WALBRIDGE MR, 1994, WETLANDS, V14, P10 WHITE D, 1995, PHYSL BIOCH PROKARYO NR 31 TC 0 J9 WETLANDS BP 288 EP 295 PY 1999 PD MAR VL 19 IS 1 GA 180WX UT ISI:000079409700032 ER PT J AU Bunch, MJ TI Soft systems methodology and the ecosystem approach: A system study of the Cooum River and environs in Chennai, India SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 York Univ, Fac Environm Design, Toronto, ON M3J 1PE, Canada. RP Bunch, MJ, York Univ, Fac Environm Design, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1PE, Canada. AB This paper discusses the integration of soft systems methodology (SSM) within an ecosystem approach in research to support rehabilitation and management of the Cooum River and environs in Chennai, India. The Cooum is an extremely polluted urban stream. Its management is complicated by high rates of population growth, poverty, uncontrolled urban development, jurisdictional conflicts, institutional culture, flat topography, tidal action, blockage of the river mouth, and monsoon flooding. The situation is characterized by basic uncertainty about main processes and activities, and the nature of relationships among actors and elements in the system. SSM is an approach for dealing with messy or ill-structured problematic situations involving human activity. In this work SSM contributed techniques (such as "rich picture" and "CAT-WOE" tools) to description of the Cooum situation as a socio-ecological system and informed the approach itself at a theoretical level. Application of three general phases in SSM is discussed in the context of the Cooum River research: (1) problem definition and exploration of the problem situation, (2) development of conceptual models of relevant systems, and (3) the use of these to generate insight and stimulate debate about desirable and feasible change. Its use here gives weight to the statement by others that SSM would be a particularly appropriate methodology to operate the ecosystem approach. As well as informing efforts at management of the Cooum system, this work led the way to explore an adaptive ecosystem approach more broadly to management of the urban environment for human health in Chennai. CR *CENS IND, 2001, CENS IND PROV TABL C *GOV IND, 1999, EC SURV 1998 1999 *GOV TAM NAD, 1981, SER GOV TAM NAD, V20 *GOV TAM NAD, 1997, TERMS REF CONS SERV *INL WAT AUTH IND, 1998, REP REC HYDR SURV PR *MOTT MACD LTD, 1994, SLUDG DISP CONS *UNCHS, 1991, GUID MAN CHANG URB M ALLEN T, 1994, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH T ANANTHAPADMANAB.S, 1998, 1 WORKSH COOUM RIV E, P34 APPASAMY P, 1989, 88 MADR I DEV STUD BUNCH MJ, 2001, GEOGRAPHY PUBLICATIO, V54 CALDWELL LK, 1970, NAT RESOUR J, V10, P201 CHECKLAND PB, 1979, J APPL SYSTEMS ANAL, V6, P33 CHECKLAND PB, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS CHECKLAND PB, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO CHECKLAND PB, 1998, INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHECKLAND PB, 1999, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO, A1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1997, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, P325 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GUNASELVAM M, 1999, UNPUB PRESERVING IDE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KAY JJ, 1994, ALTERNATIVES, V20, P32 KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 KREHER H, 1994, J OPER RES SOC, V45, P1293 LEDINGTON P, 1999, J OPER RES SOC, V50, P1149 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MITCHELL B, 1997, RESOURCE ENV MANAGEM NAUGHTON J, 1981, J APPL SYSTEMS ANAL, V8, P61 SAHADEVAN PV, 1995, WATER ENERGY 2001, P709 SAHADEVAN PV, 1996, ARTIFICIAL FLOODS FL SRIDHAR MKS, 1982, MARINE POLLUTION B, V13, P233 SRINIVASAN S, 1991, MADRAS 2011 POLICY I, V3 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WOODBURN I, 1991, J APPL SYSTEMS ANAL, V18, P29 NR 35 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 182 EP 197 PY 2003 PD FEB VL 31 IS 2 GA 635FV UT ISI:000180389100003 ER PT J AU Carpenter, RA TI Ecology should apply to ecosystem management: A comment SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB The recent Forum in this journal, Perspectives on Ecosystem Management, prompts a comment that may seem obvious: ecology, and associated environmental disciplines are, and will become more so, the undergirding sciences for ecosystem management-just as the health sciences are for medicine. But, the readiness of ecology for such applications is a matter of debate among leaders in the field, while it is being taken for granted, in terms of limited research support, by landscape managers. The ongoing manipulations (e.g., production, conservation, restoration) on federal lands can be a vehicle for needed research at management scales of space and time-if ecological scientists bring a consensus to, and initiate, collaborative planning with federal officials for a strategy to implement ecosystem management. CR *CEQ, 1995, 24 ANN REP COUNC ENV *FIEM, 1995, WORK GROUP DRAFT EX *IEMTF, 1995, EC APPR HEALTH EC SU, V1 *US EPA, 1994, EPA600R94183 US EPA *US NAT RES COUNC, 1993, BIOL SURV NAT *US NAT RES COUNC, 1994, COMM RANG CLASS RANG *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR FUT BRUNDTL COMM ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 BARTLETT J, 1992, BARTLETTS FAMILIAR Q CARPENTER R, 1995, B ECOL SOC AM, V76, P161 CARPENTER R, 1995, DEFINING MEASURING S, CH27 CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COHEN JE, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P341 DEANGELIS DL, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P71 EASTERBROOK G, 1995, MOMENT EARTH COMING FITZSIMMONS A, 1994, POLICY ANAL, P217 GORE A, 1993, REINVENTING ENV MANA GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARGROVE E, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P124 HARTE M, 1996, ECOLOGICAL EC, V15, P157 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM LEVIN SA, 1993, ECOLOGICAL APPL, V3, P544 LUBCHENCO J, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 MCINTOSH RP, 1985, BACKGROUND ECOLOGY C NEIRING W, 1970, B ECOL SOC AM, V51, P2 PASTOR J, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P286 PETERS R, 1991, CRITIQUE ECOLOGY REGIER H, 1994, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P13 RISSER PG, 1995, DEFINING MEASURING S, P309 ROBBINS J, 1995, AUDUBON, V97, P82 SCHRADERFRECHET.K, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY STRAT STANLEY TR, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P255 THOMAS L, 1974, LIVES CELL NOTES BIO VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 VITOUSEK PM, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P1861 WRIGHT R, 1995, PERSPECTIVES SCI CHR, V47, P80 NR 38 TC 0 J9 ECOL APPL BP 1373 EP 1377 PY 1996 PD NOV VL 6 IS 4 GA VR856 UT ISI:A1996VR85600036 ER PT J AU Norton, BG TI Biodiversity and environmental values: in search of a universal earth ethic SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Norton, BG, Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB While biodiversity protection has become a widely accepted goal of environmental protectionists, no such agreement exists regarding why it is important. Two, competing theories of natural value - here called 'Economism' and 'Intrinsic Value Theory' - are often cited to support the goal. Environmentalists, who have recently proposed the articulation of a universal 'Earth Charter' to express the shared values humans derive from nature, have cited both of these theories as support for biodivesity protection. Unfortunately these theories, which are expressed as polar opposites, do not work well together and the question arises: is there a shared value that humans place on nature? It is argued that these two value theories share four questionable assumptions: (1) a sharp distinction between 'intrinsic' and 'instrumental' value; (2) an entity orientation; (3) moral monism; and (4) placeless evaluation. If these four assumptions are denied, an alternative value system emerges which recognizes a continuum of ways humans value nature, values processes rather than only entities, is pluralistic, and values biodiversity in place. An alternative theory of value, which emphasizes protecting processes rather than protecting objects, and which values nature for the creativity of its processes, is proposed as a more attractive theory for expressing the universal values of nature that should motivate an Earth Charter and the goal of biodiversity protection. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ANDERSON EN, 1996, ECOLOGIES HEART ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 BAXTER W, 1993, ENV ETHICS POLICY BO, P303 CALLICOTT JB, 1989, DEFENSE LAND ETHIC COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 DEWEY J, 1910, INFLUENCE DARWIN PHI FREEMAN AM, 1994, ENV ETHICS POLICY BO, P307 GADGIL M, 1991, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, V18, P127 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1977, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC NORTON BG, 1998, ECOL ECON, V24, P193 NORTON BG, 1998, PHILOS GEOGR, V3, P119 NORTON BG, 1987, WHY PRESERVE NATURAL NORTON BG, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P23 NORTON BG, 1996, DUKE ENV LAW POLICY, V7, P49 NORTON BG, 1997, ENVIRON ETHICS, V19, P227 NORTON BG, 1999, FAIRNESS FUTURITY, P118 PIMM S, 1991, BALANCE NATURE PINCHOT G, 1987, BREAKING NEW GROUND PRIGOGENE I, 1984, ORDER OUT CHAOS MANS REGIER HA, 1996, J AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, V5, P3 ROCKEFELLER SC, 1996, EARTH ETHICS, V7, P1 ROLSTON H, 1994, CONSERVING NATURAL V SHIVA V, 1993, ENV ETHICS POLICY BO, P281 STONE C, 1988, EARTH OTHER ETHICS WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 30 TC 3 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV BP 1029 EP 1044 PY 2000 PD AUG VL 9 IS 8 GA 341HP UT ISI:000088585200003 ER PT J AU Hawkins, SJ Allen, JR Bray, S TI Restoration of temperate marine and coastal ecosystems: nudging nature SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Biodivers & Ecol Div, Southampton, Hants, England. Univ Southampton, Ctr Environm Sci, Southampton, Hants, England. Univ Liverpool, Port Erin Marine Lab, Port Erin, Man, England. Univ Southampton, Ctr Environm Sci, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Hawkins, SJ, Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Biodivers & Ecol Div, Southampton, Hants, England. AB 1. The main impacts on marine ecosystems are summarised and the potential for their restoration is discussed in relation to their key features. Rocky shores, seagrass beds and disused docks are focused on. 2. The term restoration is used to describe intervention in the recovery process of a marine ecosystem, with a view to enhancing the process, but not necessarily:forcing the system to recover to its original condition. 3. Rocky shore systems are subject to shellfish and seaweed exploitation, point source pollution, diffuse impacts such as tributyl tin and acute impacts such as oil spills. The consideration of whether to employ restoration or allow natural recovery is discussed in relation to these systems. 4. Seagrass systems have suffered serious declines in many parts of the world due to the direct and indirect effects of human impacts. In the North Atlantic a wasting disease first noted in the 1930s caused a serious decline in the subtidal seagrass Zostera marina. The link between this disease and the marine slime mould Labrynthula zosterae is now well established. Human impacts on seagrass systems allow the disease to gain a foothold. Attempts at restoring seagrass beds have met with some success, but it is suggested that the action of conservation of remaining beds and better management of human activities may be the best approach. 5. Disused docks occur in many parts of Britain and Europe. Active management of the physical environment by mixing and biomanipulation by filter feeding organisms have led to improvements in water quality and ecosystem function. Thus healthy marine ecosystems have been restored to inner city areas, although these artificial marine lakes have few natural equivalents and are different from the original ecosystem at the site. 6. When compared to freshwater ecosystems, the scope for coastal and marine restoration is limited although the capacity for recovery is greater. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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V108, P859 TALBOT C, 1994, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V10, P258 TEGNER MJ, 1983, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V73, P125 TEGNER MJ, 1989, MARINE INVERTEBRATE, P401 TEGNER MJ, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V146, P117 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1996, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V200, P1 VANLENT F, 1995, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V185, P55 VERHAGEN JHG, 1983, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V10, P187 WEBB KL, 1981, ESTUARIES NUTR WILKINSON SB, 1996, PSZNI MAR ECOL, V17, P197 WILLIAMS SL, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P163 WILSON DP, 1971, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V51, P509 WOLFF WJ, 1997, AQUAT CONSERV, V7, P165 ZEDLER JB, 1992, RESTORING NATIONS MA, P7 ZHENG WZ, 1995, THESIS U LIVERPOOL NR 135 TC 4 J9 AQUAT CONSERV BP 23 EP 46 PY 1999 PD JAN-FEB VL 9 IS 1 GA 198MQ UT ISI:000080428300003 ER PT J AU Leeuwis, C TI Reconceptualizing participation for sustainable rural development: Towards a negotiation approach SO DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Leeuwis, C, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Hollandesweg 1, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. AB In many popular intervention methodologies aimed at stimulating sustainable rural development tin the widest possible sense) the idea of 'participation' is a leading principle. This article will demonstrate that the process in which actors are supposed to participate is often thought of as being a process of planning, decision-making and/or social learning. It will be argued that such an operationalization of development processes is based on inconsistent theoretical assumptions, and can easily lead to unproductive development interventions due to an inability to handle conflicts. As an alternative it is proposed to use negotiation theory as a basis for organizing participatory development efforts. The implications of such a shift in thinking about participation are far-reaching: it requires new modes of analysis, and different roles, tasks and skills for facilitators of participatory processes. 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RP Vincent, K, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Understanding different adaptive capacities is a prerequisite for targeting interventions to reduce the adverse impacts of climate change. Indicators and indices are common tools in this process, but their construction embodies many uncertainties, not least of which is their scale specificity. This paper describes the development of two empirical adaptive capacity indices for use at different scales of analysis: a national index for cross-country comparison in Africa and a household index for cross-household comparison in a village in Limpopo province, South Africa. Explaining the decisions made at each stage of construction illuminates the degree of uncertainty involved when assessing adaptive capacity, and how this uncertainty is compounded when looking across different scales of analysis. It concludes that the central elements of adaptive capacity, based on institutional collective response and the availability of and access to resources, are common at different scales, although the structure of each index is scale-specific. Hence the findings of these apparently irreconcilable scales of analysis converge to demonstrate points of leverage for policy intervention to raise resilience and the capacity to adapt to the risks posed by climate change. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 ADGER WN, 1999, MITIG ADAPT STRAT GL, V4, P253 ADGER WN, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P249 ADGER WN, 2003, ECON GEOGR, V79, P387 ADGER WN, 2003, PROGR DEV STUDIES, V3, P179 ADGER WN, 2004, 7 U E ANGL TYND CTR ADGER WN, 2005, CR GEOSCI, V337, P399 AGNEW J, 1997, GEOGRAPHIES EC BRAY F, 1986, RICE EC TECHNOLOGY D BRENKERT AL, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V72, P57 BRIGUGLIO L, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1615 BROOKS N, 2003, 26 TYND CTR CLIM CHA BROOKS N, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P151 BRYCESON DF, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P725 BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CANNON T, 1994, DISASTERS DEV ENV, P13 CASTELLS M, 1996, RISE NETWORK SOC CASTELLS M, 1998, END MILLENNIUM COLLIER P, 1999, J ECON PERSPECT, V13, P3 CROWARDS T, 1999, IN PRESS EC VULNERAB DIAMOND J, 2004, NATURE, V429, P616 DOVIE DBK, 2003, AGR SYST, V76, P337 DOW KM, 1992, GEOFORUM, V23, P417 DOWNING TE, 2001, UNEP POLICY SERIES DURLAUF S, 2002, ECON J, V112, P459 EASTER C, 1999, ROUND TABLE, V351, P403 ELLIS F, 1998, J DEV STUD, V35, P1 FUSSEL HM, 2006, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V75, P301 HADDAD BM, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P165 HOUGHTON J, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001 JOLLANDS N, 2003, US SOC EC EC C SAR S KALY U, 1999, 275 SOPAC KALY U, 1999, 299 SOPAC KALY U, 2000, 306 SOPAC KATES RW, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V45, P5 KAUFFMAN KD, 2004, AIDS S AFRICA SOCIAL, P17 KELLY PM, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V47, P325 KING BH, 2005, AREA, V37, P64 KRISHNA A, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P925 LEICHENKO RM, 2002, MITIGATION ADAPTATIO, V7, P1 LURIE MN, 2004, MIGRATION POLICY SER, V31 MILANOVIC B, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P667 MOLLER V, 1996, SO AFRICAN J GERONTO, V5, P9 MOSS RM, 2000, VULNERABILITY CLIMAT NIEMEIJER D, 2002, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V5, P91 OBRIEN KL, 2004, 200404 CICERO OBRIEN KL, 2004, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V64, P193 OBRIEN KL, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P221 PALDAM M, 2000, J ECON SURV, V14, P629 PELLING M, 2001, ENV HAZARDS, V3, P49 PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES PELLING M, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P308 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 PUTNAM RD, 1993, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR REARDON T, 1988, WORLD DEV, V16, P1065 SACHS JD, 1997, J AFR ECON, V6, P335 SCHIPPER EL, 2006, RECIEL, V15, P82 SMIT B, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P877 SMITH B, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V45, P223 SWINTON SM, 1988, HUM ECOL, V16, P123 TOMPKINS EL, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P139 VANDERVLIET V, 2004, AIDS S AFRICA SOCIAL, P48 VINCENT K, 2004, 56 U E ANGL TYND CTR WILBANKS TJ, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V43, P601 WOOLCOCK M, 2002, WORKSH UND BUILD SOC YOHE GW, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P25 YOHE GW, 2001, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V49, P247 NR 67 TC 1 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 12 EP 24 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 17 IS 1 GA 149YG UT ISI:000245182200004 ER PT J AU Sapountzaki, K TI Coping with seismic vulnerability: small manufacturing firms in western Athens SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article C1 Harokopion Univ Athens, Dept Geog, Athens, Greece. RP Sapountzaki, K, Harokopion Univ Athens, Dept Geog, Athens, Greece. AB This paper attempts to contribute to international discourse on the responsibility of macro structures ( economic and political) and private agencies for the production and distribution of vulnerability. It does so by focusing on an individual economic entity, small manufacturing firms (SMFs), in a specific location, western Athens, Greece. By evaluating the losses that SMFs sustained in the earthquake of 7 September 1999, the paper points to variations in vulnerability levels among such firms and highlights the `sources' of vulnerability they confront. Furthermore, the SMF recovery cycle is systematically monitored in parallel with relevant public policies and state reactions to private recovery methods. The analysis illustrates processes that externalise recovery costs, alter the relationship between physical and socio-economic vulnerability and shift the vulnerability load from macro structures to individual agencies or vice versa. It is based on two methodological approaches: the division of vulnerability into three constituent components (exposure, resistance and resilience); and the conceptual split between producers and carriers of vulnerability. CR *HUA, 1990, UNPUB SOC EC IMP SEI *NTUA, 1996, EM OP PLAN SEIM DIS ALESCH DJ, 1996, PAN PAC HAZ 96 C VAN ANDERSON MB, 1989, RISING ASHES DEV STR BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 CHRISTOPLOS I, 2003, NATURAL DISASTERS DE, P95 DAHLHAMER JM, 1996, 243 U DEL DIS RES CT DSOUZA MJ, 1995, 224 U DEL DIS RES CT FROST C, 1994, DISASTER PREVENTION, V3, P7 GORDON PH, 1995, BUSINESS INTERRUPTIO HEWITT K, 1983, INTERPRETATIONS CALA, P3 MITCHELL JK, 1999, CRUCIBLES HAZARD MEG NIGG JM, 1995, P SIN US S POST EART, P46 PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES SAPOUNTZAKI K, 2003, 1 DAY SEM NAT DIS DI SAPOUNTZAKI K, 2003, P 2003 INT SUST DEV, P388 SECRETT CH, 1996, PRESCRIPTIONS CHANGE, P12 SJOBERG L, 1987, STUDIES RISK GENERAT STALLINGS RA, 1996, NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAK TIERNEY KJ, 1995, P 4 US C LIF EARTHQ TIERNEY KKJ, 1995, SPECIAL PUBLICATION, V116, P255 TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH I ENV, V1, P1 WEBB GR, 2000, NATURAL HAZARDS REV, V1, P83 NR 23 TC 0 J9 DISASTERS BP 195 EP 212 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 29 IS 2 GA 927KA UT ISI:000229191600005 ER PT J AU Li, XR Jia, XH Dong, GR TI Influence of desertification on vegetation pattern variations in the cold semi-arid grasslands of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, North-west China SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Shapotou Desert Res & Expt Stn, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. RP Li, XR, Chinese Acad Sci, Shapotou Desert Res & Expt Stn, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. AB In arid and semi-arid grassland, many models hypothesize that desertification leads to the replacement of grassland by shrubland vegetation; however, the theoretical interpretations are open to debate. Therefore, a field study was conducted in the Guinan desertified grassland of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, North-west China, to test the hypotheses on a regional scale. We used four field sites to represent the four stages of desert development: slight, moderate, severe and very severe. A total of 40 quadrates were investigated in each site. Plant coverage, aboveground biomass, species richness and life-form were recorded: species diversity was calculated using the Simpson index and soil parameters were also measured. Our results indicate that the proportion of silt decreases from 12% in the slight stage to 1% in the very severe stage, clay from 71 % to 42% and sand from 17% to 93%. Soil water-holding capacity clearly decreases from the slight to the very severe stage. Soil organic matter (OM) is also reduced with desert development, which leads to destruction of the stability of soil physical structure and nutrient content, such as progressive N, P and K loss in surface and subsoil layers. In response to changes in soil properties, vegetation altered as regards species composition, species diversity, coverage, structure and life-form. Consequently, with desert development, herbaceous species, especially grasses, were lost from the community composition and replaced by xerophytic shrubs or semi-shrubs. Finally, psammophytic annual plants-dominated vegetation composition, while shrub maintained a low coverage. Although our results partially support previous hypotheses at the regional scale, it is considered that, apart from soil texture, soil OM and nutrients are the main factors mediating the dominance balance between shrub and herbaceous species. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Migration, natural resource extraction and poverty in North Sulawesi, Indonesia SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Princeton Univ, Off Populat Res, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Sociol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Cassels, S, Princeton Univ, Off Populat Res, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB Recent literature on migration and the environment has identified key mediating variables such as how migrants extract resources from the environment for their livelihoods, the rate and efficiency of extraction, and the social and economic context within which their extraction occurs. This paper investigates these variables in a new ecological setting using data from coastal fishing villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. We do not find as many differences between migrant and non-migrant families regarding destructive fishing behavior, technology, and investment as might have been expected from earlier theories. Instead, the context and timing of migrant assimilation seems to be more important in explaining apparent associations of migration and environmental impacts than simply migrants themselves. This finding fits well with recent literature in the field of international migration and immigrant incorporation. 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RP Freckleton, RP, Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. AB 1. Predicting the large-scale consequences of novel management practices requires that we are able to accurately predict how such management will affect ecological landscapes based on short-term datasets. In this profile we highlight the lessons learned from four studies into the large-scale effects of fires as management tools. 2. Ecological interactions are key to understanding the effects of fires. Species respond differentially to processes such as competition and herbivory, as well as to fires. This means that community composition may change substantially with changing frequency of fires. 3. The studies highlighted in this profile reinforce the role of fire in modulating the frequency of invasion of alien species in a range of ecosystem types. In two of the studies, alien species were superior competitors to native ones in the absence of fires, but unable to regenerate following fires. 4. In the future, it will be necessary that the results of short-term experiments are integrated with long-term observational data and with theoretical models to predict long-term dynamics. We discuss how this may be done. 5. Synthesis and applications. The studies of the management of ecosystems using fires as a tool are prime examples of the application of ecology. In addition to measuring the proximate effects of such management using experiments, it is necessary to understand in detail the effects of fire on the underlying interactions between species, and feedbacks between different components of ecosystems. CR AKCAKAYA HR, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P526 ARSENEAULT D, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P65 AUGUSTINE DJ, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P137 BROOKS ML, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P344 CLARKE ED, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P278 CONNELL JH, 1978, SCIENCE, V199, P1302 DORLAND E, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P804 FIRBANK LG, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P2 FRECKLETON RP, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P301 FRECKLETON RP, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P846 FUHLENDORF SD, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P604 GALLANT AL, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P385 GILLESPIE IG, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P643 GRAY AJ, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P1 GREMILLET D, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P266 GRUNDY AC, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P757 HASKINS KE, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P379 HIRST RA, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P368 LEDUC MG, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P508 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MCCARTHY MA, 2001, J APPL ECOL, V38, P585 MCNEIL P, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P354 MORETTI M, 2002, J APPL ECOL, V39, P321 NEE S, 1992, J ANIM ECOL, V61, P37 NORRIS K, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P890 PARR CL, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P630 PAYNTER Q, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P615 PERRY GLW, 1999, J APPL ECOL, V36, P502 PERRY JN, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P17 PRETTY JL, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P251 PYWELL RF, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P65 READ JM, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P592 REES M, 2001, J APPL ECOL, V38, P364 ROQUES KG, 2001, J APPL ECOL, V38, P268 ROWCLIFFE JM, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P872 RUSSELLSMITH J, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P748 RUSSELLSMITH J, 1998, J APPL ECOL, V35, P829 SMITH RS, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P51 STILLMAN RA, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P1090 TESSIER JT, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P523 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V371, P65 VANLANGEVELDE F, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P337 WHITLOCK C, 2003, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V178, P5 WICKRAMASINGHE LP, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P984 NR 44 TC 0 J9 J APPL ECOL BP 599 EP 603 PY 2004 PD AUG VL 41 IS 4 GA 838OB UT ISI:000222721600002 ER PT J AU Gallopin, GC TI Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 UN, ECLAC, Santiago, Chile. RP Gallopin, GC, UN, ECLAC, Casilla 179 D,Avda Hammarskjold S-N, Santiago, Chile. AB This article uses a systemic perspective to identify and analyze the conceptual relations among vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity within socio-ecological systems (SES). Since different intellectual traditions use the terms in different, sometimes incompatible, ways, they emerge as strongly related but unclear in the precise nature of their relationships. A set of diagnostic questions is proposed regarding the specification of the terms to develop a shared conceptual framework for the natural and social dimensions of global change. Also, development of a general theory of change in SESs is suggested as an important agenda item for research on global change. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *IPCC, 2001, TECHN SUMM CLIM CHAN ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 ADGER WN, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P268 ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 ASHBY WR, 1956, INTRO CYBERNETICS BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BUTENIN NV, 1965, ELEMENTS THEORY NONL CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 DOBZHANSKY T, 1968, POPULATION BIOL EVOL, P109 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB FOLKE C, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P253 GALLOPIN G, 2001, INT J SOCIAL SCI, V168, P219 GALLOPIN GC, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, V41, P375 GALLOPIN GC, 1991, INT SOC SCI J, V130, P707 GALLOPIN GC, 2003, EC COMMISSION LATIN, P2 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAHN W, 1967, STABILITY MOTION HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1985, SCI PRAXIS COMPLEXIT, P217 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 JANSSEN MA, 2006, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE, V16 JEN E, 2003, COMPLEXITY, V8, P12 KASPERSON JX, 2005, SOCIAL CONTOURS RISK, V2, P245 LUERS AL, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P214 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR NICOLIS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PRIGOGINE I, 1979, NOUVELLE ALLIANCE ME SCHELLNHUBER HJ, 1998, EARTH SYSTEM ANAL IN SMIT B, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P282 SMITHERS J, 1997, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V7, P129 THOM R, 1972, STABILITE STRUCTUREL TOMOVIC R, 1963, SENSITIVITY ANAL DYN TU PNV, 1994, DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS IN TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 VANDERLEEUW SE, 2001, IHDP UPDATE WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 YOUNG OR, 2005, I DYNAMICS RESILIENC YOUNG OR, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P304 NR 42 TC 2 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 293 EP 303 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 16 IS 3 GA 073OJ UT ISI:000239752200007 ER PT J AU Buck, BH Krause, G Rosenthal, H TI Extensive open ocean aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: the prospect of offshore co-management and legal constraints SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Fdn Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-25270 Bremerhaven, Germany. Ctr Trop Marine Ecol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Inst Marine Res, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. RP Buck, BH, Fdn Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Am Handelshafen 12, D-25270 Bremerhaven, Germany. AB In the offshore region of Germany, human activity is increasing in type and intensity. Larger portions of the sea are sectioned off, dedicated for specific, often exclusive uses that cause rising conflicts between interests groups. One solution calls for stakeholder integration and the multifunctional use of space. This article focuses on two examples, offshore wind farms and open ocean aquaculture. It analyses their potential synergies within a co-management approach. It can be shown, that an integrated co-management strategy for offshore regions requires very different sets of rights and duties, as well as holding different types of conflicts, constrains and alliances, some of which are illustrated for the presented case study. The article closes with the conclusion that an integrated regulative framework is the most important basic precondition for a multifunctional utilisation of offshore areas and its sustainable development. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 1992, CBD CONV BIOL DIV RI 2002, SEEANLAGENVERORDNUNG *BGBI, 1994, BUNDESGESETZBLATT GE, P2565 *BGBI, 2001, BUND GES VORR ERN EN *BGBI, 2003, BUND ERST GES AND ER *BMU, 2001, WIND SEE POS BUND UN *BNATSCHG BUND, 2002, GES NAT LAND FASS BE, P1193 *BSH, 2003, BUND SEESCH HYDR FED *CWSS SHELLF FISH, 2002, OV POL SHELLF FISH W *FAO, 1989, 815 FAO *OSPAR, 1992, OS PAR CONV PROT MAR *UNCLOS, 1982, UN CONV LAW SEA BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BLUNDEN G, 1989, P 2 WORKSH COST 48 S, P116 BRAASCH W, 2002, RISIKONALYSEN OFFSHO BRIDGE L, 2001, POLICY INSTRUMENTS I BUCK BH, OPEN OCEAN AQUACULTU BUCK BH, 2003, INT MARINE ENV LAW I, V64, P211 CICINSAIN B, 2001, DEV POLICY FRAMEWORK CZYBULKA D, LEGAL REGULATIONS LE DAHLE LA, 1991, AQUACULTURE ENV, V14, P83 DAHLKE V, 2002, NATUR RECHT, V24, P472 DUCROTOY JP, 1997, MAR POLLUT BULL, V34, P686 DUCROTOY JP, 1999, AQUAT CONSERV, V9, P313 DUCROTOY JP, 2000, MAR POLLUT BULL, V41, P5 EWALDSEN P, 2003, 1 SESS EXP M DEAL WI FLETCHER KM, 2002, LEGAL REGULATORY ENV GERMANISCHER L, 2002, 1 OFFSH WIND EN C HA GERMANISCHER L, 2002, OFFSH WIND EN PARK C GIBBS N, P MULT SCI C SUST CO GLASER M, P MULT SCI C SUST CO GLASER M, 2004, IN PRESS OKOLOGIE ME GRIMBLE R, 1997, AGR SYST, V55, P173 GROTIUS H, FREEDOM SEAS RIGHT W, V1916, P22 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 KRAUSE G, P MULT SCI C SUST CO LANE DE, 2000, MAR POLICY, V24, P385 PIRIZ L, P MULT SCI C SUST CO ROSENTHAL H, CMF50 ICES ROSENTHAL H, 2000, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V16, P163 RUTH M, 1997, SDN K ZUK MUSCH SCHL, P9 SANDIFER PA, 1994, WATER FARM J, V8, P3 WALTER U, 2001, NACHHALTIGE MIEMUSCH NR 43 TC 0 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE BP 95 EP 122 PY 2004 VL 47 IS 3-4 GA 842BD UT ISI:000222976500001 ER PT J AU Jay, M Morad, M TI Cultural outlooks and the global quest for sustainable environmental management SO GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Waikato, Resource & Environm Programme, Hamilton, New Zealand. Kingston Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, GIS Degree Programme, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. RP Jay, M, Univ Waikato, Resource & Environm Programme, Hamilton, New Zealand. AB Culture shapes bow people identify and evaluate elements of their environment, and influences their behaviour and subjective experiences. At a more pragmatic level, culture provides the social infrastructure and institutions that determine how resources are used and managed. This article highlights the links between culture and natural resource management. The authors outline contrasting points of view on the role of culture in resource and environmental management, and attempt to mediate between these conflicting positions. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERRY W, 1997, PEOPLE LAND COMMUNIT BLAIKIE PM, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BRADSHAW M, 2001, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ISSU, P216 CARY JW, 1997, J AGR ECON, V48, P13 CROSBY AW, 1986, ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALI MACKENZIE JM, 1997, ECOLOGY EMPIRE ENV H, P215 MCDOWELL L, 1994, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SOC, P146 MORAD M, 1997, DEV B, V41, P44 MORAD M, 2000, BIOLOGIST, V47, P197 SAHLINS M, 1976, CULTURE PRACTICAL RE SELWYN T, 1995, ANTHR LANDSCAPE PERS, P114 STRANG V, 1997, UNCOMMON GROUND CULT THRUPP LA, 1993, FOOD FUTURE CONDITIO, P47 TSING A, 1999, WP994 U CAL BERK I I NR 15 TC 0 J9 GEOGRAPHY BP 331 EP 335 PY 2002 PD OCT VL 87 GA 621TJ UT ISI:000179606500007 ER PT J AU Warren-Rhodes, K Sadovy, Y Cesar, H TI Marine ecosystem appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: A case study of the live reef fish food trade SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Hong Kong, Dept Ecol & Biodivers, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Warren-Rhodes, K, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. AB Our ecological footprint analyses of coral reef fish fisheries and, in particular, the live reef fish food trade (FT), indicate many countries' current consumption exceeds estimated sustainable per capita global, regional and local coral reef production levels. Hong Kong appropriates 25% of SE Asia's annual reef fish production of 135 260-286 560 tonnes (t) through its FT demand, exceeding regional biocapacity by 8.3 times; reef fish fisheries demand outpaces sustainable production in the Indo-Pacific and SE Asia by 2.5 and 6 times. In contrast, most Pacific islands live within their own reef fisheries means with local demand at < 20% of total capacity in Oceania. The FT annually requisitions up to 40% of SE Asia's estimated reef fish and virtually all of its estimated grouper yields. Our results underscore the unsustainable nature of the FT and the urgent need for regional management and conservation of coral reef fisheries in the Indo-Pacific. CR *FAO, 1999, 821 FAO *HONG KONG GOV CEN, 1997, DOM EXP REEXP, V2 *HONG KONG GOV CEN, 1997, HONG KONG STAT DEC 1, V1 *WORLD BANK, 1998, IND COR REEF REH MAN *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT *WWF, 2000, LIV PLAN REP 2000 ANDERSSON JO, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P113 BARBER C, 1997, SULLIED SEAS STRATEG BELLWOOD DR, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1532 BRYANT D, 1998, REEFS RISK MAP BASED CAMPOS W, 1994, UP MAR SCI I CONTRIB, V21, P82 CESAR H, 1996, EC ANAL INDONESIAN C CESAR H, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P345 CHAN P, 2001, MARK SHIPP LIV AQ PR, P201 CHOU LM, 1998, STATUS CORAL REEFS W, P79 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DALZELL P, 1996, REEF FISHERIES, P161 FOLKE C, 1991, ECOL ECON, V3, P123 FOLKE C, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P167 FOLKE C, 1998, ECOLOGICAL APPL, V8, PS63 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HULM P, 1993, REEFS RISK CORAL REE JOHANNES R, 1995, ENV EC SOCIAL IMPLIC JONES RJ, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V177, P83 KLEYPAS JA, 1997, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V12, P533 LAU P, 1999, HONG KONG TRADE LIVE LEE C, 1998, NAGA ICLARM Q, V21, P38 MCALLISTER DE, 1988, GALAXEA, V7, P161 MCCLANAHAN TR, 1995, ECOL MODEL, V80, P1 MOBERG F, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P215 MOUS P, 2000, COLLECTED ESSAYS EC, P69 MUNRO J, 1996, REEF FISHERIES, P79 NORSE E, 1993, GLOBAL MARINE BIOL D REES WE, 1996, POPUL ENVIRON, V17, P192 RUSS GR, 1991, ECOLOGY FISHES CORAL, P601 SADOVY Y, 2000, REGIONAL SURVEY FRY SADOVY Y, 2002, AQUACULT EC MGMT, V6, P177 SADOVY YJ, 2002, CORAL REEF FISHES DY, P391 SMITH SV, 1978, NATURE, V273, P225 SPALDING MD, 1997, CORAL REEFS, V16, P225 WACKERNAGEL M, 1996, OUR ECOLOGICAL FOOTP WACKERNAGEL M, 1999, AMBIO, V28, P604 WARRENRHODES K, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P347 WATSON R, 2001, NATURE, V414, P534 WILKINSON C, 1998, STATUS CORAL REEFS W WILLIAMS M, 1997, PERSPECTIVES ASIAN F NR 46 TC 1 J9 AMBIO BP 481 EP 488 PY 2003 PD NOV VL 32 IS 7 GA 751XU UT ISI:000187116300011 ER PT J AU Perrings, C TI Resilience and sustainable development SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Arizona State Univ, Global Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Perrings, C, Arizona State Univ, Global Inst Sustainabil, Box 873211, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CR *WORLD BANK, 2005, GLOB EC PROSP ALBERS HJ, 2006, ENV DEV EC ANTLE JM, 2006, ENV DEV EC BENGTSSON J, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P389 BROCK WA, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P261 BROCK WA, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P575 BROCK WA, 2004, RESOUR ENERGY ECON, V26, P137 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P8 COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 CONRAD JM, 1997, LAND ECON, V73, P164 CONRAD JM, 2000, RESOUR ENERGY ECON, V22, P205 DASGUPTA P, 2004, EC NONCONVEX ECOSYST FOLKE C, 2002, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC GARMESTANI AS, 2006, ENV DEV EC GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LEVIN SA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P222 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 LUDWIG D, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P1135 MALER KG, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P603 PERRINGS C, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V11, P503 PERRINGS C, 2000, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V16, P185 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PINDYCK RS, 2000, RESOUR ENERGY ECON, V22, P223 PINDYCK RS, 2002, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V26, P1677 SAPHORES JDM, 2000, PROJECT FLEXIBILITY, P254 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SENGUPTA N, 2006, ENV DEV C SKONHOFT A, 2006, ENV DEV EC SPORRONG U, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P67 STEPP JR, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WALKER BH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P293 WEBB CT, 2005, SFI STU SCI, P151 WIRL F, 2006, ENV DEV EC NR 38 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON BP 417 EP 427 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 11 GA 082ZW UT ISI:000240426700001 ER PT J AU BARLOW, ND TI PASTURES, PESTS AND PRODUCTIVITY - SIMPLE GRAZING MODELS WITH 2 HERBIVORES SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP BARLOW, ND, MINIST AGR & FISHERIES,POB 1654,PALMERSTON NORTH,NEW ZEALAND. CR 1986, GROSS MARGINS 1986 8 ARNOLD GW, 1967, AUSTRALIAN J AGR RES, V18, P349 ARNOLD GW, 1977, AGR SYST, V2, P209 BARLOW ND, 1985, 4TH P AUSTR C GRASSL, P1 BARLOW ND, 1985, AGR SYST, V18, P1 BARLOW ND, 1985, NZ J EXPT AGR, V13, P5 BARLOW ND, 1985, OECOLOGIA, V66, P307 BIRCHAM JS, 1981, THESIS U EDINBURGH KAIN WM, 1972, P NZ WEED PEST CONTR, V25, P232 KAIN WM, 1975, THESIS U CANTERBURY MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MAY RM, 1979, SCIENCE, V205, P267 MCKINNEY GT, 1972, P AUST SOC ANIM PROD, V9, P31 MCLAREN GF, 1969, P NZ WEED PEST CONTR, V22, P307 MONTEATH MA, 1972, 1971 72 NZ MIN AGR F NORTON GA, 1979, P AUSTR APPLIED ENTO, P17 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 NOYMEIR I, 1976, AGR SYST, V1, P87 NOYMEIR I, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P809 NOYMEIR I, 1978, J THEOR BIOL, V71, P347 PARSONS AJ, 1983, J APPL ECOL, V20, P127 PRESTIDGE RA, 1984, NZ J AGR, V12, P323 RADCLIFFE JE, 1974, NZ J EXPT AGR, V2, P337 SAUNDERS PT, 1980, INTRO CATASTROPHE TH SOUTHWOOD TRE, 1973, MEMOIRS ECOLOGICAL S, V1, P168 SUCKLING FET, 1975, NZ J EXPT AGR, V3, P351 TAINTON NM, 1974, J BRIT GRASSLANDS SO, V29, P191 THOMSON NA, 1985, 4TH P AUSTR C GRASSL, P305 VICKERY PJ, 1972, CSIRO4 AN RES LAB TE WHITE DH, 1983, AGR SYST, V10, P149 NR 30 TC 5 J9 N Z J ECOL BP 43 EP 55 PY 1987 VL 10 GA M6255 UT ISI:A1987M625500005 ER PT J AU Benfield, SL Guzman, HM Mair, JM TI Temporal mangrove dynamics in relation to coastal development in Pacific Panama SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Life Sci, Sch Built Environm, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. RP Benfield, SL, Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Life Sci, Sch Built Environm, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. AB This study assessed the changes in extent of fringing mangrove located in Punta Mala Bay, Panama in relation to coastal development over a period of two decades. Punta Mala Bay was chosen for this study, due to its social importance and its biological significance, as it is one of the few mangrove areas left around Panama City. Fieldwork confirmed the importance of Laguncularia racemosa in the bay, which formed nearly monospecific stands with a large number of seedlings indicating that the forest was rejuvenating. The mangrove was mapped from 1980 to 2002 using digitised aerial photographs and a GIS was used to determine the location and rates of mangrove growth and loss before and after the construction of a road and water treatment works in 1998. The land use maps were produced with an overall accuracy of 83.8%. The user's accuracy of the maps for L. racemosa dominated stands was 89.7%, although the producer's accuracy was lower due to the omission of seedlings on intertidal areas. It was found that the mangrove was spatially dynamic and had grown substantially in the bay at a rate ranging from 6 to 215% per year until the construction commenced. Between 1997 and 2002 there were 100% loss of mangrove in some areas due to the coastal development. The resilience of the dominant species L. racemosa at this locality was shown by the continued growth of two mangrove zones during the construction period 1997-2002, with one zone increasing in area by 61%. The pioneering ability of L. racemosa after disturbance was demonstrated by the development of two new mangrove zones of 498 and 1254 m(2) on bare intertidal areas after construction finished. Future mapping and fieldwork could provide information on the development of mangrove communities and their response to reoccurring human impacts. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *CARICOMP, 2001, CARICOMP METH MAN LE ADEEL Z, 2002, TREES-STRUCT FUNCT, V16, P235 ASCHBACHER J, 1995, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V295, P285 BACON PR, 1975, P INT S BIOL MAN MAN, P805 BARAN E, 1998, MAR POLLUT BULL, V37, P431 BOSIRE JO, 2003, AQUAT BOT, V76, P267 BROKAW N, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V129, P89 CARDONA P, 1998, BIOTROPICA, V30, P24 CHAUVAUD S, 1998, INT J REMOTE SENS, V19, P3625 CINTRON G, 1984, MONOGRAPHS OCEANOGRA, V8, P91 CLOUGH BF, 1992, TROPICAL MANGROVE EC, P225 DAHDOUHGUEBAS F, 1998, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V49, P345 DAHDOUHGUEBAS F, 2000, B MAR SCI, V67, P741 DAHDOUHGUEBAS F, 2002, B SEANCES ACAD ROYAL, V48, P487 DCROZ L, 1993, CONSERVATION SUSTAIN DELGADO P, 2001, AQUAT BOT, V71, P157 DUKE NC, 1993, LONG TERM ASSESSMENT, V2, CH8 DUKE NC, 1998, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V7, P24 ELLISON AM, 1993, AM J BOT, V80, P1137 ELSTER C, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V131, P201 ENGLISH S, 1997, SURVEY MANUAL TROPIC, P119 FARNSWORTH EJ, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P328 FIELD CD, 1998, MAR POLLUT BULL, V37, P383 GAO J, 1999, INT J REMOTE SENS, V20, P2823 GLYNN PW, 1972, B BIOL SOC WASH, V2, P13 GREEN EP, 1998, INT J REMOTE SENS, V19, P935 JIMENEZ JA, 1985, BIOTROPICA, V17, P177 JIMENEZ JA, 1991, ESTUARIES, V14, P49 JIMENEZ JA, 1994, LOS MANGLARES PACIFI KAIRO JG, 2001, S AFR J BOT, V67, P383 LEE SK, 1996, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V319, P23 LEWIS RR, 1998, MARINE POLLUTION B, V37, P8 MANSON FJ, 2001, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V52, P787 MCGUINNESS KA, 1997, J TROP ECOL 2, V13, P293 RABINOWITZ D, 1978, BIOTROPICA, V10, P47 RABINOWITZ D, 1978, J BIOGEOGR, V5, P113 RABINOWITZ D, 1978, J ECOL, V66, P45 RAMACHANDRAN S, 1998, CURR SCI INDIA, V75, P236 RAMIREZGARCIA P, 1998, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V105, P217 ROLOFOHARINORO M, 1998, INT J REMOTE SENS, V19, P1873 SMITH TJ, 1987, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V25, P43 SMITH TJ, 1987, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V110, P133 SMITH TJ, 1992, TROPICAL MANGROVE EC, P101 TAM NFY, 1997, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V352, P25 THOM BG, 1967, J ECOL, V55, P301 TOLEDO G, 2001, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V444, P101 TOMLINSON PB, 1999, BOTANY MANGROVES NR 47 TC 0 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 263 EP 276 PY 2005 PD AUG VL 76 IS 3 GA 948KF UT ISI:000230714000009 ER PT J AU Gardner, TA Cote, IM Gill, JA Grant, A Watkinson, AR TI Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: Impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Cote, IM, Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB The decline of corals on tropical reefs is usually ascribed to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, but the relative importance of these causes remains unclear. In this paper, we attempt to quantify the contribution of hurricanes to Caribbean coral cover decline over the past two decades using meta-analyses. Our study included published and unpublished data from 286 coral reef sites monitored for variable lengths of time between 1980 and 2001. Of these, 177 sites had experienced hurricane impacts during their period of survey. Across the Caribbean, coral cover is reduced by similar to17%, on average, in the year following a hurricane impact. The magnitude of this immediate loss increases with hurricane intensity and with the time elapsed since the last impact. In the following year, no further loss is discernible, but the decline in cover then resumes on impacted sites at a rate similar to the regional background rate of decline for nonimpacted sites. There is no evidence of recovery to a pre-storm state for at least eight years after impact. Overall, coral cover at sites impacted by a hurricane has declined at a significantly faster rate (6% per annum) than nonimpacted sites (2% per annum), due almost exclusively to higher rates of loss in the year after impact in the 1980s. While hurricanes, through their immediate impacts, appear to have contributed to changing coral cover on many Caribbean reefs in the 1980s, the similar decline in coral cover at impacted and nonimpacted sites in the 1990s suggests that other stressors are now relatively more important in driving the overall pattern of change in coral cover in this region. The overall lack of post-hurricane recovery points to a general impairment of the regeneration potential of Caribbean coral reefs. 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RP Huigen, MGA, Leiden Univ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. AB This paper reports on the socio-economic effects and coping mechanisms of farm households affected by super typhoon Imbudo in San Mariano, Isabela, the Philippines. Estimations of economic losses are given based on 150 interviews among the rural population. The relative loss per crop as part of the annual household income for yellow corn, banana, and rice were 64%, 24%, and 27%, respectively. Unexpectedly, most farm households did not change their agricultural strategies and continued with "business as usual" (78%). The main explanation for this lack of adaptation is found in the cultural and societal structure of farm households and their traders. This paper concludes with a short-term and long-term vulnerability and resilience analysis for the households, the socio-agricultural system, and the ecological system. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *ACT, 2003, SUP TYPH HITS PHIL 2 *MAN TIM, 2003, ITS FIN HAR DAM RIS *NSO, 2001, PHIL YB CENS 2000 *UNDRO, 1979, DIS PREV MIT, V7 *VIRT INF CTR, 2003, TYPH HAR HITS PHIL BANKOFF G, 1999, PACIFIC REV BANKOFF G, 2003, CULTURES DIS SOC NAT BENSON C, 1997, 99 ODI BENSON C, 2004, DISASTER RISK MANAGE, V4 BENSON C, 2004, MEASURING MITIGATION BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BULL R, 1994, DISASTER EC DISASTER DEGROOT WT, 1992, ENV SCI THEORY CONCE DELNINNO C, 2001, 122 IFPRI DELNINNO C, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P1221 EISENSTADT SN, 1981, POLITICAL CLIENTELIS HUIGEN MGA, 2004, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V72, P5 JOVEL R, 1989, EC SOCIAL CONSEQUENC MCGUIGAN C, 2002, POVERTY CLIMATE CHAN OVERMARS KP, 2005, INT J GEOGR INF SYST, V19, P1 PERSSON GA, 2003, SIERRA MADRE MOUNTAI, P209 POLET G, 1991, 3 U LEID RUTTEN R, 2001, J HUMANITIES SOCIAL, V157, P629 TOBIN GA, 1999, ENV HAZARDS, V1, P13 TWIGG J, 2001, 2 BENF GREIG HAZ RES VANDENTOP GM, 1998, THESIS CTR ENV SCI L VANDERWERF I, 1994, 38 U LEID IS STAT U VANWEERD M, 2002, CROCODILES, P97 WILLIAM HS, GERMAN TRAVELERS COR WISNER B, 2001, UN CHRONICLE, V3, P6 ZAPATAMARTI R, 1997, P EXP CONS METH BRUS NR 31 TC 0 J9 WORLD DEVELOP BP 2116 EP 2136 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 34 IS 12 GA 118DI UT ISI:000242921900008 ER PT J AU KWA, C TI REPRESENTATIONS OF NATURE MEDIATING BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND SCIENCE POLICY - THE CASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM SO SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP KWA, C, UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT SCI DYNAM,NIEUWE ACHTERGRACHT 166,1018 WV AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. 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RP Davis, I, Cranfield Univ, Resilience Ctr, Humanitarian Resilence Ctr, Def Acad, Swindon SN6 8LA, Wilts, England. AB Many societies in the world live with different types of risks and the threat of disasters has always presented a major challenge to devise ways to achieve sustainable development by reducing patterns of vulnerability. Disaster reduction is therefore crucial and must have a place in national policies in order to create favourable conditions for effective and efficient hazard mitigation at various levels. This con help in increasing the resilience among communities at risk by enabling them to withstand shocks, cope with emergencies as they bounce back from the impact and adopt in new ways to cope with future threats. The aim of this paper is to explore the concept of resilience in general and what this means before, during, and after disaster impact. Case studies ore cited to indicate how resilience operates or foils to occur and why, The study defines how resilience con be developed to create sustainable systems and structures that focus on robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness and rapidity. CR 2005, BBC NEWS 0713 *IFRC RC, 2004, WORLD DIS REP 2004 *UNISDR, 2002, LIV RISK GLOB REV DI ALLENMILLS, 2005, SUNDAY TIMES 0904, P13 BRUNEAU M, 2003, EARTHQ SPECTRA, V19, P733 COMFORT L, 1999, SHARED RISK COMPLEX DAVIS I, 2001, LOCATION OPERATION E DAVIS I, 2003, EFFECTIVENESS CURREN DAVIS I, 2004, 13 WORLD C EARTHQ EN DAVIS I, 2005, RESILIENT COMMUNITIE ELLIOT L, 2005, GUARDIAN 0905, P21 HARI J, 2005, INDEPENDENT 0906, P25 HORNE J, 1998, EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS, V24, P31 JAQUEMENT I, 2004, WORLD DISASTER REPOR, CH4 MILETI D, 1999, DISASTERS DESIGN REA PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES REID T, 2005, TIMES 0903, P7 WILDAVSKY A, 1991, SEARCHING SAFETY NR 18 TC 0 J9 OPEN HOUSE INT BP 11 EP 21 PY 2006 PD MAR VL 31 IS 1 GA 103LC UT ISI:000241885700003 ER PT J AU Brown, JR MacLeod, ND TI Integrating ecology into natural resource management policy SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 UNIV QUEENSLAND,DIV TROP CROPS & PASTURES,ST LUCIA,QLD 4067,AUSTRALIA. RP Brown, JR, CSIRO,DIV TROP CROPS & PASTURES,PMB,AITKENVALE,QLD 4814,AUSTRALIA. AB Traditional natural resource management policy has largely focused-on implementing prescriptive solutions to maximize a production function. The fundamental assumptions of this approach were: (1) that ecosystems behaved in a linear, deterministic manner; (2) that there was general community agreement on the value of different ecosystem services; and (3) that land managers would accept and adopt the recommended technology. The result has generally been an unpredictable performance by ecosystems, conflicting expectations among users, and low adoption rates for the outputs of research and development (R&D). We propose that an approach that integrates the fundamentals of nonequilibrium ecology and ''soft'' systems methodologies to define options, make management decision recommendations, and implement programs will result in improved predictability of ecosystem response, more realistic expectations on the pari of users of ecosystem services, and better uptake of technology by land managers. CR 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 ARCHER S, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E, P109 BEGON M, 1986, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS BORMANN FH, 1979, PATTERN PROCESS FORE CARLSON J, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C PA CATTELINO PJ, 1979, ENVIRON MANAGE, V3, P41 CHECKLAND P, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS CHECKLAND P, 1985, J OPER RES SOC, V36, P757 CHECKLAND P, 1985, J OPER RES SOC, V36, P821 CHECKLAND PB, 1972, J SYSTEMS ENG, V3, P2 CHECKLAND PB, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO CHISHOLM AH, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION PRO, P223 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, WASHINGTON PUBL CARN, V242 CLEMENTS FE, 1936, J ECOL, V24, P552 DIETRICH WE, 1992, GEOLOGY, V20, P675 DYKESTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 DYKESTERHUIS EJ, 1958, BOT REV, V24, P253 ELFRING C, 1992, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V47, P441 FISKE SJ, 1990, RENEWABLE RESOURCES, P16 FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202 GREGORY SV, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P540 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P133 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 IRWIN LL, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P213 ISON RL, 1989, P 16 INT GRASSL C NI, P685 ISON RL, 1992, AGR SYST, V38, P363 ISON RL, 1993, MAN BIOSPHERE SERIES, V11, P83 JOHNSON HB, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P322 KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KIMMINS JP, 1991, FOREST CHRON, P14 LAURENROTH WK, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MACLEOD ND, 1990, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V12, P40 MACLEOD ND, 1993, ETHICAL MANAGEMENT S, P536 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MILLER B, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P763 MLADENOFF DJ, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P294 NAIMAN RJ, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P209 NAUGHTON J, 1984, SOFT SYSTEMS ANAL IN NAVEH Z, 1984, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH ORIANS GH, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P206 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST REMMERT H, 1991, MOSAIC CYCLE CONCEPT RYKIEL EJ, 1985, AUST J ECOL, V10, P361 SHIFLET TN, 1973, ARID SHRUBLANDS, P26 SINDEN JA, 1979, UNPRICED VLAUES DECI SLOCOMBE DS, 1993, ENVIRON MANAGE, V17, P289 SVEJCAR T, 1991, RANGELANDS, V13, P165 THOMAS JW, 1990, 199079117120026 USDA TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171 VANBEEK PGH, 1993, ETHICAL MANAGEMENT S, P558 VANCLAY F, 1992, P ANN M RUR SOC SOC WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WEAVER JE, 1938, PLANT ECOLOGY WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHITTAKER AD, 1993, MAN BIOSPHERE SERIES, V11, P69 WHITTAKER RH, 1953, ECOL MONOGR, V23, P41 WILCOX DG, 1988, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V10, P76 WILSON KK, 1990, SYSTEMS APPROACHES I ZONNEVELD IS, 1990, CHANGING LANDSCAPES NR 63 TC 10 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 289 EP 296 PY 1996 PD MAY-JUN VL 20 IS 3 GA UJ165 UT ISI:A1996UJ16500001 ER PT J AU Ludwig, D Mangel, M Haddad, B TI Ecology, conservation, and public policy SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Ludwig, D, Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB A new sense of urgency about environmental problems has changed the relationship between ecology, other disciplines, and public policy. Issues of uncertainty and scientific inference now influence public debate and public policy. Considerations that formerly may have appeared to be mere technicalities now may have decisive influence. It is time to re-examine our methods to ensure that they are adequate for these new requirements. When science is used in support of policy-making, it cannot be separated from issues of values and equity. In such a context, the role of specialists diminishes, because nobody can be an expert in all the aspects of complicated environmental, social, ethical, and economic issues, The disciplinary boundaries that have served science so well in the past are not very helpful in coping with the complex problems that face us today, and ecology now finds itself in intense interaction with a host of other disciplines. The next generation of ecologists must be prepared to interact with such disciplines as history, religion, philosophy, geography, economics, and political science. The requisite training must involve not only words, but core skills in these disciplines. A sense of urgency has affected not only ecology but other disciplines that influence environmental problems: they are undergoing a similar transformation of their outlook and objectives. 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RP Scanlan, JC, Dept Nat Resources & Mines, POB 318, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. AB This review examines the interactions between grasses and trees that are relevant to Queensland's grazing lands. Soils and climate determine the potential amount of woody vegetation within an area and clearing, fire and grazing management can modify that potential. In general, the presence non-leguminous trees reduces the potential grass production beneath their canopy and within woodland patches. Some non-native leguminous trees (e.g. Indian siris, Albizia lebbeck) enhance production of grasses beneath their canopies, whereas the widespread native leguminous trees, mulga (Acacia aneura) and brigalow (A. harpophylla) have not been reported to enhance grass production in the same way. At the patch Scale, Pasture production beneath woodlands with moderate to high tree basal areas is generally less than in open patches under the same soil and climatic conditions. At a landscape level, tree density, rainfall amount and distribution, and soil type modify pasture production within forest/woodland/shrubland systems. Grasses can reduce tree seedling survival but have little impact on mature woody plants, apart from providing fuel to carry a fire. Modelling studies have been used to examine some aspects of tree-grass production. Firstly, the relationship between grass production and an increasing amount of trees can vary from linear decrease, to exponential decrease to initial stimulation followed by a decrease, depending solely on the relative strengths of stimulatory and competitive effects of trees on grasses. Secondly, simulated pasture production within woodlands shows that the pasture production may be up to 50% higher in paddocks that have high variability in the distribution of those trees compared with areas where trees are uniformly distributed. This is due to the non-linear (negative exponential) relationship between pasture production and Lice density that is commonly observed within Queensland. Lastly. simulation studies show that total aboveground production (trees and pasture) of mulga woodland increases as the number of trees per hectare increases. The pasture production response to tree clearing or tree planting depends on tree species, rainfall, soil type, climatic history and post-clearing management including fire and grazing, and will change with time since clearing. The greatest relative increase in pasture production following the removal of woody vegetation occurs when the initial tree basal area is highest where rainfall is evenly distributed though the year and on fertile soils with a low water holding capacity. 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Sodertorn Univ Coll, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden. RP Holmlund, CM, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB In this article, we focus on documented and possible effects of fish stocking in terms of ecosystem services. The increasing use of fish stocking between 1970 and 2000 in the semiurban setting of Stockholm archipelago, Sweden, is used as case study. The objective is to analyze this management practice from an ecosystem perspective, accounting for both the ecological and social context of releasing fish. The results show that enhancements of four native species (Salmo S. trutta, Salmo salar, Stizostedion lucioperca, and Anguilla anguilla) have dominated over new introductions of one nonnative species. (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The major objective has been to increase fish catches for local resource users. Involved stakeholders include three management agencies, one hydropower company, and several local sport fishing associations. Documented effects focus on recapture and production rates. However, our analysis suggests that additional positive or negative effects on biodiversity, food web dynamics, mobile links, or ecological information may also result, with possible consequences for the long-term provision of food, game, and aesthetic values. We conclude that a more adaptive and cooperative management approach could benefit from a deeper analysis of where, when, and what species is released, by whom, which stakeholders that use the fish and those ecosystem services the fish generate, and of the role of formal and informal institutions for monitoring and evaluating the success of releasing fish. 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ENVIRON MANAGE BP 799 EP 820 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 33 IS 6 GA 848JX UT ISI:000223464700004 ER PT J AU Ledder, G TI Forest defoliation scenarios SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Math, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Ledder, G, Univ Nebraska, Dept Math, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. AB We consider the mathematical model originally created by Ludwig, Jones, and Holling to model the infestation of spruce forests in New Brunswick by the spruce budworm. With biologically plausible parameter values, the dimensionless version of the model contains small parameters derived from the time scales of the state variables and smaller parameters derived from the relative importance of different population change mechanisms. The small time-scale parameters introduce a singular perturbation structure to solutions, with one variable changing on a slow time scale and two changing on a fast time scale. The smaller process-scale parameters allow for the existence of equilibria at vastly different orders of magnitude. These changes in scale of the state variables result in fast dynamics not associated with the time scales. For any given set of parameters, the observed dynamics is a mixture of time scale effects with process-scale effects. We identify and analyze the different scenarios that can occur and indicate the relevant regions in the parameter space corresponding to each. 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AB This paper quantifies the eco-hydrological challenge up until 2050 of producing food in balance with goods and services generated by water-dependent ecosystems in nature. Particular focus is given to the savannah zone, covering 40% of the land area in the world, where water scarcity constitutes a serious constraint to sustainable development. The analysis indicates an urgent need for a new green revolution, which focuses on upgrading rain-fed agriculture. Water requirements to produce adequate diets for humans are shown to be relatively generic irrespective of hydro-climate, amounting to a global average of 1300 m(3) cap(-1) yr(-1). Present food production requires an estimated 6800 km(3) yr(-1) of consumptive green water (5000 km(3) yr(-1) in rain-fed agriculture and 1800 km(3) yr(-1) from irrigated crops). Without considering water productivity gains, an additional 5800 km(3) yr(-1) of water is needed to feed a growing population in 2050 and eradicate malnutrition. It is shown that the bulk of this water will be used in rain-fed agriculture. A dynamic analysis of water productivity and management options indicates that large 'crop per drop' improvements can be achieved at the farm level. Vapour shift in favour of productive green water flow as crop transpiration could result in relative water savings of 500 km(3) yr(-1) in semi-arid rain-fed agriculture. 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Univ Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. Univ Osnabruck, D-4500 Osnabruck, Germany. Clark Univ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Young, OR, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB The challenge confronting those seeking to understand the institutional dimensions of global environmental change and patterns of land-use and land-cover change is to find effective methods for analyzing the dynamics of socio-ecological systems. Such systems exhibit a number of characteristics that pose problems for the most commonly used statistical techniques and may require additional and innovative analytic tools. This article explores options available to researchers working in this field and recommends a strategy for achieving scientific progress. Statistical procedures developed in other fields of study are often helpful in addressing challenges arising in research into global change. Accordingly, we start with an assessment of some of the enhanced statistical techniques that are available for the study of socio-ecological systems. By themselves, however, even the most advanced statistical models cannot solve all the problems that arise in efforts to explain institutional effectiveness and patterns of land-use and land-cover change. We therefore proceed to an exploration of additional analytic techniques, including configurational comparisons and meta-analyses; case studies, counterfactuals, and narratives; and systems analysis and simulations. Our goal is to create a portfolio of complementary methods or, in other words, a tool kit for understanding complex human-environment interactions. When the results obtained through the use of two or more techniques converge, confidence in the robustness of key findings rises. Contradictory results, on the other hand, signal a need for additional analysis. 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Very often, the shift between alternative states occurs suddenly and the resource flows from these systems are modified. Resilience is the capacity of a system to undergo disturbance and maintain its functions and controls. It has multiple levels of meaning, from the metaphorical to the specific. However, most studies that explore resilience-related ideas have used resilience as a metaphor or theoretical construct. In a few cases, it has been defined operationally in the context of a model of a particular system. In this paper, resilience is defined consistently with the theoretical uses of the term, in the context of ecosystem models within an application to a simple model of lake eutrophication. The theoretical definitions of resilience and the characteristics of the operational definition that are necessary for ensuring consistency are reviewed. A mathematical formulation of resilience is built in the framework of the viability theory. This formulation emphasizes the link between resilience and the cost of the recovery after a disturbance. This cost is first chosen in relation to the time of crisis in the application to a model of lake eutrophication. The resilience values are then obtained by numerical integration. For another choice of the cost function, the viability algorithm is needed to compute the resilience values. These applications demonstrate the usefulness of our operational definition. 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AB Sustainable development presents a major challenge to geography to demonstrate its capability and relevance to what may be the most important public issue of our time. The human/biosphere relationship is at the core of growing global problems, and geography has comparative advantage in spearheading attempts to make this relationship more sustainable. This paper identifies the components of the challenge, presents a structure which could guide research and implementation efforts, and identifies key opportunities and challenges for geographers through their theoretical and applied work. From definition to integration to implementation, geographers can make a real difference. 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RP Farbotko, C, Univ Tasmania, Sch Geog & Environm Studies, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. AB Tuvalu, a place whose image in the 'West' is as a small island state, insignificant and remote on the world stage, is becoming remarkably prominent in connection with the contemporary issue of climate change-related sea-level rise. My aim in this paper is to advance understanding of the linkages between climate change and island places, by exploring the discursive negotiation of the identity of geographically distant islands and island peoples in the Australian news media. Specifically, I use discourse analytic methods to critically explore how, and to what effects, various representations of the Tuvaluan islands and people in an Australian broadsheet, the Sydney Morning Herald, emphasize difference between Australia and Tuvalu. My hypothesis is that implicating climate change in the identity of people and place can constitute Tuvaluans as 'tragic victims' of environmental displacement, marginalizing discourses of adaptation for Tuvaluans and other inhabitants of low-lying islands, and silencing alternative constructions of Tuvaluan identity that could emphasize resilience and resourcefulness. By drawing attention to the problematic ways that island identities are constituted in climate change discourse in the news media, I advocate a more critical approach to the production and consumption of representations of climate change. 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Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6700 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Janssen, MA, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB One of the most persistent mysteries in the history of humankind is the collapse of ancient societies. It is puzzling that societies that achieved such high levels of development disappeared so suddenly. It has been argued that overexploitation of environmental resources played a role in the collapse of such societies. In this paper, we propose an explanation why overexploitation seems more common in ancient societies that built larger structures. This explanation is based on the well-studied sunk-cost effect in human decision making: decisions are often based on past investments rather than expected future returns. This leads to an unwillingness to abandon something (e. g., a settlement) if a great deal has been invested in it, even if future prospects are dim. Empirical study suggests that there are indications of sunk-cost effects in the histories of several ancient societies. A stylized model is used to illustrate under which conditions societal collapse may be expected. Finally, we discuss the consequences of these insights for current societies. 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SO BRITISH FOOD JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NORUT Social Sci Res Ltd, Tromso, Norway. Nord Sami Inst, Kautokeino, Norway. RP Riseth, JA, NORUT Social Sci Res Ltd, Tromso, Norway. AB Purpose - This paper aims to reflect on the Sami reindeer industry, which, in spite of a low economic return, contrasts with other primary industries in not displaying a population decline. Design/methodology/approach - The project in this paper is based on two major hypotheses: the life form hypothesis: reindeer management has a particular value for the performers, being the condition for an active choice of staying within the industry; the capital hypothesis: lacking recognition of the resources of the reindeer-managing Sami is/has been limiting their establishment in capital requiring undertakings. Findings - In the paper there are indications that the reindeer-managing Sami practices are in a Weberian sense a substantial rationality. Analysis at hand indicates close connections between landscape, management type, and type of rationality in reindeer management. Practical implications - The project in the paper analyses the economy of reindeer management in chosen regions by both quantitative and qualitative studies, focusing on the household level. For the quantitative analyses the creation and extent of value streams in the households of reindeer management and near surroundings are focused. In the qualitative analyses the point of departure is decision situations and strategic choices with reindeer-managing Sami. Comparative analyses will be undertaken to explore representation of the regional studies. Originality/value - The paper shows that the design is original and the outcome is expected to have a potential for changing the focus of current policies. 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USA, Corps Engineers, Resources Lab, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. RP Brown, JR, New Mexico State Univ, USDA, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB Managing vegetation to achieve ecological, economic, and social goals is difficult. Inherent complexity among ecosystem components and unpredictable climate often limit opportunities for converting cultural inputs to harvestable products. In addition, the long lag time between treatment and financial return makes capital investment in vegetation management economically risky. One tool that can assist land managers in dealing with these constraints is the identification of ecological thresholds and elucidation of processes that signal undesirable change before it is entrained. This approach places a premium on early detection of degrading processes and implementation of management responses in the initial stages of land degradation. Managerial expertise and manipulation of naturally occurring processes, rather than cultural inputs, are key management decisions. In this paper we review current applications of the threshold concept as a management decision point and propose modifications for use in managing plant communities with low potential for annual economic return. We also propose that research and institutional programs for sustainable land management shift direction toward identifying ecological thresholds and focus on developing low-input responses to avoid, rather than restore, land degradation. 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Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058573, Japan. RP Zhai, GF, Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent NIED, Tennodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. AB This paper provides a framework for analyzing flood fatalities and injuries, and it describes the derivation of a generalized flood risk (i.e., flood consequences and their probabilities) function by introducing an integrated index (the number of residential buildings affected by a flood) that represents the major change in the power relation among the flood intensity, regional vulnerability, and resilience. Both the probabilities and the numbers of fatalities and injuries clearly increase significantly after the flood severity (in terms of the number of inundated buildings) passes a branch point. Below the branch point, it is still possible for fatalities and injuries to occur because of the variability in the data and the uncertainty in the predicted fatality values. The empirical models of fatalities and injuries due to floods in Japan suggested the usefulness in predicting fatalities and injuries and evaluating the efficacy of the warning or other emergency response measures. 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A response SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Rockfeller Fdn, New York, NY 10018 USA. RP Conway, GR, Rockfeller Fdn, 420 5th Ave, New York, NY 10018 USA. CR CONWAY GR, 1997, DOUBLY GREEN REVOLUT CONWAY GR, 1994, SUSTAINABLE AGR FOOD GRIME JP, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1260 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 MAY RM, 1981, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY MILLER N, 1992, ORIGINS AGR INT PERS MILLER RM, 1992, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY SMITH BD, 1995, EMERGENCE AGR WOOD D, 1999, FOOD POLICY, V23, P371 NR 9 TC 0 J9 FOOD POLICY BP 17 EP 20 PY 1999 PD FEB VL 24 IS 1 GA 196VN UT ISI:000080328800003 ER PT J AU Agee, JK TI Achieving conservation biology objectives with fire in the Pacific Northwest SO WEED TECHNOLOGY AB Fire has been a part of natural ecosystems for many millennia. The species of those ecosystems have evolved through a series of ''coarse filters,'' one of which is resistance or resilience to disturbance by fire. Plant adaptations to fire include the ability to sprout, seed bank adaptations in the soil or canopy, high dispersal ability for seeds, and thick bark. These adaptations are often to a particular fire regime, or combination of fire frequency, intensity, extent, and season. Fire can be used by managers to achieve species to ecosystem-level conservation biology objectives. Examples using prescribed fire include the grasslands of the Puget Trough of Washington State, maintenance of oak woodlands, and perpetuation of ponderosa pine/mixed-conifer forests. Nomenclature: Oak, Quercus spp., ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Loud. CR AGEE JK, 1986, P NAT WILD RES C CUR, P17 AGEE JK, 1993, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC BRUBAKER LB, 1991, WILDLIFE VEGETATION, P17 COOPER CF, 1960, ECOL MONOGR, V30, P129 DAVIES J, 1980, DOUGLAS FORESTS FRANKLIN JF, 1973, 8 PNW USDA FOR SERV GRIFFIN JR, 1977, CAL NAT PLANT SOC SP, V9, P384 KAUFFMAN JB, 1990, NATURAL PRESCRIBED F, P39 WEAVER H, 1943, J FOREST, V41, P7 WILKES C, 1845, NARRATIVE US EXPEDIT, V5 WRIGHT HA, 1982, FIRE ECOLOGY NR TC 9 BP 417 EP 421 PY 1996 PD APR-JUN VL 10 IS 2 UT ISI:A1996UP85600028 ER PT J AU Warren, WA TI Response to Commentaries on "Hierarchy theory in sociology, ecology, and resource management: A conceptual model for natural resource or environmental sociology and socioecological systems'' SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ecosocial Anal LLC, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Warren, WA, Ecosocial Anal LLC, POB 9964, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. CR *NSF ADV COMM ENV, 2003, COMPL ENV SYST SYNTH ALBERTI M, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P1169 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY BENNETT JW, 1976, PERGAMON FRONTIERS A BEUS CE, 1993, ADV HUM ECOL, V2, P93 BUSCH L, 1989, COMMUNICATION NOV FRIEDLAND R, 1991, NEW I ORG ANAL, P232 GIDDENS A, 1981, ADV SOCIAL THEORY ME, P335 GIDDENS A, 1984, CONSTITUTION SOC OUT GORDON J, 2002, NEW GOVERNANCE MODEL, P4 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 KAY JJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P201 KING AW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P19 LACKEY RT, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P437 MACHLIS GE, 1997, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V10, P347 MANN M, 1986, SOURCES SOCIAL POWER, V1 MANN M, 1993, SOURCES SOCIAL POWER, V2 MARCUS G, 2004, BIRTH MIND TINY NUMB NAVEH Z, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P357 NORTON BG, 1996, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, P424 ONEILL RV, 1986, MONOGRAPHS POPULATIO, V23 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SEWELL WH, 1992, AM J SOCIOL, V1, P1 SHRAEDERFRECHET.KS, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY STRAT WIENER JB, 1996, DUKE ENV LAW POLICY, V7, P1 NR 26 TC 0 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 479 EP 486 PY 2005 PD MAY-JUN VL 18 IS 5 GA 923BX UT ISI:000228884800007 ER PT J AU Norton, BG Steinemann, AC TI Environmental values and adaptive management SO ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES LA English DT Article C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, City Planning Program, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Norton, BG, Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB The trend in environmental management toward more adaptive, community-based, and holistic approaches will require new approaches to environmental valuation. In this paper, we offer a new valuation approach, one that embodies the core principles of adaptive management, which is experimental, multiscalar, and place-based. In addition, we use hierarchy theory to incorporate spatial and temporal variability of natural systems into a multi-scalar management model. Our approach results in the consideration of multiple values within community-based ecosystem management, rather than an attempt to maximise a single variable such as economic efficiency. We then offer two heuristics - one procedural and one evaluative - to guide a community toward shared goals, and to develop indicators to measure progress toward these goals. We illustrate our approach by application to environmental and developmental decisions in the Southern Appalachians. 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RP Beisner, BE, Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB In northern temperate lakes, algal abundance or chlorophyll levels are affected by phosphorus loading (P), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and food web effects from trophic cascades induced by anglers. To investigate how changes in land use and climate might affect future chlorophyll conditions in these lakes, we created a nonlinear model for take chlorophyll that considers the effects of these factors. Parameters were estimated for northern Wisconsin lakes. We show that resilience of the clear-water state in a single lake is maximized when P inputs are low, DOC is high, and angler pressure is low. We simulated a population of lakes to understand the current distribution of chlorophyll and resilience across lakes in the landscape. Under current conditions of land and lake use in the area, the model indicates that most lakes in the region are resilient clear-water lakes. Low chlorophyll levels, however, do not guarantee resiliency. Resilience shows a bimodal distribution suggesting that, with stochastic shocks or changing conditions, more lakes could shift to a high chlorophyll state that is costly to remediate. We also simulated a limnological comparative study to determine what conclusions would be drawn from a common research method if lacustrine ecosystem dynamics are indeed faithfully generated by our model. We show that phosphorus input will most often appear to be the most significant driver of lake chlorophyll levels, despite the fact that all mechanisms (including DOC and grazing) drive the dynamics. This finding suggests that long-standing debates in limnology about the primary drivers of algal abundance are explainable by differences in research approaches. This work brings together community and ecosystem ecology and shows how their processes can interact to drive higher-order feedbacks. CR *NRC, 1992, REST AQ EC SCI TECHN BEARD TD, 1997, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V17, P621 BROOKS JL, 1965, SCIENCE, V150, P28 CANFIELD DE, 1981, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V38, P414 CARACO NF, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P51 CARPENTER SR, 1983, J THEOR BIOL, V105, P273 CARPENTER SR, 1991, COMP ANAL ECOSYSTEMS, P67 CARPENTER SR, 1993, TROPHIC CASCADE LAKE CARPENTER SR, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P559 CARPENTER SR, 1998, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V43, P73 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1179 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOL MONOGR, V71, P163 CHAPRA SC, 1983, ENG APPROACHES LAKE, V2 CHARLTON MN, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P1531 CHRISTENSEN DL, 1995, J PLANKTON RES, V17, P1461 COLE J, 1991, COMP ANAL ECOSYSTEMS COLE JJ, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P310 COOKE GD, 1993, RESTORATION MANAGEME CORNETT RJ, 1980, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V25, P672 DETTMERS JM, 1996, T AM FISH SOC, V125, P27 DIEHL S, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P386 EILERS JM, 1983, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V40, P1896 FEE EJ, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P912 FRANCKO DA, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P302 GERGEL SE, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1377 GLASS GE, 1994, US EPA ERLDUMD ACID HILBORN R, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DETECTIVE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JACKSON TA, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P2300 JEPPESEN E, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V395, P419 JONES RI, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V229, P73 KALFF J, 2001, LIMNOLOGY KITCHELL JF, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P111 KRATZ TK, 1997, FRESHWATER BIOL, V37, P209 KRATZ TK, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V43, P297 LARSEN DP, 1981, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V26, P740 MAZUMDER A, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P468 MILLS EL, 1982, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V2, P14 MORTIMER CH, 1941, J ECOL, V29, P280 MORTIMER CH, 1942, J ECOL, V30, P147 MYERS RA, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1106 NURNBERG GK, 1984, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V29, P135 NURNBERG GK, 1998, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V43, P1544 PACE ML, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P1089 POST JR, 2002, FISHERIES, V27, P6 RASMUSSEN JB, 1989, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V34, P1336 REYNOLDS CS, 1984, ECOLOGY FRESHWATER P RIGLER FH, 1995, SCI LIMNOLOGY RIPLEY BD, 1987, STOCHASTIC SIMULATIO SAS H, 1989, LAKE RESTORATION RED SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHINDLER DW, 1977, SCIENCE, V195, P260 SHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SNUCINS E, 2000, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V45, P1639 SORANNO PA, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1883 STAMAND A, 1993, TROPHIC CASCADE LAKE, P210 STEIN RA, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P2518 TESSIER AJ, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P1263 WETZEL RG, 1990, MEM I ITAL IDROBIOL, V47, P233 NR 60 TC 0 J9 ECOLOGY BP 1563 EP 1575 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 84 IS 6 GA 706KB UT ISI:000184451900025 ER PT J AU Lees, K Pitois, S Scott, C Frid, C Mackinson, S TI Characterizing regime shifts in the marine environment SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 CEFAS Lab, Fish Behav Team, Lowestoft NR33 0HY, Suffolk, England. Univ Newcastle, Dove Marine Lab, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, N Shields NE30 4PZ, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England. RP Lees, K, CEFAS Lab, Fish Behav Team, Pakefield Rd, Lowestoft NR33 0HY, Suffolk, England. AB Recent years have seen a plethora of studies reporting that 'regime shifts' have occurred in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the last century. In many cases, the criteria used to distinguish a regime shift have not been explicitly stated. In other cases, a formal definition has been proposed and the data set assessed against it. Developing a universal quantitative definition for identifying and distinguishing between purported climatic and ecological regime shifts has proved problematic as many authors have developed criteria that seem unique to the system under study. Consequently, they throw little light on the drivers of ecological regime shifts. Criteria used to define regime shifts are reviewed and on the basis of evidence from purported regime shifts, common characteristics in the speed and amplitude of the changes and the duration of quasi-stable states are used to propose a more clearly defined set of criteria for defining climatic and ecological regime shifts. Causal drivers of regime shifts are explored using correlation analysis. Limitations of these methods are discussed. CR *ICES, 2004, 01 ICES CM 2005ACFM *PICES, 2005, PIC ADV REP FISH EC *UNESCO, 1998, 3 CARICOMP UNESCO ALHEIT J, 1997, FISH OCEANOGR, V6, P130 ANDERSON DJ, 1989, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V52, P209 ARONSON RB, 2000, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V45, P251 BAKUN A, 1996, PATTERNS OCEAN OCEAN BEAMISH RJ, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P543 BEAMISH RJ, 1999, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V56, P516 BEAUGRAND G, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P1692 BEAUGRAND G, 2003, NATURE, V426, P661 BEAUGRAND G, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P245 BENSON AJ, 2002, FISH FISH, V3, P95 CHILDERS DL, 1990, CLIM RES, V1, P31 CLARK RA, 2003, ICES J MAR SCI, V60, P187 COLLIE JS, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P281 CRUZ JB, 1990, CONDOR, V92, P160 CURY P, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P223 DASKALOV GM, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V225, P53 DEYOUNG B, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P143 DOOLEY HD, 1984, THESIS U ABERDEEN AB FRANCIS RC, 1998, FISH OCEANOGR, V7, P1 FROMENTIN JM, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V134, P111 GENNER MJ, 2004, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V271, P655 GLYNN PW, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P309 HARE SR, 1999, FISHERIES, V24, P6 HARE SR, 2000, PROG OCEANOGR, V47, P103 HARVEY CJ, 2003, ICES J MAR SCI, V60, P939 HISLOP JRG, 1996, ICES J MAR SCI, V53, P1146 HSIEH C, 2005, NATURE, V435, P346 HURRELL J, 2003, N ATLANTIC OSCILLATI JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 KING JR, 2005, 28 PICES KIROV B, 2002, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V27, P441 LAPOINTE BE, 1997, LIMNOL OCEANOGR 2, V42, P1119 LLUCHBELDA D, 1989, S AFR J MARINE SCI, V8, P195 MACLEAN JL, 1989, MAR POLLUT BULL, V20, P304 MANTUA NJ, 1997, B AM METEOROL SOC, V78, P1069 MANTUA NJ, 2002, J OCEANOGR, V58, P35 MARSHALL J, 2001, INT J CLIMATOL, V21, P1863 MCFARLANE GA, 2000, PROG OCEANOGR, V47, P147 MCKINNELL SM, 2001, PROG OCEANOGR, V49, P1 MOLLES MC, 1990, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V9, P68 MOSES CS, 2001, B MAR SCI, V68, P327 MURRAY SN, 1989, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V58, P113 MYSAK LA, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P464 NICHOLLS N, 1991, VEGETATIO, V91, P23 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 PACE ML, 1999, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V14, P483 PARSONS LS, 2001, PROG OCEANOGR, V49, P167 PINNEGAR JK, 2000, ENVIRON CONSERV, V27, P179 PLANQUE B, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V134, P101 PLANQUE B, 1998, ICES J MAR SCI, V55, P644 REASER JK, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1500 REID PC, 1998, FISH OCEANOGR, V7, P282 REID PC, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P495 REID PC, 2001, FISH RES, V50, P163 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHARP GD, 1993, OCEANOGRAPHY, V6, P13 SIMS DW, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P2607 SOUTHWARD AJ, 1988, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V68, P423 STONE L, 1999, ECOL LETT, V2, P325 TAYLOR AH, 1980, OCEANOL ACTA, V3, P145 TAYLOR AH, 1992, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V72, P919 TAYLOR AH, 1995, ICES J MAR SCI, V52, P711 TAYLOR AH, 1996, INT J CLIMATOL, V16, P559 TAYLOR AH, 1998, NATURE, V393, P638 TAYLOR AH, 1998, TELLUS A, V50, P134 TAYLOR AH, 2002, CHANGING STATES LARG, P3 TEGNER MJ, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P579 TESTA JW, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P631 THACKER RW, 2001, CORAL REEFS, V19, P318 VANDENBOSCH R, 2000, WATERBIRDS, V23, P416 VASCONCELLOS M, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V100, P125 VERGANI DF, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V268, P293 WOOSTER WS, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P183 NR 76 TC 1 J9 FISH FISH BP 104 EP 127 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 7 IS 2 GA 040QI UT ISI:000237395100003 ER PT J AU Sorbo, GM TI Pastoral ecosystems and the issue of scale SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Chr Michelsen Inst, NO-5892 Bergen, Norway. RP Sorbo, GM, Chr Michelsen Inst, POB 6033, NO-5892 Bergen, Norway. AB This paper uses examples from Kenya and the Sudan to argue that the scale at which we pitch our analysis when trying to identify the basic properties of pastoral ecosystems may not be appropriate when it comes to recommending policy measures to secure the continued viability of pastoral herding. Pastoral households are always parts of large-scale economic and social structures. In many cases, such integration has provided the basis for the continued viability of pastoral adaptations. In other cases, the changing nature of local economies and social relations following from integration into large systems, has threatened the viability of pastoral herding or led to increasing differentiation within and between local communities. This paper raises the issue of how we most fruitfully define and delimit ecological and social systems in different local settings. It also questions conventional approaches to community-based natural resource management, which are now attracting widespread international attention. CR *DHV CONS, 1989, ENV PROF KASS PROV E ANDERSON DM, 1988, ECOLOGY SURVIVAL CAS, P1 BARTH F, 1978, SCALE SOCIAL ORG, P253 BEHNKE R, 1992, 53 WORLD BANK BENNETT JW, 1988, POWER POVERTY DEV DE, P310 BLAIKIE PM, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BROCHDUE V, 1983, WOMEN BACKSTAGE DEV BROCHDUE V, 1990, THESIS U BERGEN BERG DIETZ T, 1987, PASTORALISTS DIRE ST ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P450 GALATY JG, 1991, HERDERS WARRIORS TRA, P267 GRONHAUG R, 1978, SCALE SOCIAL ORG, P78 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 LEACH M, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P225 MANGER L, 1996, SURVIVAL MEAGRE RESO, P165 MCCABE JT, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P81 MCCABE JT, 1990, J ASIAN AFR STUD, V25, P146 MOSSE D, 1997, DEV CHANGE, V28, P467 NIAMIRFULLER M, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P250 SANDFORD S, 1983, MANAGEMENT PASTORAL SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SORBO GM, 1985, TENANTS NOMADS E SUD SORBO GM, 1988, NORAD TURKANA REV TU SORBO GM, 1994, THESIS U BERGEN BERG STORAAS F, 1991, ECOLOGY CHOICE SYMBO, P50 VAYDA AP, 1983, HUM ECOL, V11, P265 YOUNG WC, 1987, RES EC ANTHR, V9, P191 YOUNG WC, 1996, RASHAAYDA BEDOUIN AR NR 29 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 113 EP 117 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 32 IS 2 GA 677GN UT ISI:000182798700007 ER PT J AU Rietkerk, M vandeKoppel, J TI Alternate stable states and threshold effects in semi-arid grazing systems SO OIKOS LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GRONINGEN,DEPT PLANT BIOL,NL-9750 AA HAREN,NETHERLANDS. RP Rietkerk, M, AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT IRRIGAT & SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT,NIEUWE KANAAL 11,NL-6709 PA WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. AB Models that explain the discontinuous behaviour of semi-arid grazing systems usually emphasize herbivore feeding characteristics or plant competition as possible mechanisms. Field studies indicate, however, that plant-soil relations could be more important. We show by means of a graphical model that the interactions between water infiltration or nutrient retention and plant density potentially give rise to the existence of alternate stable vegetation states and threshold effects in semi-arid grazing systems, even without the effect of a non-linear herbivore functional response or plant competition. These interactions may trigger a positive feedback between reduced plant density and reduced resource availability, and lead to a collapse of the system. The model results are in line with well-documented observations of spatial and temporal patterns such as two-phase mosaics and stably degraded grasslands. 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RP Sayre, NF, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, 507 McCone Hall 4740, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB Scale has emerged as a major issue in both ecology and geography in recent decades. Little effort has been made to compare these parallel debates, however, or to seek an integrated conception of scale across the two disciplines. This paper argues that such an integration is possible, even between ecology and human geography -the subfield of geography seemingly most removed from ecological concerns and methods. In both disciplines, globalization has lent practical urgency to problems of scale, revealing deeper theoretical issues. Geographers have helped impel ecologists to take space and scale seriously, and the epistemological insight that scale is produced (rather than given a priori) should be applied to ecological as well as social phenomena. Ecologists' conceptual distinctions and methodological guidelines regarding scale, meanwhile, can help resolve 'the scale question' in critical human geography. Scale is both a methodological issue inherent to observation (its epistemological moment) and an objective characteristic of complex interactions within and among social and natural processes (its ontological moment). These processes and interactions - rather than scale per se - should be the object of research, with particular attention to nonlinearities or thresholds of change. 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RP Puigdefabregas, J, CSIC, Estac Expt Zonas Aridas, Gen Segura 1, Almeria 04001, Spain. AB Potential impacts of global change on dryland ecosystems are reviewed from four perspectives. First, results are reviewed from recent research on vegetation change, land degradation and desertification. The role of disturbances and low recurrence events in triggering non-linear changes by driving ecosystems beyond their resilience thresholds is outlined. Particular attention is paid to the development of spatial structures as feedbacks that tend to buffer degradation. Secondly, the synergetic operation of climatic and anthropogenic forcing factors of dryland degradation is discussed in the light of some case histories. Changes in one group of those factors often render the ecosystems particularly sensitive to changes of those in the second group. Thirdly, off-site effects of dryland degradation are summarized, including feedbacks to the atmosphere, changes in biological diversity and downstream impacts in river catchments. Finally, the implications of global change for land degradation control policies are outlined. The importance of prevention is emphasized, as well as the need to carefully consider where to apply rehabilitation and restoration. Prevention includes soft and cheap measures based on management practices, while restoration calls for massive and expensive interventions on soil or vegetation. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR ABRAHAMS AD, 1995, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V13, P37 AIDOUD A, 1996, SECHERESSE, V3, P187 ALLENDIAZ B, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995 ARIANOUTSOU M, 1992, ISRAEL J BOT, V41, P135 ARONSON J, 1995, HOMME PEUTIL REFAIRE, P11 BASCOMPTE J, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P361 BERGKAMP G, 1996, EARTH SURF PROC LAND, V21, P1073 BERGKAMP G, 1996, THESIS U AMSTERDAM A BERMUDEZ FL, 1996, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P169 BIE SW, 1995, INT NEG COMM CONV CO, P5 BLAKENBURN P, 1993, SECR INT NEG COMM CO, P271 BONVISSUTO GL, 1992, REV ARGENTINA PRODUC, V12, P391 BUTZER KW, 1993, CUADERNOS GEOGRAFIA, V32, P311 CAMMERAAT LH, 1998, IN PRESS GEOMORPHOLO CAUGHLEY G, 1987, KANGAROOS THEIR ECOL CHRISTENSEN NL, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P86 COPPOCK DL, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P42 CREUS J, 1983, AVANCES INVESTIGACIO, P121 DELBARRIO G, 1990, MT RES DEV, V10, P227 DOMINGO F, 1994, J HYDROL, V159, P275 ELLIS JE, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P31 GALLART F, 1993, CATENA, V20, P529 GARCIARUIZ JM, 1990, MT RES DEV, V10, P201 GRECO S, 1994, CLIMATE SCENARIOS SO GRIFFIN GF, 1985, J ARID ENVIRON, V9, P63 HAASE P, 1996, J HYDROL, V177, P23 HOFFMANN G, 1988, HOLOZANSTRATIGRAPHIE HORN HS, 1981, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY, P253 IMESON AC, 1996, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P447 JENEAU JL, 1996, S BAND VEG PATT AR S, V35 JOFFRE R, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P570 KOSMAS CS, 1996, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P207 LAVEE H, 1998, IN PRESS LAND DEGRAD, V9 LEHOUEROU HN, 1991, METEOROLOGIE, V36, P4 LEHOUEROU HN, 1992, CLIMATIC CHANGE MEDI, P175 MARGALEF R, 1974, ECOLOGIA MARGARIS N, 1975, STRUCTURE DYNAMICS P MERINO O, 1990, ACTA OECOL, V11, P103 MONTSERRAT J, 1992, EVOLUCION GLACIAR PO MORO MJ, 1909, THESIS U ALICANTE AL NAVEH Z, 1979, VEGETATIO, V41, P171 NUNEZ E, 1989, THESIS U EXTREMADURA OJIMA DS, 1993, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V70, P643 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHIAL CONCEPT OVERDIECK D, 1991, MODERN ECOLOGY BASIC, P623 PICKUP G, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P471 PICKUP G, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P497 PICKUP G, 1995, INT NEG COMM CONV CO, P59 PINOL J, 1991, HYDROLOG SCI J, V36, P95 PRENTICE IC, 1992, J BIOGEOGR, V19, P117 PUGNAIRE FI, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1420 PUGNAIRE FI, 1996, OIKOS, V76, P455 PUIGDEFABREGAS J, 1986, Z GEOMORPHOLOGIE S, V58, P69 PUIGDEFABREGAS J, 1988, COMMUNICATION, P319 PUIGDEFABREGAS J, 1995, AMBIO, V24, P311 PUIGDEFABREGAS J, 1996, ADV HILLSLOPE PROCES, V2, P1027 PUIGDEFABREGAS J, 1996, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P138 RAMBAL S, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V62, P18 RAMBAL S, 1987, J HYDROL, V93, P339 RAPP M, 1981, MEDITERRANEAN TYPE S, P289 ROGERS RD, 1989, INFLUENCE SPARCE VEG ROGNON P, 1991, SECHERESSE, V2, P199 ROSSETTI C, 1996, S BAND VEG PATT AR S, P11 SAGE RF, 1996, GLOB CHANGE BIOL, V2, P79 SANCHEZ G, 1994, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V9, P243 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SCHOLES RJ, 1996, GLOBAL CHANGE EFFECT, P71 SERMET J, 1969, ANDALOUSIE MEDITERRA SMITH MS, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P196 SPECHT RL, 1989, ACTA OECOL, V10, P191 THEBAUD B, 1993, CAUSES CONSEQUENCES TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P23 TRABAUD L, 1991, SECHERESSE, V2, P163 VALENTIN C, 1996, S BAND VEG PATT AR S, P37 WATT AS, 1947, J ECOL, V35, P1 WEST NE, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P2 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WIEGAND T, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2205 NR 78 TC 2 J9 LAND DEGRAD DEV BP 393 EP 406 PY 1998 PD SEP-OCT VL 9 IS 5 GA 143NE UT ISI:000077261200004 ER PT J AU Quinn, MS Broberg, L TI Experiential learning across borders: A joint graduate initiative in environmental policy, planning and management SO WESTERN HUMANITIES REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Quinn, MS, Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. CR BARON JS, 2002, ROCKY MOUNTAIN FUTUR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CHADWICK D, 2000, YELLOWSTONE YUKON CHESTER CC, 2006, CONSERVATION BORDERS ESTES CA, 2004, J EXPT ED, V27, P141 EXETER DJ, 2001, LEARNING OUTDOORS FALL JJ, 2003, J SUSTAINABLE FOREST, V17, P81 FORMAN RTT, 1992, LANDSCAPE BOUNDARIES, P236 GRUMBINE RE, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P41 KOLB DA, 1984, EXPT LEARNING EXPERI LACHAPELLE PR, 2003, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V16, P473 LANDRES PB, 1998, STEWARDSHIP BOUNDARI, P39 LECORNU A, 2005, STUDIES ED ADULTS, V37, P166 MARGERUM RD, 1995, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V38, P371 PEDYNOWSKI D, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1261 PRATO T, 2006, SUSTAINING ROCKY MOU RITTEL HWJ, 1973, POLICY SCI, V4, P155 SHULZ F, 2005, YELLOWSTONE YUKON FR WARREN K, 1995, THEORY EXPT ED WARREN K, 1995, THEORY EXPT ED, P249 ZBICZ DC, 2001, P 11 C RES RES MAN P, P197 NR 21 TC 0 J9 WEST HUMAN REV BP 130 EP 140 PY 2006 PD FAL VL 60 IS 2 GA 082ZY UT ISI:000240426900011 ER PT J AU Cipriotti, PA Aguiar, MR TI Interspecific competition interacts with the spatial distribution of a palatable grass to reduce its recruitment SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Fac Agron, Catedra Ecol,IFEVA,Dept Recursos Nat & Ambiente, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Cipriotti, PA, Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Fac Agron, Catedra Ecol,IFEVA,Dept Recursos Nat & Ambiente, Avda San Martin 4453, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. AB Most arid and semiarid ecosystems around the world have been grazed by domestic herbivores. In many cases, grazing has degraded vegetation and soil. The possibility of restoring rangeland's good condition depends, partially, oil the ability of remaining populations of desirable species to recover. In this work, we studied the exact spatial distribution of remaining palatable adult plants in fields with different grazing history (i.e., seed sources) and quantified the effect of interspecific competition with less palatable grasses on seedling emergence and survival (i.e., regeneration constraints). We worked in a Patagonian steppe composed of shrubs and perennial tussock grasses that has been grazed by sheep for > 100 years. In order to evaluate the location of seed sources, we mapped the location of a palatable species (Bromus pictus Hook.) in paddocks with different long-term grazing intensity. In addition, we sowed seeds of B. pictus close to 2 dominant, less palatable grasses in 2 different years to evaluate the role of interspecific interactions on regeneration and the effects of climate variability. The proportion of B. pictus plants growing in protected places near less palatable species significantly increased with grazing intensity. Competition effects on emergence, survival, and growth depended on the year's moisture regime. During the dry year, competition with less palatable grasses reduced the emergence, survival, height, and number of leaves of palatable grass seedlings by 30%, 55%, 48%, and 40%, respectively. In the wet year, there were no effects of competition on emergence and height, and the effects on survival depended on the species of the less palatable neighbors. Our study supports the idea that management for recovering degraded rangelands in this ecosystem may benefit from considering the spatial distribution of remaining plants. It also indicates that the susceptibility of demographic processes to interspecific competition depends on the year and neighbor species. CR ADLER PB, 2001, OECOLOGIA, V128, P465 AGUIAR MR, 1992, FUNCT ECOL, V6, P66 AGUIAR MR, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P93 AGUIAR MR, 1999, LIBRO RESUMENES 19 R AGUILERA MO, 1993, J ECOL, V81, P253 ARCHER S, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P545 ARCHER S, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P453 BAKKER JP, 1983, VEGETATIO, V55, P153 BEECHAM JA, 1999, P 8 ANN C INT ASS LA, P121 BELSKY JA, 1992, J VEG SCI, V3, P187 BERG G, 1997, PLANT ECOL, V132, P1 BONVISSUTO G, 1983, B INFORMATIVO INVEST, V36, P243 BROWN JR, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V80, P19 CALLAWAY RM, 2000, OIKOS, V89, P275 CIPRIOTTI PA, 2005, J VEG SCI, V16, P57 CRAWLEY MJ, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P803 DALE MRT, 1997, CAN J BOT, V75, P1342 DEFOSSE GE, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P73 ECCLES N, 2002, PLANT ECOL, V159, P117 FERNANDEZ RJ, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P434 FOWLER N, 1986, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V17, P89 FOWLER NL, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P2477 GOLDBERG DE, 1992, AM NAT, V139, P771 GOLDBERG DE, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P1118 GOLLUSCIO RA, 1982, B SOC ARGENTINA BOTA, V21, P299 GOLLUSCIO RA, 1993, J VEG SCI, V4, P839 JELTSCH F, 1997, J VEG SCI, V8, P177 JOBBAGY EG, 1995, ECOLOGIA AUSTR, V5, P47 JOBBAGY EG, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P541 LEON RJC, 1998, ECOLOGIA AUSTRAL, V8, P125 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P361 MILCHUNAS DG, 1989, VEGETATIO, V80, P11 MORETTO AS, 1997, PLANT ECOL, V130, P155 OESTERHELD M, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS DISTURBED, P287 OESTERHELD M, 2004, OIKOS, V107, P576 OWENS MK, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P257 PAPATHEODOROU E, 1993, ACTA OECOL, V14, P589 PARUELO JM, 1988, ARID SOIL RES REHAB, V2, P67 PERELMAN SB, 1997, ECOGRAPHY, V20, P400 REBOLLO S, 2002, OIKOS, V98, P53 ROTUNDO JL, 2004, J VEG SCI, V15, P514 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SOMLO R, 1997, ATLAS DIETARIO HERBI, P109 SORIANO A, 1956, REV INVEST AGRICOLAS, V10, P323 SORIANO A, 1983, TEMPERATE DESERTS SE, P423 SORIANO A, 1986, ISRAEL J BOT, V35, P91 STEEL RGD, 1988, PRINCIPLES PROCEDURE, P622 TIELBORGER K, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P1544 VANAUKEN OW, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P197 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WELDEN CW, 1986, Q REV BIOL, V61, P23 WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 NR 52 TC 0 J9 RANGEL ECOL MANAG BP 393 EP 399 PY 2005 PD JUL VL 58 IS 4 GA 949PB UT ISI:000230799500010 ER PT J AU Bodin, O Norberg, J TI Information network topologies for enhanced local adaptive management SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Bodin, O, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB We examined the principal effects of different information network topologies for local adaptive management of natural resources. We used computerized agents with adaptive decision algorithms with the following three fundamental constraints: (1) Complete understanding of the processes maintaining the natural resource can never be achieved, (2) agents can only learn by experimentation and information sharing, and (3) memory is limited. The agents were given the task to manage a system that had two states: one that provided high utility returns (desired) and one that provided low returns (undesired). In addition, the threshold between the states was close to the optimal return of the desired state. We found that networks of low to moderate link densities significantly increased the resilience of the utility returns. Networks of high link densities contributed to highly synchronized behavior among the agents, which caused occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and high utility returns. A constructed network involving a small set of experimenting agents was capable of combining high utility returns with high resilience, conforming to theories underlying the concept of adaptive comanagement. We conclude that (1) the ability to manage for resilience (i.e., to stay clear of the threshold leading to the undesired state as well as the ability to re-enter the desired state following a collapse) resides in the network structure and (2) in a coupled social-ecological system, the system-wide state transition occurs not because the ecological system flips into the undesired state, but because managers lose their capacity to reorganize back to the desired state. 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SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit,US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr,Biol Resources Div, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Porter, WF, SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. AB Overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are becoming common in the eastern United States. Faced with burgeoning deer populations in eastern parks, the National Park Service (NPS) formulated policy based on its long experience with ungulate management in western parks. That the NPS failed to find a management solution acceptable to its many constituencies was inevitable. Like blind men touching different parts of an elephant and disagreeing about its form, those engaged in the debate about deer management in parks are viewing different parts of the ecological system. None has seen the entire system, and consequently, there is neither common agreement on the nature of the problem nor on the solutions. We explore the quandary of deer management in eastern parks by addressing three questions: (1) Can the National Park Service reconcile its management goals with those of its neighbors? (2) Can thresholds be identified for determining when to intervene in natural processes? (3) Is there a scientific foundation for proceeding with effective management of deer? We argue that reconciling the NPS management with that of state conservation agencies is not possible because management policy guides these agencies in opposite directions: the NPS is charged with limiting human impact on ecological processes, and state agencies are charged with exerting human control over population abundance. Questions about thresholds and a scientific basis for management arise from concern that irrupting deer populations are a manifestation of disrupted natural processes. Several population growth paradigms are at the heart of this ecological question. The science provides no consensus about which of these paradigms are appropriate to deer in eastern ecosystems. Thus, it is premature to expect science to identify if or when natural processes have been disrupted. While the NPS cannot effectively achieve its goals without better science, neither can it wait for science to fully understand the dynamics of plant-herbivore interactions. The best hope for resolving both the biological and political dilemmas surrounding deer management is through an adaptive management approach. 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RP Andersson, E, Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Ecological research targeting sustainable urban landscapes needs to include findings and methods from many lines of ecological research, such as the link between biodiversity and ecosystem function, the role of humans in ecosystems, landscape connectivity, and resilience. This paper reviews and highlights the importance of these issues for sustainable use of ecosystem services, which is argued to be one aspect of sustainable cities. The paper stresses the need to include social and economic factors when analyzing urban landscapes. Spatially explicit data can be used to assess the roles different green areas have in providing people with ecosystem services, and whether people actually have access to the services. Such data can also be used to assess connectivity and heterogeneity, both argued to be central for continuous, long-term provision of these services, and to determine the role urban form has for sustainability. 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SO AMBIO LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. RP Levia, DF, Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. CR BARROW CJ, 1991, LAND DEGRADATION BLAIKIE PM, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BOJO JP, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P75 CONACHER A, 1995, RURAL LAND DEGRADATI HAAGSMA B, 1993, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V4, P73 HOLDGATE MW, 1982, WORLD ENV 1972 1982 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JOHNSON DL, 1995, LAND DEGRADATION CRE KUMAR M, 1992, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V3, P215 KUMMER DM, 1991, DEFORESTATION POSTWA LAL R, 1988, SOIL EROSION RES MET, P1 READING AJ, 1989, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V1, P155 STOCKING M, 1995, CATENA, V25, P253 WALLING DE, 1988, SOIL EROSION RES MET, P39 NR 14 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 200 EP 201 PY 1999 PD MAR VL 28 IS 2 GA 194ER UT ISI:000080179600017 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA Ostrom, E TI Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation: A cross-cutting theme of international human dimensions programme on global environmental change SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Sch Comp & Informat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Indiana Univ, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Janssen, MA, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CR ADGER WN, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P75 ADGER WN, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P268 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 FOLKE C, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P253 GALLOPIN GC, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, V41, P375 GALLOPIN GC, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P293 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JANSSEN MA, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P240 SMIT B, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P282 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8080 YOUNG OR, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P304 NR 11 TC 0 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 237 EP 239 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 16 IS 3 GA 073OJ UT ISI:000239752200002 ER PT J AU Sherman, K TI Why regional coastal monitoring for assessment of ecosystem health? SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sherman, K, USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB During recent years, the public and the scientific communities have signaled concern over growing degradation of ecosystem health, depleted fisheries, pollution, and habitat loss. Public concern has been registered in newspapers, electronic media, and congressional actions. Scientific concern has moved from the pages of journals to the actions of professional societies, as for example the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative of the Ecological Society of America (Lubchenco et al. 1991). Responsive actions at the national and international levels have resulted in Conventions and Protocols on Climate Change, Biodiversity, Ozone, and internationally recognized declarations for sustaining marine fisheries. 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CR CLARK CW, 1975, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V2, P92 CODDINGTON EA, 1955, THEORY ORDINARY DIFF HIRSCH MW, 1974, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO HOLLING CS, 1965, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, P45 KOPELL N, 1973, STUDIES APPL MATH, V52 LUDWIG D, UNPUBLISHED MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 SMITH VL, 1969, J POLIT ECON, V77, P181 NR 8 TC 3 J9 MATH BIOSCI BP 1 EP 14 PY 1978 VL 42 IS 1-2 GA GJ446 UT ISI:A1978GJ44600001 ER PT J AU Hanna, SS TI User participation and fishery management performance within the Pacific Fishery Management Council SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP Hanna, SS, OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. AB Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the long-term economic and social benefit of humans, but to no so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around user participation. The paper analyzes three case studies of riser participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program; an inter-gear sablefish allocation; and the development of a sablefish individual quota (IQ) program. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to the equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on tire characteristics of the program under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collective decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow a frill consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Okey, TA, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB The failure of modern fisheries management is blamed on myriad socio-economic and technical problems, but the most fundamental reason for failure might be the overwhelming dominance of extractive interests in participatory decision-making venues. In the United States, commercial fishing interests made up 49% of appointed voting members of the eight Regional Fishery Management Councils between 1990 and 2001; recreational fishing interests made up 33%, and all other interests combined made up 17%. Dominance of commercial fishing representation over the 'other' group was statistically significant, and this unequal apportionment 4 interests remained statistically stable throughout the 12 years of reporting. Contemporary economic sensibilities within this 'industry-captured' regulatory process generate perverse incentives for management decisions that conflict with, and can undermine, national sustainability goals and standards, even when those standards are logically sound and agreed to by consensus. Positive feedbacks in the system reinforce the unequal representation of interests. The relative dominance of these interests can be adjusted through an experiment that legally mandates an apportionment formula designed to optimize the welfare and interests of the general public, thus testing the notion,that increasing the relative representation of general public interests would improve the lacklustre performance of US federal fisheries management. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB The basic concepts of ecology as a biological science are inadequately reflected in public awareness despite the apparent indispensability of their application in the interaction between human society and living nature. This stems not only from ecological ignorance on the part of even the most well-educated and active segments of the population, but also from a continuously anthropogenic worldview. Science and education face the problem of changing this mentality and introducing basic ecological concepts into public awareness. 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RP Jansson, A, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Focusing on the Baltic archipelago, we address the questions: to what extent are the rhythms of natural and social systems compatible and under which criteria can we make them coincide? Existing mismatches between resource availability and human demand are identified as well as human attempts to dampen ecosystem fluctuations. By means of examples from forestry and fisheries, we illustrate how changes in property rights and technology have altered the diversity and resilience of the archipelago system. Our results suggest that intermediate scale processes of years up to a century are most critical for bringing natural and cultural systems in concordance. The time frame relevant to management and policy in the archipelago seems to correlate with eutrophication processes and the regrowth of forests. In fisheries, a shift from traditional to recreational fisheries has created fishery patterns badly adapted to the dynamics of the coastal ecosystem in disregard of traditional ecological knowledge. A multipurpose and adaptive management of natural resources is advocated as the most appropriate approach for promoting ecological and cultural diversity in the Baltic archipelago. Existing mismatches between the two have to be addressed by governing institutions at many hierarchical levels. 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Indiana Univ, Nonprofit Sector, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Imperial, MT, Indiana Univ, Inst Study Govt, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB Scholars, government practitioners, and environmentalists are increasingly supportive of collaborative, ecosystem-based approaches to natural resource management. However, few researchers have focused their attention on examining the important administrative and institutional challenges surrounding ecosystem-based management. This paper describes how the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework can be used to better understand the institutional arrangements used to implement ecosystem-based management programs. Some of the observations emanating from previous research on institutional design and performance are also discussed. 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Arrow, K Daily, GC Dasgupta, P Levin, SA Maler, KG Maskin, E Starrett, D Sterner, T Tietenberg, T TI Managing ecosystem resources SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Cambridge, Fac Econ & Polit, Cambridge CB3 9DD, England. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Inst, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Harvard Univ, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Colby Coll, Dept Econ, Waterville, ME 04901 USA. RP Levin, SA, Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB We explore some of the special problems faced in the management of environmental resources, paying particular attention to valuation of ecosystem services, externalities, uncertainty, and nonlinearities characteristic of complex adaptive, highly interconnected systems. Through consideration of case studies drawn from the management of lake and mangrove ecosystems, we develop a theoretical perspective in which we analyze the challenges, suggest approaches to their resolution, and endeavor to derive principles that may guide management more generally. 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Kurukshetra Univ, Dept Stat & Operat Res, Kurukshetra 132119, Haryana, India. RP Shah, MA, Rajshahi Univ, Dept Stat, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. AB A non-linear stochastic model has been proposed and analized for fish harvesting. The model encompasses Gordon-Schaefer model and Pella-Tomlinson model that have been used in the study of extensive data on baleen whales, harp seals and Gulf of St. Lawrence cod. It has been established that the harvesting of those species is more profitable in terms of biomass for which data supports alpha > 2, as compared to that for which alpha less than or equal to 2, where alpha is general index in the model: dn(t)/dt = rn(t) [1 - {1(t)/K}(alpha-1)] Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. CR ABAKUKUS A, 1981, MATH BIOSCI, V55, P169 BEVERTON RJH, 1957, FISHERY INVEST LON 2, V19, P533 FOX WW, 1970, T AM FISH SOC, V99, P80 GOH CJ, 1989, MATH BIOSCIENCES NEW, V95, P125 HOLT SJ, 1975, MAR MAMM S BERG LETT PF, 1976, ICNAF SEL PAP, V1, P171 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 PELLA JJ, 1969, INTERAM TROP TUNA CO, V13, P419 REED WJ, 1988, IMA J MATH APPL MED, V5, P215 RICKER WE, 1973, RAPPORT PROCES VERBA, V164, P333 SCHAEFER MB, 1954, B INT AM TROP TUNA C, V1, P27 SHAH A, 2001, PAKISTAN J STAT, V17, P163 SHAH MA, 1997, J STAT STUDIES, V17, P21 SHAH MA, 2001, NAT HAZARDS, V23, P49 NR 14 TC 0 J9 APPL STOCH MODELS BUS IND BP 43 EP 49 PY 2003 PD JAN-MAR VL 19 IS 1 GA 648QF UT ISI:000181161500004 ER PT J AU BARROW, EGC TI USUFRUCT RIGHTS TO TREES - THE ROLE OF EKWAR IN DRYLAND CENTRAL TURKANA, KENYA SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP BARROW, EGC, ICRAF,POB 30677,NAIROBI,KENYA. AB Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person's Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term. 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AB A major oil spill (8,000,000 liters; 50,000 barrels) occurred in Bahia Las Minas on the Caribbean coast of Panama in April 1986, and oil slicks from the refinery landfill and mangroves were still common there after 2 1/2 years. We studied short-term effects of the spill on common shallow subtidal reef corals, at the individual, population, and community levels. Numbers of corals, total coral cover, and species diversity based on cover decreased significantly with increased amounts of oiling. Cover of the large branching coral Acropora palmata decreased most. Frequency and size of recent injuries on massive corals increased with level of oiling, particularly for Siderastrea siderea. Growth of three massive species (Porites astreoides, Diploria strigosa, and Montastrea annularis, but not S. siderea) was less at oiled reefs in the year of the spill than during the 9 previous years. Subtidal coral reefs, particularly those along protected coasts, may suffer extensive damage from chronic exposure after major oil spills. 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Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Briske, DD, Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, 2126 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. AB This article synthesizes the ecological concepts and perspectives underpinning the development and application of state-and-transition models, thresholds, and rangeland health. Introduction of the multiple stable state concept paved the way for the development of these alternative evaluation procedures by hypothesizing that multiple stable plant communities can potentially occupy individual ecological sites. Vegetation evaluation procedures must be able to assess continuous and reversible as well as discontinuous and nonreversible vegetation dynamics because both patterns occur and neither pattern alone provides a complete assessment of vegetation dynamics on all rangelands. Continuous and reversible vegetation dynamics prevail within stable vegetation states, whereas discontinuous and nonreversible dynamics occur when thresholds are surpassed and one stable state replaces another. State-and-transition models can accommodate both categories of vegetation dynamics because they represent vegetation change along several axes, including fire regimes, weather variability, and management prescriptions, in addition to the succession-grazing axis associated with the traditional range model. Ecological thresholds have become a focal point of state-and-transition models because threshold identification is necessary for recognition of the various stable plant communities than can potentially occupy an ecological site. Thresholds are difficult to define and quantify because they represent a complex series of interacting components, rather than discrete boundaries in time and space. Threshold components can be categorized broadly as structural and functional based on compositional and spatial vegetation attributes, and oil modification of ecosystem processes, respectively. State-and-transition models and rangeland health procedures have developed in parallel, rather than as components of an integrated framework, because the two procedures primarily rely on structural and functional thresholds, respectively. It may be prudent for rangeland professionals to consider the introduction of these alternative evaluation procedures as the beginning of a long-term developmental process, rather than as an end point marked by the adoption of an alternative set of standardized evaluation procedures. 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RP Maezono, Y, Univ Tokyo, Sch Agr & Life Sci, Lab Biodivers Sci, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. AB Exotic largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) are thought to threaten native aquatic organisms worldwide, but few studies have demonstrated their community-wide impacts, including the interaction between these fish and other exotic organisms. We tested the hypothesis that bass and bluegill in Japanese farm ponds will reduce some native organisms (fish, shrimp, odonates) as well as exotic crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) via top-down effects, whereas other native organisms (chironomid larvae, oligochaetes, and macrophytes) will increase as a result of trophic cascades. To test this hypothesis, we conducted three types of field experiments. In the first experiment, we estimated predation pressure in ponds with and without bass and bluegills by using predator exclusion cages. This experiment revealed that predation on native odonates and exotic crayfish was greater in ponds with bass or bluegills, whereas predation on chironomids, oligochaetes, and macrophytes was lower in ponds with bass or bluegills. In the second experiment, we estimated the impact of bass and bluegills at the community level using four large mesocosms in a pond. Bass or bluegill were introduced into two mesocosms (treatment), but were absent in the other two mesocosms (control). We found that bass reduced native fish, exotic fish, shrimp, odonates, and exotic crayfish, while chironomids, oligochaetes, and macrophytes increased; however, introducing bluegill reduced only shrimp and odonates. In the third experiment, we established small mesocosms with and without exotic crayfish. This experiment showed that crayfish were responsible for a reduction of macrophytes. All three field experiments supported our hypothesis for bass effects, but not for most of the bluegill effects. The results provide important implications for strategies to eradicate exotic fish; when exotic crayfish are present, bass removal is likely to reduce macrophytes that perform important functions in freshwater ecosystems. To conserve macrophytes we propose that reduction of exotic crayfish should be considered when eliminating bass. 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Cattleposts and cattle ranching in the Kalahari Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article RP Perkins, JS, UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,P BAG 0022,GABORONE,BOTSWANA. AB This paper examines the advantages of the traditional cattlepost system against the recent drive towards the fencing of Botswana's rangelands and the establishment of privatised, commercial beef ranches. Consideration of operational and environmental factors emphasise the benefits of the cattlepost system, while socio-economic and political factors explain why the current drive towards fenced ranches will continue for the foreseeable future. It is concluded that while the degradation issue on Botswana's rangelands has been overstated, alleged concern for the conservation of the grazing resource is explicitly driving Botswana's current New Agricultural Policy. By accentuating the existing marked socio-economic inequalities within the livestock sector, such misplaced policies will fuel much graver environmental problems, as the underlying equity issue remains unaddressed. 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RP Connell, SD, Univ Adelaide, So Seas Ecol Labs, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, DP418, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. AB I experimentally separated the positive and negative effects of light penetration and sedimentation on the assembly and maintenance of 3 subtidal habitats whose heterogeneity characterizes much of the world's temperate coastline; encrusting (non-geniculate) coralline algae, articulated (geniculate) coralline algae and filamentous, turf-forming algae. The ability of encrusting corallines to monopolize and retain space without overgrowth depended on the presence of shade (positive effect) if sediment deposition was below that observed on coast characterized by high rates of sedimentation (negative effect). In contrast, the growth and persistence of articulated corallines depended on the absence of shade (negative effect) and high levels of sediment accumulation observed on human-dominated coast (positive effect). The recruitment of filamentous-turfs was facilitated by full light, but was not strongly affected by sedimentation. Instead, filamentous - turfs tolerated heavy sediment accumulation, a factor thought to explain the concomitant increase in spatial dominance of algal-turfs and loss of canopy-forming algae on reefs with heavy sedimentation. Importantly, different habitats will assemble or be maintained to match the environmental conditions in which they are most extensive, demonstrating the key role of physical factors associated with habitat-formers (kelp forests) and human-dominated coast (heavy sedimentation). These results also demonstrate that an appreciation of the integrated roles of physical processes may assist the development of predictive models about the assembly and maintenance of heterogeneity of natural communities, and their potential disruption by humans. 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Alaska Marine Ecol Res, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arctic Rim Res, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Huntington, HP, 23834 Clearing Dr, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. AB Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and the information and insights it offers to natural resource research and management have been given much attention in recent years. On the practical question of how TEK is accessed and used together with scientific knowledge, most work to date has examined documentation and methods of recording and disseminating information. Relatively little has been done regarding exchanges between scientific and traditional knowledge. This paper examines three workshop settings in which such exchanges were intended outcomes. The Barrow Symposium on Sea Ice, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Program Synthesis/Information Workshops, and the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee illuminate certain features of the preparation, format, and context of workshops or series of workshops and their eventual outcomes and influence. The examples show the importance of long-term relationships among participants and thorough preparation before the actual workshop. Further research should look more systematically at the factors that influence the success of a given workshop and the various ways in which participants perceive success. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. 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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Peterson, GD, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB We use a simple model of ecosystem management to demonstrate that apparently rational management approaches can lead to ecological collapse. Our model of the ecosystem management of lake eutrophication integrates lake dynamics, management decision-making, and learning in a framework that is deliberately simplified to highlight the role of model uncertainty. The simulated lake can switch between alternate eutrophic and oligotrophic states. Managers consider two management models of the lake, one for an oligotrophic lake and the other for a eutrophic lake. As managers observe the lake varying from year to year, they estimate how well each of the two management models is supported by the observed data. Management policies maximize the expected net present value of the lake. Even under optimistic assumptions about environmental variation, learning ability, and management control, conventional decision theory and optimal control approaches fail to stabilize ecological dynamics. Rather, these methods drive ecosystems into cycles of collapse and recovery. We suggest how scientists could help prevent ecosystem management from driving ecosystems toward collapse. 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RP Belsky, JM, Univ Montana, Dept Sociol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. AB In response to the Field et al. (2001) and Buttel (2001) argument that there are distinct patterns that distinguish natural resource and environmental sociology, I argue that this is typical of a thriving multiparadigmatic social science and is occurring across other ecological social sciences. In this article I briefly review current debates among anthropologists and human geographers to illustrate the transdisciplinary relevance of the natural resource and environmental sociology division and to suggest approaches that integrate this divide and also provide bridges to other ecological social sciences. The "bridging'' areas I discuss include political ecology, community conservation, and sustainable livelihoods. Natural resource/environmental sociologists have much to learn from engaging the works of each other and from other social and natural scientists. 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Ctr Rech Haleiut Mediterraneenne & Trop, Inst Rech Dev & Univ Cape Town 213, F-34203 Sete, France. Marine & Costal Management, ZA-8012 Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Inst Rech Dev & Univ Cape Town, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Freon, P, Ctr Rech Haulieut Mediterraneen & Trop, Inst Rech Dev & Marine & Coastal Management, Ave Jean Monnet,BP 171, F-34203 Sete, France. AB Small pelagic fish contribute up to 50% of the total landing of marine species. They are most abundant in upwelling areas and contribute to food security. Exploited stocks of these species are prone to large interannual and interdecadal variation of abundance as well as to collapse. We discuss why small pelagic fish and fisheries are so "special" with regard to their biology, ecology, and behavior. Two adjectives can sum up the characteristics of pelagic species: variability and instability. Analyses of the relationships between small pelagic fish and their physical environment at different time-scales illustrate the complexity of the interplay between exploitation and environmental impacts. How small pelagic fish species are positioned and related within the trophic web suggests that these species play a central role in the functioning and dynamics of upwelling ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the sustainable exploitation of small pelagic fisheries through appropriate management, focusing on the resilience to exploitation, a comparison of different management options and regulatory mechanisms. We recommend that statistical, socio-economical, and political merits of a proposed two-level (short- and long-term) management strategy be undertaken. 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P687 VERHEYE HM, 1998, S AFR J MARINE SCI, V19, P317 VERITY PG, 1998, S AFR J MARINE SCI, V19, P333 VONBRANDT A, 1984, FISH CATCHING METHOD WADA T, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P2455 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1997, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V7, P139 WALTERS CJ, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P539 WATSON R, 2001, NATURE, V414, P534 WEEKS SJ, 2002, NATURE, V415, P493 WERNER FE, 2001, SARSIA, V86, P405 WHIPPLE SJ, 2000, FISH FISH, V1, P22 WINTERS GH, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P354 WOLF NG, 1985, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V17, P47 WOOSTER WS, 1989, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V108, P153 WROBLEWSKI JS, 1989, FISH B-NOAA, V87, P387 WYATT T, 1988, P INT S LONG TERM CH YANEZ E, 1996, INVEST MAR VALPARAIS, V24, P107 YANEZ ER, 2002, GLOBEC SPACC IDYLE E, P324 ZEEMAN EC, 1978, CATASTROPHE THEORY S ZHANG CI, 2000, PROG OCEANOGR, V47, P171 ZHENG J, 1996, FISH RES, V26, P257 NR 376 TC 3 J9 BULL MAR SCI BP 385 EP 462 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 76 IS 2 GA 915XY UT ISI:000228346100013 ER PT J AU MOIR, WH MOWRER, HT TI UNSUSTAINABILITY SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP MOIR, WH, US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. AB In natural resource management, wise decisions must result in desired ecosystem conditions that are sustained over indefinitely long periods. Thus, the concept of sustainability is an important consideration in management decisions. In many cases, our understanding of whether or not sustainable conditions will result from a management decision is based on long-term projections from computer models. Although these models are theoretically based and statistically calibrated, they usually fail to account for uncertainty in the underlying assumptions, in the statistical calibration, and in the values used to initiate projections. Moreover, given our current level of knowledge of ecosystem behavior, results from even our best models may appear to indicate sustainable conditions, but cannot measure or incorporate probabilities of increasing stochasticity, critical threshold or extreme value events and surprises, or chaotic (dynamical) system behavior. For now, this unanticipated uncertainty can be adequately managed by accurately discounting present resource values, analyzing activities at appropriate temporal and spacial scales, maintaining biological diversity, and avoiding extreme impacts that can create overcompensating feedbacks. CR 1993, 1993 INFORMATION PLE ALLEN TFH, 1994, RM247 USDA FOR SERV, P98 BAK P, 1991, SCI AM, V264, P46 BELLA DA, 1972, J SANITARY ENG DIV A, V98, P579 BERRYMAN AA, 1989, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V4, P26 BERRYMAN AA, 1991, CHAOS INSECT ECOLOGY, P23 BERRYMAN AA, 1991, OIKOS, V62, P106 CAMBEL AB, 1993, APPLIED CHAOS THEORY COSTANZA R, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA DAILY GC, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P761 DICKPEDDIE WA, 1993, NEW MEXICO VEGETATIO ELLNER S, 1991, CHAOS INSECT ECOLOGY, P63 FRANKLIN JF, 1989, AM FOR, V95, P1 GALE RP, 1991, J FOREST, V89, P31 GILLIS AM, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P482 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1993, ECOL MODEL, V65, P255 HARDIN G, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P45 HESS K, 1992, VISIONS LAND MAN NAT HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JAMESON DA, 1994, SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGIC, P137 KAUFMANN MR, 1994, RM246 USDA FOR SERV KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KING AW, 1991, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V5, P239 LEARY RA, 1992, 1994 IUFRO CENT M RE, P65 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LOGAN JA, 1991, CHAOS INSECT ECOLOGY, P1 LOUCKS OL, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P428 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MASER C, 1992, GLOBAL IMPERATIVE HA MENGES ES, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P253 MOWRER HT, 1989, ARTIF INTELL, P100 MOWRER HT, 1991, CAN J FOREST RES, V16, P1196 NEILSON RP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P27 NORGAARD RB, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P88 NORTON BG, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P102 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 ODUM EP, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P419 OLSEN LF, 1990, SCIENCE, V249, P499 PERRINGS C, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P153 POOL R, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P25 RITCHIE ME, 1992, WILDLIFE 2001 POPULA, P139 SACHS W, 1989, NEW PERSPECTIVES SPR, P16 SAVORY A, 1988, HOLISTIC RESOURCE MA STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18 TAYLOR KC, 1993, NATURE, V361, P432 TOMAN MA, 1992, RESOURCES, P3 TURCHIN P, 1991, CHAOS INSECT ECOLOGY, P39 TURCHIN P, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P289 VITOUSEK PM, 1987, SCIENCE, V238, P802 WOODMANSEE RG, 1992, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEW P, P8 WYNNE B, 1993, NEW SCI, V138, P33 NR 51 TC 10 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 239 EP 248 PY 1995 PD MAY VL 73 IS 1-3 GA RE162 UT ISI:A1995RE16200020 ER PT J AU Kalikoski, DC Vasconcellos, M Lavkulich, L TI Fitting institutions to ecosystems: the case of artisanal fisheries management in the estuary of Patos Lagoon SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Inst Resources & Environm, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. Univ Rio Grande, Dept Oceanog, BR-96201900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. RP Kalikoski, DC, Univ British Columbia, Inst Resources & Environm, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. AB This paper analyzes the problem of fit of environmental institutions to the conservation of fisheries CPRs and the maintenance of artisanal fisheries in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, southern Brazil. The analysis identified problems with the definition of boundaries and rights to fisheries resources and incongruities between rules and local environmental/resource conditions which can affect the sustainability of artisanal fisheries. The driving forces of misfits showed to be associated to internal and external factors including the weak and changeable institutional arrangements, socio-economic conditions, the regime structure of governance, and individual stewardship for resources. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *FAO, 1997, FAO TECHN GUID RESP, V4 *FEPAM, 1993, PROP ENQ REC HIDR PA *IBAMA, 1995, SER EST PESC, V16 *MMA, 1996, MACR ZON COST BRAS *MMA, 1998, AV NORM LEG APL GER *UNESCO, 1993, COASTS MAN COMPL SYS ABDALLAH PR, 1998, THESIS U SAO PAULO ASMUS HE, 1989, ESTRUTURA DINAMICA S ASMUS ML, 1997, SUBTROPICAL CONVERGE, V308, P205 ASMUS ML, 1999, P WORKSH EC BAS INT BARCELLOS BN, 1966, INFORME GERAL PESCA BEGOSSI A, 2001, PROTECTING COMMONS F BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BROMLEY DW, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK, P3 CASTELLO JP, 1978, ATLANTICA RIO GRANDE, V3, P67 CASTELLO JP, 1997, SUBTROPICAL CONVERGE, V308, P171 COSTA CSB, 1997, SUBTROPICAL CONVERGE, V308, P73 DECASTRO F, 2000, 8 ANN C INT ASS STUD DIAS NJ, 1999, B SOCIEDADE BRASILEI, V55, P9 DIEGUES ACS, 1995, POVOS MARES LEITURAS DINCAO F, 1985, CAMAROES ALTO VALOR, V5 DINCAO F, 1991, ATLANTICA RIO GRANDE, V13, P1992 DOMASK J, 1997, THESIS U MIANMI FLOR FENNY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 FOLKE C, 1998, PROBLEM FIT ECOSYSTE GIBBS CJN, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO, P22 HAIMOVICI M, 1989, FRENTE MARITMO, V5, P151 HAIMOVICI M, 1997, RECURSOS PESQUEIROS HALL SJ, 1999, EFFECTS FISHING MARI HANNA SS, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 JENTOFT S, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P227 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LINO GAP, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO, P33 MCCAY BJ, 1987, CAPTURING COMMONS MCCULLY P, 1991, ECOLOGIST, V21, P77 NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR OSTROM E, 1990, GOVT COMMONS EVOLUTI OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PAULY D, 1997, GLOBAL TRENDS FISHER, P40 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 REIS EG, 1986, ATLANTICA RIO GRANDE, V8, P1986 REIS EG, 1994, RIO GRANDE, V16, P69 REIS EG, 2000, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V43, P585 SALES G, 2000, APLICACAO CONCEITOS SCUDDER T, 1985, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS R SEELIGER U, 1997, SUBTROPICAL CONVERGE SEELIGER U, 1997, SUBTROPICAL CONVERGE, V308, P197 SEIXAS CS, 2000, INT WORKSH CONS DEV SOUZA MAA, 2001, THESIS U FEDERAL RIO VIEIRA JP, 1996, ATLANTICA RIO GRANDE, V18, P123 VONIHERING H, 1896, PEIXES COSTA MAR EST, P98 VOOREN CM, 1983, THESIS U RIO GRANDE, V4 YOUNG OR, 1999, IHDP REPORT SERIES, V9, P99 NR 56 TC 2 J9 MAR POLICY BP 179 EP 196 PY 2002 PD MAY VL 26 IS 3 GA 556DH UT ISI:000175833700005 ER PT J AU Lyver, POB TI Use of traditional knowledge by Rakiura Maori to guide sooty shearwater harvests SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Lyver, POB, Old Tai Tapu Rd,RD 2, Christchurch, New Zealand. AB Traditional knowledge (TK) concerning the harvest of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) by Rakiura Maori in New Zealand was recorded and analyzed using scientific methodologies. The objective was to use information and techniques from traditional and scientific knowledge systems for more effective resource management. Rakiura Maori TK predicts that years with larger and fatter chicks will have greater chick abundance. Detailed harvest records (1978-89) from one muttonbirder on Poutama (Evening Island) indicated that harvest tallies were greater in years when chicks were larger. However, observations by muttonbirders in the last decade suggest that this traditional "chick quality-abundance" construct may be becoming less consistent. The lack of a relationship between harvest tallies and chick quality from 1990 to 1998 supported this reported change in TK. Muttonbirders target nights with rain, wind, and little moonlight when chicks can be caught more quickly. A multiple regression model indicated that year, effort, day of season, and nights with wind or rain determined number of chicks harvested. A lunar effect may not have been detected because muttonbirders adjust their harvest behavior according to phases of the moon. Scientific evaluation of chick emergence detected a lunar effect because sampling occurred at all stages of the lunar cycle. Local knowledge of the best conditions and areas on Poutama to hunt allowed the muttonbirders to maximize their harvest efficiency. Traditional knowledge can predict scientific findings for some key parameters of harvest, such as chick abundance, but also has value for understanding an ecological system. Complete integration of TK and ecological science is unlikely because of the spiritual and holistic aspects that partially define TK. However, parallel use of the 2 knowledge systems may improve the understanding and decision-making for conservation and natural resource use. CR *NZ CONS AUTH, 1997, MAOR CUST US NAT BIR ALVARD MS, 1993, HUM ECOL, V21, P355 ANDERSON A, 1995, INT J OSTEOARCHAEOL, V6, P403 ANDERSON A, 1997, NZ J ARCHAEOLOGY, V17, P35 BEATTIE JH, 1994, TRADITIONAL LIFEWAYS BERKES F, 1993, TRADITIONAL ECOLOGIC, P1 BERKES F, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, P281 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERLIN O, 1977, ETHNOBIOLOGY SUBSIST CROCOMBE R, 1994, SCI PACIFIC ISLAND P, V4, P41 DEURDEN F, 1998, POLAR REC, V34, P31 DICKISON M, 1994, NZ SCI MONTHLY, V5, P6 DWYER PD, 1994, PAC CONSERV BIOL, V1, P91 GRANADEIRO JP, 1998, IBIS, V140, P458 GUNN A, 1988, BOREAL I NO STUDIES, V23, P22 HAAMI BJT, 1994, SCI PACIFIC PEOPLES, V3, P65 HAMES R, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL, P97 HODGES W, 1994, 93 DEP CONS HUNN E, 1993, TRADITIONAL ECOLOGIC, P13 HUNTER C, 2001, THESIS U OTAGO DUNED IMBER MJ, 1975, NOTORNIS, V22, P302 JONES IL, 1990, CAN J ZOOL, V68, P433 KIRIKIRI R, 1995, CONSERVATION SUSTAIN, P54 LYVER PO, 1999, ENVIRON CONSERV, V26, P280 LYVER PO, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V188, P237 LYVER PO, 2000, NEW ZEAL J ZOOL, V27, P381 LYVER POB, 2000, NEW ZEAL J ECOL, V24, P169 MARCHANT S, 1990, HDB AUSTR NZ ANTAR A, V1 MOLLER H, 1996, BIODIVERSITY PAPERS, P89 RICE JA, 1988, MATH STAT DATA ANAL RICHDALE LE, 1946, WILDLIFE SERIES, V7, P90 ROBERTS JR, 1995, ACAD EMERG MED, V2, P20 ROBERTSON CJR, 1984, ICBP TECHN PUBL, V2, P573 TAIEPA T, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P236 VEIT RR, 1997, GLOB CHANGE BIOL, V3, P23 WARHAM J, 1982, NOTORNIS, V29, P23 WARHAM J, 1990, PETRELS THEIR BREEDI WATANUKI Y, 1986, AUK, V103, P14 WILSON E, 1979, TITI HERITAGE STORY WOLFE J, 1992, INDIGENEOUS W KNOWLE NR 41 TC 2 J9 WILDLIFE SOC BULL BP 29 EP 40 PY 2002 PD SPR VL 30 IS 1 GA 545DC UT ISI:000175200100004 ER PT J AU ROSSER, JB TI SYSTEMIC CRISES IN HIERARCHICAL ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIES SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article RP ROSSER, JB, JAMES MADISON UNIV,HARRISONBURG,VA 22807. AB Human beings are both the slaves and the masters of the ecosystems in which they live. This paper examines the interrelationship between economic decision-making hierarchies and ecological hierarchies. Conditions under which discontinuous changes can occur are presented both for top-down and bottom-up causes. Appropriate institutional arrangements for minimizing ecological disruption are analyzed and depend on the nature of the relationship between the economic and ecological hierarchies. In some cases this will involve self-managed economic units operating at the appropriate level of the ecological hierarchy. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY ANDERSON TL, 1977, MANAGING COMMONS, P200 AOKI M, 1990, J ECON LIT, V28, P1 ARROW KJ, 1969, 91ST US JOINT EC COM, P47 AUERBACH F, 1913, PETERMANS MITTEILUNG, V59, P74 BOGDANOV A, 1925, TEKTOLOGY UNIVERSAL BONIN JP, 1993, J ECON LIT, V31, P1290 BOULDING KE, 1978, ECODYNAMICS NEW THEO BOWLES S, 1985, AM ECON REV, V75, P16 BRAUDEL F, 1973, CAPITALISM MATERIAL BROMLEY DW, 1991, ENV EC PROPERTY RIGH BURNESS S, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P1 CIRIACYWANTRUP SV, 1975, NAT RESOUR J, V15, P713 COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 CORDELL J, 1989, SEA SMALL BOATS DAVIS SM, 1977, MATRIX DIENER M, 1984, CHAOS ORDER NATURE, P249 DJILAS M, 1957, NEW CLASS DURRENBERGER EP, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL, P370 ELTON CS, 1958, ECOLOGY INVASIONS AN GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE GILLES JL, 1981, SOCIOL RURALIS, V21, P129 GINTIS H, 1976, REV RADICAL POLITICA, V8, P36 GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 GREENBERG ES, 1986, WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY GUNTHER F, 1993, J BIOL SYST, V1, P257 HAKEN H, 1977, SYNERGETICS NONEQUIL HARDIE A, 1991, COMMONS TRAGEDY, P130 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HOLLING CS, 1994, POPULATION ENV DEV, P43 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HORVAT B, 1982, POLITICAL EC SOCIALI IANNELLO KP, 1992, DECISIONS HIERARCHY KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KHALIL EL, 1992, METHODUS, V64, P29 KOESTLER A, 1967, GHOST IN MACHINE LOVELOCK JE, 1988, AGES GAIA MARGLIN S, 1974, REV RADICAL POLITICA, V6, P60 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS TUC NETTING R, 1976, HUM ECOL, V4, P135 NICOLIS JS, 1986, DYNAMICS HIERARCHICA OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS RADNER R, 1985, ECONOMETRICA, V53, P1173 RADNER R, 1992, J ECON LIT, V30, P1382 ROSSER J, 1991, CATASTROPHE CHAOS GE ROSSER J, 1993, 35 BEIJ INT I EC EC ROSSER J, 1995, IN PRESS COMP EC TRA ROSSER JB, 1994, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V4, P553 SCHRODINGER E, 1994, WHAT IS LIFE SIMON HA, 1957, ADM BEHAVIOR SIMON HA, 1962, P AM PHILOS SOC, V106, P467 STEVENSON GG, 1991, COMMON PROPERTY EC G STOKES KM, 1992, MAN BIOSPHERE VARELA F, 1974, BIOSYSTEMS, V5, P187 VERNADSKY VI, 1945, AM SCI, V33, P1 VONBERTALANFFY L, 1968, PERSPECTIVES GENERAL WALLACE RR, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P103 WIENER N, 1948, CYBERNETICS WILLIAMSON OE, 1975, MARKETS HIERARCHIES NR 62 TC 6 J9 LAND ECON BP 163 EP 172 PY 1995 PD MAY VL 71 IS 2 GA QU184 UT ISI:A1995QU18400002 ER PT J AU Younus, MA Bedford, RD Morad, M TI Not so high and dry: Patterns of 'autonomous adjustment' to major flooding events in Bangladesh SO GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Kingston Univ, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. AB The Bangladeshi farming system is well adjusted to flooding. Throughout the riverine flood plains and coastal deltas, The farming system is strongly influenced by flood characteristics: timing, depth, duration and frequency (number of flood peaks). This article examines farmers' responses to recent devastating flood events with particular reference to the farmers' 'autonomous adjustments' during the 1998, flood arguably the most disruptive flood episode in living memory. Different flood events require different kinds of adjustment which, in turn, influence the pattern of crop damage, If adjustments are appropriate then farmers might expect reasonable crop production. On the other band, if the flood persists through much of the cropping season leaving little time for crop maturation, then farmers can lose a significant amount of production. The article investigates three kinds of adjustment - routine, tactical and in-built - in the context of normal flood events, and more specifically with reference to the devastating flood in 1998. A range of information obtained in a post-flood field investigation in Islampur (north of Dhaka) has been used to assess the resilience of farmers living in a riverine flood-prone area and the strategies they adopt to cope with severe flood events. CR *IPCC, 1990, STRAT AD SEA LEV RIS *UN, 2003, IFRC INF B, V1 AHMED AU, 1998, VULNERABILITY ADAPTA, P125 AHMED I, 2001, FUTURES, V33, P803 ALLISON MA, 1998, J COASTAL RES, V14, P1269 BENIOFF R, 1996, VULNERABILITY ADAPTA BRAMMER H, 1990, GEOGR J, V156, P12 BRAMMER H, 1990, GEOGR J, V156, P158 CARTER TR, 1994, IPCC TECHNICAL GUIDE DELNINNO C, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P1221 ERICKSEN NJ, 1996, IMPLICATIONS CLIMATE HANCHETT S, 1998, WATER CULTURE POWER, P209 HARVEY D, 1969, EXPLANATION GEOGRAPH HUQ S, 1998, VULNERABILITY ADAPTA ISLAM N, 2001, FUTURES, V33, P783 KARIM, 1998, VULNERABILITY ADAPAT MESSERLI B, 2000, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V19, P459 MIRZA MMQ, 2001, ENV HAZARDS, V3, P37 MIRZA MMQ, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P127 PAUL BK, 1997, GEOFORUM, V28, P121 PAUL BK, 2003, GEOGR J 1, V169, P75 RASHID H, 1995, APPL GEOGR, V15, P3 SMITH JB, 1996, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V92, P229 WARRICK RA, 1996, IMPLICATIONS CLIMATE YOUNUS MDA, 2001, THESIS U WAIKATO NZ NR 25 TC 0 J9 GEOGRAPHY BP 112 EP 120 PY 2005 PD SUM VL 90 GA 936VA UT ISI:000229882300002 ER PT J AU Herrmann, TM TI Knowledge, values, uses and management of the Araucaria araucana forest by the indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people: A basis for collaborative natural resource management in southern Chile SO NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM LA English DT Article C1 UN, Water Nat Resources & SIDS Branch, Div Sustainabel Dev, Dept Econ & Social Affairs, New York, NY USA. RP Herrmann, TM, UN, Water Nat Resources & SIDS Branch, Div Sustainabel Dev, Dept Econ & Social Affairs, New York, NY USA. AB One of the most important endemic tree species of Chile and at the same time one of the most endangered ones is Araucaria araucana (Mol.) C. Koch, the monkey puzzle tree. It grows in the Andes Mountains, homeland of the indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people who depend on this tree. This paper is based on field research that investigated the ecological knowledge, uses and management of the Araucaria araucana forest by indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people based on the sociocultural, spiritual and ecological relationships they have with the Araucaria forest, to find out how indigenous people and their knowledge could contribute to sustainable Araucaria forest management. A Mapuche Pewenche community located in the IX region of Chile contributed to this study. Based on the analyses this paper illustrates the nature of indigenous ecological knowledge of Araucaria araucana on the one hand, and its utility in native forest management on the other. The research shows that the Mapuche Pewenche hold ecological knowledge and conduct practices to manage their Araucaria forest in a balanced way. They conserve and use forest biodiversity at one and the same time. This paper provides recommendations for sustainable Araucaria forest management and conservation strategies ex-situ and in-situ incorporating indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge and for promoting a collaborative natural resources management. 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RP Wilkinson, A, Shell Int Ltd, Global Business Environm, Shell Ctr, London SE1 7NA, England. 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OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review C1 CLARK UNIV,CTR TECHNOL ENVIRONM & DEV,CLIMATE & SOC RES GRP,WORCESTER,MA 01610. RP WARRICK, RA, NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. 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GUPTA US, 1975, PHYSL ASPECTS DRYLAN HAIGH P, 1977, SEPARATING EFFECTS W HARE FK, 1979, WORLD CLIMATE C C EX HARRIS DR, 1969, TRENDS GEOGRAPHY HARRISON P, 1979, NEW SCI, V22, P602 HEATHCOTE RL, 1974, NATURAL HAZARDS LOCA HEBERLEIN TA, 1973, WATER COMMUNITY C SE HEILBRONER RL, 1974, INQUIRY HUMAN PROSPE HEWITT K, 1980, ENV DEV COMMUNITY PE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUNTINGTON E, 1915, CIVILIZATION CLIMATE HUSZAR P, 1975, FROST HAZARD US RESE INGRAM MJ, 1981, CLIMATE HIST JACKSON RH, 1979, APR ANN M ASS AM GEO JACOBSEN T, 1958, SCIENCE, V128, P1251 JOHNSON JH, 1976, CLIMATE FOOD CLIMATI JOHNSON K, 1976, THESIS CLARK U KATES RW, 1962, 78 U CHIC DEP GEOGR KATES RW, 1980, UNPUB KATES RW, 1980, WEATHER, V35, P17 KATZ RW, 1977, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V1, P85 KELLOGG WW, 1981, CLIMATE CHANGE SOC C KNEESE AV, 1970, EC ENV MATERIALS BAL LAMBERT LD, 1975, LAND EC, V47, P339 LINNEMANN H, 1979, MOIRA MODEL INT RELA MANNERS IR, 1974, PERSPECTIVES ENV MARGOLIS H, 1979, AAAS DOE 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1974, NATURAL HAZARDS LOCA SCHAAKE JD, 1979, WORLD CLIMATE C C EX SCHNEIDER SH, 1976, GENESIS STRATEGY SCHNEIDER SH, 1980, ANNU REV ENERG ENV, V5, P107 SEWELL WRD, 1971, PERCEPTIONS ATTITUDE SIMON HA, 1956, PSYCHOL REV, V63, P129 SMITH CD, 1981, CONSEQUENCES CLIMATI SPITZ P, 1980, CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS, P125 STEIN WJ, 1973, CALIFORNIA DUST BOWL TAAFFE EJ, 1974, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V64, P1 TAKAHASHI K, 1978, CLIMATIC CHANGE FOOD TERJUNG WE, 1981, 77TH AAG M LOS ANG THOMPSON JD, 1977, DESERTIFICATION ENV, CH6 THOMPSON JD, 1981, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, CH2 THOMPSON LM, 1962, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V17, P149 THOMPSON LM, 1969, AGRON J, V61, P453 THOMPSON LM, 1969, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V23, P219 TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TORREY WI, 1979, CURRENT ANTHR, V20 VANLOON H, 1978, MON WEA REV, V106, P1012 WADDELL E, 1975, HUM ECOL, V3, P249 WARRICK RA, 1975, DROUGHT HAZARD US RE WARRICK RA, 1980, CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS WARRICK RA, 1981, ANN M AM ASS ADV SCI WARRICK RA, 1981, GREAT PLAINS PERSPEC WHITE GF, 1961, NAT RESOUR J, V1, P23 WHITE GF, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING WHITE GF, 1969, STRATEGIES AM WATER WHITE GF, 1973, DIRECTIONS GEOGRAPHY WHITE GF, 1974, NATURAL HAZARDS LOCA WHITE GF, 1975, ASSESSMENT RES NATUR, V1, P1 WHYTE I, 1981, CONSEQUENCES CLIMATI, P17 WISNER B, 1978, THESIS CLARK U WORSTER D, 1979, DUST BOWL SO GREAT P WRIGHT JD, 1979, CLEANUP LONG RANGE E YEVJEVICH V, 1978, DROUGHT RES NEEDS NR 146 TC 10 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 387 EP 428 PY 1981 VL 3 IS 4 GA MW757 UT ISI:A1981MW75700003 ER PT J AU Gunderson, LH TI Ecology: A different route to recovery for coral reefs SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Math & Sci Ctr 511, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Gunderson, L, Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Math & Sci Ctr 511, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB Worldwide, many coral reef ecosystems have undergone regime shifts, changing from domination by coral to domination by algae. New work indicates that the return path is surprisingly different from the forward one. CR 2005, MILLENIUM ECOSYSTEM BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BELLWOOD DR, 2006, CURR BIOL, V16, P2434 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 MCCLANAHAN T, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 NR 9 TC 0 J9 CURR BIOL BP R27 EP R28 PY 2007 PD JAN 9 VL 17 IS 1 GA 125RY UT ISI:000243461300015 ER PT J AU Gilman, EL Ellison, J Jungblut, V Van Lavieren, H Wilson, L Areki, F Brighouse, G Bungitak, J Dus, E Henry, M Kilman, M Matthews, E Sauni, L Teariki-Ruatu, N Tukia, S Yuknavage, K TI Adapting to Pacific Island mangrove responses to sea level rise and climate change SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Sch Geog & Environm Studies, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia. UN Environm Program, Reg Seas Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. WWF S Pacific, Boroko, Papua N Guinea. WWF Fiji, Suva, Fiji. Coastal Management Program, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA. Environm Protect Author, Majuro 96960, MH, Marshall Island. Wildlife Conserva Soc, Goroka, Papua N Guinea. Dept Econ Afffairs, Palikir 96941, FM, Micronesia. Primary Resources Consulting Co, Port Vila, Vanuatu. Palau Conservat Soc, Koror 96940, PW, Palau. Minist Environm Land & Agr Dev, Bikenibeu, Tarawa, Kiribati. Dept Environm, Nukualofa, Tonga. Commonwealth No Mariana Isl Coastal Resources Man, Saipan, CM 96950 USA. RP Gilman, EL, Sch Geog & Environm Studies, Locked Bag 1-376, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia. AB Stresses associated with effects of climate change, including rise in relative mean sea level, present one set of threats to mangroves. Coastal development and ecosystems in the Pacific Islands region are particularly vulnerable to climate change effects. We investigated the capacity of Pacific Island countries and territories to assess mangrove vulnerability to the effects of climate change, and their capacity to adapt to mangrove responses to these forces. Technical and institutional capacity-building priorities include: (1) strengthening management frameworks to conduct site-specific assessment of mangrove vulnerability and incorporate resulting information into land-use plans to prepare for any landward mangrove migration and offsetting anticipated losses; (2) reducing and eliminating stresses on and rehabilitating mangroves, in part, to increase mangrove resilience to climate change effects; and (3) augmenting abilities to establish mangrove baselines, and monitor gradual changes using standardized techniques through a regional network to distinguish local and climate change effects on mangroves. Other priorities are to: (4) assess how mangrove margins have changed over recent decades; (5) determine projections of trends in mean relative sea level and trends in the frequency and elevation of extreme high water events; (6) measure trends in changes in elevations of mangrove surfaces; and (7) incorporate this information into land-use planning processes. Also in (8) some locations require spatial imagery showing topography and locations of mangroves and coastal development. Land-use planners can use information from assessments predicting shoreline responses to projected sea level rise and other climate change effects to reduce risks to coastal development, human safety, and coastal ecosystems. This advanced planning enables coastal managers to minimize social disruption and cost, minimize losses of valued coastal ecosystems, and maximize available options. 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RP Glaser, M, Ctr Trop Marine Ecol, ZMT Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. AB Central aspects of the sustainability of a mangrove crab fishery in the Cacte estuary, Para, North Brazil, are assessed according to biological, economic and social criteria and based on a 5-year data series. Ucides cordatus is probably a keystone species in this mangrove ecosystem. Over half of rural coastal households depend on the crab for at least part of their income. The fishery shows seasonal and annual differences in terms of labour input, capture volumes and productivity. During the rainy season, more crab collectors work than during the dry season, although labour productivity is generally lower. A reason for this seemingly irrational producer behaviour is the lack of alternative income sources during this time of year. Labour productivity over the monitoring period decreased by 16%. Present crab fishery does not seem to endanger the U. cordatus population as a whole. Mostly mature old crabs, which have reproduced several times already, are captured. Females are not targeted due to lack of market demand. Nonetheless, males are slightly more abundant than females suggesting that the reproductive output of the crab stock is maintained at a sufficient level. Central for the economic and social sustainability of the fishery is crab collectors' purchasing power, which, between 1998 and 2001, fell by 20%. In 2001, the economic sustainability threshold was reached as crab collectors' incomes net of operational and investment costs fell to about the level of the official Brazilian minimum wage. This means that crab collection is now being undertaken at an income level which only just covers the regeneration of crab collectors' labour. At the same time, an ongoing erosion of social sustainability is reflected in territorial conflicts between crab collectors and in the incidence of alcoholism and reliance on child labour in crab collector households. Thus, the current fragility of economic sustainability and the undermining of social sustainability are accompanied by apparently undisturbed biological sustainability conditions. This highly asymmetric outcome is a challenge for transdisciplinary efforts to establish relevant fishery management priorities with the active participation of the centrally affected stakeholders. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB Environmental conditions of the Eastern North American Arctic make this region suitable for biogeographical approaches to culture. Although composed of a vast assemblage of large and small islands, the Eastern Arctic differs from other ''oceanic'' environments where modem biogeographical work has been pioneered. This paper outlines conditions which make the Eastern Arctic suitable for biogeographical study and considers the nature of ''islands'' as analytical constructs rather than as discrete entities. Biogeographical concepts are considered in relation to the ''core-periphery model'' that has been the organizing principle for interpreting patterns of Eastern Arctic culture history. Abstractions, aspects, and conclusions reached from these studies outline some of the opportunities available for application of more directed anthropological biogeographical work in the future. 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CR ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 CLARK CW, 1973, SCIENCE, V181, P630 GOLDSTEIN JH, 1990, PRESERVATION VALUATI, P246 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 NORDHAUS WD, 1994, AM SCI, V82, P45 ORIANS GH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P139 SCHULZE ED, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST NR 7 TC 4 J9 ECOL APPL BP 26 EP 27 PY 1996 PD FEB VL 6 IS 1 GA TU567 UT ISI:A1996TU56700010 ER PT J AU Puszkin-Chevlin, A Hernandez, D Murley, J TI Land use planning and its potential to reduce hazard vulnerability: Current practices and future possibilities SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Ctr Urban & Environm Solut, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. RP Puszkin-Chevlin, A, Florida Atlantic Univ, Ctr Urban & Environm Solut, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. AB The concentration of people and infrastructure along the nation's coastline has increased our vulnerability to severe coastal storms and other natural hazards, as evidenced by the substantial social, economic and environmental impacts,of recent hurricanes. Competing policy objectives and stakeholder interests pose,challenges to planners' and public officials' attempts to increase resilience using land development-based approaches. This paper describes theses issues for researchers outside the urban and regional planning discipline. It presents the typical approaches to hazard mitigation and the primary land-use tools used to manage coastal development. It strives to inspire interdisciplinary visioning of sustainable coastal development patterns needed to advance resiliency. 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RP Decamps, H, CNRS, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse 4, France. AB If we consider riparian areas as landscapes it means that we consider them as entities whose survival depends on ecological as well as on cultural sustainability. Ecological sustainability requires people's understanding of the role of both diversity and connectivity of riparian areas. Cultural sustainability requires people's attention and care towards diversity and connectivity. It is argued that interaction between ecological and cultural sustainabilities governs riparian management, and that we still have to promote such an interaction. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB Social impact assessment (SIA), an applied form of social research essential to good development planning, has expanded to many Third World settings and is currently being adapted to conservation and protected area initiatives. The ex ante or pre-project focus of SIA, ordinarily a virtue, is diminished in value as projects increase in complexity, uncertainty, and duration. Protected area development, by design and definition, embodies each of these characteristics. This paper makes the case for continuous, multi-stage SIA, drawing on insights from adaptive management as recently applied to environmental impact assessment. Such an adaptation of protected area social impact assessment (PASIA) conforms well to the complete project cycle review approach used by the World Bank, the particular institutional focus of the paper. 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Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Ambientals, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. RP Dizon, RT, Univ Philippines, Inst Marine Sci, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. AB The present century is witness to unprecedented levels of coral reef degradation worldwide. Current understanding based on traditional ideas is unlikely to capture adequately the dynamics of phenomena accompanying this trend. In this regard, the ideas of complexity are reviewed. Some applications to coral reefs as complex systems have already been discussed in the literature although further progress is warranted as the search for new and more effective management tools continues, and the direction towards more holistic, integrative and large scale approaches gains wider acceptance. We distinguish between the concepts of robustness and resilience in the face of disturbance, highlight the various mechanisms that foster these stability properties and provide some coral reef examples. We identify some of the driving forces behind succession that are critical for community assembly and possible reef recovery. Finally, we consider how self-organization arises out of apparently random and chaotic processes and interactions to exhibit certain regularities and patterns especially when moving up on the scale of space and/or time. 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PT J AU Tahvonen, O Salo, S TI Nonconvexities in optimal pollution accumulation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 HELSINKI SCH ECON,DEPT MATH & STAT,HELSINKI 00100,FINLAND. RP Tahvonen, O, FINNISH FOREST RES INST,UNIONINKATU 40A,HELSINKI 00170,FINLAND. AB With a few exceptions, the analysis of optimal pollution accumulation or detrimental stock externalities rests on the assumptions that the level of damage is unbounded and that pollution decay increases monotonically with the level of pollution stock. We show that these assumptions are restrictive and that their generalization alters the basic economic properties of optimal pollution control. We specify a decay function which is concave with low stock levels and convex when pollution is higher. We show that, although multiple steady states may exist, the globally optimal solution may be independent of the initial pollution level. It is also possible that there are cutoff levels which determine the optimal long-run equilibrium, implying that the feedback control law is discontinuous and nonmonotonic. Bounded damage may have similar implications, but in contrast to concave-convex decay, they may occur even with zero discounting. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. 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Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Briske, DD, Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, 2126 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. AB The goal of this synthesis is to initiate development of a unified framework for threshold assessment that is able to link ecological theory and processes with management knowledge and application. Specific objectives include the investigation of threshold mechanisms, elaboration of threshold components, introduction of threshold categories and trajectories, and presentation of an operational definition of ecological thresholds. A greater understanding of ecological thresholds is essential because they have become a focal point within the state-and-transition framework and their occurrence has critical consequences for land management. Threshold occurrence may be best interpreted as a switch from the dominance of negative feedbacks that maintain ecosystem resilience to the dominance of positive feedbacks that degrade resilience and promote the development of post-threshold states on individual ecological sites. Threshold categories have been identified to serve as ecological benchmarks to describe the extent of threshold progression and increase insight into feedback mechanisms that determine threshold reversibility. Threshold trajectories describe the developmental pathway that post-threshold states may follow once a threshold has been exceeded. These trajectories may produce a continuum of potential post-threshold states, but the majority of them may be organized into four broad states. This framework lends itself to management application by providing an operational definition of thresholds that is based on a probabilistic interpretation. Probabilities associated with 1) the occurrence of triggers that initiate threshold progression, 2) the trajectory of post-threshold states, and 3) threshold reversibility will provide an operational procedure for threshold assessment and application. If thresholds are to play a central role in rangeland ecology and management, then the rangeland profession must accept responsibility for their conceptual development, ecological validity, and managerial effectiveness. 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SO REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL LA Spanish DT Article C1 Univ Costa Rica, CIMAR, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. RP Fonseca, AC, Univ Costa Rica, CIMAR, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. AB The coral reefs at Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, specifically at the CARICOMP site Meager Shoal, have been monitored since 1999. Complete data sets from 2000 and 2004 have shown that live coral cover has increased less than 3 % (from 15 to 17 %), but non-coralline algae cover has increased much (63 to 74 %) and coralline algae cover has decreased (17 to 5 %) significantly. The proportion of affected colonies by diseases, injuries and bleaching decreased from 24 % in 2000 to 10 % in 2004, but the difference was not statistically significant. Densities of the urchin Diadenia antillarum increased, and are probably help to maintain the macroalgae biomass low, while those of Echinonietra viridis decreased significantly. The coral reef at Cahuita National Park continues to be impacted by chronic terrigenous sediments and does not show a significant recovery since the late 1970's. 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RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Ecosystem dynamics unfold into the future but are understood by examining the past. A forward looking ecology, which assesses a broad range of possible future ecosystem states, is the complement of long-term, historical approaches to ecology. Together they are the ecology of the long now. The "long now" of ecosystems includes historical influences that shape present ecologies, and the future consequences of present events. As a step in testing theories by their consequences, prediction is widely used in ecology. Ecologists have developed, criticized, and improved many predictive theories. Ecologists also have developed many empirical relationships that are potentially useful in forecasting. Eutrophication is an example of a problem for which ecologists created fundamental understanding, predictive capability, and new options for management. Ecologists frequently justify their research funding through appeals to improved predictability. This goal is sometimes attainable and in any case motivates a considerable body of insightful research. However, in many cases of environmental decision making, what ecologists cannot predict is at least as important as what can be predicted. It is important to assess the full range of changes in ecosystems that may plausibly occur in the future, and the implications of these changes. The paper discusses some ways that ecological information can be used to improve understanding of the future consequences of present choices. 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RP Carlsson, L, Lulea Univ Technol, Div Polit Sci, Dept Business Adm & Social Sci, S-97187 Lulea, Sweden. AB The fishing of vendace (Coregonus albula), in the Gulf of Bothnia, is a good illustration of the presumption that institutional arrangements that are too inflexible to cope with changing ecological conditions, are unlikely to prosper. Although the vendace fishing is regulated by the State, catches have decreased dramatically, and there is a considerable fear that the resource is about to be depleted. This article discusses how the present institutional arrangement affects collective action and why political solutions seem to have failed. The vendace case illustrates that even a rather limited resource concentrated in a limited area is unlikely to be sustainably managed by top-down regulation performed by the State. It is concluded that changes in management practices that are obvious from the perspective of ecosystem management might turn out to be unfeasible, given the multi-stakeholder character of the, gi management system. From this article it can also be concluded that resilience theory and experiences from long-enduring CPRs correspond very well with each other. Finally, it is discussed whether it is meaningful to talk about institutional, or managerial, resilience uncoupled from the ecosystem it is supposed to be managed. If an ecosystem, like the vendace, that is subject to human activity loses its resilience this would automatically indicate the socio-economic system, as manifested in management practices, has already lost its ability to adapt. Thus, social and ecological resilience are communicating vessels but not perhaps as the concept might be understood according to a popular call for increased institutional resilience in natural resource management. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 1998, DS FORSLAG ANDRINGAR, P2 1999, NORRLANDSKA SOC 1027 *ESO, 1997, DS FISK FUSK MAL MED, P81 *SOU, 1998, FISK EU PERSP JORDBR, P24 ASTROM E, 1997, NORRBOTTENS KUR 1003 BAILLY D, 1999, WORKSH POL THEOR POL BEHRE G, 1985, SVERIGES HIST 1521 1 BERKES F, 1991, ALTERN-P SOC TEC, V18, P12 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 2000, COMANAGEMENT NATURAL CARLSSON L, 2001, UNPUB UNDERSTANDING COLDING J, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGICAL FISHER, 1999, COMMUNICATION 0816 FISHER, 1999, COMMUNICATION 0825 FISHER, 1999, COMMUNICATION 0828 FOLKE C, 1998, UNDERSTANDING DYNAMI GADGIL M, 1991, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, V8, P127 GUSTAVSSON T, 1997, SWEWDISH FISHERY 199 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HASSELBORG T, 1997, COMMUNICATION 0406 HASSELBORG T, 1999, COMMUNICATION 0602 HASSELBORG T, 2001, TRALFISKET EFTER SIK HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1993, 36 BEIJ INT I EC EC KARAS P, 1994, SIKLOJEBESTANDET NOT LARSSON B, 1998, NORRBOTTENS KUR 0716 LUNDGREN NG, 1987, KAMPEN NATURRESURSER LUNDGREN R, 1999, COMMUNICATION 0706 NILSSON L, 1999, NORRLANDSKA SOC 1006 NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR OLSON M, 1965, LOGIC COLLECTIVE ACT OLSSON I, 1997, ACTION PLAN BIOL DIV OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE OSTROM E, 1993, BEIJER DISCUSSION PA, V39 OSTROM E, 1998, AM POLIT SCI REV, V92, P1 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PEJOVICH S, 1997, EC FDN PROPERTY RIGH PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PUTNAM RD, 1993, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR ROVA C, 1999, THESIS LULEA U TECHN SODERBERG J, 1996, SVERIGES EKONOMISKA SPETS BL, 1999, NORRBOTTENS KUR 0930 STIGLITZ J, 1999, WORLD BANK ANN BANK THORESSON G, 1997, RESURS MILJOOVERSIKT TURNER K, 1994, ENV EC ELEMENTARY IN WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 NR 47 TC 0 J9 MAR POLICY BP 323 EP 333 PY 2001 PD SEP VL 25 IS 5 GA 492JE UT ISI:000172164000001 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA TI Evolution of institutional rules: An immune system perspective SO COMPLEXITY LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Janssen, MA, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB This article discusses the evolution of institutional rides, the prescriptions that humans use to shape their collective activities. Four aspects of the rides are discussed: coding, creation, selection, and memory. The immune system. provides its a useful metaphor to relate these four aspects into a coherent framework. For each aspect, the relevant dynamics in social systems and immune systems are discussed. Finally, a framework for a computational model to study the evolution of rules is sketched. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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Biodivers Conservat div, Dept Nat Resources Environm & Arts, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia. RP Kutt, AS, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst Rangelands & Savannas, Davies Lab, PMB PO, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. AB We studied the response of vegetation and vertebrate assemblages to fire and grazing. and their interacting effects, in Eucalyptus woodland in north-eastern Australia. hi this vegetation type, many pastures remain free of cattle grazing due to the occurrence of a native shrub poisonous to livestock. Vegetation (floristic data and 22 habitat variables) and vertebrate fauna (birds. mammals, reptiles) were sampled in 29 standardized 50 x 50-m quadrats in the 2001 wet season. representing Four treatments: sites burnt recently (within 2 y) and grazed by cattle (4-8 ha per livestock unit): sites unburnt (last burnt > 2 y ago) and grazed: sites burnt recently and ungrazed: and unburn and ungrazed sites. Fire and grazing had a significant influence on vegetation: both grazing and fire reduced ground cover (fire in grazed sites 51-23%, tire in ungrazed sites 68-39%)) and increased the cover of forbs (8%, in burnt and grazed sites, 3%, if ungrazed) and tussock grasses (20%) in grazed and unburnt sites and 5%) when ungrazed). Grazing caused a shift in floristic composition from the perennial hummock grass Trioda pungens to tussock grasses (e.g. Aristida spp.. Enneapogon spp.), forbs (e.g. Phyllanthus spp.) and shrubs (e.g. Acacia spp.). Of the vertebrate groups, birds responded more to fire effects (9 species), reptiles to grazing effects (6 species) and mammals to the interaction (2 species). Species reacted to increases in bare ground (e.g. crested pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes, hooded robin Melanodryas cucullatus. Ctenophorus nuchalis) and to the dominant ground cover (e.g. Ctenotus pantherinus) or change in vegetation architecture (e.g. singing honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens, variegated fairy-wren Malurus lamberti). The clearest example of an interacting effect was the cycle of complementary dominance between the rodents Pseudomys delicatulus and P. desertor, the latter's post-fire recovery becoming more muted in sites where cattle grazed (modelled time for population recovery twice as long as in ungrazed sites). 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RP Natcher, DC, Univ Alberta, Canadian Circumpolar Inst, Sustainable Forest Management Network, 8820-112 St,Room 302, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. AB Recognizing the limitations common to both centralized and privatized management regimes, institutionalized resource management is beginning to incorporate the knowledge and skills of local resource users, coupled with the enabling policies and legislation of state systems, to arrive at cooperative approaches to resource management. These varying and dynamic approaches to resource management have been compelled largely through the recognition of the limited capabilities of existing management systems to adapt effectively to ecosystem change and the evolving needs of resource users. These cooperative approaches to management should not, however, be considered an institutional end-point, but rather a phase in the perpetual transition of a social system; each unique in character and individually variable depending on the resource being managed, the political climate in which management occurs, as well as the differing strategies employed by resource users to enact institutional change. Drawing from the experiences of the Whitefish Lake First Nation of Alberta, Canada, this paper presents a brief overview of the evolution of resource management theory, grounded in the real-world formation of the Whitefish Lake First Nation - Province of Alberta Cooperative Management Agreement. 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RP Carlman, I, IMIR, Inst Miljoratt, Stora Amyra, SE-74030 Bjorklinge, Sweden. AB This article confronts present main stream planning approaches against the perspective of ecological sustainability, as relevant for Rule of Law countries and based on a modern environmental law approach. It discusses the setting and implementation of environmental goals against the general experience of massive implementation deficits regarding environmental policies all over the world. In this confrontation, environmental planning, with at least some principles picked up from New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and much more taken from modern environmental law theory on legal operationalisation, is compared to adaptive management approaches which also allow for modifying the environment related goal if implementation fails or seems very difficult. The concept of adaptive environmental planning (AEP) is suggested as a possible road to choose for planning for sustainability, while maximizing development within the framework legally defined by means of environmental limits. This article presents five criteria, all of which must be met by AEP planning. One of these relates to a planning hierarchy which, among other things, leads to the conclusion that coastal planning, if it is intended to aim at sustainability, can not be dealt with in isolation, although such planning might have to meet very complex problems at the regional level. CR 1994, GAZETTE 0505 2003, SUCOZOMA C RIGHTS DU *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT *WORLD WATCH I, 2002, STAT WORLD BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CAMHIS M, 1979, PLANNING THEORY PHIL, P4 CARLMAN I, 1996, TEMANORD CARLMAN I, 2003, MILJORATT FORANDRING CHRISTENSEN J, 1997, RATT KRETSLOPP CULLINGWORTH JB, 1964, TOWN COUNTRY PLANNIN DODDS F, 2000, EARTH SUMMIT NEW DEA FALUDI A, 1973, READER PLANNING THEO FRIEND JK, 1969, LOCAL GOVT STRATEGIC GIPPERTH L, 1994, MILJORATTSLIG TIDSKR, V1 GIPPERTH L, 1999, THESIS U UPPSALA SWE GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE MALER KG, 1997, EC TRANSNATIONAL COM MALER KG, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V1 MALER KG, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V2 MCAUSLAN P, 1975, LAND LAW PLANNING, P18 WESTERLUND S, 1997, HALLBAR RATTSORDNING NR 23 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 163 EP 168 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 34 IS 2 GA 912PE UT ISI:000228090700016 ER PT J AU Walker, PA TI Political ecology: where is the ecology.? SO PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Walker, PA, Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. CR BASSETT TJ, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P67 BASSETT TJ, 2004, GEOGRAPHY AM DAWN 21 BATESON G, 1972, STEPS ECOLOGY MIND C BATTERBURY S, 1997, GEOGR J 2, V163, P126 BERNSTEIN H, 1979, J PEASANT STUD, V6, P420 BLAIKIE PM, 1985, POLITICAL EC SOIL ER BLAIKIE PM, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BRAUN B, 1998, REMAKING REALITY NAT BUNKER SG, 1984, AM J SOCIOL, V89, P1017 BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 BUTZER KW, 1989, GEOGRAPHY AM CARNEY J, 1990, AFRICA, V60, P207 FAIRHEAD J, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1023 FORSYTH T, 2003, CRITICAL POLITICAL E FRANK AG, 1969, CAPITALISM UNDERDEVE GEZON LL, 1997, ETHNOLOGY, V36, P85 HECHT SB, 1985, WORLD DEV, V13, P663 HECHT SB, 1990, FATE FOREST DEV DEST HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI HURLEY PT, 2004, ENVIRON PLANN A, V36, P1529 LEACH M, 1996, LIE LAND CHALLENGING MCCARTHY JJ, 2002, ENVIRON PLANN A, V34, P1281 MCCARTHY JP, 1998, REMAKING REALITY NAT MCCARTHY JP, 2001, VIOLENT ENV MOORE DS, 1993, ECON GEOGR, V69, P380 MOORE DS, 1998, CULT ANTHROPOL, V13, P344 ODUM HT, 1970, ENV POWER SOC PAULSON S, 2003, HUM ORGAN, V62, P205 PEET R, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES REICE SR, 1994, AM SCI, V82, P424 SCHROEDER RA, 1999, SHADY PRACTICES AGRO SHANIN T, 1971, PEASANTS PEASANT SOC SOULE M, 1995, REINVENTING NATURE SPRUGEL DG, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V58, P1 STEWARD JH, 1955, THEORY CULTURAL CHAN TURNER BL, 2002, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V92, P52 TURNER M, 1993, ECON GEOGR, V69, P402 TURNER MD, 1998, J BIOGEOGR, V25, P669 TURNER MD, 1998, J BIOGEOGR, V25, P683 TURNER MD, 1999, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V89, P191 TURNER MD, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P267 TURNER MD, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P643 VAYDA AP, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P167 WALKER P, 2003, CULT GEOGR, V10, P469 WALLERSTEIN IM, 1974, MODERN WORLD SYSTEM WATTS MJ, 1990, CAPITALISM NATURE SO, V4, P123 WATTS MJ, 1997, PROG HUM GEOG, V21, P75 WATTS MJ, 1983, SILENT VIOLENCE FOOD WATTS MJ, 1985, DESERT DEV MAN TECHN WATTS MJ, 2000, DICT HUMAN GEOGRAPHY WATTS MJ, 2003, UNPUB POLITICAL ECOL WILLEMSBRAUN B, 1997, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V87, P3 WOLF E, 1972, ANTHR Q, V45, P201 ZIMMERER KS, 1991, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V81, P443 ZIMMERER KS, 1993, ECON GEOGR, V69, P312 ZIMMERER KS, 1993, WORLD DEV, V21, P1659 ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 ZIMMERER KS, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P135 ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P356 ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ECUMENE, V7, P150 ZIMMERER KS, 2003, POLITICAL ECOLOGY IN ZIMMERER KS, 2003, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V16, P583 NR 63 TC 10 J9 PROG HUM GEOGR BP 73 EP 82 PY 2005 PD JAN VL 29 IS 1 GA 903QC UT ISI:000227439700007 ER PT J AU Krysiak, FC Krysiak, D TI Aggregation of dynamic systems and the existence of a regeneration function SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Tech Univ Berlin, Fac Econ & Management 8, Berlin, Germany. RP Krysiak, FC, Tech Univ Berlin, Fac Econ & Management 8, Berlin, Germany. AB In environmental economics, complex ecosystems are often represented by low-dimensional models. The question of whether the results of these models can be applied to a more complex reality leads to the investigation of an aggregation problem in a nonlinear dynamic setting. We show that restrictive assumptions are needed for aggregation and that the low-dimensional model has to be linear. On the basis of these results, we argue, that the aggregation of complex ecosystems is often oversimplifying and that substantial gains can be expected from the use of more complex models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). 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Netherlands Inst Ecol, Spatial Ecol Dept, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. RP Rietkerk, M, Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst, Dept Environm Sci, POB 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. AB Unexpected sudden catastrophic shifts may occur in ecosystems, with concomitant losses or gains of ecological and economic resources. Such shifts have been theoretically attributed to positive feedback and bistability of ecosystem states. However, verifications and predictive power with respect to catastrophic responses to a changing environment are lacking for spatially extensive ecosystems. This situation impedes management and recovery strategies for such ecosystems. Here, we review recent studies on various ecosystems that link self-organized patchiness to catastrophic shifts between ecosystem states. CR BELSKY AJ, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P922 BELYEA LR, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1315 BELYEA LR, 2002, J ECOL, V90, P223 BRUNO JF, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P119 CALLAWAY RM, 2002, NATURE, V417, P844 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CASTETS V, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2953 COUTERON P, 2001, J ECOL, V89, P616 FOSTER DR, 1983, NATURE, V306, P256 HILBERT DW, 2000, J ECOL, V88, P230 HILLERISLAMBERS R, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P50 JONES CG, 1994, OIKOS, V69, P373 JUDD SL, 2000, PHYSICA D, V136, P45 KLAUSMEIER CA, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1826 LEJEUNE O, 2002, PHYS REV E 1, V66 LEJEUNE O, 2004, INT J QUANTUM CHEM, V98, P261 LINDBLAD JT, 1985, B INDONES ECON STUD, V21, P69 LUDWIG J, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FU MEINHARDT H, 1995, ALGORITHMIC BEAUTY S MURRAY JD, 1989, BIOMATHEMATICS TEXTS, V19 OUYANG Q, 1992, J PHYS CHEM-US, V96, P6773 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P69 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P241 RIETKERK M, 2000, PLANT ECOL, V148, P207 RIETKERK M, 2002, AM NAT, V160, P524 RIETKERK M, 2004, AM NAT, V163, P699 ROHANI P, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P70 SAKAGUCHI Y, 1980, B DEP GEOGRAPHY U TO, V12, P35 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 SCHLESINGER WH, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P364 SHNERB NM, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 SWANSON DK, 1988, OIKOS, V53, P509 THIERY JM, 1995, J ECOL, V83, P497 TURING A, 1952, PHILOS T ROY SOC LON, V273, P37 VONHARDENBERG J, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 NR 37 TC 1 J9 SCIENCE BP 1926 EP 1929 PY 2004 PD SEP 24 VL 305 IS 5692 GA 857RM UT ISI:000224136000037 ER PT J AU Redman, CL TI Resilience theory in archaeology SO AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Int Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Redman, CL, Arizona State Univ, Int Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB The past can be characterized by periods of changing and stable relationships between human groups and their environment. In this article, I argue that use of "resilience theory". as a conceptual framework will assist archaeologists in interpreting the past in ways that are interesting and potentially relevant to contemporary issues. Many of the authors in this "In Focus" section primarily concentrate on the relationships associated with patterns of human extraction of resources and the impacts of those human activities on the continuing condition of the ecosystem. These processes are, of course, embedded in a complex web of relationships that are based on multiple interactions of underlying patterns and processes of both the ecological and social domains. In this article, I introduce a resilience theory perspective to argue that these transformations were characterized by very different reorganizations of the socioecological landscape and were the product of a variety of factors that operated at different scales of geography, time, and social organization. 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RP Gunderson, LH, Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, 1715 N Decatur Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AB Surprises commonly occur in natural resource systems and are manifest as dramatic shifts in ecosystem structure and processes. Southern Florida ecosystems have had two such surprises in the last two decades, (1) changes in dominant plant species in freshwater marshes of the Everglades; and (2) massive die-offs of seagrass in Florida Bay. Both examples indicate a loss of ecological resilience and subsequent shifts in controlling processes or stability domains. Techniques of adaptive environmental assessment and management that confront alternative hypotheses of ecosystem change and propose management actions that allow managers to learn have provided robust responses to these surprises. Two predicates for adaptive management are sufficient resilience in the ecosystem components of a resource system and flexibility in the social system. Ecological resilience provides a buffer in the ecosystem to the inevitable failure of management actions. Social flexibility through trust and cooperation is needed if ecosystem resilience is exceeded. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 COHEN AD, 1984, 2 MIAM GEOL SOC CRAIGHEAD FC, 1971, TREES S FLORIDA NATU, V1, P212 DAVIS SM, 1989, 9 ANN S FRESH WAT WE DAVIS SM, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM, P357 DAVIS SM, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM, P769 DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DUEVER MJ, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM, P225 EHRLICH PR, 1993, BETRAYAL SCI REASON, P335 FOURQUREAN JW, 1993, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V36, P295 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1992, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI GUNDERSON LH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY SE US L, P199 GUNDERSON LH, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM, P323 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HERNDON A, 1991, WETLANDS, V11, P17 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 LIGHT SS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P103 LOVELESS CM, 1959, ECOLOGY, V40, P1 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 NEWMAN S, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P1016 NEWMAN S, 1998, AQUAT BOT, V60, P265 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE ROBBLEE MB, 1991, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V71, P297 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 STEWARD KK, 1975, ECOLOGY, V56, P162 THAYER GW, 1994, B MAR SCI, V54, P718 WADE D, 1980, SE17 USDA FOR SERV, P125 WALKER BH, 1981, ECOLOGY, V69, P473 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT, P374 WALTERS CJ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P189 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WESTLEY F, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P391 NR 34 TC 4 J9 ECOL ECON BP 371 EP 378 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 37 IS 3 GA 443HC UT ISI:000169334900004 ER PT J AU vandeKoppel, J Rietkerk, M TI Herbivore regulation and irreversible vegetation change in semi-arid grazing systems SO OIKOS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Trop Nature Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands. RP vandeKoppel, J, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Trop Nature Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, Borensesteeg 69, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Models made to explain sudden and irreversible vegetation shifts in semi-arid grasslands typically assume that herbivore density is independent of the state of the vegetation, e.g., under the control of humans. We relax this assumption and investigate the mathematical implications of vegetation-regulated herbivore population dynamics. We show that irreversible vegetation change may also occur in systems where herbivore population dynamics are affected by changes in plant standing crop. Our analysis furthermore shows that irreversible vegetation change may occur for a larger set of soil and climatic conditions when herbivore numbers are independent of the vegetation, as compared to systems where vegetation density determines herbivore population size. Hence, our analysis suggests that irreversible vegetation change is less likely to occur in systems with natural herbivore population dynamics than in systems where humans control herbivore density. CR AUGUSTINE DJ, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P1260 BEGON M, 1996, ECOLOGY DEANGELIS DL, 1992, DYNAMICS NUTR CYCLIN DRENT RH, 1987, DISTURBANCE GRASSLAN, P133 EDELSTEINKESHET L, 1988, MATH MODELS BIOL ELWELL HA, 1976, GEODERMA, V15, P61 FRYXELL JM, 1988, AM NAT, V131, P781 HOLLING CS, 1959, CAN ENTOMOL, V91, P293 HOLT RD, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P377 HOLT RD, 1985, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V28, P181 ILLIUS AW, 1998, AGR SYST, V57, P382 ILLIUS AW, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P798 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 OKSANEN T, 1990, EVOL ECOL, V4, P220 PRINS HHT, 1990, OECOLOGIA, V83, P392 RIETKERK M, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P512 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P69 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P241 RIETKERK M, 1998, 20 WAG AGR U ROSENZWEIG ML, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P209 ROSENZWEIG ML, 1969, AM NAT, V103, P81 ROSENZWEIG ML, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P385 SINCLAIR ARE, 1985, CAN J ZOOL, V63, P987 SNYMAN HA, 1991, WATER SA, V17, P263 TOULMIN C, 1994, LIVING UNCERTAINTY N, P95 VANDEKOPPEL J, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P736 VANDEKOPPEL J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P352 WADE N, 1974, SCIENCE, V185, P234 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 YODZIS P, 1989, INTRO THEORETICAL EC NR 31 TC 6 J9 OIKOS BP 253 EP 260 PY 2000 PD AUG VL 90 IS 2 GA 349EX UT ISI:000089031600005 ER PT J AU Bellwood, DR Hughes, TP Folke, C Nystrom, M TI Confronting the coral reef crisis SO NATURE LA English DT Review C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Perpignan, Ecole Prat Hautes Etud, CNRS, UMR 8046, F-66860 Perpignan, France. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Bellwood, DR, James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB The worldwide decline of coral reefs calls for an urgent reassessment of current management practices. confronting large-scale crises requires a major scaling-up of management efforts based on an improved understanding of the ecological processes that underlie reef resilience. Managing for improved resilience, incorporating the role of human activity in shaping ecosystems, provides a basis for coping with uncertainty, future changes and ecological surprises. Here we review the ecological roles of critical functional groups (for both corals and reef fishes) that are fundamental to understanding resilience and avoiding phase shifts from coral dominance to less desirable, degraded ecosystems. We identify striking biogeographic differences in the species richness and composition of functional groups, which highlight the vulnerability of Caribbean reef ecosystems. These findings have profound implications for restoration of degraded reefs, management of fisheries, and the focus on marine protected areas and biodiversity hotspots as priorities for conservation. CR 2003, GREAT BARRIER REEF M *AIMS, REEF MON *GREAT BARR REEF M, OV CURR STAT GREAT B *NOAA FISH, CAND COR ACR PALM EL *USCRTF, 2000, NAT ACT PLAN CONS CO ARONSON RB, 2002, ECOL MONOGR, V72, P233 AYRE DJ, 2000, EVOLUTION, V54, P1590 AYRE DJ, 2004, ECOL LETT, V7, P273 BELL R, 2002, J SCI MED SPORT, V5, P32 BELLWOOD DR, 1990, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V28, P189 BELLWOOD DR, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1532 BELLWOOD DR, 2003, ECOL LETT, V6, P281 BIRKELAND C, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P364 BOHNSACK JA, 2003, GULF CARIBBEAN RES, V14, P1 CONNELL JH, 1997, ECOL MONOGR, V67, P461 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DONE TJ, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V247, P121 DONE TJ, 1996, FUNCTIONAL ROLES BIO, P393 EAKIN CM, 1996, CORAL REEFS, V15, P109 EDMUNDS PJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5067 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 FOLKE C, IN PRESS ANN REV ECO FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 GARDNER TA, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P958 GLYNN PW, 1988, GALAXEA, V7, P129 GLYNN PW, 2000, CORAL REEFS, V19, P1 GOREAU TF, 1959, ECOLOGY, V40, P67 GRAHAM NAJ, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P200 HALPERN BS, 2002, ECOL LETT, V5, P361 HARVELL CD, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P2158 HAY ME, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P446 HEPPELL SS, 1996, WILDLIFE RES, V23, P143 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 HUGHES TP, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR 2, V44, P932 HUGHES TP, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P2250 HUGHES TP, 2002, ECOL LETT, V5, P775 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 HUNTE W, 1992, MAR BIOL, V114, P625 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JENNINGS S, 1997, CORAL REEFS, V16, P71 JOHNSON KG, 1995, PALEOBIOLOGY, V21, P52 KAREIVA P, 2003, AM SCI, V91, P344 KINZIG AP, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P330 KNOWLTON N, 1992, AM ZOOL, V32, P674 LESSIOS HA, 1984, SCIENCE, V226, P335 LESSIOS HA, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P371 LEVITAN DR, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P627 LOREAU M, 2002, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P1 MCCOOK LJ, 2001, CORAL REEFS, V19, P400 MCCULLOCH M, 2003, NATURE, V421, P727 MCGILVRAY F, 2002, AQUACULTURE ASIA, V7, P21 MOBERG F, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P215 MUNRO JL, 1983, ICLARM STUD REV, V7, P1 MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 OGDEN J, 1977, STUD GEOL, V4, P281 OGDEN JC, 1973, SCIENCE, V182, P715 PANDOLFI JM, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P955 PAULY D, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P430 PAULY D, 2002, NATURE, V418, P689 RICHMOND RH, 1993, AM ZOOL, V33, P524 ROBERTS CM, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1280 RUSS GR, 2002, CORAL REEF FISHES DY, P421 SADOVY YJ, 2002, CORAL REEF FISHES DY, P391 SAMMARCO PW, 1980, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V45, P245 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 SCULLY EP, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P126 SPALDING MD, 2001, WORLD ATLAS CORAL RE STENECK RS, 1988, 6TH P INT COR REEF S, V1, P37 STENECK RS, 1994, OIKOS, V69, P476 STENECK RS, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P429 WALKER BH, 1997, PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYP, P91 WILKINSON C, 2002, STATUS COREL REEFS W WILLIAMS D, 2002, CURRENT LEVEL SCI UN NR 76 TC 0 J9 NATURE BP 827 EP 833 PY 2004 PD JUN 24 VL 429 IS 6994 GA 831RE UT ISI:000222213000031 ER PT J AU Bellwood, DR Hughes, TP Hoey, AS TI Sleeping functional group drives coral-reef recovery SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Australian Res Councils, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Bellwood, DR, James Cook Univ N Queensland, Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Australian Res Councils, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB The world's coral reefs are in decline, with many exhibiting a phase shift from coral to macroalgal dominance [1-6]. This change is often associated with habitat loss and overharvesting of herbivorous fishes, particularly parrotfishes and surgeonfishes [6-9]. The challenge is to reverse this decline and enhance the resilience of coral-reef ecosystems [10, 11]. We demonstrate, by using a large-scale experimentally induced phase shift, that the rapid reversal from a macroalgal-dominated to a coral- and epilithic algal-dominated state was not a result of herbivory by parrotfishes or surgeonfishes. Surprisingly, phase-shift reversal was primarily driven by a single batfish species (Platax pinnatus), a fish previously regarded as an invertebrate feeder. The 43 herbivorous fishes in the local fauna played only a minor role, suggesting that biodiversity may not offer the protection we hoped for in complex ecosystems. Our findings highlight the dangers faced by coral reefs and other threatened complex ecosystems: Species or functional groups that prevent phase shifts may not be able to reverse phase shifts once they occur. Nevertheless, reversal is possible. The critical issue is to identify and protect those groups that underpin the resilience and regeneration of complex ecosystems. CR AGARDY MT, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS HUMAN WEL, V1, P513 BELLWOOD DR, 2001, CORAL REEFS, V20, P139 BELLWOOD DR, 2003, ECOL LETT, V6, P281 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BJORNDAL KA, 2003, BIOL SEA TURTLES, V2, P259 CARPENTER RC, 1986, ECOL MONOGR, V56, P345 CHOAT JH, 2002, MAR BIOL, V140, P613 CHOAT JH, 2004, MAR BIOL, V145, P445 COLLIE JS, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P281 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 FORBES GA, 1994, 13 ANN S SEA TURTL B, P57 GARDNER TA, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P958 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 HUGHES TP, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P2250 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 HUGHES TP, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P380 HUNTER CL, 1995, B MAR SCI, V57, P501 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 KULBICKI M, 1993, NAGA, V16, P26 KULBICKI M, 2005, CYBIUM, V29, P235 LEWIS SM, 1985, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V87, P215 LEWIS SM, 1986, ECOL MONOGR, V56, P183 LOREAU M, 2002, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST MARSH H, 1982, AUST WILDLIFE RES, V9, P55 MARSH H, 2005, ECOL APPL, V15, P481 MCCLANAHAN TR, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB, P111 MCCOOK LJ, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V139, P179 MCCOOK LJ, 1997, MAR BIOL, V129, P713 MCCOOK LJ, 2001, CORAL REEFS, V19, P400 MUMBY PJ, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P98 NAEEM S, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P1537 PANDOLFI JM, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P955 POLUNIN NVC, 1992, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V164, P1 POLUNIN NVC, 1995, J FISH BIOL, V47, P455 RANDALL JE, 1967, STUDIES TROPICAL OCE, V5, P667 RANDALL JE, 1997, FISHES GREAT BARRIER SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 STENECK RS, 1994, OIKOS, V69, P476 STENECK RS, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, V3, P121 WILKINSON C, 2002, STATUS CORAL REEFS W WILSON SK, 2003, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V41, P279 NR 43 TC 2 J9 CURR BIOL BP 2434 EP 2439 PY 2006 PD DEC 19 VL 16 IS 24 GA 119UP UT ISI:000243039800026 ER PT J AU Nakamura, T TI Development of decision-making indicators for ecosystem-based river basin management SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article C1 UNEP, Div GEP Coordinat, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. RP Nakamura, T, UNEP, Div GEP Coordinat, POB 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. AB The use of a set of indicators is proposed for the purpose of making an effective decision within an ecosystem-based approach to river basin management. The indicators are selected to reflect and represent hydrological, geochemical, ecological and socio-economic functions identified as relevant ecosystem functions and services included in the target river basin. Depending on the river basin management objectives, these indicators are defined and then weighted. The ecosystem function index is formulated using the weighted indicators, and indicates proposed management options within the framework of the ecosystem-based river basin management regarding the management objectives. The ecosystem function index is intended to represent the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to pressures and threats caused by human intervention within the specific river basin. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR *CCICED TASK FORC, 2004, PROM INT RIV BAS MAN *GIWA, 2001, GLOB INT WAT ASS *SEPA UNEP UN HABI, 2004, FLOOD VULN ASS CAS S *SOPAC UNEP, 2005, BUILD RES SIDS *SOPAC, 1999, ENV VULN IND EVI SUM *UNDHA, 1993, GLOSS INT AGR GLOSS *UNDP UNEP WORLD B, 2000, WORLD RES 2000 2001 *UNEP, 1996, GLOB BIOD ASS *UNEP, 1999, SCOP MISS 1998 FLOOD *UNEP, 2001, VULN IND CLIM CHANG *UNEP, 2002, GLOB ENV OUTL, V3, P301 *WORLD EC FOR, 2000, PIL ENV SUST IND JIN LX, 2005, PAYMENT ENV ECOSYSTE LONERGAN S, 1998, 1 GLOB ENV CHANG HUM NAKAMURA T, 2000, 2 WORKSH VULN ASS FL NAKAMURA T, 2001, P INT SEM INT WAT MA, P161 NAKAMURA T, 2002, UNCHS UNEP 2002 MITI, V1, P66 NAKAMURA T, 2003, HYDROL PROCESS, V17, P2711 PATKINS J, 2000, 40 COMM SECR VEMULA VG, 2004, TRAINING WORKSHOP WE ZHANG JP, 2000, SEPA UNEP UNCHS 2000, P120 NR 21 TC 0 J9 HYDROL PROCESS BP 1293 EP 1308 PY 2006 PD APR 15 VL 20 IS 6 GA 035QA UT ISI:000237015200005 ER PT J AU Dovers, SR Norton, TW Handmer, JW TI Uncertainty, ecology, sustainability and policy SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP Dovers, SR, AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,INST ADV STUDIES,CTR RESOURCE & ENVIRONM STUDIES,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA. AB Using an Australian focus to explore theoretical and policy issues of wider concern, this article examines linkages between public policy and the science of ecology. This is done within the broader framework of sustainability, emphasizing the problem of decision making in the face of 'uncertainty'. Insights from the ecological, risk, sustainability and policy literatures are used. The sustainability-uncertainty problem is characterized, and the adequacy of existing policy support techniques and approaches noted, particularly the precautionary principle. The problem is further defined using the notion of ignorance. The treatment of ignorance and uncertainty in ecology is discussed. We suggest that the science of ecology has had a limited influence on policy formulation and discuss the basis of this using biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management as examples. We conclude by considering challenges for handling risk, uncertainty and ignorance in ecological science for policy formulation. We emphasize the need for improved communication between the science and policy communities, greater recognition of the limits of quantitative techniques in addressing uncertainty, and contingency planning. 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ISI:A1996VT21200002 ER PT J AU Salthe, S TI Infodynamics, a developmental framework for ecology/economics SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP Salthe, S, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. AB Infodynamics, for our purposes, is a developmental perspective that animates information theory by way of thermodynamics. The isomorphism between Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of physical entropy as disorder and Shannon's formulation of variety as informational entropy signals a deep connection between information and entropy production. Information is any configuration that might have been different, providing that it delays energy dissipation so that the energy is dissipated more completely. The entropy production of individual dissipative structures increases at first but eventually decelerates. I consider the questions: why do these structures grow? And why don't they keep on growing? As the universal expansion of the Big Bang accelerated, matter precipitated from disequilibrated energy. In its own search for equilibrium, matter clumped, signaling further disequilibrium. The only way these clumps can be destroyed is by others, and this role of gradient degradation entrained the evolution of complexity, all the way to living systems. This serves universal equilibration because, generally, more of an energy gradient must be lost as heat than can become reembodied in its consumers, and so it can be said that these structures grow to serve gradient degradation, taking the second law of thermodynamics as a final cause. I suggest that energy degradation is harnessed by growing systems because that process allows the fastest eventual dissipation in the direction of the lowest grade of energy. Three stages of development of dissipative structures are described: immature, mature, and senescent. Growth is limited by senescence, which I take to be a consequence of information overload. I suggest that ecosocial systems harnessed by human population growth impose less information on ecological transformations than do typical mature ecosystems, thereby tapping more powerful energy flows and producing more wastes of a higher grade than heat, which act as pollutants. Warfare is interpreted as a mechanism to prevent ecosocial senescence. I suggest that ecosocial systems should be planned in the direction of maintaining system maturity as long as possible. 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Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Inst Int Studies, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Kalamazoo Coll, Dept Biol, Kalamazoo, MI 49006 USA. Western Washington State Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. CNRS, UPR 9056, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier 05, France. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Catedra Ecol, RA-4453 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Inst Fisiol & Ecol Vinculadas Agr, RA-4453 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis & Nat, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB Human alteration of the global environment has triggered the sixth major extinction event in the history of life and caused widespread changes in the global distribution of organisms. These changes in biodiversity alter ecosystem processes and change the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. This has profound consequences for services that humans derive from ecosystems. The large ecological and societal consequences of changing biodiversity should be minimized to preserve options for future solutions to global environmental problems. 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RP Sproule-Jones, M, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. AB Analysis of the work of Elinor Ostrom and the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, with emphasis on common pools and institutional designs. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. CR COMMONS JR, 1924, LEGAL FDN CAPITALISM DEWEY J, 1927, PUBLIC ITS PROBLEMS DIETZ T, 1907, SCIENCE, V302 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 OSTROM E, 1968, PUBLIC CHOICE, P87 OSTROM E, 1973, J CRIM JUST, V1, P93 OSTROM E, 1986, PUBLIC CHOICE, V48, P3 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS, P2001 OSTROM E, 2001, I ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAIN, P3 OSTROM E, 2003, J THEOR POLIT, V15, P239 OSTROM V, 1953, WATER POLITICS OSTROM V, 1964, MAKING DECISIONS, P85 OSTROM V, 1979, PUBLIUS, V9, P87 SCHLAGER E, 1992, LAND ECON, V68, P249 SPROULEJONES MH, 1982, AM POLIT SCI REV, P790 SPROULEJONES MH, 2002, RESTORATION GREAT LA SPROULEJONES MH, 2003, CANADIAN J POLITICAL, V25, P835 NR 19 TC 0 J9 J ECON BEHAV ORGAN BP 231 EP 235 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 57 IS 2 GA 937WT UT ISI:000229957600010 ER PT J AU Keong, CY TI Sustainable development - An institutional enclave (with special reference to the Bakun dam-induced development strategy in Malaysia) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES LA English DT Article CR *CETDEM, 2000, STAT REN EN EN EFF M *GREENP, 2001, SOL GEN REP GREENP *INSAN, 1996, POW PLAY WHY WE COND *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT AGLIETTA M, 1979, THEORY CAPITALIST RE AYRES CE, 1962, THEORY EC PROGR STUD AYRES RU, 1969, AM ECON REV, V59, P282 BARBER M, 1993, DAMMING 3 GORGES WHA, P23 BARBIER EB, 1990, EUR ECON REV, V34, P659 BOULDING KE, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING, P3 BRYANT RL, 1992, POLIT GEOGR, V11, P12 BRYANT RL, 1996, ENV CHANGE S E ASIA BUSH PD, 1987, J ECON ISSUES, V21, P1075 CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP CLARK CW, 1979, ECONOMETRICA, V47, P25 CORIAT B, 1998, I EC CHANGE NEW PERS, P3 DALY HE, 1977, STEADY STATE EC DASGUPTA P, 1982, CONTROL RESOURCES DEGREGORI TR, 1977, J ECON ISSUES, V11, P861 DEGREGORI TR, 1978, J ECON ISSUES, V12, P467 DIMAGGIO PJ, 1991, NEW I ORG ANAL, P1 DRUMMOND I, 1999, CONDITION SUSTAINABI DUGGER WM, 1984, J ECON ISSUES, V18, P799 DUGGER WM, 1988, J ECON ISSUES, V22, P983 ECCLESTON B, 1996, ENV CHANGE SE ASIA P, P49 ENGELS F, 1987, F ENGELS ANTIDUHRING, V25, P452 FAUCHEUX S, 1998, VALUATION SUSTAINABL, P281 FISHER AC, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1030 FOSTER JF, 1981, J ECON ISSUES, V15, P929 GABUNGAN, 1999, EMPTY PROMISES DAMNE GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE GILLIS M, 2000, SUSTAINABLE DEV CHAL, P11 GOLDBERG M, 2000, REPP PUBLICATION GROSSMAN LS, 1984, PEASANTS SUBSISTENCE HARTMAN R, 1976, ECON INQ, V14, P52 HARTWICK JM, 1977, AM ECON REV, V67, P972 HARTWICK JM, 1978, ECON LETT, V1, P85 HARTWICK JM, 1978, REV ECON STUD, V45, P347 HICKS JR, 1946, VALUE CAPITAL ENQUIR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, INT SERIES APPL SYST HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOTELLING H, 1931, J POLITICAL EC, V39, P137 HUNTINGTON SP, 1968, POLITICAL ORDER CHAN JESSOP B, 1990, ECON SOC, V19, P153 JUNKER LJ, 1967, J ECON ISSUES, V1, P25 KAPP KW, 1970, ENV DISRUPTION, P3 KAPP KW, 1976, EC FUTURE, P90 KEONG CY, 2003, UNPUB STATE HUMAN RI KEONG CY, 2004, ENERG SOURCE, V26, P205 KEONG CY, 2004, ENERGY POLICY KEONG CY, 2004, PACICIF AFFAIRS, V77, P50 KEONG CY, 2004, THESIS KEIO U TOKYO KEONG CY, 2005, ENERG SOURCE, V27, P589 LUXEMBURG R, 1963, ACCUMULATION CAPITAL MALAYSIAKINI, 2004, ORG HICCUPS STALL BA MILLER JR, 1979, SO ECONOM J, V45, P718 MOORE DS, 1993, ECON GEOGR, V69, P380 OLSON P, 1998, THORSTEIN VEBLEN 21, P189 PAPADAKIS E, 1996, ENV POLITICS I CHANG PEARCE D, 1987, ECOL MODEL, V38, P9 PEARCE DW, 1989, BLUEPRINT GREEN EC PEARCE DW, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PERERA O, 2001, RENEWABLE ENERGY TEC PERRINGS C, 1987, EC ENV THEORETICAL E PERRINGS C, 1997, EC ECOLOGICAL RESOUR QING D, 1998, RIVER DRAGON HAS COM, P124 RANSON B, 1987, J ECON ISSUES, V21, P1265 RAWLS J, 1971, THEORY JUSTICE SCHMINK M, 1987, LANDS RISK 3 WORLD L, P38 SHARP R, 1992, MAKING DEV SUSTAINAB, P39 SINHA S, 1998, THESIS NW U SMITH VL, 1977, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V4, P1 SOLOW RM, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1 SOLOW RM, 1974, REV ECON STUD, V41, P29 SOLOW RM, 1986, SCAND J ECON, V88, P141 SOLOW RM, 1992, ALMOST PRACTICAL STE SOLOW RM, 1993, EC ENV SELECTED READ, P179 SWANSON TM, 1996, EC ENV DEGRADATION T, P1 TICKELL A, 1995, ECON SOC, V24, P357 TROUB RM, 1983, J ECON ISSUES, V17, P315 WILLIAMS PB, 1995, REV ENV IMPACT ASSES NR 82 TC 0 J9 J ECON ISSUE BP 951 EP 971 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 39 IS 4 GA 992YJ UT ISI:000233919600006 ER PT J AU Robertson, DP Hull, RB TI Public ecology: an environmental science and policy for global society SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Review C1 Boston Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Lynchburg, VA 24503 USA. Boston Univ, Virginia Tech, Lynchburg, VA 24503 USA. Boston Univ, Int Honors Program, Lynchburg, VA 24503 USA. Virginia Tech, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Robertson, DP, Boston Univ, Coll Nat Resources, 108 Evergreen Ridge, Lynchburg, VA 24503 USA. AB Public ecology exists at the interface of science and policy. Public ecology is an approach to environmental inquiry and decision making that does not expect scientific knowledge to be perfect or complete. Rather, public, ecology requires that science be produced in collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders in order to construct a body of knowledge that will reflect the pluralist and pragmatic context of its use (decision context), while continuing to maintain the rigor and accountability that earns scientific knowledge its privileged status in contemporary society. As such, public ecology entails both process and content. The process is that of a post-modern scientific method: a process that values the participation of extended peer communities composed of a diversity of research specialists, professional policy-makers, concerned citizens and a variety of other stakeholders. The content of public ecology is a biocultural knowledge of dynamic human ecosystems that directly relates to and results from the participatory, democratic processes that distinguish public ecology as a citizen science. The primary goal of public ecology is to build common ground among competing beliefs and values for the environment. The purpose of this paper is to help unify and establish public ecology as a distinctive approach to environmental science and policy in global society. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 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Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Micheli, F, Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. AB The relationship between species and functional diversity remains poorly understood for nearly all ecosystem types, yet determining this relationship is critically important for developing both a mechanistic understanding of community assembly and appropriate expectations and approaches to protecting and restoring biological communities. Here we use two distinct data sets, one from kelp forests in the Channel Islands, California, and one from a global synthesis of marine reserves, to directly test how variation in species diversity translates into changes in functional diversity. We find strong positive relationships between species and functional diversity, and increased functional diversity of fish assemblages coinciding with recovery of species diversity in marine reserves, independent of the method used for classifying species in functional groups. These results indicate that low levels of redundancy in functional species traits exist across a suite of marine systems, and that fishing tends to remove whole functional groups from coastal marine ecosystems. 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RP Barreteau, O, UR Irrigat, 361 Rue J F Breton,Box 5035, F-34033 Montpellier, France. AB This paper is a charter presenting a scientific posture shared by signatories in the use of simulation tools when dealing with complex systems. This posture is based on a cycling approach, in interaction with field processes, including discussion of assumptions and feedbacks on the field process. Confrontation between field and modelling processes has to be permanent because of openness and uncertainty features of these systems. This approach is used with two possible aims: learn on systems or support collective decision processes in these systems, which corresponds to an objective of increasing knowledge either for the scientist or the field actors, always through an interaction between them mediated by an evolutionary model. Both aims lead to different implementations of this companion modelling approach, but each one is side effect of the other one, and has to be taken in account as such. Scientists ready to work in that way and make this posture alive are kindly invited to join. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOUSQUET F, 1999, ADV ENV ECOLOGICAL M CONEIN B, 1994, SOCIOL TRAV, V4, P475 FUNTOWICZ S, 1998, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V1, P99 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P197 JANSSEN MA, 2002, COMPLEXITY ECOSYSTEM MERMET L, 1992, STRATEGIES GESTION E OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P VINCK D, 1999, REV FR SOCIOL, V40, P385 WEBER J, 1993, MONDE DIPL, V2, P71 NR 10 TC 0 J9 JASSS PY 2003 PD MAR VL 6 IS 2 GA 665VZ UT ISI:000182143100009 ER PT J AU Hudak, AT TI Rangeland mismanagement in South Africa: Failure to apply ecological knowledge SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Study Earth Space, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudak, AT, Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. AB Chronic, heavy livestock grazing and concomitant fire suppression have caused the gradual replacement of palatable grass species by less palatable trees and woody shrubs in a rangeland degradation process termed bush encroachment in South Africa. Grazing policymakers and cattle farmers alike have not appreciated the ecological role fire and native browsers play in preventing bush encroachment. Unpredictable droughts are common in South Africa but have deflected too much blame for bush encroachment away from grazing mismanagement. Bush encroachment is widespread on both black and white farms although the contributing socioeconomic, cultural, and political forces differ. Managers at Madikwe Game Reserve have reintroduced fire and native game animals into a formerly overgrazed system in an attempt to remediate bush encroachment, with encouraging preliminary results. A bush control program is needed that educates cattle farmers about the ecological causes of bush encroachment and encourages the use of fire and native browsers as tools for sustainable grazing management. 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SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review C1 Treeling Ecol Res, Sherwood Pk, AB T8E 1E3, Canada. Lee Consulting, Edmonton, AB T5N 3A3, Canada. RP Timoney, K, Treeling Ecol Res, 21551 Twp Rd 520, Sherwood Pk, AB T8E 1E3, Canada. AB Economic growth is frequently touted as a cure for environmental ills., particular v for those in Third World countries. Here we examine that paradigm in a case study of Alberta, Canada, a wealthy, resource-rich province within a wealthy nation. Through provincial-scale datasets, we examine the increasing pressures of the forest, petroleum, and agricultural industries upon the ecosystems of Alberta within management, economic, and political contexts. We advance the thesis that economic activity leads to environmental degradation unless ecosystem-based management is integrated into economic decision making. Agricultural lands cover 31.7%, and forest management areas leased to industry cover 33.4% of Alberta; both continue to increase in extent. The rate of logging (focused on old-growth by government policy) continues a decades-long exponential rise. Current Alberta annual petroleum production is 52.5 million m(3) crude oil and 117 billion m(3) of gas. As of early 1999, there were similar to199 025 oil and gas wells and a conservative total of similar to1.5-1.8 million km of seismic lines in Alberta. Fire occurrence data indicate no downward trends in annual area burned by wildfire, which may be characterized as driven by climate and inherently variable. When logging and wildfire are combined, the annual allowable cut in Alberta is unsustainable, even when only timber supply is considered and the effects of expanding agriculture and oil and gas activities are ignored. Ecosystem degradation in Alberta is pervasive and contrasts prominently with a high standard of living. A wealth of ecological data exists that indicates current resource-based economic activities are non-sustainable and destructive of ecosystem health yet these data are not considered within the economic decision making process. Given the complex, compounded, and increasing ecosystem perturbations, a future of unpleasant ecological surprises is likely. We conclude with tentative predictions as to where current trends in Alberta may lead if decisions biased against ecosystems continue. (C) 2001 Academic Press. 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CR COOPER CF, 1976, ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES, V8 EBERHARDT LL, 1976, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V4, P27 FRANKEL OH, 1974, GENETICS, V78, P53 HOLLING CS, 1973, 733 INT I APPL SYST HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOWARD EW, 1965, GENETICS COLONIZING, P461 LYNCH JF, 1977, 1977 P NATL S CLASS REILLY RM, 1976, ENV PLANNING SYSTEM, V3 SMITH DW, 1975, J ENV MGMT, V3, P271 SULLIVAN AL, 1975, SCIENCE, V189, P13 THOMAS JR, 1973, 1156 CAL DEP FISH GA WALTERS CJ, 1974, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, V6, P299 NR 12 TC 11 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 285 EP & PY 1980 VL 10 IS 3 GA JW478 UT ISI:A1980JW47800007 ER PT J AU Shafer, CL TI US national park buffer zones: Historical, scientific, social, and legal aspects SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review C1 George Wright Society, Hancock, MI 49930 USA. RP Shafer, CL, George Wright Society, POB 65, Hancock, MI 49930 USA. AB This review will trace the evolution of beyond boundary/buffer zone thinking and policy responses in the US National Park Service (NPS): address buffer zone science. benefits, and limitations; examine pertinent legal and social concerns; highlight some agency attempts to create buffer zone-like areas; and propose highlights of a protected area strategy, with buffer zones and corridors as one component. Some findings follow. The need to expand national parks to accommodate large ungulate movement began in the late 1800s, but the recognition that such land was also needed to thwart human impacts such as poaching surfaced in the 1930s. External park buffer zone recommendations by 1930s park scientists were not implemented. and other related adopted policy forgotten, supporting the belief that great insight can be discovered in forgotten institutional history. Buffer zones can remedy some impacts but not others, but their benefits are multiple and underappreciated. The science of buffer zones is very immature and deserves more attention. A present primary obstacle to creating park buffer zones and connecting corridors is a social climate opposing federal initiatives that may intrude on the rights of private landowners. Some proactive NPS bufferlike activity examples are reviewed, but there were none where permanent, complete, effective nonlegislated park buffer zones, derived from nonfederal property, circumscribed large natural area parks. The need for buffer zones and corridors may be a symptom of inadequate regional planning. Options to create buffer zones from private and federal land are outlined. A comprehensive, overall protected area strategy must include more than just buffer zones, with highlights provided. Because optimal regional planning for US national parks is now thwarted by land-use politics, American society must soon decide what is most crucial to future well-being. 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SL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P724 NR 230 TC 7 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 49 EP 73 PY 1999 PD JAN VL 23 IS 1 GA 139XX UT ISI:000077057500004 ER PT J AU Zavatarelli, M TI Mediterranean Sea multiscale variability and environmental management issues: a scientific perspective SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 CNR, ISAO, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. RP Zavatarelli, M, CNR, ISAO, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. AB The policy implications of the multiscale variability of the marine systems (with particular reference to the Mediterranean Sea) are described and discussed together with the possible pathway of transfer of information from the scientific to the decision making domain, It is emphasized that the current knowledge of the variability of the marine systems no longer allows a fi ted, equilibrium centered, concept of the environment, bur variability must be fully included in the policy design process. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Cardoso, PG, Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, IMAR Inst Marine Res, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. AB Over the last 20 years, loss of seagrass beds, often related with increased eutrophication, became a common problem worldwide. In the Mondego estuary (Portugal), eutrophication has triggered serious biological changes, which led to an overall increase in primary production and to a progressive replacement of seagrass Zostera noltii beds by coarser sediments and opportunistic macroalgae. The effects of this eutrophication on benthic assemblages were studied along a spatial gradient in the Mondego estuary from 1993 to 1995. Over these short temporal and small spatial scales, distinct changes in the structure of the macrobenthic communities were observed. One of the main structural modifications was the decrease in species diversity along the eutrophication gradient and over time, with a marked impoverishment of the most disturbed inner area. Other changes included an increase in detritivores and a decline in herbivores together with a significant increase in small deposit-feeding polychaetes. In the long term, sustained eutrophication of this estuary is expected to lead to complete replacement of seagrass habitat by unvegetated coarser sediments, occasionally covered by green macroalgal blooms and dominated by opportunistic invertebrate taxa. Recovery from this situation may not only require reduction in nutrient loadings to the estuary, but also active seagrass restoration programmes to reverse the positive feedback processes thought to be presently taking place. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR BACHELET G, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P1495 BROWN SS, 2000, ESTUARIES, V23, P411 CARDOSO PG, 2002, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V277, P173 CLARKE KR, 2001, CHANGE MARINE COMMUN CLARKE KR, 2001, PRIMER V5 USER MANUA DEJONGE VN, 2000, HELGOLAND MAR RES, V54, P151 DENHARTOG C, 1996, SEAGRASS BIOL, P307 DENHARTOG C, 2000, ECOLOGICAL COMP SEDI, P195 DOLBETH M, IN PRESS MAR BIOL DUARTE CM, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P87 DUARTE CM, 2000, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V250, P117 FLINDT MR, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V102, P17 GASTON GR, 1987, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V36, P251 GASTON GR, 1988, ESTUARIES, V11, P201 GASTON GR, 1995, GULF RES REP, V9, P111 GASTON GR, 1997, GULF RES REP, V9, P231 HOBBS RJ, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P93 KENDRICK GA, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V73, P75 LILLEBO AI, 1999, ACTA OECOL, V20, P289 LOPES RJ, 2000, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V249, P165 MARQUES JC, 1993, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V37, P403 MARQUES JC, 1993, VIE MILLIEU, V43, P177 MARQUES JC, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V102, P155 MARTINS I, 2001, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V52, P165 MOLLES MC, 1999, ECOLOGY CONCEPTS APP NIELL FX, 1996, MARINE BENTHIC VEGET, P265 NIENHUIS PH, 1996, MARINE BENTHIC VEGET, P187 NORKKO A, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V131, P143 NORKKO A, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V140, P141 OLIVEIRA JC, 1996, MARINE BENTHIC VEGET, P283 PARDAL MA, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V196, P207 PEARSON TH, 1978, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL EC, V20, P1 RAFFAELLI DG, 1998, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL AN, V36, P97 REISE K, 1989, HELGOLANDER MEERESUN, V43, P417 REISE K, 2002, J SEA RES, V48, P127 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHRAMM W, 1996, MARINE BENTHIC VEGET SCHRAMM W, 1996, MARINE BENTHIC VEGET, P449 VANDEKOPPEL J, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P3449 VANKATWIJK MM, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V208, P107 WIDDOWS J, 2002, J SEA RES, V48, P143 NR 41 TC 1 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL BP 233 EP 248 PY 2004 PD MAY 12 VL 302 IS 2 GA 815WD UT ISI:000221071500008 ER PT J AU BEDDINGTON, JR MAY, RM TI MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELDS IN SYSTEMS SUBJECT TO HARVESTING AT MORE THAN ONE TROPHIC LEVEL SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. 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CR 1975, FAO175 FISH REP ARON JL, 1979, MATH BIOSCI, V46, P197 BEDDINGTON JR, UNPUBLISHED BENGTSON JL, 1978, REV INFORMATION REGA BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V7, P319 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V8, P55 CHRISTIANSEN FB, 1977, THEORIES POPULATION CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS CLARKE MR, UNPUBLISHED CLARKE MR, 1966, ADV MAR BIOL, V4, P91 GETZ WM, 1979, TWISK7 CSIR NRIMS TE GOH BS, 1979, THEORETICAL SYSTEMS, P385 GULLAND JA, 1971, FOOD RESOURCES OCEAN HOLT SJ, 1975, MAN FOOD EQUATION, P77 HORWOOD JW, 1976, ICNAF SEL PAP, V1, P151 HORWOOD JW, 1979, DYNAMICS LARGE MAMMA LARKIN PA, 1963, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V20, P647 LARKIN PA, 1966, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V23, P349 LAWS RM, 1977, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V279, P81 MAY RM, 1974, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MAY RM, 1976, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MAY RM, 1978, MATH BIOSCI, V42, P219 MAY RM, 1979, SCIENCE, V205, P267 MORSE PM, 1953, METHODS THEORETICAL, V1 POPE JG, 1976, INT COMM NW ATL FISH, V1, P157 SHIRAKIHARA K, 1978, RES POPUL ECOL, V20, P123 SILVERT W, 1977, MATH BIOSCI, V33, P121 YODZIS P, 1976, B MATH BIOL, V38, P97 NR 29 TC 18 J9 MATH BIOSCI BP 261 EP 281 PY 1980 VL 51 IS 3-4 GA KK851 UT ISI:A1980KK85100007 ER PT J AU Zhou, Z Sun, OJ Huang, J Gao, Y Han, X TI Land use affects the relationship between species diversity and productivity at the local scale in a semi-arid steppe ecosystem SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Quantitat Vegetat Ecol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. RP Sun, OJ, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Quantitat Vegetat Ecol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. AB 1. The accelerating extinction rate of plant species and its effect on ecosystem functioning is a hotly debated topic in ecological research. Most research projects concerning the relationship between species diversity and productivity have been conducted in artificial plant communities, with only a few in natural ecosystems. In this study we examined the relationship between species diversity and above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) over two consecutive growth seasons (2004 and 2005) in a semi-arid steppe ecosystem of northern China, that were subjected to different land uses. 2. Land use affected the relationship between species diversity and ANPP in this semi-arid steppe ecosystem. Exclusion of grazing without or with biomass removal by mowing increased ANPP, species richness and species diversity compared with free grazing; the effect was reflected mainly as enhanced importance of the perennial forbs functional group in terms of their relative contributions to ANPP, plant cover and plant abundance. 3. Many mechanisms regulate the relationship between species diversity and productivity. Differential effects of anthropogenic activities on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning greatly complicate the analysis of such relationships. On grazing-exclusion sites the relationship between ANPP and species richness can be best described as an exponential growth function (R-2 = 0.99, P < 0.001, n = 24); whereas on the free-grazing site the relationship takes the form of exponential decay (R-2 = 0.96, P < 0.001, n = 24). Our study concludes that the mode and severity of disturbance are important factors for interpreting the relationship between species diversity and productivity in semi-arid steppe ecosystems. 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RP Getzner, M, Univ Klagenfurt, Dept Econ, Univ Str 65-67, A-9020 Klagenfurt, Austria. AB Quantitative analyses of species protection decisions taken by public authorities regularly show that ecological factors, such as the probability of extinction, often play a minor role in the decision-making process. The taxonomy of the species or its potential conflict with economic development is a more powerful factor. This paper presents quantitative empirical research on the protection of wetlands in Austria. Econometrically estimated models show that geographical and ecological factors (such as the size of the area, elevation and importance for biodiversity) play a significant role in the protection of wetlands. Additional influences include conflict variables encoding the negative effects of the primary economic sector (agriculture) or tourism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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What the conceptual framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Review C1 Inst Interdisciplinary Studies Austrian Univ, Dept Social Ecol, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. Inst Interdisciplinary Studies Austrian Univ, Dept Anal Sci & Culture, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Inst Soil Res, A-1080 Vienna, Austria. RP Haberl, H, Inst Interdisciplinary Studies Austrian Univ, Dept Social Ecol, Schottenfeldgasse 29, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. AB Sustainability science analyses society nature interaction on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. By explaining the link between sustainability and socio-economic material and energy flows as well as with colonization of ecosystems, this paper introduces a conceptual framework for empirical applications featured in other contributions to this special issue. The paper discusses how the proposed material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) framework supports such analyses. This framework is an integrated toolbox to account for socio-economic metabolism and colonization of natural processes; above all, land use. We argue that, even though it is at present impossible to define precision sustainability thresholds with respect to many material and energy flows, the MEFA framework is a valuable tool because it tracks these flows in a consistent manner for regions of any scale over time. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Beck, MB, Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. AB As cities grow they first impose substantial stress on their surrounding water environment, but then, as comprehensive wastewater infrastructure is installed. much of that stress is removed. It becomes possible to talk of rehabilitated watersheds. in which the river network, with its re-invigorated ecological health, passes through the urban landscape of (now) potentially intense polluting activities. Surface water quality becomes vulnerable to the transient pollution events arising from all manner of accidents. faults. failures, and contaminated-runoff events associated with the city's metabolism. including unreliability in the performance of its wastewater infra structure. The paper examines the role of High-Performance Integrated Control (H-PIC)-a combination of real-time control (RTC) and Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)-as an approach essential to managing water quality in such intensively developing watersheds. Rather than promoting H-PIC as the logical stage of operations that will follow planning. design, and construction in the life cycle of an infrastructure, discussion is set in the context of the sustainability of cities. in particular, in association with a measure of sustainability expressed in terms of the frequency spectrum of disturbances to which the aquatic environment is subject. In this more strategic setting, it is argued that control engineering (for achieving H-PIC) should be seen as having relevance beyond merely its conventional interpretation of closed-loop unit-process; automation, e.g., in opening up analyses of the stability and ecological resilience of an entire urban water infrastructure. It is acknowledged that "integration", as in IUWM and H-PIC, is likely to be realized in practice. because of the need for it expressed in the highest political circles of the sustainability debate. Given this, the paper examines the implications of the ongoing shift-from the technocracy of the past century to the democracy of stakeholder participation in the present century-for the more widespread use of information and communication technologies in managing water quality in urban water environments. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB In 1987 UNEP stated that 27 million hectares of productive land were being lost to desertification each year, at which rate not one hectare of productive land would remain on earth in 200 years time. Despite being widely perceived as an environmental issue of major importance, desertification has been subject to considerable confusion, misinterpretation and lack of clarity regarding its characteristics and occurrence. This paper examines recent scientific developments that enhance understanding of desertification processes but raise doubts about some previous assessments of the problem. In particular, natural fluctuations in dryland vegetation communities caused by inherent environmental instability need to be distinguished from degradation of the soil system caused by human activities. Improved satellite-based monitoring of environmental changes in Africa, and a recent global assessment of human-induced land degradation by ISRIC/UNEP, suggest previous assessments of desertification may have over-estimated the worldwide extent of the phenomenon by a factor of three. 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RP VERTINSKY, I, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,INST ANIM RESOURCE ECOL,VANCOUVER V6T 1WF,BC,CANADA. 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RP Thomas, FR, 4854 Cote Neiges 1509, Montreal, PQ H3V 1G7, Canada. AB Kiribati underwent dramatic changes in laws governing access to intertidal resources as a result of colonial intrusion. In recent years, the impact of population growth, urbanization, more efficient extractive technologies, and expanding market opportunities have prompted island councils to adopt by-laws to protect existing resources. However, there remains the challenge of enforcing territorial rights. Several approaches that might lead to a viable tenurial system include alternative short-term gains, cooperative ventures, and the judicious application of TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) as an instrument for resource management. The first two arc seen as preconditions for the success of the third because of the insights they provide within the context of behavioral ecology. This theoretical approach and associated models caution its from essentializing the environmental outcomes of human behavior by showing the lack of a resource conservation strategy. These aforementioned solutions for ensuring sustainable development of the intertidal zone are discussed based on fieldwork among several atoll communities in Western Kiribati with a focus on shellfish gathering. 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V36, P810 SOSIS R, 2000, ADAPTATION HUMAN BEH, P437 SPONSEL LE, 2000, INDIGENOUS TRADITION, P159 STEPHENS DW, 1986, FORAGING THEORY TANIERA T, 1994, SCI PACIFIC ISLAND P, V1, P113 TEBANO T, 1993, AKAWA NI KIRIBATI TEBANO T, 1994, UNPUB CONSTRAINTS SU TEIWAKI R, 1988, MANAGEMENT MARINE RE TEKINAITI T, 1990, STATUS GIAN CLAM STO TERURUNGA, 1977, TE TIAOKUREBE NI KIR THAMAN RR, 1990, ATOLL RES B, V333, P1 THISTLETHWAIT R, 1992, ENV DEV PACIFIC ISLA THOMAS FR, 1999, PACIFIC ISLANDS ENV, P121 THOMAS FR, 1999, THESIS U HAWAII HONO THOMAS FR, 2001, PAC SCI, V55, P77 TIKAI T, 1993, ATOLL POLITICS REPUB, P168 TRIGGER BG, 1998, SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUT VICKERS WT, 1994, HUM NATURE, V5, P307 WARREN DM, 1995, CULTURAL DIMENSION D WILKES C, 1845, NARRATIVE US EXPLORI, V5 WILLIAMS GC, 1966, ADAPTATION NATURAL S ZANN LP, 1985, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDG, P53 NR 121 TC 5 J9 HUM ECOL BP 399 EP 423 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 29 IS 4 GA 508AJ UT ISI:000173064200003 ER PT J AU Rivers-Moore, NA Jewitt, GPW TI Adaptive management and water temperature variability within a South African river system: What are the management options? SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Bioresources Engn & Environm Hydrol, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. RP Rivers-Moore, NA, Rhodes Univ, Inst Water Res, POB 94, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. AB Water temperatures, and in particular daily maximum water temperatures, are a critical water quality parameter. An understanding of associated resource management issues, including links between water temperature variability and aquatic diversity values, should be part of any management programme that considers river systems. Simple rule-based models have been shown to be appropriate tools within an adaptive management approach, both because of their heuristic value and in their application for scenario generation. Such a model was developed to simulate changes in the condition factor of Chiloglanis anoterus [Crass, R.S., 1960. Notes on the freshwater fishes of Natal with descriptions of 4 new species. Annals of the Natal Museum 14, 405-458] (Pisces: Mochokidae) in response to annual frequency of exceedance of a threshold temperature under three broad environmental scenarios for part of the Sabie River falling within South Africa's Kruger National Park. This model has potential for application within the adaptive management programme being implemented by the Kruger National Park. Results show that under broad scenarios of a 10% reduction in mean daily flow rates, or a 2 degrees C increase in mean daily air temperatures, system variability is likely to increase relative to reference conditions. It is suggested that so-called "thresholds of probable concern" (TPCs), which are based on current levels of "natural" system variability, are useful as management targets for achieving a "desired future state" for the river system. The model, recognised as a preliminary hypothesis, highlights a lack of knowledge regarding the nature of system variability, and the correspondingly wide confidence limits of the proposed TPC restricts its utility in a short-term management context. Thus, it is now recognised that its value lies more in its use as a long-term modelling tool to reflect water temperature responses to flow variability. This highlights the fact that research outcomes may not always be those intended at the beginning of a project and that opportunities to implement these may be lost as lags in understanding relative to project lifetimes often exist. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *CHUNN FOUR PARTN, 1990, PX300000390 DWAF *ONS, 1999, HOB DAT LOGG ACOCKS JPH, 1988, VIELD TYPES S AFRICA ARMOUR CL, 1991, BIOL REPORTS, V90, P13 BRAACK L, 1997, OBJECTIVES HIERARCHY, V2 BRUNGS WA, 1977, 600377061 US EPA ENV CAISSIE D, 2001, J HYDROL, V251, P14 CLASKA ME, 1998, FRESHWATER BIOL, V39, P221 CRASS RS, 1960, ANN NAT MUS, V14, P405 DIAMOND J, 1991, RISE FALL 3 CHIMPANZ DUNHAM J, 2003, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V23, P1042 DUTOIT JT, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC EATON JG, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P1109 ELLIOTT JM, 1994, OXFORD SERIES ECOLOG ERASMUS BFN, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V8, P679 ESSIG DA, 1998, DILEMMA APPL UNIFORM ESSIG DA, 2003, P AM I HYDR 2002 ANN FRISSELL CA, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P199 GREEN DG, 1998, CELLULAR AUTOMATA GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HERITAGE GL, 2004, CATENA, V58, P151 HINES D, 1998, EVALUATION STREAM TE HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JEPPESEN E, 1987, OIKOS, V49, P149 JEWITT GPW, 2000, S AFR J SCI, V96, P410 JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P8 LYNMAN T, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 MACKENZIE JA, 2000, 813199 WRC MAHARAJ M, 2003, 41 WRC ACRUCONS MATSINOS YG, 1994, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V20, P75 MOHSENI O, 1999, WATER RESOUR RES, V35, P3723 MOSS B, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V395, P3 PICKER WE, 1968, IBP HDB, V3 PICKETT STA, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH PIENAAR UD, 1985, KOEDOE, V28, P93 PIKE A, 2000, K5884 WRC POLLARD S, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC, P422 QUINN NW, 1998, THESIS U NATAL REYNOLDS CS, 1998, FRESHWATER BIOL, V39, P741 RICHTER BD, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1163 RIVERSMOORE NA, 2003, THESIS U NATAL PIETE RIVERSMOORE NA, 2004, WATER SA, V30, P445 ROBISON EG, 1999, COOPERATIVE STREAM T ROE E, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V28, P195 ROGERS K, 1997, DEV PROTOCOL DEFINIT ROGERS K, 1999, FRESHWATER BIOL, V41, P439 ROGERS K, 2000, WATER SA, V26, P505 ROGERS KH, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P60 SCHEFFER M, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 SCHINDLER DW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P6 SCHULZE RE, 1995, TT6995 WRC STARFIELD AM, 1989, ECOL MODEL, V46, P107 STARFIELD AM, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P601 STUCKENBERG BR, 1969, ZOOL AFR, V4, P145 SULLIVAN K, 2000, ANAL EFFECTS TEMPERA THARME RE, 1997, P IFR WORKSH WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 2000, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V4 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WEEKS DC, 1996, 294196 WRC NR 61 TC 0 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 39 EP 50 PY 2007 PD JAN VL 82 IS 1 GA 110IK UT ISI:000242371600005 ER PT J AU Lanctot, JL Legendre, P Salvat, B TI How do coral reef Gastropods feel about nuclear blasts? A long-term study of the effects of man-made perturbations SO OCEANOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT SCI BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA. CEGEP ST LAURENT,DEPT BIOL,ST LAURENT,PQ H4L 3X7,CANADA. UNIV PERPIGNAN,ECOLE PRAT HAUTES ETUD,LAB BIOL MARINE & MALACOL,F-66860 PERPIGNAN,FRANCE. CTR RECH INSULAIRES & OBSERV ENVIRONM,MOOREA,FR POLYNESIA. AB The resistance to perturbations of reef-dwelling gastropod assemblages was studied on the seaward reefs of Fangataufa atoll (French Polynesia) after their exposure to atmospheric nuclear tests, a major man-made perturbation. We focused on two important aspects: (1) the temporal evolution of the densities of the most important species before and after the tests, and (2) the temporal evolution of the spatial structure of the assemblages. Three transects, crossing several geomorphological zones, were established on the seaward reefs of the atoll. Each transect was sampled at irregular time intervals during a twenty-year period. Several univariate and multivariate methods were used to study (1) the temporal fluctuations in species abundances and ranks, and (2) the spatial structure of the assemblages and its temporal evolution. Results suggst that, even if the densities of several species dropped immediately after the nuclear tests, most species were able to quickly recolonise the perturbed reefs. The spatial distributions of several species are not greatly influenced by abiotic conditions, thus creating an unstable spatial structure for the assemblages through time (except in the supralittoral zones). 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RP Dowlatabadi, H, Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Ctr Integrated Study Human Dimens Global Change, 5000 Forbes Ave,Schenley Pk, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. AB The adoption of physical thresholds as a ceiling for permitted climate change sidesteps contentious issues such as: policy cost, impact valuation, discounting and equity. In this paper I offer some reflections on the concept of tolerable climate change. I also use an integrated climate assessment model (ICAM-3) to demonstrate how uncertainties in our understanding of socioeconomic and earth systems reduce the probability of success in keeping climate change within a pre-defined tolerable range. Finally, I explore the implications of socioeconomic thresholds for welfare loss in pursuit of a climate policy (e.g., tax rebellions). Crossing such regional socioeconomic thresholds will lead to local failures to pursue climate change mitigation policies - increasing the probability of straying beyond the tolerable window of global climate change. Given various uncertainties and the dynamics of the socioeconomic and the earth systems, the odds of success in staying within a climate change window of Delta T less than or equal to 2 degrees C, and Delta T/yr less than or equal to 0.015 degrees C are estimated to be no higher than 25% over the next century. A risk-risk tradeoff approach appears to hold promise, but while adoption of a larger window of tolerance increases the probability of success, it also opens the window specification criteria to contention. CR *STANF U EN MOD FO, 1995, 2 ROUND STUD DES EMF *WBGU, 1995, SCEN DER GLOB CO2 RE BASKERVILLE GL, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P37 DOWLATABADI H, 1995, INTEGRATED CLIMATE A DOWLATABADI H, 1996, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT DOWLATABADI H, 1998, ENERG ECON, V20, P473 DOWLATABADI H, 2000, INTEGRATED CLIMATE A ELDREDGE N, 1971, EVOLUTION, V25, P156 ELDREDGE N, 1972, MODELS PALEOBIOLOGY, P82 EMANUEL WR, 1985, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V7, P29 GOULD SJ, 1977, ONTOLOGY PHYLOGENY GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLDRIDGE LR, 1947, SCIENCE, V105, P367 HOUGHTON JT, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995 LUTZ W, 1997, NATURE, V387, P803 MAHASENAN N, 1997, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V24, P563 MANN ME, 1995, NATURE, V378, P266 MAYR E, 1954, EVOLUTION PROCESS, P157 MORGAN MG, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V41, P271 NORDHAUS WD, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P1315 PARRY ML, 1997, WORKS CLIM CHANG THR PRENTICE KC, 1990, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V95, P11811 SCHLESINGER ME, 1994, NATURE, V367, P723 SHEWLIAKOWA E, 1996, APPL STAT METHODS MO SMITH TM, 1993, NATURE, V361, P523 STANLEY SM, 1979, MACROEVOLUTION TOTH FL, 1998, CLIMATE CHANGE INTEG, P403 NR 27 TC 1 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 391 EP 407 PY 2000 PD AUG VL 46 IS 3 GA 352XG UT ISI:000089244200011 ER PT J AU Maler, KG Xepapadeas, A De Zeeuw, A TI The economics of shallow lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Crete, Dept Econ, Iraklion, Greece. Tilburg Univ, CentER, Tilburg, Netherlands. RP De Zeeuw, A, Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. AB Ecological systems such as shallow lakes are usually non-linear and display discontinuities and hysteresis in their behaviour. These systems often also provide conflicting services as a resource and a waste sink. This implies that the economic analysis of these systems requires to solve a non-standard optimal control problem or, in case of a common property resource, a non-standard differential game. This paper provides the optimal management solution and the open-loop Nash equilibrium for a dynamic economic analysis of the model for a shallow lake. It also investigates whether it is possible to induce optimal management in case of common use of the lake, by means of a tax. Finally, some remarks are made on the feedback Nash equilibrium. CR BASAR T, 1982, DYNAMIC NONCOOPERATI BASAR T, 1989, CONTRIBUTIONS EC ANA, V181, P9 BROCK WA, 1989, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO BROCK WA, 1997, NOTES OPTIMAL MANAGE BROCK WA, 1999, NONCONVEXITIES ECOLO BROCK WA, 2002, ECON LETT, V76, P109 CARPENTER SR, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 DECHERT WD, 1999, LAKEGAME DOCKNER EJ, 1993, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V24, P13 KRUGMAN P, 1991, Q J ECON, V106, P651 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MATSUYAMA K, 1991, Q J ECON, V106, P617 MONDERER D, 1996, GAME ECON BEHAV, V14, P124 MURRAY JD, 1989, MATH BIOL SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SKIBA AK, 1978, ECONOMETRICA, V46, P527 TSUTSUI S, 1990, J ECON THEORY, V52, P136 VANDERSLUIJS JP, 1992, COMP HAEMATOL INT, V2, P117 WAGENER FOO, 1999, SHALLOW LAKES WOLFRAM S, 1999, MATH BOOK NR 22 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 603 EP 624 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 26 IS 4 GA 751MH UT ISI:000187070500005 ER PT J AU Gragson, TL Bolstad, PV TI Land use legacies and the future of southern Appalachia SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anthropol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Minnesota Twin Cities, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN USA. RP Gragson, TL, Univ Georgia, Dept Anthropol, 250 Baldwin Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. AB Southern Appalachian forests have apparently recovered from extractive land use practices during the 19th and 20th centuries, yet the legacy of this use endures in terrestrial and aquatic systems of the region. The focus on shallow time or the telling of stories about the past circumscribes the ability to anticipate the most likely outcomes of the trajectory of change forecast for the Southeast as the "Old South" continues its transformation into the "New South." We review land use research of the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research ( LTER) project that addresses the nature and extent of past and present human land use, how land use has affected the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic communities, and the forces guiding the anticipated trajectory of change. Unlike development in the western or northeastern regions of the United States, the southeastern region has few practical, political, or geographical boundaries to the urban sprawl that is now developing. 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RP Lambin, EF, Univ Louvain, Dept Geog, Pl Louis Pasteur 3, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. CR ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 BALMFORD A, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P950 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKHOUT F, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P1 BLAIKIE P, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BOSERUP E, 1965, CONDITIONS AGR GROWT BRESSERS JTA, 2004, GOVERNANCE SUSTAINAB, P284 CLARK WC, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8059 DIAMOND J, 1994, P AM PHILOS SOC, V138, P363 DIAMOND J, 2005, COLLAPSE SOC CHOOSE DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 GEELS F, 2002, RES POLICY, V3, P1257 GEIST HJ, 2002, BIOSCIENCE, V52, P143 GEIST HJ, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P817 GORDON J, 2001, INDICATORS DECISION GOWDY J, 2005, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JANSSEN MA, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P6 KASPERSON JX, 1995, REGIONS RISK, V1, P1 MATHER AS, 2001, AGR TECHNOLOGIES TRO, P35 MRATENS P, 2002, TRANSITIONS GLOBALIS MYERS N, 2001, PERVERSE SUBSIDIES T OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 RASKIN P, 2002, GREAT TRANSITION PRO REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT RINDOS D, 1984, ORIGINS AGR EVOLUTIO ROTMANS J, 2001, J FUTURE STUDIES STR, V3, P1 SCHEFFER M, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P493 TAINTER JA, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 VELLINGA P, 1999, 12 IHDP WEISS H, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P609 WILKINSON RG, 1973, POVERTY PROGR ECOLOG YOUNG OR, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 35 TC 3 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 177 EP 180 PY 2005 PD OCT VL 15 IS 3 GA 960JC UT ISI:000231585500001 ER PT J AU Barthel, S Colding, J Elmqvist, T Folke, C TI History and local management of a biodiversity-rich, urban cultural landscape SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Barthel, S, Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden. AB Urban green spaces provide socially valuable ecosystem services. Through an historical analysis of the development of the National Urban Park (NUP) of Stockholm, we illustrate how the co-evolutionary process of humans and nature has resulted in the high level of biological diversity and associated recreational services found in the park. The ecological values of the area are generated in the cultural landscape. External pressures resulting in urban sprawl in the Stockholm metropolitan region increasingly challenge the capacity of the NUP to continue to generate valuable ecosystem services. Setting aside protected areas, without accounting for the role of human stewardship of the cultural landscape, will most likely fail. In a social inventory of the area, we identify 69 local user and interest groups currently involved in the NUP area. Of these, 25 are local stewardship associations that have a direct role in managing habitats within the park that sustain such services as recreational landscapes, seed dispersal, and pollination. We propose that incentives should be created to widen the current biodiversity management paradigm, and actively engage local stewardship associations in adaptive co-management processes of the park and surrounding green spaces. 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CR AABY B, 1978, DANM GEOL UNDERS ARB, P45 APPLEBY PG, DEV HYDROBIOLOGY BARBER KE, 1978, THESIS U SOUTHAMPTON BATTARBEE RW, 1978, PHILOS T ROY SOC LON, V281, P303 BATTARBEE RW, 1978, POLISH ARCHIVES HYDR, V25, P9 BLOEMENDAL J, 1979, NATURE, V280, P50 BRUNSDEN D, 1979, T I BRIT GEOGR, V4, P463 DAVIS RB, CHEM GEOLOGY DEARING JA, 1981, QUATERNARY RES, V16, P17 HORN HS, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY IVERSON J, 1958, SYSTEMATICS TODAY LASZLO E, 1972, INTRO SYSTEMS PHILOS LIKENS G, 1972, AM SOC LIMNOLOGY OCE, V1, P3 MAY R, 1981, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 OLDFIELD F, ADV PALAEOHYDROLOGY OLDFIELD F, BRIT GEOMORPHOLOGICA OLDFIELD F, DEV HYDROBIOLOGY OLDFIELD F, FESTSCHRIFT VOLUME W OLDFIELD F, GEOGRAPHICAL J OLDFIELD F, S PREHISTORIC AGR IN OLDFIELD F, 1969, STUDIES VEGETATION H OLDFIELD F, 1977, PROGR PHYSICAL GEOGR, V1, P460 OLDFIELD F, 1979, WATER RESOUR RES, V15, P211 OLDFIELD F, 1980, AMBIO, V9, P97 OLDFIELD F, 1981, AMBIO, V10, P185 OLDFIELD F, 1981, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL TEC, P306 OSULLIVAN PE, QUATERNARY SCI REV OSULLIVAN PE, 1979, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V13, P273 OSVALD H, 1923, SVENSK VAXTSOC SALLS, V1 PAKARINEN P, 1977, SUO, V28, P19 SCHUMM SA, 1979, T I BRIT GEOGR, V4, P485 SCOULLOS M, 1979, MARINE POLLUTION B, V10, P288 THOMPSON R, 1980, SCIENCE, V207, P481 WADDINGTON CH, 1970, THEORETICAL BIOL WALLING DE, 1979, NATURE, V281, P110 NR 37 TC 11 J9 GEOGRAPHY BP 245 EP 256 PY 1983 VL 68 IS 300 GA RA015 UT ISI:A1983RA01500005 ER PT J AU Cairns, J TI Sustainability ethics: World population growth and migration SO MANKIND QUARTERLY LA English DT Article C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Cairns, J, Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. AB Large demographic shifts will have many effects on the quest for sustainable use of the planet. Using Garrett Hardin's simile, which portrays Earth as a lifeboat, achieving sustainability requires a dispassionate, objective appraisal of the rate at which additional people can be taken aboard without sinking the lifeboat. However, the world population increase is not uniform among countries, and the growing rate of international migration from countries that have a high fertility rate to countries with a more equable rate is spreading the ecological threat contingent on over-population to all habitable regions of the globe. 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First, the concern for the development of a competent social component in the World Climate Program being undertaken by the World Meteorological Organization led to the following declaration by the World Climate Conference of one main objective of their Impact Study Program: Determining the characteristics of human societies at different levels of development and in different natural environments which make them either specially vulnerable or specially resilient to climatic variability and change and which also permit them to take advantage of the opportunities posed by such changes (WMO 1980). Admirable as this objective is, it is difficult not to see it as partaking in the general vagueness which attends much of climatic impact assessment at the present time, and which has been admirably described by Kates (1980): The underlying assumptions of models are poorly defined. Studies with widely varying subject matter are characterized under a common rubric of impact study. Techniques are poorly developed methodologically and are weakly integrated beyond the discipline in which they were first initiated. For example, it is hard to say just what “vulnerability” and ”resilience” are. One source of this paper, then, was a concern that some of the concepts coming to the forefront in the fast growing subject of climatic impact assessment. were under-examined. Some discussion of terms, concepts, and models - those often unconscious shapers of research frameworks - seemed advisable. Munn (1979) makes the distinction between a climate impact assessment and a climate impact study, of which the first is a policy-shaping document, and the second a research or applied study. It is worth taking steps to ensure that we are not falling between both these categories, and are instead about to embark on policy disguised as research. The second source for this paper was the particular concernofthe Atmospheric Environment Service (Environment Canada) that the Canadian Climate Program should be as effective as possible. Atmospheric Environment has a long and enlightened tradition of concern for climatic impacts and the welfare of the users of the meteorological imformation it provides. To this end, it has provided funding for projects at the Institute for Environmental Studies and elsewhere which attempt to bridge the gap between the technical and the social use of climatic information. In the present instance, it will be noted that, apart from a predominance of references to instances of climatic resilience and vulnerability, and the discussion in the last section of this paper, there is little here of direct or immediate relevance to the daily requirements of AES. On the one hand, one could ascribe this to the typical result of much of social science (to the despair of the “hard” scientist), which inevitably concludes that the problem is itself problematic; on the other, it could be that what is presented here is only one part of an immensely difficult attempt to say anything worthwhile about the relationship between climate and society - the charting of the interactions between a system indeterminate through sheer complexity, and a system indeterminate through sheer complexity and sheer humanity. CR BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 RAPPAPORT RA, 1977, EVOLUTION SOCIAL SYS, V1, P49 WHITE GF, 1974, NATURAL HAZARDS LOCA, V1, P1 NR 3 TC 30 BP 1 EP 45 PY 1981 VL 1 IS 1 ER PT J AU GALLANT, TW TI CRISIS AND RESPONSE - RISK-BUFFERING BEHAVIOR IN HELLENISTIC GREEK COMMUNITIES SO JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY LA English DT Article RP GALLANT, TW, UNIV FLORIDA,HIST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. 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RP Wall, E, Univ Guelph, Farming Syst Res Project, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB In 1993, several multi-disciplinary Eco-research projects were funded as part of a Tri-Council Secretariat established through the federal government's "Green Plan." One of the projects, which was centred at the University of Guelph, had the explicit goal of developing indicators for agroecosystem health. Because the human/social dimension is a basic component of agroecosystems, sociology was included as a contributing discipline to the Agroecosystem Health Project. In this article, sociology's role in that research is examined with respect to the question: Whither Sociology? or, How healthy is Sociology? This type of query can be understood by examining two conditions: the discipline's resource base (which reflects its capacity to respond to stress) and sociology's effectiveness (which is measured by how well it can meet its goals). 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RP Abuodha, PAW, Kenya Marine & Fisheries Res Inst, POB 81651, Mombasa, Kenya. AB Mangroves form important ecosystems in Kenya's coastal areas. They produce goods and services that are of environmental, ecological and economic importance to human society. However, mangroves are under continuing pressure from anthropogenic disturbances. A particular concern has been the clearing of mangrove areas to reclaim land for other uses such as aquaculture, Salt manufacture, agriculture and housing. About 10 000 ha of mangrove areas have been cleared for salt manufacture between Ngomeni and Karawa, while in Lamu, close to 100 ha of mangrove forest was killed by dredged-up sediment that was deposited during the construction of the Mokowe sea jet. 100 ha of mangrove area have been converted for aquaculture at Ngomeni. At Gazi Bay, about 100 ha of mangrove forests was cleared for fuelwood and in Makupa Creek, Mombasa, 10 ha of mangroves died due to oil pollution. The total area lost is therefore 10 3 10 ha which represents about 20% of the total mangrove forest. In this paper, deforestation, conversion of mangrove areas for other land uses and pollution of mangrove swamps on the Kenyan coast are discussed and a call for sustainable use, and the government policies that will enable this, is made. 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RP Elmqvist, T, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Ecosystems at high latitudes are highly dynamic, influenced by a multitude of large-scale disturbances. Due to global change processes these systems may be expected to be particularly vulnerable, affecting the sustained production of renewable wood resources and abundance of plants and animals on which local cultures depend. In this paper, we assess the implications of new understandings of high northern latitude ecosystems and what must be done to manage systems for resilience. We suggest that the focus of land management should shift from recovery from local disturbance to sustaining ecosystem functions in the face of change and disruption. The role of biodiversity as insurance for allowing a system to reorganize and develop during the disturbance and reorganization phases needs to be addressed in management and policy. We emphasize that the current concepts of ecological reserves and protected areas need to be reconsidered to developp dynamic tools for sustainable management of ecosystems in face of change. Characteristics of what may be considered as customary reserves at high latitudes are often consistent with a more dynamic view of reserves. We suggest new directions for addressing biodiversity management in dynamic landscapes at high latitudes, and provide empirical examples of insights from unconventional perspectives that may help improve the potential for sustainable management of biodiversity and the generation of ecosystem services. 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Univ Otago, Dept Geog, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Parkes, M, Univ Hawaii, Div Ecol & Hlth, John A Burns Sch Med, 1960 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. AB Converging themes from the fields of environmental health, ecology and health, and human ecology highlight opportunities for innovation and advancement in environmental health theory and practice. In this commentary we outline the role of research and applied programs that integrate biophysical and social sciences with environmental health practice in order to address deficiencies in each field when taken on its own. New opportunities for environmental health protection and promotion are outlined based on the three converging themes: integrated approaches to research and policy, methodological acknowledgment of the synergies between the social and biophysical environments, and incorporation of core ecosystem principles into research and practice. These converging themes are discussed in relation to their implications for new types of intervention to achieve health gains across different spatial and temporal scales at the interface between biophysical and social environments. 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Univ Liverpool, Appl Vegetat Dynam Lab, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 3GS, Merseyside, England. Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Hirst, RA, Land Use Consultants, 43 Chalton St, London NW1 1JD, England. AB 1. Concepts of ecosystem stability, resilience and resistance have been discussed theoretically for nearly three decades. Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance and mechanisms of recovery in practice are vital for successful conservation management and restoration, particularly of subseral communities with high conservation interest and sites subject to unavoidable disturbances. Chalk grasslands are one such habitat, with high European conservation importance, and the greatest remaining extent in north-west Europe lies within the Salisbury Plain Training Area (SPTA), the largest UK military training area. In order to understand the resistance and recovery of this habitat type, we undertook an experimental approach using imposed disturbance treatments. 2. An experiment was designed to compare the disturbance effects of a Land Rover, a truck and a Challenger II tank on a tall Bromopsis erecta -dominated chalk grassland community on the SPTA. Permanent quadrats were established on a site experimentally disturbed by single and multiple passes of the three vehicles and a tank turn (slew). Post-disturbance changes were recorded in the vegetation and soils in permanent quadrats. 3. One year after the disturbance, all the treatments still had significant soil compaction effects and all treatments except the single Land Rover pass resulted in a significant reduction in sward height. The grassland community sampled was significantly less resistant to disturbance by tracked vehicles than wheeled vehicle disturbance, with tracked vehicles creating the greatest recorded soil compaction and exposure of bare soil and longer-term changes in sward composition. 4. Ordination techniques were used to characterize post-disturbance successional trajectories. These suggest that chalk grassland is significantly less resistant to disturbance caused by multiple passes of tracked vehicles and tracked vehicle turns. Chalk grassland recovery from these types of disturbance is less predictable. 5. Identifying vegetation community resistance assists understanding of the ecosystem response to long-term and cumulative stress and facilitates strategic management of habitats where disturbance events are commonplace, especially in areas of high nature conservation interest. These data demonstrate that small-scale but acute disturbance events can have significant effects on plant community composition, and can have wider reaching impacts on other aspects of site management. There are important implications for the management of off-road vehicles in recreational and agricultural contexts, and for the formulation of a strategic sustainable management plan for the SPTA that incorporates both military and conservation objectives. 6. Synthesis and applications. Resistance to disturbance is not necessarily an additive function. Managers of chalk grasslands should limit activities that create high intensity disturbance events because the succession trajectory following such events may be less direct and with less predictable outcomes than that following lower intensity disturbances. Increased predictability of succession trajectories following medium to low disturbance events means these types of disturbance might be used deliberately to create short-term and small-scale heterogeneity in both species composition and sward structure. Site managers should be aware that certain activities not previously considered to be potentially damaging might be creating significant habitat disturbance effects, as changes to soil structure, functioning and fauna can occur in the absence of changes in plant community composition. 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RP Peters, DPC, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB We discuss a new conceptual framework for arid and semi-arid systems that accounts for nonlinear dynamics and cross scale interactions in explaining landscape patterns and dynamics. Our framework includes a spatial and temporal hierarchy, and five key interacting components that connect scales of the hierarchy and generate threshold behaviors: (1) historical legacies that include climate, disturbance, and management regimes, (2) dynamic template of patterns in ecological variables and spatial context, (3) vertical and horizontal transport processes (fluvial, aeolian, animal), (4) rate, direction, and amount of resource redistribution between high and low resource areas, and (5) feedbacks among plants, animals, and soils. We illustrate how this framework can be used to understand, forecast, and manage ecological systems that exhibit nonlinear dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper provides the foundation for a series of papers from the Jornada Experimental Range ARS-LTER research site in southern New Mexico, USA that support this new conceptual framework. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 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Univ E Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Paavola, J, Univ E Anglia, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB New institutional economics and its forerunners have, we argue made important contributions to the evolving agenda of ecological economics. The conceptualisation of environmental problems as instances of interdependence and the acknowledgement of positive transaction costs are key insights into the nature of environmental problems. We also discuss how plurality of behavioural motivations and limited cognitive capacity have important implications for environmental decision making and its analysis. We show how evolutionary and collective action theories offer complementary takes on the choice and change of environmental governance institutions and how the concept of social capital can enrich analyses of environmental governance. We conclude that an emerging institutional ecological economics has the greatest relative advantage in analysing the design, implementation and effectiveness of environmental governance solutions. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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LEISURE CLASS WILLIAMSON OE, 1985, EC I CAPITALISM FIRM WOOLCOCK M, 2000, WORLD BANK RES OBSER, V15, P225 YOUNG OR, 1994, INT GOVERNANCE PROTE YOUNG OR, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 132 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 353 EP 368 PY 2005 PD MAY 15 VL 53 IS 3 GA 934PS UT ISI:000229721300006 ER PT J AU Pritchard, L Folke, C Gunderson, LH TI Valuation of ecosystem services in institutional context SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, Ctr Res Nat Resources & Environm CNM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Pritchard, L, Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, 1715 N Decatur Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BINGER BR, 1995, NORTHWEST U LAW REV, V89, P1029 CARPENTER SR, 1993, TROPHIC CASCADE LAKE CARPENTER SR, 1997, RESILIENCE RESTORATI COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 FARBER S, 1987, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P41 FOLKE C, 1998, 2 IHDP GLOB ENV CHAN GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JOHNSON KN, 1999, BIOREGIONAL ASSESSME MCCLANAHAN TR, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P136 NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR ODUM HT, 1984, CYPRESS SWAMPS, P416 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVT COMMONS EVOLUTI SAGOFF M, 1981, ARIZ LAW REV, V23, P1283 SUNSTEIN CR, 1988, YALE LAW J, V97, P1539 TURNER RK, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P129 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILLIAMS BA, 1995, DEMOCRACY DIALOGUE E NR 22 TC 7 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 36 EP 40 PY 2000 PD JAN-FEB VL 3 IS 1 GA 287MH UT ISI:000085509300008 ER PT J AU Palsson, G Nelgason, A TI Schooling and skipperhood: The development of dexterity SO AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Iceland, Dept Anthropol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. Univ Oxford, Inst Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX2 6QS, England. RP Palsson, G, Univ Iceland, Dept Anthropol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. AB Focusing on data relating to Iceland, we examine differences in the performance of fishing skippers both in and out of school and explore the development of dexterity and the connections among fishing practice, schooling, and fishing success. Our ethnographic and statistical analyses indicate that, contrary to the prevailing assumption of many educators, skippers' performance in marine school has little direct relation to success in fishing. We conclude that while schooling serves important other purposes, critical abilities required for locating and catching fish are largely developed in the course of everyday practice. Our findings substantiate much recent theorizing on embodied knowledge and schooling, emphasizing the embeddedness of learning and cognition. There are good grounds, we argue, for placing practical knowledge, situated activities, and communities of practice at the center of the theoretical and environmental agenda. 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RP McDuff, MD, Warren Wilson Coll, POB 9000, Asheville, NC 28815 USA. AB Stakeholder participation has become a key factor in the success of grassroots conservation and natural resource management programs. Yet the majority of program evaluations are conducted by external consultants for the purposes of accountability, rather than program improvement. Too often, systematic evaluations of conservation programs are not conducted at all. The objective of this study was to build the capacity of a grassroots conservation organization to conduct participatory evaluation, involving project stakeholders in the design, implementation, and use of evaluation. The study applied a conceptual model for participatory evaluation to the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK), the largest grassroots conservation program for youth in Africa, involving more than one million youth since 1968. Seven trainings in participatory evaluation were conducted with WCK staff, teachers, and community members. The 120 participants, representing nine WCK regions with 800 clubs, showed a significant increase in attitudes and knowledge regarding evaluation, as reflected by mean test scores before and after training. To institutionalize evaluation at WCK, existing organizational practices were assessed and used as a foundation for developing an evaluation system. Based on club competitions, a new evaluation initiative was launched called the WCK Incentive Program. Participants in all seven workshops identified indicators and sources of evidence for this evaluation system, which now serves as a basis for rewarding outstanding performance in WCK. This study revealed the importance of incentives for evaluation, the need to build on existing structures to promote organizational learning, and the necessity for the conservation community to commit resources to capacity building in participatory evaluation. 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RP Manring, NJ, Ohio Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Bentley Annex, Athens, OH 45701 USA. AB The Forest Service's new planning regulation "locks the back door.'' It replaces post-decisional appeals of forest plans with a "predecisional objection process'' within a framework of collaborative planning. This article examines the agency's rationale for eliminating post-decisional appeals of forest plans, and explores the potential implications of this policy initiative. Viewing appeals as a mechanism of democratic accountability, the analysis examines environmentalists' use of the appeals process, and the effects of appeals on Forest Service land management and policy. The article concludes with observations about the role of conflict and the legitimacy of appeals as one avenue of democratic participation. 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Secretariat Pacific Community, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France. Univ Nouvelle Caledonie, LERVEM, Noumea, New Caledonia. US Espace, Inst Rech Dev, St Clothilde 97492, Reunion. Univ Perpignan, EPHE, UR 128, Inst Rech Dev, F-66860 Perpignan, France. Inst Rech Dev, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Univ Mediterranee, CNRS, UMR 6540, Ctr Oceanol Marseille, F-13288 Marseille, France. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, Serv Econ Maritime, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Clua, E, Univ Perpignan, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 8046,Ecole Prat Hautes Etu54 Ave Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France. AB The diversity of reef ecosystems, the multiplicity of reef resource uses and the breadth of the range of the island socio-cultural contexts concerned make coral reef fisheries (CRF) management in the South Pacific a complex task. The health and state of the targeted resources depend both on ecosystem characteristics (as determined by ecological and biological factors) and on fishing pressure, whose effects are only partly known. Increasing harvests from commercial and recreational fishing increasingly overlap with traditional Subsistence activity, creating an important CRF management challenge. This paper presents a new approach to CRF assessment and monitoring by providing a set of multidisciplinary indicators. The fisheries system is assessed from three different viewpoints: ecology of targeted populations, exploitation and the broader socio-econornic fishery context. The use of complementary indicators chosen from each of these fields could balance the chronic lack of human and financial resources for the management of these fisheries. We suggest the use of these indicators through an assessment grid or an indicator dashboard specifically adapted to given situations and management objectives determined through a participatory approach. The operational efficiency of this dashboard depends on i) dialogue between users, ii) the objectivity of the proposed monitoring, iii) the Visual transcription of divergent/convergent interests amongst stakeholders, and iv) stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. The use and constraints of such a tool are described with reference to Ouvea atoll (New-Caledonia, South Pacific) for which an analysis of available indicators for assessing fisheries status is presented. 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SCHAEFER MB, 1957, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V14, P669 SEIJO JC, 2000, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V51, P477 SHAPIRO DY, 1993, B MAR SCI, V53, P1151 SHIN YJ, 2004, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V61, P414 SHIN YJ, 2005, ICES J MAR SCI, V62, P384 SIMONIT S, 2005, ICES J MAR SCI, V62, P483 SMITH ADM, 1999, ICES J MAR SCI, V56, P967 TAWAKE A, 2001, CONSERV BIOL PRACT, V2, P32 THOMPSON AA, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V232, P247 TRENKEL VM, 2003, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V60, P67 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WATSON M, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V109, P115 WELCOMME RL, 1999, FISHERIES MANAG ECOL, V6, P1 YEMANE D, 2005, ICES J MAR SCI, V62, P374 ZANN LP, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P569 ZANN LP, 2000, OCEAN YEARB, V14, P163 ZELLER D, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V274, P295 NR 159 TC 1 J9 AQUAT LIVING RESOUR BP 199 EP 213 PY 2005 PD JUL-SEP VL 18 IS 3 GA 982ZI UT ISI:000233200500001 ER PT J AU Haila, Y TI Biodiversity and the divide between culture and nature SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Tampere, Dept Reg Studies & Environm Policy, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland. RP Haila, Y, Univ Tampere, Dept Reg Studies & Environm Policy, POB 607, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland. AB The term biodiversity may help us to reach beyond the nature-culture dualism that has a debilitating effect on conservation thinking. This, however, depends on how the term is actually used. The opportunity is that the term connects dialectically together biological entities and their conditions of reproduction and may, consequently, facilitate a shift from atomistic to processual thinking in ecology and conservation. Analogously, the term offers resources for analyzing the dynamic dependence of human activities on natural processes. Health offers a fruitful metaphor for evaluating the resilience and conditions of reproduction of ecosocial systems. On the other hand, problems and contradictions in the application of the term arise from too schematic a perception of the relationship between scientific knowledge and human, social agency. Science influences human agency primarily on the long term, by helping to form new perspectives on what it means to lead a human life. Conservation concerns have a great influence on such perspectives. However, an emphasis on 'crisis' may be counterproductive: scientific arguments perform poorly in a crisis situation in which, instead, short-term interests of powerful social actors such as corporations, state agencies or professional groups may gain the upper hand. 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Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Int Inst Aerosp Survey & Earth Sci, Agr Conservat & Environm Div, NL-7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands. Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. Wageningen Univ, Dept Plant Sci Plant Prod Syst, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Groningen, Dept Plant Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Natal, Dept Math & Appl Math, Sch Math Stat & Informat Technol, ZA-3209 Scottsville, Pietermaritzbur, South Africa. Wageningen Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Eros & Soil & Water Conservat Grp, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Dept Environm Sci & Hydroecol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP van Langevelde, F, Wageningen Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Trp Nat Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, Bornsesteeg 69, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Savanna ecosystems are characterized by the co-occurrence of trees and grasses. In this paper, we argue that the balance between trees and grasses is, to a large extent,determined by the indirect interactive effects of herbivory and fire. These effects are based on the positive feedback between fuel load (grass biomass) and fire intensity. An increase in the level of grazing leads to reduced fuel, load, which makes fire less intense and, thus, less damaging to trees and, consequently, results in an increase in woody vegetation. The system then switches from a state with trees and grasses to a state with solely trees. Similarly, browsers may enhance the effect of fire on trees because they reduce woody biomass, thus indirectly stimulating grass growth. This consequent increase in fuel load results in more intense fire and increased decline of biomass. The system then switches from a state with solely trees to a state with trees and grasses. We maintain that the interaction between fire and herbivory provides a mechanistic explanation for observed discontinuous changes in woody and grass biomass. This is an alternative for the soil degradation mechanism, in which there is a positive feedback between the amount of grass biomass and the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil. The soil degradation mechanism predicts no discontinuous changes, such as bush encroachment, on sandy soils. Such changes, however, are frequently observed. Therefore, the interactive effects of fire and herbivory provide a more plausible explanation for the occurrence of discontinuous changes in savanna ecosystems. 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Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Milner, AM, Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. AB 1. Macroinvertebrate communities were studied from 1994 to 2001/2002 (except 1997) in six streams in Denali National Park, interior Alaska. All six streams were potential reference streams with no known impairment. 2. Abundance of individual taxa varied markedly from year to year. Overall, abundance decreased over the study period, particularly with respect to mayflies. Stonefly taxa showed lower persistence and were sometimes absent from a stream in any particular year. 3. Mean community persistence for the six streams, as measured by Jaccard's similarity coefficients between years, varied from 0.48 in the year pair 1999-2000 to 0.78 in 1998-99. Tattler Creek (a small stable stream) supported the most persistent macroinvertebrate community and Highway Pass Creek (a small, unstable creek) the least. Mean community persistence showed a significant relationship with mean winter snowfall (November to March) for the six streams. 4. The highest community compositional stability was found in Tattler Creek and the lowest in Highway Pass Creek, but stability varied markedly over time for the six streams, peaking in 1994-95 and reaching a minimum in 2000-01. Compositional stability was significantly related to the Pfankuch Index of channel stability. 5. The composition metrics % Chironomidae, % dominant taxa, % EPT, % Ephemeroptera and % Plecoptera, employed as part of the Alaska Stream Condition Index, varied over almost their entire range in these pristine streams across the 9 years of the study. 6. This study demonstrates the wide range of natural variation that occurs in benthic macroinvertebrate communities in these pristine central Alaskan streams, potentially limiting the applicability of composition metrics for the biological monitoring of water quality in these systems. CR BARBOUR MT, 1999, 841B99002 EPA BENKE AC, 1990, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V9, P77 BOULTON AJ, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P2192 BRADLEY DC, 2001, J ANIM ECOL, V70, P987 BRADT P, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V403, P123 BRAY JR, 1957, ECOL MONOGR, V27, P325 BROWN LE, IN PRESS HYDROBIOLOG BUNN SE, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P220 BUNN SE, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V422, P61 CONN SC, IN PRESS ARCTIC DEATH RG, 1994, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V13, P125 DOWNES BJ, 2002, MONITORING ECOLOGICA, P434 GIBBINS CN, 2001, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V462, P205 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 IRONS JG, 1993, CAN J ZOOL, V71, P98 JOHNSON PD, 1994, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V8, P51 LAKE PS, 2000, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V19, P573 MAJOR EB, 2001, ALASKA STREAM CONDIT, P34 MARCHANT R, 2000, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V21, P311 METZELING L, 2002, MARINE FRESHWATER RE, V55, P1223 MILNER AM, 1997, ECOLOGCAL STUDIES SE, P1 MILNER AM, 2003, DEV LONG TERM ECOLOG MILNER AM, 2004, RIVER RES APPL, V20, P719 OSWOOD MW, 1997, ECOLOGCAL STUDIES SE, P331 PARSONS M, 1996, FRESHWATER BIOL, V36, P419 PFANKUCH DJ, 1975, STREAM REACH INVENTO PROWSE TD, 1994, FRESHWATER BIOL, V32, P241 ROBINSON CT, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V421, P187 SCARSBROOK MR, 2002, FRESHWATER BIOL, V47, P417 SCRIMGEOUR GJ, 1994, FRESHWATER BIOL, V32, P261 SIMPSON JC, 2000, ASSESSING BIOL QUALI, P125 TOWNSEND CR, 1987, J ANIM ECOL, V56, P597 WATERS TF, 1972, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V17, P253 WEATHERLEY NS, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P952 WINTERBOURN MJ, 1997, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY, P32 WOODWARD G, 2002, FRESHWATER BIOL, V47, P1419 WRIGHT JF, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P181 NR 37 TC 1 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL BP 373 EP 387 PY 2006 PD FEB VL 51 IS 2 GA 003FT UT ISI:000234667900014 ER PT J AU Chu, CYC Tai, C TI Ecosystem resilience, specialized adaptation and population decline: A modern Malthusian theory SO JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Econ, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RP Chu, CYC, Acad Sinica, Inst Econ, 21 Hsu Cho Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan. AB The purpose of this article is to construct a theoretical framework characterizing the interactions among economic development, ecosystem equilibrium and possible population decline, and to discuss the population dynamics in the very long run. In our framework, economic activities bridge population and environment. On the one hand, human beings reform the environment through economic activities; on the other hand, economic activities decrease environmental resilience and increase the possibility of an environmental change in a discontinuous and irreversible pattern, as described in Arrow et al. (1995). Furthermore, a highly developed economy also causes over-specialization of human adaptation: which tends to exaggerate the impact of an environmental change on human population size. CR ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 CHU CYC, 1998, INCREASING RETURN EC CHU CYC, 1998, POPULATION DYNAMICS DARWIN C, 1964, ORIGIN SPECIES DOBZHANSKY T, 1961, AM SCI, V49, P285 GOODFRIEND M, 1995, AM ECON REV, V85, P116 GOULD J, 1977, EVER DARWIN REFLECTI HARVEY B, 1977, ENV SOC INTRO ANAL LEE RD, 1986, STATE POPULATION THE LI Y, 1996, J GEN EDUC, V3, P15 MALTHUS TR, 1789, ESSAY PRINCIPLE POPU MEADOWS DH, 1992, BEYOND LIMITS MEDAWAR PB, 1965, MAYO CLIN P, V40, P23 NERLOVE M, 1991, AM AGR EC ASS, V73, P1335 RENSHAW E, 1991, MODELLING BIOL POPUL SHAW JS, 1990, EC ENV RECONCILIATIO SMITH F, 1996, ECOL ECON, V16, P191 SWANSON TM, 1995, EC ECOLOGY BIODIVERS WILLIAMS GC, 1966, ADAPTATION NATURAL S YANG X, 1993, SPECIALIZATION EC OR ZIMMERMANN EW, 1951, WORLD RESOURCES IND NR 21 TC 0 J9 J POPUL ECON BP 7 EP 19 PY 2001 PD APR VL 14 IS 1 GA 434VZ UT ISI:000168837700002 ER PT J AU Chapela, IH TI Global bodies won't save the environment: it needs grass-roots efforts SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chapela, IH, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 FAIRHEAD J, 1996, AFRICA, V66, P14 FAIRHEAD J, 1996, LIE LAND CHALLENGING, P105 GETZ WM, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P1855 GOMEXPOMPA A, 1992, RAINFOREST REGENERAT, P3 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P5982 JAMES AN, 1999, NATURE, V401, P323 JANZEN D, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P5987 NR 8 TC 1 J9 NATURE BP 129 EP 129 PY 2000 PD JAN 13 VL 403 IS 6766 GA 275TB UT ISI:000084835300015 ER PT J AU FRIEDEL, MH BASTIN, GN GRIFFIN, GF TI RANGE ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING IN ARID LANDS - THE DERIVATION OF FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS TO SIMPLIFY VEGETATION DATA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP FRIEDEL, MH, CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,POB 2111,ALICE SPRINGS,NT 5750,AUSTRALIA. CR BASTIN GN, 1983, MAN CTR, P150 BEATTIE AJ, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P107 BRAY JR, 1957, ECOL MONOGR, V27, P325 CRISP MD, 1978, OIKOS, V30, P520 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 FORAN BD, 1986, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P67 FRIEDEL MH, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P130 GILLISON AN, 1981, VEGETATION CLASSIFIC, P30 GOWER JC, 1971, BIOMETRICS, V27, P857 GRAETZ RD, 1986, AUST J ECOL, V11, P347 GRIFFIN GF, 1984, ANTICIPATING INEVITA, P25 GRIFFIN GF, 1985, J ARID ENVIRON, V9, P63 GRUNOW JO, 1969, S AFRICAN J SCI, V35, P341 HOLMES RT, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P512 JAKSIC FM, 1981, OIKOS, V37, P397 LANCE GN, 1967, AUST COMPUT J, V1, P15 LEHOUEROU HN, 1984, J ARID ENVIRON, V7, P213 LENDON C, 1976, AUST RANGELAND J, V1, P40 MABBUTT JA, 1984, ENVIRON CONSERV, V11, P103 MACMAHON JA, 1981, J THEOR BIOL, V88, P287 MILLINGTON RW, 1978, PHYSICAL BIOL FEATUR, P16 NOBLE IR, 1980, VEGETATIO, V43, P5 NORTHCOTE KH, 1971, FACTUAL KEY RECOGNIT OCONNOR TG, 1985, 114 S AFR NAT SCI PR PIANKA ER, 1980, OIKOS, V35, P194 ROOT RB, 1967, ECOL MONOGR, V37, P317 ROSS D, 1983, TAXON USERS MANUAL TAINTON NM, 1980, P GRASSLD SOC S AFR, V15, P37 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 NR 29 TC 32 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 85 EP 97 PY 1988 PD JUL VL 27 IS 1 GA P4612 UT ISI:A1988P461200006 ER PT J AU Peters, E van Lanen, HAJ Torfs, PJJF Bier, G TI Drought in groundwater - drought distribution and performance indicators SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Wageningen Univ, Subdept Water Resources, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP van Lanen, HAJ, Wageningen Univ, Subdept Water Resources, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands. AB In order to investigate how droughts are changed by the groundwater system and to analyse the performance of groundwater during drought, 10 time series of 1000 years of recharge and groundwater discharge were generated. The 10 X 1000 years of synthetic daily data were generated using Nearest Neighbour resampling based on 37 years of observed daily meteorological data. The root zone was simulated by a non-linear water balance model and the groundwater system by a linear reservoir model. The size and thus the response time of the reservoir was characterised by a reservoir coefficient. Subsequently, the deficit and duration of the droughts were derived from the time series of recharge and groundwater discharge using the threshold level approach. An analysis of the distribution of these droughts shows that for droughts with small return periods, the deficit in the groundwater discharge is smaller than in the recharge. For droughts with large return periods, the deficit in the groundwater discharge is larger than in the recharge. The performance of groundwater systems with respect to droughts was evaluated using three classical performance indicators (reliability, resilience and vulnerability), a combination of these three indicators (Loucks' sustainability index) and three newly defined overall performance indicators. The newly defined indicators combine the severity and frequency of the droughts, instead of analysing these separately in reliability and vulnerability. The performance is estimated for the groundwater recharge and for the discharge of groundwater systems with three different values of the reservoir coefficient. Of all the performance indicators used, one of the newly introduced overall performance indicators with a strong emphasis on droughts with a high return period appeared to characterise the groundwater droughts best. This indicator shows a more or less constant performance for low and medium high reservoir coefficients and an increasing performance for higher reservoir coefficients. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *VER VOOR LAND, 1992, CULT VAD VER VOOR LA ALILA Y, 2002, HYDROL PROCESS, V16, P1065 BRANDSMA T, 1998, HYDROL EARTH SYST SC, V2, P195 CALOW R, 1999, P INT C INT DROUGHT, P255 CORREIA FN, 1986, SYST AN APPL WAT REL CUNNANE C, 1979, WATER RESOUR RES, V15, P489 DEMUTH S, 2000, DROUGHT DROUGHT MITI, P209 DEZEEUW JW, 1958, LANDBOUWKUNDIG TIJDS, V70, P405 DOUGLAS EM, 2002, J HYDROL ENG, V7, P220 ENGELAND K, 2000, PRACTICAL EXTREME VA ESTRELA T, 1996, WATER RESOURCES PROB FERNANDEZ B, 1999, J HYDROL ENG, V4, P308 HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HIPEL KW, 1994, DEV WATER SCI, V45 HISDAL H, 2002, IAHS PUBLICATION, V274, P281 KJELDSEN TR, 2001, IAHS PUBL, V268, P107 LALL U, 1996, WATER RESOUR RES, V32, P679 LOUCKS DP, 1997, HYDROLOG SCI J, V42, P513 MAIER HR, 2001, WATER RESOUR RES, V37, P779 MCMAHON TA, 1993, HDB HYDROLOGY, CH27 MOY WS, 1986, WATER RESOUR RES, V22, P489 PANDEY RP, 2001, HYDROL PROCESS, V15, P1019 PETERS E, 2001, ASSESSMENT REGIONAL, P35 PETERS E, 2003, HYDROL PROCESS, V17, P3023 RAJAGOPALAN B, 1999, WATER RESOUR RES, V35, P3089 REISS RD, 1997, STAT ANAL EXTREME VA RITZEMA HP, 1994, ILRI PUBLICATION, V16 ROBINS NS, 1997, WC9757 BGS SCHEIDLEDER A, 1999, GROUNDWATER QUALITY STAHL K, 2001, THESIS U FREIBURG BR STEDINGER JR, 1993, HDB HYDROLOGY, CH18 TALLAKSEN LM, 2000, DROUGHT DROUGHT MITI, P103 UIJLENHOET R, 2001, STAT ANAL DAILY DISC VANDELEUR DAK, 1962, J GEOPHYS RES, V67, P4347 VANLANEN HAJ, 1996, P INT C CAL REL GROU, P307 VANLANEN HAJ, 2000, DROUGHT DROUGHT MITI, P49 VAZ AC, 1986, SYST AN APPL WAT REL WHITE L, 1999, TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS, V26 WOJCIK R, 2001, RAINFALL GENERATOR R WOJCIK R, 2003, J HYDROL, V273, P69 WOO MK, 1994, HYDROLOG SCI J, V39, P19 YEVJEVICH V, 1967, 23 COL STAT U NR 42 TC 3 J9 J HYDROL BP 302 EP 317 PY 2005 PD MAY 9 VL 306 IS 1-4 GA 930KA UT ISI:000229413500018 ER PT J AU MOY, WS COHON, JL REVELLE, CS TI A PROGRAMMING-MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF THE RELIABILITY, RESILIENCE, AND VULNERABILITY OF A WATER-SUPPLY RESERVOIR SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM ENGN,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. RP MOY, WS, USA,CORPS ENGINEERS,INST WATER RESOURCES,FT BELVOIR,VA 22060. CR ASKEW AJ, 1974, WATER RESOUR RES, V10, P1099 ASKEW AJ, 1974, WATER RESOUR RES, V10, P51 COHON JL, 1978, MATH SCI ENG, V140 COLORNI A, 1976, WATER RESOUR RES, V12, P85 CORLEY TE, 1979, RELIABILITY WATER RE, P167 FIERING MB, 1967, STREAM FLOW SYNTHESI FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P33 HAIMES YY, 1975, DEV WATER SCI, V3 HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOUCK MH, 1979, RELIABILITY WATER RE, P127 HOUCK MH, 1979, WATER RESOUR RES, V15, P1011 HOUCK MH, 1981, WATER RESOUR RES, V17, P827 JOERES EF, 1981, WATER RESOUR RES, V17, P18 LECLERC G, 1973, WATER RESOUR RES, V9, P1155 LOUCKS DP, 1975, WATER RESOUR RES, V11, P777 MAJOR DC, 1979, APPLIED WATER RESOUR MOY W, 1983, THESIS J HOPKINS U B REVELLE C, 1969, WATER RESOUR RES, V5, P767 REVELLE C, 1970, WATER RESOUR RES, V6, P1033 REVELLE CS, 1975, WATER RESOUR RES, V11, P197 ROEFS TG, 1968, RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SIMONOVIC SP, 1980, WATER RESOUR RES, V16, P844 YEH WW, 1982, STATE ART REV THEORI YEH WWG, 1985, WATER RESOUR RES, V21, P1797 NR 25 TC 19 J9 WATER RESOUR RES BP 489 EP 498 PY 1986 PD APR VL 22 IS 4 GA A8654 UT ISI:A1986A865400007 ER PT J AU Price, MF Thompson, M TI The complex life: human land uses in mountain ecosystems SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LETTERS LA English DT Article C1 NORWEGIAN RES CTR ORG & MANAGEMENT,N-5015 BERGEN,NORWAY. MUSGRAVE INST,LONDON N5 2UX,ENGLAND. RP Price, MF, UNIV OXFORD,ENVIRONM CHANGE UNIT,1A MANSFIELD RD,OXFORD OX1 3TB,ENGLAND. AB Orthodox approaches to the dynamics of ecosystems and socio-cultural systems assume a one-way transition from an initial to a final state. Recent critiques, however, suggest more than two possible states, each a stage in a never-ending sequence of transitions. In the orthodox view; ecosystems and sociocultural systems are simple (predictable, equilibrium-seeking, linear); in the critical view, they are complex (unpredictable, far from equilibrium, non-linear). The aim of this paper is to test these two hypotheses by examining the responses of the human inhabitants of mountain regions to the changing environments in which they live. The conceptual framework is based in Cultural Theory, which posits a complex plurality of states, defined in terms of four 'myths of nature', each embodying a different set of assumptions about stability and change in nature. They can be described as Nature Benign (cf. individualism, neo-classical economics); Nature Ephemeral (cf. egalitarianism, the precautionary principle, Georgescu-Roegen's entropy principle, Schumacher's dictum 'small is beautiful'); Nature Perverse/Tolerant (cf. hierarchies, statutory regulation, sustainable development); and Nature Capricious (cf. fatalism: 'why bother?'). This conceptual framework is applied to 'typical' Himalayan villages, the institutional systems in a 'typical' Swiss Alpine village, and the past seven centuries in the Swiss community of Davos. It is concluded that a simple model of unidirectional change does not explain the variety of institutional responses to either the biophysical or the socio-economic surprises which such mountain communities experience; a requisite variety of diverse institutional responses to surprise is always necessary. 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SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 Nan Hua Univ, Grad Inst Environm Management, Chiayi, Taiwan. RP Chen, CC, Nan Hua Univ, Grad Inst Environm Management, 32 Chung Keng Li, Chiayi, Taiwan. AB Taiwan's EPA has implemented a new guideline called the "Plastic Products Restriction Policy", prohibiting some industries to use plastics as packaging materials for the sake of sustainable use of resources. The significant effect resulting from this policy is the substitution of plastic products with paper products. Is this policy beneficial to achieve future sustainability? I allempt to analyze the resource choice between renewable resources and exhaustible resources for production of final products and services in case of exhaustion of natural resources. In this paper, I develop a framework to examine the dynamic responsiveness of a socio-economical system in facing a continual depletion of natural resources provided by an environmental system. In this framework, the status of an environmental system in terms of carrying capacity is affected by the cumulative impacts caused from human activities, including environmental pollution and resource exploitation. Conversely, it also affects the growth of renewable resources. This framework can serve as a guideline to construct indicators to measure the status of the environmental system and the socio-economical system in order to support a policy planner that formulates an appropriate environmental policy. Based on this framework, I also develop a mathematical model to determine the optimal ratio of resources choice between renewable resources and exhaustible resources. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Monash Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Acad Nat Sci, Patrick Ctr Environm Res, Philadelphia, PA USA. Univ Idaho, Ecohydraul Res Grp, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Palmer, MA, Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AB 1. Increasingly, river managers are turning from hard engineering solutions to ecologically based restoration activities in order to improve degraded waterways. River restoration projects aim to maintain or increase ecosystem goods and services while protecting downstream and coastal ecosystems. There is growing interest in applying river restoration techniques to solve environmental problems, yet little agreement exists on what constitutes a successful river restoration effort. 2. We propose five criteria for measuring success, with emphasis on an ecological perspective. First, the design of an ecological river restoration project should be based on a specified guiding image of a more dynamic, healthy river that could exist at the site. Secondly, the river's ecological condition must be measurably improved. Thirdly, the river system must be more self-sustaining and resilient to external perturbations so that only minimal follow-up maintenance is needed. Fourthly, during the construction phase, no lasting harm should be inflicted on the ecosystem. Fifthly, both pre- and post-assessment must be completed and data made publicly available. 3. Determining if these five criteria have been met for a particular project requires development of an assessment protocol. We suggest standards of evaluation for each of the five criteria and provide examples of suitable indicators. 4. Synthesis and applications. Billions of dollars are currently spent restoring streams and rivers, yet to date there are no agreed upon standards for what constitutes ecologically beneficial stream and river restoration. We propose five criteria that must be met for a river restoration project to be considered ecologically successful. It is critical that the broad restoration community, including funding agencies, practitioners and citizen restoration groups, adopt criteria for defining and assessing ecological success in restoration. Standards are needed because progress in the science and practice of river restoration has been hampered by the lack of agreed upon criteria for judging ecological success. Without well-accepted criteria that are ultimately supported by funding and implementing agencies, there is little incentive for practitioners to assess and report restoration outcomes. Improving methods and weighing the ecological benefits of various restoration approaches require organized national-level reporting systems. 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Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Choi, JS, 6335 Norwood St, Halifax, NS B3H 2K9, Canada. AB With the current struggle to "sustainably" exploit our biosphere, the "paradox of enrichment" remains an issue that is just as relevant today as it was when it was first formalized by Rosenzweig in 1971. This paradox is relevant because it predicts that attempts to sustain a population by making its food supply more abundant (e.g., by nutrient enrichment) may actually have the reverse (paradoxical) effect of destabilizing the network. Originally, this paradox was based upon studies of "reasonable," but quite simple, predator-prey models. Here, we attempt a more "realistic" revision of the paradox that explicitly accounts for the embedded nature of the human system in a complexly interwoven set of hierarchical (spatial, temporal, and organizational) relations with the rest of the ecosphere-a relationship whose exploitative nature continues to grow in intensity and extent. This revision is attempted with the aid of a combined thermodynamic and network approach. The result is that a scale-dependent asymmetry in the action of the second law of thermodynamics is shown-an asymmetry that results in the creation of two antagonistic propensities: local order and local disorder. The point of balance between these two propensities is empirically measurable and represents a balance between processes and constraints internal (growth and development) and external (interactive and perturbing influences) to a system-a balance that may be called the most "adaptive" state (after Conrad 1983). The use of such an index of this balance is demonstrated and it is used to clarify the relevance of the paradox to more complexly organized systems. As a consequence, we conclude that the concept of "sustainable exploitation and growth" is an oxymoron. 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RP Crepin, AS, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Recent research in natural sciences shows that the dynamics in boreal forests are much more complex than what many models traditionally used in forestry economics reflect. This essay analyzes some challenges of accounting for such complexity. It shows that the optimal harvesting strategy for forest owners is history dependent and for some states of the forest, more than one strategy may be optimal. This paper confirms earlier literature on shallow lakes and coral reefs and shows that this kind of phenomena seem much more common than previously thought. They are valid for a wide range of ecosystems that cover large surfaces and they do not depend on the choice of some specific function to model the non-linearity. There are also indications that theses results could be obtained even for resources with concave growth if at least one species with non-linear growth affects their dynamics. 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NATL INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,DIV GLOBAL ENVIRONM RES,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RP WADA, N, HOKKAIDO UNIV,GRAD SCH ENVIRONM SCI,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN. AB We compared the vegetation structure, rodent density and seed loss rate between protected and disturbed sites affected from grazing by cattle, goats and sheep, in the Thar desert of India. A perennial tussocky grass Lasiurus sindicus Henr, was largely dominant in the protected site, while L. sindicus was rare and replaced by undershrub species Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Halb. and Crotalaria burhira Buch.-Ham. in the overgrazed site. In the grazed site, plant coverage was low, but the density of rodent burrows and the frequency of rodent captures were significantly high as compared to the protected site. Corresponding with the density of desert rodents, seed predation was significantly higher in the grazed site than in the protected site, These results suggest that overgrazing by large mammals has strong effects on plant succession by altering not only the species composition and abundance of plant community, but also the habitat suitability for seed-earing rodents. 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Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Biol & Conservat Sci, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. RP Ward, D, Univ Stellenbosch, Conservat Ecol Dept, Matieland, South Africa. AB Moisture, nutrients, fire and herbivory are the principal factors governing tree-grass cover ratios of savannas. We investigated tree (Acacia mellifera) recruitment after fire and under conditions of maximum-recorded rainfall, nitrogen addition and grazing in a completely-crossed field experiment. We employed a similar garden experiment with the exception of the fire treatment. Tree germination in the field was extremely low, probably due to below-average natural rainfall in plots that only received natural rain, and insufficient watering frequency in irrigated plots. Due to low germination in the field experiment, no treatment significantly affected tree recruitment. In the garden experiment, frequent watering, nutrient control (i.e. no nitrogen addition) and grazing enhanced tree recruitment with significant interactions between rain, nitrogen and grazing. We infer that above-average rainfall years with frequent rainfall events are required for mass tree recruitment. Grass defoliation makes space and resources available for tree seedlings. Nitrogen enrichment increases the competitive ability of fast-growing grasses more than that of the N-2-fixing tree component. In contrast to conventional wisdom that grazing alone causes encroachment, we suggest that there are complex interactions between the above-mentioned factors and 'triggering' events such as unusually high rainfall. 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Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Allen, CR, Univ Nebraska, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 103 Miller Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. AB It is evident when the resilience of a system has been exceeded and the system qualitatively changed. However, it is not clear how to measure resilience in a system prior to the demonstration that the capacity for resilient response has been exceeded. We argue that self-organizing human and natural systems are structured by a relatively small set of processes operating across scales in time and space. These structuring processes should generate a discontinuous distribution of structures and frequencies, where discontinuities mark the transition from one scale to another. Resilience is not driven by the identity of elements of a system, but rather by the functions those elements provide, and their distribution within and across scales. A self-organizing system that is resilient should maintain patterns of function within and across scales despite the turnover of specific elements ( for example, species, cities). However, the loss of functions, or a decrease in functional representation at certain scales will decrease system resilience. It follows that some distributions of function should be more resilient than others. We propose that the determination of discontinuities, and the quantification of function both within and across scales, produce relative measures of resilience in ecological and other systems. We describe a set of methods to assess the relative resilience of a system based upon the determination of discontinuities and the quantification of the distribution of functions in relation to those discontinuities. CR ALLEN CR, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P114 ALLEN CR, 2001, ENCY ENV, P450 ALLEN CR, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P315 ALLEN CR, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P348 ARTHUR WB, 1997, EC COMPLEX EVOLVING, V2 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED NEW SCI NETWO BARABASI AL, 2003, SCI AM, V288, P60 BESSEY KM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P360 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 DENDRINOS DS, 1990, CHAOS SOCIOSPATIAL D FORYS EA, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P339 GABAIX X, 1999, Q J ECON, V114, P739 GARMESTANI AS, 2005, URBAN STUD, V42, P1507 GUNDERSON LH, 1992, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLAND J, 1995, HIDDEN ORDER ADAPTAT HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1988, MEMOIRS ENTOMOLOGICA, V146, P21 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HOSTETLER M, 1999, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V45, P15 KORCELLI P, 1977, RM7752 INT I APPL ST KRUMMEL JR, 1987, OIKOS, V48, P321 MANLY BFJ, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P81 PAPAGEORGIOU YY, 1980, ENVIRON PLANN A, V12, P1035 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 RESTREPO C, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P171 SUMMERS R, 1991, Q J ECON, V106, P327 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WEST GB, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P122 NR 32 TC 1 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 958 EP 966 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 8 IS 8 GA 992HC UT ISI:000233874000008 ER PT J AU Scheffer, M Carpenter, SR de Young, B TI Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Phys & Phys Oceanog, St John, NF A1B 3X7, Canada. RP Scheffer, M, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Profound indirect ecosystem effects of overfishing have been shown for coastal systems such as coral reefs and kelp forests. A new study from the ecosystem off the Canadian east coast now reveals that the elimination of large predatory fish can also cause marked cascading effects on the pelagic food web. Overall, the view emerges that, in a range of marine ecosystems, the effects of fisheries extend well beyond the collapse of fish exploited stocks. CR BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 CAMERANO L, 1880, ATTI REALE ACCADEMIA, V15, P393 CARPENTER SR, 1993, TROPHIC CASCADE LAKE FRANK KT, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1621 HANSSON LA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P558 HSIEH CH, 2005, NATURE, V435, P336 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 HUTCHINGS JA, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P297 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 PETERS RH, 1986, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V31, P1143 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHIERMEIER Q, 2004, NATURE, V428, P4 STEELE JH, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P135 WARE DM, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1280 WORM B, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P162 NR 15 TC 3 J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT BP 579 EP 581 PY 2005 PD NOV VL 20 IS 11 GA 983EE UT ISI:000233213100002 ER PT J AU Sala, E Knowlton, N TI Global marine biodiversity trends SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES LA English DT Review C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Sala, E, Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. AB Marine biodiversity encompasses all levels of complexity of life in the sea, from within species to across ecosystems. At all levels, marine biodiversity has naturally exhibited a general, slow trajectory of increase, punctuated by mass extinctions at the evolutionary scale and by disturbances at the ecological scale. In historical times, a synergy of human threats, including overfishing, global warming, biological introductions, and pollution, has caused a rapid decline in global marine biodiversity, as measured by species extinctions, population depletions, and community homogenization. The consequences of this biodiversity loss include changes in ecosystem function and a reduction in the provision of ecosystem services. Global biodiversity loss will continue and likely accelerate in the future, with potentially more frequent ecological collapses and community-wide shifts. However, the timing and magnitude of these catastrophic events are probably unpredictable. 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1987, P INT WORKSH CAUL TA, P5 VERLAQUE M, 1994, OCEANOL ACTA, V17, P659 VERLAQUE M, 2000, BOT MAR, V43, P49 VERMEIJ GJ, 1977, PALEOBIOLOGY, V3, P245 WARD JR, 2004, PLOS BIOL, V2, P542 WATSON R, 2001, NATURE, V414, P534 WILLIAMS TM, 2004, ECOLOGY, V85, P3373 WOMMACK KE, 2000, MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R, V64, P69 WORM B, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P628 WORM B, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1365 YARINCIK K, 2005, SCI MAR S1, V69, P201 NR 183 TC 0 J9 ANNU REV ENVIRON RESOUR BP 93 EP 122 PY 2006 VL 31 GA 109QZ UT ISI:000242324900005 ER PT J AU Millward, RN Klerks, PL TI Contaminant-adaptation and community tolerance in ecological risk assessment: Introduction SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AB Contaminant tolerance, either at the level of the community or an adaptation within populations, has important implications to the risk assessment field. Such tolerance has alternatively been described as a nuisance variable, complicating the extrapolation of toxicity data, to field conditions, or as a 'good weather indicator', suggesting environmental resilience to a contaminant. These and other issues are explored in this set of invited papers, in which experienced workers from the field of contaminant tolerance have been invited to comment, on the relationship between tolerance and the analysis of environmental risk. In addition, recent decades have seen the use of tolerance as a tool for assessing contaminant stress, particularly when establishing causality between specific contaminant exposure and significant ecological impact. The paradigm suggests that an increased tolerance to a contaminant is powerful causal evidence that this contaminant has exerted significant stress. Review, commentary and original data contributions within this Debate and Commentary section explore both the complicating and advantageous aspects of tolerance in risk assessment. The papers conclude that complications associated with tolerance demand careful consideration during risk assessments, and that while population adaptation does not appear to be a promising tool, community-level resistance might be a powerful instrument in ecological risk assessment. 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RP Scariot, A, EMBRAPA, CENARGEN, CP 02372, BR-70770900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. AB 1 The effects of fragmentation on quantitative measures of floristic diversity in a palm community were examined in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments study area in central Amazonia. Three 1-ha, three 10-ha, two 100-ha and three continuous forest reserves, distributed among three sites, were surveyed. In each reserve, 10 20 x 20 m plots were sampled, resulting in a total of 1 10 plots representing 4.4 sampled hectares. 2 The taxon composition of this palm community was dominated by stemmed, understorey palms. A total of 23 225 individuals from 36 taxa was recorded; five of the taxa were not sampled in continuous forest. 3 Taxa richness did not vary across reserve size or sites unless taxa not sampled in the continuous forest were removed from the analysis. Smaller forest fragments then harboured fewer taxa in the seedling stage than large forest fragments or continuous forest. despite the short time since isolation (10-15 years). There was a significant effect of location on the number of taxa per plot for all life stages, but only seedling and total were significantly affected by reserve size. 4 Reserve size did not affect the Shannon and Evenness indices. Reserves of similar sizes were floristically more similar than reserves of very different sizes. 5 Palms are important for the structure and composition of the forest. Their conservation may require the establishment of a number of large reserves. CR *RADAMBRASIL, 1978, PROJ RAD PROGR INT N, V18 *SAS I INC, 1996, SAS STAT SOFTW CHANG *SYSTAT, 1992, STAT VERS 5 2 AIZEN MA, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P330 ANDREN H, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P355 BENITEZMALVIDO J, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P380 BIERREGAARD RO, 1988, ACT 31 C INT ORN, V2, P1564 CHAUVEL A, 1983, ACTA AMAZONICA S, V12, P47 CLARK DA, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2581 DIDHAM RK, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P55 EHRLICH PR, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P29 FEDERER WT, 1955, EXPT DESIGN THEORY A FERREIRA LV, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P797 GALLI AE, 1976, AUK, V93, P356 GILPIN ME, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P290 GOTTFRIED BM, 1979, AM MIDL NAT, V102, P105 HENDERSON A, 1995, PALMS AMAZON HOLT RD, 1992, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V41, P205 HOLT RD, 1993, TAXA DIVERSITY ECOLG, P77 HOLT RD, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P1610 HUSTON MA, 1994, BIOL DIVERSITY COEXI JANZEN DH, 1984, AM NAT, V123, P338 JANZEN DH, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P286 KAHN F, 1985, BIOTROPICA, V17, P210 KAPOS V, 1989, J TROP ECOL, V5, P173 KAPOS V, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P33 KLEIN BC, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1715 KOHN DD, 1994, J ECOL, V82, P367 LAURANCE WF, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN LEVIN DA, 1974, EVOL BIOL, V7, P139 LOVEJOY TE, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P257 LOVEJOY TE, 1990, 4 NEOTROPICAL RAINFO, P60 MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLGOICAL DIVERSITY MARTINEZRAMOS M, 1993, VEGETATIO, V107, P299 MAY RM, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO, P81 MURCIA C, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P58 PIANKA EC, 1975, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE PLATT WJ, 1985, ECOLOGY, V66, P708 PRESTON FW, 1962, ECOLOGY, V43, P185 QUINN JF, 1987, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P198 QUINN JF, 1988, CONS BIOL, V2, P293 RANKINDEMERONA JM, 1992, ACTA AMAZONICA, V22, P493 ROBINSON GR, 1992, SCIENCE, V257, P524 RYLANDS AB, 1988, ACTA AMAZONICA, V18, P291 SARUKHAN J, 1980, DEMOGRAPHY EVOLUTION, P161 SCARIOT AO, 1989, PRINCIPES, V33, P172 SCARIOT AO, 1996, THESIS U CALIFORNIA SCHEMSKE DW, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P584 SIMBERLOFF D, 1982, AM NAT, V120, P41 SIZER N, 1992, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE C SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY SOULE ME, 1989, RES PRIORITIES CONSE SPIRONELO W, 1992, PRIMATOLOGIA NO BRAS, V3, P285 STOUFFER PC, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2429 TERBORGH J, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P330 VANVALEN L, 1975, BIOTROPICA, V7, P260 WOLDA H, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V50, P296 NR 59 TC 18 J9 J ECOL BP 66 EP 76 PY 1999 PD FEB VL 87 IS 1 GA 169RL UT ISI:000078762300006 ER PT J AU Batabyal, AA TI On some aspects of ecological resilience and the conservation of species SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Batabyal, AA, Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. AB The importance of the notion of resilience in determining the static and the intertemporal behaviour of jointly determined ecological-economic systems has long been recognized by ecologists. This notwithstanding, there are very few formal studies of such systems which explicitly analyse the ecological and the economic aspects of the problem. Consequently, this paper has two objectives. First, a new stationary probability-based method is proposed to characterize the notion of ecological resilience. Next, this characterization is used to study the problem of optimal species conservation. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. CR BALICK MJ, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P128 BATABYAL AA, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V85, P219 BATABYAL AA, 1997, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL EC BATABYAL AA, 1998, UNPUB QUANTIFYING TR COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PERRINGS C, 1991, STRUCT CHANGE EC DYN, V2, P275 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PERRINGS C, 1996, MODELS SUSTAINABLE D PETERS CM, 1989, NATURE, V339, P655 ROSS SM, 1993, INTRO PROBABILITY MO ROSS SM, 1996, STOCHASTIC PROCESSES SCHINDLER D, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION PAT SIMPSON D, 1996, ENV DEV EC, V1, P241 WOLFF RW, 1989, STOCHASTIC MODELING NR 17 TC 5 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 373 EP 378 PY 1998 PD APR VL 52 IS 4 GA ZU436 UT ISI:000074196800007 ER PT J AU Begossi, A Hanazaki, N Tamashiro, JY TI Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil): Knowledge, use, and conservation SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNICAMP, NEPAM, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. UNICAMP, Dept Bot, Campinas, SP, Brazil. RP Begossi, A, UNICAMP, NEPAM, CP 6166, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. AB This study focuses on knowledge of medicinal plants among the Caicaras (rural inhabitants of the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil). In particular, we examine the use of medicinal plants according to sex and age to reveal general patterns of Caicara knowledge and use of plant resources. Data collected through 449 interviews at 12 Caicara communities (Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo coastal sites) include citations of 249 plants and identification of 227 species. We show the importance of introduced as opposed to native plants and of key individuals for the conservation of the Caicaras-Atlantic Forest. CR ALCORN JB, 1995, ETHNOBOTANY EVOLUTIO, P23 AMOROZO MCM, 1988, B MUSEU PARAENSE E B, V4, P47 ANDERSON EF, 1986, ECON BOT, V40, P442 ANKLI A, 1999, ECON BOT, V53, P144 BALICK MJ, 1996, PLANTS PEOPLE CULTUR BARRETT B, 1994, ECON BOT, V48, P8 BEGOSSI A, 1993, J ETHNOBIOL, V13, P233 BEGOSSI A, 1995, HUM ECOL, V23, P387 BEGOSSI A, 1996, ECON BOT, V50, P280 BEGOSSI A, 1998, LINKING ECOLOGICAL S, P129 BEGOSSI A, 1999, ENV DEV SUST, V1, P73 BEGOSSI A, 1999, HUMAN ECOLOGY REV, V6, P1 BENNETT BC, 2000, ECON BOT, V54, P90 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOYD R, 1985, CULTURE EVOLUTIONARY CAPOBIANCO JP, 1994, MATA ATLANTICA IMPRE CHASTAN L, 1975, SAO PAULO LITORAL NO COE FG, 1996, ECON BOT, V50, P71 CORREA IFL, 1981, CONGADA ILHABELA FES DASILVA JMC, 2000, NATURE, V404, P72 DENNIS P, 1988, ECON BOT, V42, P16 DIEGUES ACS, 1994, MITO MODERNO NATUREZ ELISABETSKY E, 1994, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V64, P201 FERREIRA LC, 1996, 1 INT S LIF QUAL ENV FIGUEIREDO GM, 1993, HUMAN EOCLOGY, V21, P420 FIGUEIREDO GM, 1997, HUM ECOL, V25, P353 FRANCA A, 1954, B USP SAO PAULO, V178 FRIED SG, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P203 GIRON LM, 1991, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V34, P173 GODOY R, 1993, ECON BOT, V47, P220 HANAZAKI N, 1996, INTERCIENCIA, V21, P268 HANAZAKI N, 2000, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V9, P597 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HVALKOF S, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P83 JOHNSTON M, 1996, ECON BOT, V50, P182 JOLY CA, 1990, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST KAINER KA, 1992, ECON BOT, V46, P408 KUCHLI C, 1997, FORESTS HOPE STORIES LAIRD S, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P345 LAURANCE WF, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P71 LIMA KCS, 1985, UBATUBA CANTOS PRAIA LUDWIG JA, 1988, STAT ECOLOGY MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MARCILIO ML, 1986, CIACARA TERRA POPULA MICHON G, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P159 MILLIKEN W, 1997, ECON BOT, V51, P264 MOERMAN DE, 1996, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V52, P1 MOMBERG F, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P259 MORAN E, 1990, ECOLOGIA HUMANA POPU MUSSOLINI G, 1980, ENSAIOS ANTROPOLOGIA MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 NOHAN JM, 1999, HUM ORGAN, V58, P67 OLIVEIRA RR, 1994, CIENCIA HOJE, V18, P44 PAKE CV, 1987, J ETHNOBIOL, V7, P13 PERONI N, 2000, INTERCIENCIA, V25, P22 PHILLIPS O, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P296 PUTMAN RJ, 1984, PRINCIPLES ECOLOGY ROSSATO SV, 1999, ECON BOT, V53, P377 SCHLAGEL RH, 1999, MIND MACH, V9, P3 SEIXAS CS, 1998, CROSS BOUND 7 ANN C VOEKS RA, 1996, ECON BOT, V50, P381 WHISTLER WA, 1991, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V31, P339 WILLEMS E, 1952, BUZIOS ISLAND ZAR JH, 1984, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 64 TC 2 J9 HUM ECOL BP 281 EP 299 PY 2002 PD SEP VL 30 IS 3 GA 578TA UT ISI:000177134000001 ER PT J AU Charles, AT TI Living with uncertainty in fisheries: analytical methods, management priorities and the Canadian groundfishery experience SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 St Marys Univ, Dept Finance & Management Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. RP Charles, AT, St Marys Univ, Dept Finance & Management Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. AB Uncertainties in fisheries arise in three principal forms: random fluctuations, uncertainty in parameter estimates and states of nature, and structural uncertainty that reflects a basic lack of knowledge about the nature of the fishery system. The first two of these have been addressed quantitatively through a variety of analytical tools, reviewed briefly in this paper. On the other hand, structural uncertainty poses a greater challenge; having proven rather immune to analytical treatment, it appears to be best addressed through the design of fishery management itself, to ensure that such management is robust, adaptive and precautionary. The paper discusses the nature of these three management characteristics, and illustrates their importance through an analysis of Atlantic Canada's groundfish fishery and its collapse in the early 1990s. The groundfishery is also used as a case study for exploring the extent to which fishery institutions provide a framework for 'living with uncertainty'; specifically, an analysis is provided of fishery management and conservation institutions (notably the Fisheries Resource Conservation Council) that have been established in response to the groundfish collapse. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1994, INT WHALING COMMISSI, V44, P145 *DEP FISH OC, 1991, ATL GROUNDF MAN PLAN *FAO, 1995, 350 FAO 1 *FISH RES CONS COU, 1996, 1611997E FS FISH RES *FISH RES CONS COU, 1996, FRCC96TD3 *FISH RES CONS COU, 1997, 1998 CONSERVATION RE *FISH RES CONS COU, 1997, 233161997E GOV SERV *FISH RES CONS COU, 1997, FRCC97R2 ANDERSEN P, 1984, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V1, P117 ANGEL JR, 1994, WORKSH SCOT FUND GRO CHARLES AT, 1983, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V40, P2080 CHARLES AT, 1992, AM J MATH MANAGE SCI, V12, P191 CHARLES AT, 1994, ECOL ECON, V11, P201 CHARLES AT, 1995, DALHOUSIE LAW J, V18, P65 CHEN Y, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P993 CLARK CW, 1979, ECONOMETRICA, V47, P25 CLARK CW, 1985, BIOECONOMIC MODELLIN CLARK CW, 1986, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V13, P235 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP COLLIE JS, 1983, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V40, P1871 COLLIE JS, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2665 CRIDDLE KR, 1996, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V16, P30 DERISO RB, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P268 DUDLEY N, 1980, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V7, P234 DUGAN JE, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P2029 FISHER M, 1995, HDBK OPER R, V8, P1 FRANCIS RIC, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P922 GARCIA SM, 1994, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V22, P99 HIGHTOWER JE, 1985, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V42, P982 HILBORN R, 1987, N AM J FISH MAN, V7, P1 HILBORN R, 1992, QUANTITATIVE FISHERI HOLLAND DS, 1996, MAR RESOURCE EC, V11, P157 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HUTCHINGS JA, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2126 KIRKWOOD GP, 1992, INT WHALING COMMISSI, V42, P236 LANE DE, 1989, EUR J OPER RES, V42, P229 LEVIN SA, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P545 LUDWIG D, 1982, ECOL MODEL, V14, P273 LUDWIG D, 1989, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V46, P137 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MANGEL M, 1985, DECISION CONTROL UNC OPALUCH JJ, 1984, MAR RES EC, V1, P105 POLACHECK T, 1990, NAT RESOUR MODEL, V4, P327 REED WJ, 1979, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V6, P350 RODRIGUES AG, 1990, OPERATIONS RES MANAG ROWLEY RJ, 1994, AQUAT CONSERV, V4, P233 SISSENWINE MP, 1984, MAR RES EC, V1, P1 SWARTZMAN GL, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P1053 TAGGART CT, 1994, ICES MAR SC, V198, P140 WALTERS CJ, 1996, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V6, P125 WALTERS CJ, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P145 WALTERS CJ, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P157 WALTERS CJ, 1981, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V38, P678 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1996, REV FISH BIOL FISH, V6 NR 56 TC 5 J9 FISH RES BP 37 EP 50 PY 1998 PD AUG VL 37 IS 1-3 GA 127HL UT ISI:000076344800004 ER PT J AU Weaver, JL Paquet, PC Ruggiero, LF TI Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 UNIV CALGARY,DEPT BIOL,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. UNIV CALGARY,FAC ENVIRONM DESIGN,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,MISSOULA,MT 59812. RP Weaver, JL, NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT,BOX 8594,MISSOULA,MT 59807. AB Large carnivore evolved behaviors and life-history traits that conferred resilience to environmental disturbances at various temporal and spatial scales. We synthesize empirical information for each large carnivore species in the Rocky Mountains regarding three basic mechanisms of resilience at different bierarchical levels: (1) behavioral plasticity in foraging behavior that ameliorates flux in food availability, (2) demographic compensation that mitigates increased exploitation, and (3) dispersal that provides functional connectivity among fragmented populations. With their high annula productivity and dispersal capabilities. Wolves (Canis Lupus) possess resiliency to modest levels of human disturbance of habitat and populations. Congars (Puma concolor) appear to have slightly less resiliency because of more specific requirements for stalking habitat and lower biennial productivity. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) possess much less resiliency because of their need for quality forage in spring and fall, their low triennial productivity, and the strong philopatry of female offspring to maternal home ranges. Based upon limited information, wolverines (Gulo gulo) appear more susceptible to natural fluctuations in scavenging opportunities and may have lower lifetime productivity than even grizzly bears. By accelerating the rate and expanding the scope of disturbance, humans have undermined the resiliency mechanisms of large carnivores and have caused widespread declines. Both the resiliency profiles and the historical record attest to the need for some form of refugia for large carnivores. With their productivity and dispersal capability, wolves and cougars might respond adequately to refugia that are well distributed in several units across the landscape at distances scaled to successful dispersal (e.g., less than five home range diameters). With their lower productivity and dispersal capability, grizzly bears ans wolverines might fare better in a landscape dominated by larger or more contiguous refugia. Refugia must encompass the full array of seasonal habitats needed by large carnivores and should be connected to other refugia through landscape linkages. 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V52, P364 WEAVER JL, 1993, 43035320598 US FOR S WEAVER JL, 1994, THESIS U MONTANA MIS WIELGUS RB, 1986, THESIS U IDAHO MOSCO WIELGUS RB, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V67, P161 WILLIAMS JS, 1995, INTERMOUNTAIN J SCI, V1, P16 NR 126 TC 35 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 964 EP 976 PY 1996 PD AUG VL 10 IS 4 GA VC103 UT ISI:A1996VC10300014 ER PT J AU Daniels, RJR Vencatesan, J TI Ecosystem flips in cultural landscapes: The case of Kolli Hills SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Res Fdn, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Daniels, RJR, Res Fdn, 3rd Cross,Taramani Institut Area, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 DANIELS RJR, UNPUB DANIELS RJR, 1998, COBRA, V31, P1 DANIELS RJR, 1998, IN PRESS NEWSLETTER GADGIL M, 1992, FISSURED LAND, P274 JAYANTHI M, 1996, PLANT TALK, V5, P27 KELLERT SR, 1993, BIOPHILIA HYPOTHESIS, P484 MENON A, 1996, EC POLITICAL WE 1026, P2854 POSSEY DE, 1998, IN PRESS CULTURAL SP SARAVANAN V, 1997, REV DEV CHANGE, V2, P157 NR 10 TC 0 J9 CURR SCI BP 353 EP 355 PY 1998 PD AUG 25 VL 75 IS 4 GA 124RK UT ISI:000076195500013 ER PT J AU Huitric, M Folke, C Kautsky, N TI Development and government policies of the shrimp farming industry in Thailand in relation to mangrove ecosystems SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Int Inst Ecol Econ, Beijer Inst, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Huitric, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Intensive shrimp farming arrived in Thailand during the 1980s and developed virtually unregulated until 1987. Subsidised by the government, it quickly became an important export industry and Thailand has been the world's largest producer of tiger shrimp since 1991. However, the development of the shrimp farming industry in Thailand over the last 20 years in relation to its use of mangrove ecosystems is an example of sequential exploitation of natural resources witnessed through the shift in farm development from one region to another. This sequential exploitation has caused widespread degradation of mangrove ecosystems, and the benefits of the industry may be less than perceived as a result of subsidies and environmental and social impacts. This study follows the development of shrimp farming in Thailand from the 1940s to 1997 and studies national legislation and associated government policy as examples of driving forces behind this development, From our findings it appears that the development of legislation has not followed the same pace as the development of the industry, neither temporally, nor in content nor implementation, and contradictory policies have arisen. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *DEP FISH, 1995, STAT SHRIMP CULT YEA *DEP FISH, 1996, STAT SHRIMP CULT YEA *DEP FISH, 1997, 10 NAT MANGR EC SEM *DEP FISH, 1997, FISH STAT INF 1 1997 *FAO, 2000, FISHSTAT PLUS UN SOF *MIDAS, 1995, AGR PREINV STUD COAS *NAT STAT OFF, 1984, STAT YB THAIL, V33 *ROYAL FOR DEP, 1997, 10 NAT MANGR EC SEM *UNCSD, 1997, SHRIMP TRIB ONL ADGER N, 1997, 3 EUR BIANN C U AMST AHMED F, 1997, DEFENCE LAND LIVELIH ANDERSSON T, 1995, TRADING ENV ECOLOGY, P140 BAILEY C, 1988, OCEAN SHORELINE MANA, V11, P31 BARBIER EB, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P155 BERKES F, 1998, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, P459 BEVERIDGE MCM, 1994, AMBIO, V23, P497 CHARNSOH P, 1997, 10 NAT MANGR EC SEM CLARIDGE G, 1996, INT LAW I WORKSH LEG COSTANZA R, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P407 COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P37 COXHEAD I, 1998, TDRI Q REV, V13, P15 DAILY GC, 1997, SOCIETAL DEPENDENCE, P392 DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EVA, P315 DIERBERG FE, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P649 EGGERTSSON T, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P157 ENRIGHT J, 1995, COASTAL MANAGEME MAR, P24 FLAHERTY M, 1995, ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P27 FLAHERTY M, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P2045 FLAHERTY M, 2000, AMBIO, V29, P174 FOLKE C, 1998, PROBLEM ECOSYSTEMS I GOSS J, 1997, 3 WORLD RESURGENCE, V84, P2 GOSS J, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P513 GRIMA APL, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO, P33 GUJJA B, 1996, ENVIRONMENT, V38, P12 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAMBREY J, 1996, CAM 96 FOR INT AUG 1 HAMBREY J, 1996, MANGROVE QUESTIONS A HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P298 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HUITRIC M, 1998, THESIS STOCKHOLM U S, P51 KAIMOWITZ D, 1998, EC MODELS TROPICAL D, P153 KAMLANGEK A, 1996, S SIGN MANGR EC COAS KAUTSKY N, 2000, AQUACULTURE, V191, P145 KONGKEO H, 1995, INFOFISH INT, V1, P25 LAVALLEE MP, 1995, TED CASE STUDIES THA LIN K, 1995, SWIMMING TROUBLED WA LOPEZ R, 1996, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V1, P289 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MENASVETA P, 1995, THAI J AQUATIC SCI, V2, P45 MENASVETA P, 1996, THAI J AQUATIC SCI, V2, P72 MENASVETA P, 1997, AQUACULTURE ASIA, V2, P38 MILLER P, 1999, AQUACULTURE ASIA, V4, P27 MYERS N, 1998, PERVERSE SUBSIDIES T, P229 NAYLOR R, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P471 NAYLOR RL, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P883 NAYLOR RL, 2000, NATURE, V405, P1017 OGDEN JC, 1997, LIFE DEATH CORAL REE, P288 PATMASIRIWAT D, 1997, TDRI SEM ENV SENS SE PATMASIRIWAT D, 1998, 19 CREED PINKERTON E, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 PONGVUTITHAM A, 1998, NATION 0205 PRIMAVERA JH, 1997, AQUAC RES, V28, P815 PRIMAVERA JH, 1998, TROPICAL MARICULTURE, P257 PRITCHARD L, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P36 QUARTO A, 1992, CULTURAL SURVIVA WIN, P12 RIDMONTRI C, 1996, BANGKOK POST 1228 RIDMONTRI C, 1997, BANGKOK POST 0606 RIDMONTRI C, 1997, BANGKOK POST 0928 RONNBACK P, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P235 ROODMAN DM, 1996, 133 WORLDW I, P80 ROSENBERRY B, 1997, WORLD SHRIMP FARMING, P284 ROSENBERRY B, 1998, WORLD SHRIMP FARMING, P328 ROSENBERRY B, 1999, WORLD SHRIMP FARMING RUITENBEEK HJ, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P233 RUYABHORN P, 1988, AMBIO, V17, P229 SATHIRATHAI S, 1998, EC ENV PROGRAM SE AS SHIVA V, 1995, 3 WORLD RESURGENCE, V59, P22 SINGH HR, 1994, P 3 AS AUSTR S LIV C STEVENSON NJ, 1997, COAST MANAGE, V25, P425 TASNEEYANOND P, 1991, LEGAL I ISSUES AFFEC THONGRAK S, 1997, AGR SYST, V53, P121 TOOKWINAS S, 1996, ANN C EXP WORLD AQ S TURNER K, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P59 VONPOST C, 1997, THESIS STOCKHOLM U S NR 84 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 441 EP 455 PY 2002 PD MAR VL 40 IS 3 GA 549WC UT ISI:000175468900012 ER PT J AU Pahl-Wostl, C TI Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change SO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. RP Pahl-Wostl, C, Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, Barbarastr 12, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. AB Water management is facing major challenges due to increasing uncertainties caused by climate and global change and by fast changing socio-economic boundary conditions. More attention has to be devoted to understanding and managing the transition from current management regimes to more adaptive regimes that take into account environmental, technological, economic, institutional and cultural characteristics of river basins. This implies a paradigm shift in water management from a prediction and control to a management as learning approach. The change towards adaptive management could be defined as "learning to manage by managing to learn". Such change aims at increasing the adaptive capacity of river basins at different scales. The paper identifies major challenges for research and practice how to understand a transition in water management regimes. A conceptual framework is introduced how to characterize water management regimes and the dynamics of transition processes. The European project NeWater project is presented as one approach where new scientific methods and practical tools are developed for the participatory assessment and implementation of adaptive water management. CR *GWSP FRAM COMM, 2004, IN PRESS GLOB WAT SY BANDURA A, 1977, SOCIAL LEARNING THEO BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BORMANN BT, 1994, PNWGTR341 USDA FOR S BOUWEN R, 2004, J COMMUNITY APPL SOC, V14, P137 CHECKLAND P, 1999, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO CRAPSE M, 2003, SOCIAL LEARNING RIVE DYSON M, FLOW ESSENTIALS ENV, R14 FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V30, P33 GALAZ VR, 2005, 1 RES FRESHW IN SWED GEELS FW, 2002, RES POLICY, V31, P1257 GLEICK PH, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P524 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 HARTVIGSEN G, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P427 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HUBERMAN BA, 1988, ECOLOGY COMPUTATION HUITEMA D, 2005, NEWATER REPORT SERIE, V7 KIKER CF, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P403 LEE MW, 1999, ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF, V3, P3 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 MOBERG F, 2005, 3 SIWI PAHLWOSTL C, IN PRESS ENV MODELIN PAHLWOSTL C, 1995, DYNAMIC NATURE ECOSY PAHLWOSTL C, 2002, AQUAT SCI, V64, P394 PAHLWOSTL C, 2004, J COMMUNITY APPL SOC, V14, P193 PAHLWOSTL C, 2004, NEWATER REPORT SERIE, V1 PAHLWOSTL C, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P10 RICHTER BD, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P206 ROTMANS J, 2001, FORESIGHT, P15 SENGE P, 1990, 5 DISCIPLINE TILLMAN DE, 2005, HYDROINFORMATICS, V7 TIMMERMAN JG, 2003, ROLE USE ENV INFORM VOROSMARTY CJ, 2004, EOS T AGU, V85, P513 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 36 TC 0 J9 WATER RESOUR MANAG BP 49 EP 62 PY 2007 PD JAN VL 21 IS 1 GA 121FB UT ISI:000243142400005 ER PT J AU Horwitz, P Lindsay, M OConnor, M TI Biodiversity, endemism, sense of place, and public health: Inter-relationships for Australian inland aquatic systems SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 Edith Cowan Univ, Consortium Hlth & Ecol, Joondalup 6027, Australia. Dept Hlth, Mosquito Borne Dis Control, Perth, WA, Australia. Edith Cowan Univ, Sch Psychol, Joondalup 6027, Australia. RP Horwitz, P, Edith Cowan Univ, Consortium Hlth & Ecol, 100 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup 6027, Australia. AB Natural resource managers have articulated "health" narrowly and vaguely as the condition of the biophysical environment. It is too tempting for natural resource managers to take data generated from rapid assessment techniques of biophysical condition (like species richness) as surrogates for "biodiversity." This paper takes the view that these common applications of the terms "health" and "biodiversity" obscure a meaningful search for the relationships between biodiversity, human health, and the socioeconomic well-being of human communities. Using examples of landscapes and inland waters in Australia, we argue that the biodiversity of inland waters and human health are linked in at least two ways, Biodiversity, and its endemic features, contribute to a person's attachment to a particular place and become part of a person's identity. Loss, destruction, or change in a location has the potential to affect an individual's psychological well-being, and challenge a community's identity and image of itself. Any inland waterway also has the potential to harbor biota that can directly affect the health of humans. We are exposed to this biota when we develop locations inappropriately, when we (mis)treat inland waters, or as a by-product of other land and water developments. Our health may be compromised by attempts to control this biota. And our perceptions of a place may change dramatically according to the presence of these and other organisms, or according to our efforts at their control, as illustrated by cases involving wetlands, mosquitoes, and arboviruses. We conclude by arguing that the health of inland aquatic systems will be best articulated by intertwining biodiversity, endemism, perception of place, environmental (landscape) degradation, disease-causing organisms, and management of the aquatic resource. The health sector and natural resource management agencies are encouraged to recognize the synergies between these issues in their policies and practices. CR *EV AUSTR, 2000, BIOD RES AUSTR PRIOR *GOV W AUSTR, 2000, SAL STRAT ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 BOOTH N, 2000, OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V57, P642 BOS R, 1999, WATER RESOURCES HLTH, P31 BREAKWELL GM, 1986, COPING THREATENED ID BROOM AK, 1995, AM J TROP MED, V53, P95 BROWN BB, 1992, PLACE ATTACHMENT, P279 CANTER DV, 1977, PSYCHOL PLACE CHAVIS DM, 1990, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V18, P55 COCHINOV HM, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P1185 CROSSLEY ML, 2001, TURNS ROAD NARRATIVE, P279 CUBA L, 1993, SOCIOL QUART, V34, P111 DIXON J, 2000, BRIT J SOC PSYCHOL 1, V39, P27 EWAN CE, 1999, WATER RESOURCES HLTH, P64 FRIED M, 2000, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V20, P193 FROST FM, 1999, WHERE COMMUNITY COUN, P304 GOLDNEY DC, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P219 GUBA EG, 1990, PARADIGM DIALOG HALES S, 1999, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V107, P99 HARRINGTON S, 1998, B MOSQUITO CONTROL S, V10, P70 HOBSBAUM E, 1993, HOME PLACE WORLD, P7 KARP DG, 1996, ENVIRON BEHAV, V28, P111 KARR JR, 1999, RESTORING LIFE RUNNI KARR JR, 2000, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P209 KORPELA K, 1996, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V16, P221 KORPELA KM, 1991, HLTH ENV KORPELA KM, 1992, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V12, P249 LIEPINS R, 2000, J RURAL STUD, V16, P23 LIFTON RJ, 1976, PSYCHIATRY, V39, P1 LINDSAY M, 1997, ARBOVIRUS RES AUST, V7, P147 LINDSAY MD, 1993, HLTH GREENHOUSE, P85 LINDSAY MD, 2001, AUSTR I ENV HLTH 28 LINDSAY MDA, 1993, AM J TROP MED, V49, P686 MACKENZIE JS, 1994, ARCH VIROL, V136, P447 MACKENZIE JS, 1999, WATER RESOURCES HLTH, P108 MACKENZIE JS, 2000, APPL SEASONAL CLIMAT, P429 MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201 MANZO LC, 2001, ANN C URB AFF ASS DE MARIYANASQUIRE E, 1999, CAPITALISM NATURE SO, V40, P97 MASSEY D, 1994, SPACE PLACE GENDER MAZUMDAR S, 2000, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V20, P319 MCAULEY WJ, 1998, J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL, V53, P35 MILLER P, 2000, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P3 MILNE G, 1977, AUSTR PSYCHOL, V12, P39 MOORE J, 2000, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V20, P207 MUHAR A, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P448 NELLER AH, 2000, ECOSYST HEALTH, V6, P85 NICKOLL R, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P557 NORRIS RH, 1999, FRESHWATER BIOL, V41, P197 OBYRNE M, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P456 PARKES M, 2001, ECOSYST HEALTH, V7, P85 PATON D, 1996, PSYCHOL ASPECTS DISA, P255 PERKINS DD, IN PRESS STRENGTHS B PRETTY GH, 1994, J COMMUNITY PSYCHOL, V24, P346 PRETTY J, 2000, PARTICIPATION SOCIAL PREZZA M, 1998, J COMMUNITY APPL SOC, V8, P181 PROSHANSKY H, 1987, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V3, P57 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V49, P169 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P397 ROBERTSON M, 2000, ECOSYST HEALTH, V6, P119 ROLING N, 1996, EUROPEAN J AGR ED EX, V2, P35 ROWLES GD, 1983, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V3, P299 RUSSELL RC, 1998, J VECTOR ECOL, V23, P1 RUSSELL RC, 1999, ECOL ENG, V12, P107 RUSSELL RC, 2002, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V47, P1 RYAN PA, 2001, ARBOVIRUS RES AUSTR, V8, P331 SCHEIDT RJ, 1999, INT J AGING HUM DEV, V48, P1 SCHULTZ PW, 2001, J SOC ISSUES, V56, P302 SHRAPNEL M, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P606 STEEL GD, 2000, ENVIRON BEHAV, V32, P796 STOKALS D, 1981, COGNITION SOC BEHAV, P57 STOKOLS D, 1990, AM PSYCHOL, V45, P641 TAIT JTP, 2000, ECOSYST HEALTH, V6, P149 TWIGGERROSS CL, 1996, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V16, P205 VANHAAFTEN EH, 1999, SOC PSYCH PSYCH EPID, V34, P376 VITEK W, 1996, ROOTED LAND ESSAYS C WARDLAW J, 2001, MULLEWA RURAL PLAN R WEBBER L, 2001, NATURE CONSERVATION, V5, P612 WILLIAMS DR, 1992, LEISURE SCI, V14, P29 YEN AL, 1993, PERSPECTIVES INSECT, P213 YEN AL, 1998, BACKYARD BUG WATCHIN, V18, P18 NR 82 TC 2 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH BP 253 EP 265 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 7 IS 4 GA 560KP UT ISI:000176081500009 ER PT J AU Emmelin, L TI Professional culture in the Nordic environmental administrations and some current issues in environmental policy SO TIDSSKRIFT FOR SAMFUNNSFORSKNING LA Norwegian DT Article C1 Hogskolan, Inst Fysisk Planering, Karlskrona, Sweden. RP Emmelin, L, Hogskolan, Inst Fysisk Planering, Karlskrona, Sweden. AB Organisational and professional culture can be expected to play an important role in the implementation of environmental policy. The increased importance placed on integration of environmental concerns within sectoral administrations makes the possible discourse coalitions between the environmental core administrations and sectors an interesting development. An empirical study of attitudes, knowledge and thought styles in Nordic environmental administrations, as well as in some sector administrations at central and regional level, was carried out. Based on the results of this study the problems of integration and the possibility of emerging discourse coalitions are discussed. The problem of consensus over vague concepts such as sustainable development is also discussed. CR *NAT, 1999, 506 NAT *RIKSR, 1996, 199629 RRV AASETRE J, 1997, 397 SMU NTNU BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI BECKMAN S, 1992, LIVSSTIL MILJO VAG M BOVERKET, 1996, BOKEN MKB BROKKING P, 1997, 973 KFB DOUGLAS M, 1987, I THINK ELLING B, 1993, NORDISKE TEMAER MILJ, P18 EMMELIN L, 1972, AMBIO, V4, P135 EMMELIN L, 1983, 13 NAT MILJ EMMELIN L, 1983, 9 NAT MILJ EMMELIN L, 1993, VIEWS NATURE, P2144 EMMELIN L, 1997, SAMSPELET MARK VATTE, P50 EMMELIN L, 1998, SCAND HOUS PLAN RES, V15, P129 EMMELIN L, 1998, SCAND HOUS PLAN RES, V15, P187 EMMELIN L, 1999, NIBRS PLUSS SERIES, V599 FRANGSMYR T, 1980, FRAMSTEG ELLER FORFA HAJER MA, 1992, ACHIEVING ENV GOALS HAJER MA, 1993, ARGUMENTATIVE TURN P, P43 HAJER MA, 1995, POLITICS ENV DISCOUR HJERN B, 1993, PLANERA BARKRAFTIG U, P177 HOLDGATE M, 1996, AMBIO, V25, P409 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANSEN AI, 1989, MAKT MILJO UTFORMING KLEVEN T, 2000, TIDSSKRIFT SAMFUNNSF, V3, P460 LASH S, 1996, RISK ENV MODERNITY T LUNDGREN L, 1974, 30 BIBL HIST LUND LUNDGREN LJ, 2000, KNOWING DOING KNOWLE LUNDQVIST LJ, 1996, GOVERNING ENV POLITI LUNDQVIST LJ, 1997, 971 FORSKN MULDERS A, 1999, NORDIC ENV COMP POLI, P67 NENSETH V, 1996, 199610 NIBR NENSETH V, 1998, KNOWLEDGE PLURALISM ODUM EP, 1959, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY PETERSSON O, 1995, NORDISK POLITIK PRESSMAN JL, 1973, IMPLEMENTATION ROTHSTEIN B, 1985, SCANDINAVIAN POLITIC, V3 SAGER T, 1990, COMMUNICATE CALCULAT SAGER T, 1995, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V15, P377 THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY TORNEBOHM H, 1983, STUDIER KUNSKAPSUTVE WYNNE B, 1996, MAY SHEEP SAFELY GRA NR 43 TC 0 J9 TIDSSKR SAMFUNNSFOR BP 486 EP 515 PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 GA 359KP UT ISI:000089610300009 ER PT J AU Moss, MR Milne, RJ TI Biophysical processes and bioregional planning: The Niagara Escarpment of Southern Ontario, Canada SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. RP Moss, MR, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB The Niagara Escarpment is the dominant landscape feature of Southern Ontario and has been designated a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve. As with many such natural features, the resource planning acid management strategies developed tend to be based upon the present-day situation rather than upon a recognition of the changing and evolving nature of the feature, To develop strategies incorporating change demands that a knowledge be gained of the processes operating in those components of the ecosystems in which measurable activity will take place within a planning framework; that is a timescale of several decades. In this particular case, the context is natural resource planning for the scarp face itself. The critical system elements are those related to earth surface processes, forest ecosystem dynamics, and in particular, their interrelationships. Different planning objectives require information at differing spatial scales. Yet these objectives must be related, whether they are local site-specific issues, or are related to the maintenance of the biodiversity of the whole 725 km of the Escarpment. One way to achieve these goals is to establish a hierarchical system of spatially nested land units. These units, however, must be based on the underlying biophysical processes responsible for the dynamics in any one of these spatially determined frameworks. In this case, the underlying biophysical processes relating to geomorphology and forest ecosystem dynamics are found to be influenced by one of three dominant slope forms. The recurrence of these slope forms throughout the Escarpment then permits 9 distinct regional land units to be identified. Within these units, site-specific analysis examines earth surface/forest interactions and change. Subsequently, from these site specific analyses data are accumulated to develop a more general model of earth surface/forest ecosystem interaction for the Escarpment as a whole, (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *NEC, 1979, PROP PLAN NIAG ESC *OMEE, 1994, NIAG ESC PLAN *OMNR, 1976, SIGN NAT AR NIAG ESC BAKER WL, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P181 BUECHNER M, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P799 CATTELINO PJ, 1979, ENVIRON MANAGE, V3, P41 CONNELL JH, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P1119 DRURY WH, 1971, GEN SYST, V16, P57 DRURY WH, 1973, J ARNOLD ARBOR HARV, V54, P331 EGLER FE, 1954, VEGETATIO, V4, P412 FAHEY BD, 1984, ARCTIC ALPINE RES, V16, P291 FAHEY BD, 1988, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V13, P293 HOBBS RJ, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P324 LOUCKS OL, 1970, AM ZOOL, V10, P17 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MILNE RJ, 1982, THESIS U GUELPH GUEL MILNE RJ, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY MA, P129 MILNE RJ, 1995, LEADING EDGE 94, P261 MILNE RJ, 1996, LEADING EDGE 95, P189 MOSS MR, 1978, GEOGRAFISKA ANN A, V60, P161 MOSS MR, 1980, GEROGR PHYS QUATERN, V24, P95 MOSS MR, 1983, GEOJOURNAL, V7, P145 MOSS MR, 1985, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P295 MOSS MR, 1995, BIOPHYSICAL PROCESSE PARKER KC, 1996, PHYS GEOGR, V17, P113 PICKETT STA, 1980, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V107, P238 PLUHAR A, 1979, Z GEOMORPHOL, V14, P392 PRUDOM G, 1996, THESIS U GUELPH GUEL REICE SR, 1994, AM SCI, V82, P424 SCHONEWALDCOX C, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P273 SPRUGEL DG, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V58, P1 STRAW A, 1966, GEOGRAPHICAL B, V8, P369 STRAW A, 1968, GEOL SOC AM BULL, V79, P889 TINKLER KJ, 1992, GEOGR PHYS QUATERN, V46, P195 TOVELL WM, 1992, GUIDE GEOLOGY NIAGAR VANHULST R, 1978, VEGETATIO, V38, P65 VEBLEN TT, 1980, J ECOL, V68, P1 NR 37 TC 2 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 251 EP 268 PY 1998 PD MAY 1 VL 40 IS 4 GA ZZ923 UT ISI:000074783000002 ER PT J AU Castillo, A Magana, A Pujadas, A Martinez, L Godinez, C TI Understanding the interaction of rural people with ecosystems: A case study in a tropical dry forest of mexico SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Ecosistemas, Morelia 58090, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Castillo, A, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3 Santa Maria Guido, Morelia 58090, Michoacan, Mexico. AB The aim of this study was to help understand the interaction of rural people with tropical dry forests. It was based on social research conducted in the Chamela-Cuixmala region, on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The analytical tools used in the study included stakeholder identification, environmental history and social perceptions. The two main social groups in the study were ejidatarios, who own most of the territory, and avecindados, who possess no land but have high population numbers. Through an interpretative methodological approach we documented the vision and meaning that rural people give to their natural and social worlds. The agricultural development model promoted by the Mexican government for decades was identified as the main driver of ecosystem transformation. Rural people, who arrived recently in the region, were proud of the pasture-lands that were transformed from tropical forests. Conservation policies implemented during the last two decades were viewed as impositions although people recognized the value of services provided by ecosystems. This case study has helped to unravel the main dimensions of the human system and how it relates to structures of signification. The social panorama unveiled can be used as an initial basis to promote further research on the social-ecological system of the Chamela-Cuixmala region and to develop future participatory management schemes. CR *C CONST, 2004, CONST POL EST UN MEX *INEGI, 2001, PRINC RES LOC *SEMADES, 1999, ORD EC REG COST EST ALCORN JB, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P216 ARIZPE L, 1993, CULTURA CAMBIO GLOBA BATISSE M, 1982, ENVIRON CONSERV, V9, P101 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BROWN K, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P479 BURGOS A, 2004, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V19, P475 CEBALLOS G, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1349 CEBALLOS G, 1999, PROGRAMA MANEJO RESE CHALLENGER A, 1998, UTILIZACION CONSERVA DACHARY AC, 2001, DESARROLLO SUSTENTAB, P43 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DEITA C, 1983, THESIS U NACL AUTONO, P87 DENZIN NK, 2000, HDB QUALITATIVE RES, P1 DESCOLA P, 2002, NATURE SOC ANTHR PER ENDTERWADA J, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P891 ESTEVA J, 2002, ENCUENTROS, V2, P36 FONTANA A, 2000, HDB QUALITATIVE RES, P645 GENTRY AH, 1995, SEASONALLY DRY TROPI, P146 GEREZ FP, 1998, APRENDIZAJE ESTRATEG GODINEZ C, 2003, THESIS U NACL AUTONO, P117 GRIMBLE R, 1995, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V19, P113 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 HOLLING CS, 1998, CONSERV ECOL, V2, P1 LARA G, 1996, HIST MIS ABUELOS MEX LAZOS E, 2000, MIRADAS INDIGENAS NA MAASS JM, 1994, CHAMELA WATERSHED PR MAASS JM, 1995, SEASONALLY DRY TROPI, P399 MAASS JM, 2002, HIST NATURAL CHAMELA, P525 MAGANA MA, 2003, THESIS U MICHOACANA, P217 MARTINEZ L, 2003, THESIS MICHOACANA SA, P174 MURPHY PG, 1995, SEASONALLY DRY TROPI, P934 NOGUERA FA, 2002, HIST NATURAL CHAMELA, R15 ONEILL RV, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P3275 ORTEGA AT, 1995, REV U GUADALAJAR ABR, P41 PACE ML, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION PRETTY JN, 1995, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V19, P5 PUJADAS A, 2003, THESIS U NACL AUTONO, P285 SARUKHAN J, 1979, PLAN DESARROLLO ESTA TOLEDO V, 1996, REFORMING MEXICOS AG, P247 TOLEDO VM, 1989, FUNDACION U, R21 TOLEDO VM, 1997, ENV SUSTAINABILITY P, P233 TOLEDO VM, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, V3, P451 TREJO I, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V94, P133 WARMAN A, 2001, CAMPO MEXICANO SIGLO, R20 WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P103 WORSTER D, 1988, ENDS EARTH PERSPECTI, P289 NR 50 TC 1 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 630 EP 643 PY 2005 PD SEP VL 8 IS 6 GA 971SP UT ISI:000232405300003 ER PT J AU Roux, DJ Kempster, PL Kleynhans, CJ Van Vliet, HR Du Preez, HH TI Integrating stressor and response monitoring into a resource-based water-quality assessment framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Div Water Environm & Forestry Technol, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Inst Water Qual Studies, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. RAU, Dept Zool, ZA-2006 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Roux, DJ, Div Water Environm & Forestry Technol, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. AB South African water law as well as the country's water resource management policies are currently under review. The Water Law Principles, which were established as part of this review process, indicate a commitment to sustainable development of water resources and the protection of an ecological "reserve." Such policy goals highlight the limitations of traditional and current water-quality management strategies, which rely on stressor monitoring and associated regulation of pollution. The concept of an assimilative capacity is central to the implementation of the current water-quality management approach. Weaknesses inherent in basing water management on the concept of assimilative capacity are discussed. Response monitoring is proposed as a way of addressing some oi the weaknesses. Following a global trend, the new policy goals emphasize the need to protect rather than to use the ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbances. This necessitates the adoption of response measurements to quantify ecological condition and monitor ecological change. Response monitoring focuses on properties that are essential to the sustainability of the ecosystem. These monitoring tools can be used to establish natural ranges of ecological change within ecosystems, as well as to quantify conceptually acceptable and unacceptable ranges of change. Through a framework of biological criteria and biological impairment standards, the results of response monitoring can become an integral pari of future water resource management strategies in South Africa. 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Univ Delhi, Dept Geog, New Delhi, India. RP Duffield, C, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB The knowledge of local resource users and managers about the biophysical, socioeconomic, and cultural-historical elements of their immediate environment plays a significant role in determining the long-term sustainability of those resources. This paper reports on the results of two case studies from high mountain areas, one in the Upper Beas River watershed of the Indian Himalaya, and the other in the Arrow Lakes area of the Canadian Cordillera. Specifically, this paper describes sustainability indicators which were enumerated by local people in two differing cultural-historical, but environmentally similar, contexts. These indicators may be reflective of local, indigenous knowledge about the environment and therefore may be of significance in impact assessment and monitoring environmental change. Results from the Upper Beas watershed reveal a highly discriminated set of indicators which may be grouped as: forest cover indicators; forest-linked indicators; forest management indicators; agricultural livelihood indicators; and socioeconomic indicators. Local people demonstrated a very precise knowledge of the state of the biophysical resources of their village use areas. Specific indicators identified include: forest cover area (decreasing), forest species diversity (some species such as deodar decreasing), forest tree density (decreasing), consistency of water flow (decreasing) and frequency of avalanches and slides (increasing). These are all indicators which can be measured and verified independently of local knowledge. All suggest declining sustainability. Residents in the Arrow Lakes area demonstrated much less precise knowledge of biophysical indicators of sustainability. They enumerated a set of indicators which emphasized institutional arrangements for forest and resource management. For example, few respondents identified the extent of forest cover as important whereas the majority identified forest/land use rules in place as being important indicators of sustainability. in both case studies, people mentioned a number of socioeconomic factors as being important indicators of sustainability. 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RP Ropke, I, Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Mfg Engn & Management, Produktionstorvet, Bldg 424, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. AB As the contributions to ecological economics are very diverse, recent years have seen some discussion on both how to delimit the field, and in which direction it should develop. The intention with this paper is to contribute to the discussion by outlining important trends in the development of the field from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The study is inspired by other studies in the sociology and history of science, in particular by the theoretical framework regarding scientific fields as reputational organizations, which draws attention to both cognitive and social aspects of the formation of a field. The basis for the paper is a combination of literature studies, interviews with key researchers in the field, and 'participant observations'. The paper outlines the characteristic cognitive features of ecological economics at the time of the birth of the field. It is then described how the development in ecological economics was influenced by broader social factors during the following years, and how the field was shaped by the inflow and outflow of different groups of researchers. The emergence of different research programmes is outlined, as is the organizational development. Finally, the characteristics of ecological economics are summarized and the future prospects are briefly assessed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Cowie, GM, Univ Georgia, Carl Vinson Inst Govt, 201 N Milledge Ave, Athens, GA 30602 USA. AB Integrated urban water management - a framework to understand, control, and optimize elements of the urban water infrastructure as an integrated system - is inherently complex. It becomes more complex and challenging. however. when public participation in management institutions is considered. This paper applies a systems perspective to explore institutional arrangements for participation. Our goal is to conceptually organize this complexity and provide starting points for systematic examination of participation in urban water management. The discussion highlights two rationales for engagement with external parties: (1) building support and legitimacy for integrated urban water management: and (2) enabling transformation in the management system. The general institutional framework is then illustrated by a case study of participation and transformation toward more integrated management in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Marmorek, D, ESSA Technol Ltd, 300-1765 W 8th Ave, Vancouver, BC V6J 5C6, Canada. AB Observed declines in the Snake River basin salmon stocks, listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), have been attributed to multiple causes: the hydrosystem, hatcheries, habitat, harvest, and ocean climate. Conflicting and competing analyses by different agencies led the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in 1995 to create the Plan for Analyzing and Testing Hypotheses (PATH), a collaborative interagency analytical process. PATH included about 30 fisheries scientists from a dozen agencies, as well as independent participating scientists and a technical facilitation team. PATH had some successes and some failures in meeting its objectives. Some key lessons learned from these successes and failures were to: (1) build trust through independent technical facilitation and multiple levels of peer review (agency scientists, independent participating scientists and an external Scientific Review Panel); (2) clarify critical uncertainties by developing common data sets, detailed sensitivity analyses, and thorough retrospective analyses of the weight of evidence for key alternative hypotheses; (3) clarify advice to decision makers by using an integrated life cycle model and decision analysis framework to evaluate the robustness of potential recovery actions under alternative states of nature; (4) involve key senior scientists with access to decision makers; (5) work closely with policy makers to clearly communicate analyses in nontechnical terms and provide input into the creation of management alternatives; and (6) recognize the trade-off between collaboration and timely completion of assignments. 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RP Pandey, DN, Forestry Training Inst, Jaipur 302015, Rajasthan, India. AB Land-use options that increase resilience and reduce vulnerability of contemporary societies are fundamental to livelihood improvement and adaptation to environmental change. Agroforestry as a traditional land-use adaptation may potentially support livelihood improvement through simultaneous production of food, fodder and firewood as well as mitigation of the impact of climate change. Drawing on the representative literature, here, I critically review the contribution of agroforestry systems in India to: (i) biodiversity conservation; (ii) yield of goods and services to society; (iii) augmentation of the carbon storage in agroecosystems; (iv) enhancing the fertility of the soils, and (v) providing social and economic well-being to people. Agroforestry systems in India contribute variously to ecological, social and economic functions, but they are only complementary - and not as an alternative - to natural ecosystems. To promote well-being of the society, management of multifunctional agroforestry needs to be strengthened by innovations in domestication of useful species and crafting market regimes for the products derived from agroforestry and ethnoforestry systems. Future research is required to eliminate many of the uncertainties that remain, and also carefully test the main functions attributed to agroforestry against alternative land-use options in order to know unequivocally as to what extent agroforestry served these purposes. 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Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Publ Affairs, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Stockholm, Ctr Nat Resources & Environm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Beijer Inst, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Dept Landscape Architecture & Environm Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, London WC1E 7HT, England. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Guelph, Fac Landscape Architecture & Rural Planning, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, London, ON N6A 5B8, Canada. RP Costanza, R, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Inst, Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Maler, KG, Stockholm Sch Econ, S-11383 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Human well-being depends to a large extent on services provided by ecological systems. In poor countries, this dependence is more transparent than in industrialised countries where the dependence is more indirect. Effective management of these systems requires a good understanding of their properties and in particular a knowledge of the dynamics of the systems, In the article, the dynamics of one 'simple' system is analysed economically. The system is a lake and the interaction between the run-off of nutrients into the lake and the growth of either algae (eutrophication in lakes in northern Europe and North America) or water hyacinths (in lakes in southern and eastern Africa) is studied. It turns out that the dynamics exhibit bifurcation points so that there are two basins of attraction. If the system flips to one basin and it is regarded desirable to return to the other basin, there will be hysteresis. Assuming that there are different users of the lake, a differential game is constructed that captures the strategic interests of the users. The resulting equilibrium shows first the conventional negative externality that makes the equilibrium different from the optimal use of the lake and a second, stronger, negative externality that will force the system to a different basin of attraction. Finally, we investigate the use of a tax for bringing back the system to a Pareto optimum. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: Q25; C73; C69. 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RP Verburg, PH, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. AB In spite of the many advances in land use and land cover change modelling over the past decade many challenges remain. One of these challenges relates to the explicit treatment of feedback mechanisms in descriptive models of the land use system. This paper argues for model-based analysis to explore the role of feedback mechanisms as determinants of land use dynamics and system evolution. Different types of feedbacks in the land use system are discussed addressing interactions over scales of analysis, feedbacks between impacts and driving forces of land use change and feedbacks between agents and land units. The inclusion of feedbacks in land use models will require new methods for model parameterization and calibration, but will ultimately increase our understanding of land use system dynamics. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Colding, J, Stockholm Univ, Dept Econ, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Most economic valuation studies of species derive from stated preferences methods. These methods fail to take into account biodiversity values that the general public is not (made) informed about or has no experience with. Hence, production function (PF) and replacement cost (RC) approaches to valuation may be preferable in situations where species perform key life support functions in ecosystems, such as seed dispersal, pollination, or pest regulation. We conduct an RC analysis of the seed dispersal service performed by the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) in the Stockholm National Urban Park, Sweden. The park holds one of the largest populations of giant oaks in Europe, and the oak (Quercus robur and Quercus petrea) represents a keystone species in the hemiboreal forests. The primary objective was to estimate the number of seed-dispersed oak trees that resulted from jays and to determine the costs of replacing this service though human means. Results show that depending upon seeding or planting technique chosen, the RC per pair of jays in the park is SEK 35,000 (USD 4900) and SEK 160,000 (USD 22,500), respectively. Based on the park's aggregated oak forest-area, average RC for natural oak forest regeneration by jays is SEK 15,000 (USD 2100) to SEK 67,000 (USD 9400) per hectare, respectively. These estimates help motivating investments in management strategies that secure critical breeding and foraging habitats of jays, including coniferous forests and jay movement corridors. The analysis also illustrates the need for detailed ecological-economic knowledge in a PF or RC analysis. The continuous temporal and spatial oak dispersal service provided by jays holds several benefits compared to a man-made replacement of this service. PF and RC approaches are particularly motivated in cases of known functional ecological relationships, and critically important in estimating management measures where mobile link organisms and keystone species form key mutual relationships that generate high biodiversity benefits. In relation to obtained results, we discuss insights for conducting valuation studies on particular species. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Resources Management, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Robards, MD, Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, POB 756100, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB Sustaining natural resources is regarded as an important component of ecological resilience and commonly assumed to be of similar importance to social and economic vitality for resource-dependent communities. However, communities may be prevented from benefiting from healthy local resources due to constrained economic or political opportunities. In the case of Alaskan wild salmon, the fisheries are in crisis due to declining economic revenues driven by the proliferation of reliable and increasingly high-quality products from fish farms around the world. This stands in contrast with many of the world's wild-capture fisheries where diminished biological abundance has led to fishery collapse. Furthermore, increasing efficiency of salmon farm production, globalization, and dynamic consumer preferences, suggests that the wild salmon industry will continue to be challenged by the adaptability, price and quality of farmed salmon. Conventional responses to reduced revenues by the wild-capture industry have been to increase economic efficiency through implementing a range of entry entitlement and quota allocation schemes. However, while these mechanisms may improve economic efficiency at a broad scale, they may not benefit local community interests, and in Alaska have precipitated declines in local ownership of the fishery. To be viable, economic efficiency remains a relevant consideration, but in a directionally changing environment (biological, social or economic), communities unable to procure livelihoods from their local resources (through access or value) are likely to seek alternative economic opportunities. The adopted strategies, although logical for communities seeking viability through transformation in a changing world, may not be conducive to resilience of a 'fishing community' or the sustainability of their wild fish resources. We use a theoretically grounded systems approach and data from Alaska's Bristol Bay salmon fishery to demonstrate feedbacks between global preferences towards salmon and the trade-offs inherent when managing for the resilience of wild salmon populations and human communities at different scales. 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This paper seeks to learn from and explain the adaptive process involving the initially nave newcomers, their stock, and Australia's ancient landscapes. We review pastoral adaptation at the national, regional, and enterprise scales. These scales are linked, and so we use "panarchy" theory with its concept of "adaptive cycles" as an analytical framework. Past pastoral adaptation can be summarized by changes in key linkages: pastoralists (1) are now connected to more individuals than when they first moved into the rangelands, but are less reliant on local hubs for these connections; (2) have weaker links to the environment as environmental feedbacks have been reduced; (3) have stronger links to alternate land uses, but weaker links to governance; and (4) have stronger links to the global economy. Further change is inevitable. Pastoralism is likely to remain as the core activity in Australian rangelands, but the dynamic linkages that shape the system will, in future, connect pastoralists more strongly to post-production economies, information and more distant social networks, and to a more diverse group of land users. 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Such planning needs to address key conservation criteria: representation, redundancy, and resilience. It also needs to recognize the opportunity cost of devoting land to conservation. Yet most existing planning frameworks fail to incorporate all three conservation criteria, and few allow for spatially variable opportunity costs of land. This paper presents a GIS-based spatial decision support system-TAMARIN-that incorporates all these features. TAMARIN can be used to evaluate particular landscape configurations, such as proposed enhancements to a conservation reserve network. It also allows simulation and assessment of market-based economic policies to promote conservation, such as rental or purchase of conservation easements. These may be particularly important in minimizing costs and securing landholder compliance in populous areas with highly fragmented natural habitats. Although TAMARIN was tailored to the planning issues and data sources of the south Bahia portion of the Atlantic rainforest, the ecological and economic underpinnings make it adaptable to many other locations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Kassel, Ctr Environm Syst Res, D-3500 Kassel, Germany. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Ecol, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RIVM, Dept Environm Assessment, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. FAO, ESAE, I-00100 Rome, Italy. RP Cumming, GS, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Scenarios can help planners and decision makers to think through uncertainties about the future and make decisions that are robust to a variety of possible outcomes. To develop useful scenarios we need to understand the main processes of relevance to the system of interest. Ecological processes, and the feedbacks that they can create between human actions and human well-being, are thought to be important for human societies. Current uncertainties over the long-term resilience of ecosystems and the substitutability of ecosystem goods and services can be translated into three alternative realities: ecosystems may be relatively brittle, relatively resilient, or largely irrelevant. Although these extremes are only rough characterizations of reality, they help us to focus our thinking about the possible outcomes of interactions between humans and the rest of the biosphere. Existing global scenarios can be categorized into a small number of families based on shared themes and assumptions about the future. Considering the internal consistency of four of the main scenario families in relation to the three alternative ecological realities suggests that all existing scenarios make strong, implicit assumptions about the resilience of ecosystems. After a detailed discussion of individual examples, we present a synthesis of the incorporation of ecology in existing scenarios. All current scenarios are inconsistent with at least one possible property of ecosystems and their likely interaction with society. The interrelationships between ecological reality, human views of ecosystems, and social responses to actual and perceived ecological change are complex. For the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and future scenario exercises, we recommend that essential ecological assumptions should be made explicit to ensure that the details of each scenario are consistent with both the perceived and the actual degree of resilience of ecosystems. 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SciTech Consulting, Vancouver, BC V5N 1G8, Canada. RP Zacharias, MA, Calif State Univ Channel Isl, Environm Sci & Resource Management Program, 1 Univ Dr, Camarillo, CA 93012 USA. AB Marine environments have suffered from a lack of quantitative methods for delineating areas that are sensitive or vulnerable to particular stresses, natural and anthropogenic. We define sensitivity as the degree to which marine features respond to stresses, which are deviations of environmental conditions beyond the expected range. Vulnerability can then be defined as the probability that a feature will be exposed to a stress to which it is sensitive. Using these definitions, we provide a quantitative methodology for identifying vulnerable marine areas based on valued ecological features, defined as biological or physical features, processes, or structures deemed by humans to have environmental, social, cultural, or economic significance. The vulnerability of the valued ecological features is a function of their sensitivity to particular stresses and their vulnerability to those stresses. We used the methodology to demonstrate how vulnerable marine areas for two groups of endangered whale species (inshore and offshore) could be identified with a predictive habitat model and acoustic stress surfaces. Acoustic stress surfaces were produced for ferry traffic, commercial shipping traffic, potential offshore oil production, and small-boat traffic. The vulnerabilities of the two whale groups to the four stressors considered in this example were relatively similar; however, inshore species were more sensitive to on-shelf, coastal activities such as offshore hydrocarbon production, ferry traffic, and small-boat traffic. Our approach demonstrates how valued features can be associated with stresses and the likelihood of encountering these stresses (vulnerability) in order to identify geographic areas for management and conservation purposes. The method can be applied to any combination of valued ecological features and stressors. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. 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BP 441 EP 473 PY 2005 VL 30 GA 995OE UT ISI:000234111200014 ER PT J AU DALSGAARD, JPT LIGHTFOOT, C CHRISTENSEN, V TI TOWARDS QUANTIFICATION OF ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY IN FARMING SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article RP DALSGAARD, JPT, INT CTR LIVING AQUAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,MCPO BOX 2631,0718 MAKATI,MANILA,PHILIPPINES. AB A tentative list of ecological attributes; diversity, cycling, stability and capacity, is proposed for quantification and ranking of farming systems along a hypothetical scale of increasing ecological sustainability. The modelling and preliminary analysis of four rice-based systems from the Philippines, two on-station experimental systems and two smallholder farms, confirms our intuitive perception of ecological sustainability and suggests a framework for further research into the area. This approach to farming systems analysis indicates that the route to an ecologically sustainable agriculture relies more on the principles of applied agro-ecology and less on the application of external agrochemical inputs. The practice is here termed integrated resources management and shares many of the characteristics of the agro-ecological engineering approach to integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming pioneered in China. CR ALTIERI MA, 1987, AGROECOLOGY SCI BASI CAGAUAN AG, 1993, REGIONAL WORKSHOP IN CHRISTENSEN V, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V61, P169 CHRISTENSEN V, 1995, IN PRESS ECOL MODEL CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADMIN, V20, P31 CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 CONWAY GR, 1991, 11TH ANN AFSRE S MIC DOVER M, 1988, FEED EARTH AGROECOLO GLIESSMAN SR, 1990, AGROECOLOGYY RES ECO HARRINGTON LW, 1991, 11TH ANN AFSRE S MIC HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 INGRAM J, 1989, 1989 INT C LIL JORGENSEN SE, 1988, DEV ENV MODELING, V9 JORGENSEN SE, 1992, INTEGRATION ECOSYSTE LIGHTFOOT C, 1993, J ASIAN FARM SYST AS, V2 LIGHTFOOT C, 1993, OUTLOOK AGR, V22, P143 MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MARGALEF R, 1969, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI MITSCH WJ, 1993, ECOL ENG, V2, P177 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V104, P262 ODUM EP, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY RUDDLE K, 1983, INTEGRATED AGR AQUAC RUTHENBERG H, 1976, FARMING SYSTEMS TROP RUTLEDGE RW, 1976, J THEOR BIOL, V57, P355 SPEDDING CRW, 1979, INTRO AGR SYSTEMS ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, GROWTH DEV ECOSYSTEM WEBSTER CC, 1980, AGR TROPICS WILLIAMS CN, 1982, TREE FIELD CROPS WET YAN JS, 1993, ECOL ENG, V2, P193 YUAN C, 1993, J ASIAN FARMING SYST, V1, P589 NR 30 TC 19 J9 ECOL ENG BP 181 EP 189 PY 1995 PD APR VL 4 IS 3 GA QY374 UT ISI:A1995QY37400004 ER PT J AU Belcher, B Rujehan Imang, N Achdiawan, R TI Rattan, rubber, or oil palm: Cultural and financial considerations for farmers in Kalimantan SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article C1 CIFOR, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Bogor, Indonesia. Univ Mulawarman, Ctr Social Forestry, Samarinda, E Kalimantan, Indonesia. RP Belcher, B, CIFOR, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Bogor, Indonesia. AB Forest-based farmers are faced with rapidly changing economic opportunities due to many factors. In response, farmers are changing their main economic activities and land uses. This study compares the financial costs and benefits of the principal land use options in two sub-districts of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Financial benefits of oil palm plantation, traditional rattan gardens, intensive rubber plantation, and traditional rubber plantation are compared on a land unit basis. Oil palm is by far the most profitable, followed by rattan gardens. Rubber production, at current prices, is not profitable. Benefit-cost ratios and returns to labor, which better reflect the farmer perspective, reveal that rattan is more attractive, with oil palm in a strong second place. Non-financial considerations also help to explain the resilience of the rattan garden system. The conclusions summarize the findings and offer options to counter the strong negative impact of recent events on the rattan farmers. CR *BISN IND, 2000, SWAST DIAJ GAR PABR *BPS IND CENTR BOA, 2000, STAT PERD LUAR NEG I, V2 BELCHER BM, 1997, THESIS U MINNESOTA BELCHER BM, 2000, CULT TROP FOR EV SUS BELCHER BM, 2001, UNASYLVA 205, V52, P27 BOEN MP, 1996, RATTAN PRODUCTION TO, P1 CAHYAT A, 1998, DEV RATTAN POLICY IN CASSON A, 2000, 29 CIFOR COLFER C, 1998, SHIFTING CULTIVATION EGHENTER C, 1999, KEBUDAYAAN PELESTARI FRIED ST, 1992, 2163 GFG GODOY R, 1990, AGROFOREST SYST, V12, P163 GUNAWAN K, UNPUB DYNAMICS FORES HAURY D, 1996, PROCESSING MARKETING MATIUS P, DYNAMICS NTFP BASES MAYER J, 1989, 1339 GFG PELUSO NL, 1992, ADV EC BOT, V9, P115 TOMICH TP, 1998, ALTERNATIVES SLASH B WEINSTOCK JA, 1983, ECON BOT, V37, P58 NR 19 TC 0 J9 ECON BOT BP S77 EP S87 PY 2004 PD WIN VL 58 GA 903MP UT ISI:000227430400005 ER PT J AU Hsieh, CH Reiss, CS Hunter, JR Beddington, JR May, RM Sugihara, G TI Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species SO NATURE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Nat Sci, Div Biol, London SW7 2AZ, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. RP Sugihara, G, Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. AB The separation of the effects of environmental variability from the impacts of fishing has been elusive, but is essential for sound fisheries management(1-7). We distinguish environmental effects from fishing effects by comparing the temporal variability of exploited versus unexploited fish stocks living in the same environments. Using the unique suite of 50-year-long larval fish surveys from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations(4) we analyse fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Here we present evidence from the marine environment that exploited species exhibit higher temporal variability in abundance than unexploited species. This remains true after accounting for life-history effects, abundance, ecological traits and phylogeny. The increased variability of exploited populations is probably caused by fishery-induced truncation of the age structure, which reduces the capacity of populations to buffer environmental events(1,5,8,9). Therefore, to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain the total viable biomass but also to prevent the significant truncation of age structure(1,5,8,9). The double jeopardy of fishing to potentially deplete stock sizes and, more immediately, to amplify the peaks and valleys of population variability(7), calls for a precautionary management approach(10,11). 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP de la Torre-Castro, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The concept of ecosystem goods and services and the approach of a linked social-ecological system were used to identify and describe the interactions between humans and seagrasses in a rural tropical economy in the East Coast of Zanzibar (Chwaka village). The main stakeholders in the population are fishermen and seaweed farmers. Through in-depth and semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, market data analysis and participant observation, we found a diversity of social-ecological links that are important for the welfare of the local population. Fishing grounds for finfish and invertebrates, substrate for seaweed cultivation and sites for bait collection were among the most important ecological support areas for fishermen and farmers. Seagrass-associated fisheries in the form of trap fisheries ("dema") provided the highest daily average income per fisherman. Furthermore, seagrass-associated fish constituted the primary source of animal protein for the local people. Seagrasses were also used as traditional medicine and fertilizers. They provided a wide range of ecological services including aesthetical, instrumental, spiritual and religious. The amount of local ecological knowledge (LEK) among fishermen was substantial. No institution directly dealing with seagrasses in the area was identified. The use of a seascape management approach is recommended to improve and develop social-ecological resilience. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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CIAT, Dept GIS, Cali, Colombia. RP Kok, K, ICIS, POB 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. AB Land-use systems are highly complex, and any modelling effort of land-use change should account for the complexity of the system. Furthermore, when the aim is to produce realistic scenarios, land-use models should be both spatially and temporally explicit. Using an example of such a model, the conversion of land-use and its effects modelling framework, we explore near-future land-use changes in Central America. Besides a Base and an Optimistic scenario, which assumes yields to approach the present maximum in the region and assumes export and import to increase, focus is on projection of the long-term effects of an extreme event. Scenario assumptions are based on actual data that became available after hurricane Mitch struck the continent. Resulting maps of the Base and Optimistic scenario demonstrate how slow and gradual changes at the national level translate into highly dynamic patterns of land-use change when allocated spatially. Hot-spots of change prove relatively insensitive to changes in income. Particularly land-use change patterns of the most common land-use types, pasture, annual crops. and natural vegetation, differed between both scenarios. The results of the Natural Hazard scenario for Honduras separately as well as for Central America as a whole clearly indicate that the effects of a hurricane on land-use patterns, though initially strong, are likely to largely disappear within a period of 10 years. Concepts from ecology regarding complexity as developed by Holling are used to illustrate the behaviour of the Central American land-use system. Practicabilities for policy makers are indicated, but similar studies and spatially explicit models are needed from sociology and economics to complete our understanding of the long-term effects of an extreme event. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *CIAD WORLD BANK U, 2001, DEV IND EXP CENTR AM *CIAT, 1999, CENTR AM DAT COLL FR *CINDI, 1998, CENTR AM DIS ATL *FAO, 1999, FAOSTAT DAT *INETER, 1999, IL SIGL *UN, 1997, WORLD POP PROSP 1950, P839 *US CENS BUR, 2000, INT DAT BAS *USDA, 1999, WAOB991 USDA OFF CHI, P180 *WORLD BANK, 1998, WORLD DEV IND 1997 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV, P310 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY, P384 BALZTER H, 1998, ECOL MODEL, V107, P113 BOCKSTAEL NE, 1996, AM J AGR ECON, V78, P1168 BROCKETT CD, 1988, LAND POWER POVERTY A, P270 CHAPIN FS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P234 CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 DEKONING GHJ, 1997, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V65, P127 DEKONING GHJ, 1999, AGR SYST, V61, P77 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 GOLUBOAY MJM, 1988, CAMBIO CONTINUIDAD E, P131 HART RD, 1985, READINGS FARMING SYS, P44 HILFERINK M, 1999, J GEOGRAPHICAL INFOR, V1, P155 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 JORGENSEN SEF, 1994, DEV ENV MODELLING, V19, P1 KOK K, 2000, TOOLS LAND USE ANAL, P35 KOK K, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P205 KOK K, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS ENV, V85, P223 KOK K, 2001, THESIS WAGENINGEN U LAMBIN EF, 1994, 15744 EUR EN EUR COM, P113 LOUCKS OL, 1977, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V8, P173 LUGO AE, 2000, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V262, P243 NUNES C, 1999, 10 IHDP, P125 NUNES C, 1999, 48 IGBP, P125 ONEILL RV, 1988, SCALES GLOBAL CHANGE, V35, P29 PARRY ML, 1998, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V8, P285 PELUPESSY W, 1991, PERSPECTIVES AGROEXP, P175 PETERSON DL, 1998, ECOLOGICAL SCALE THE, P615 PONTIUS RG, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS ENV, V85, P191 SALA OE, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P1770 SCHOORL JM, 1997, QUANTITATIVE APPROAC, V8, P1 SCHUMANN DA, 1989, WESTVIEW SPECIAL STU, P470 TANGEN K, 1999, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V9, P175 TURNER BL, 1995, 35 IGBP, P132 VANITTERSUM MK, 1998, AGR SYST, V58, P309 VELDKAMP A, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V91, P231 VELDKAMP A, 1997, AGR SYST, V55, P1 VERBURG PH, 1999, APPL GEOGR, V19, P211 VERBURG PH, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V116, P45 VERBURG PH, 1999, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V9, P303 ZUIDEMA G, 1994, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V76, P163 NR 51 TC 3 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 53 EP 69 PY 2002 PD MAR 15 VL 149 IS 1-2 GA 539LF UT ISI:000174871000005 ER PT J AU Alexander, D TI The vulnerability of cities: Natural disasters and social resilience SO DISASTERS CR PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES NR TC 0 BP 351 EP 352 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 27 IS 4 UT ISI:000187255200006 ER PT J AU Costanza, R Voinov, AA Boumans, R Maxwell, T Villa, F Wainger, L Voinov, H TI Integrated ecological economic modeling of the Patuxent River watershed, Maryland SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Costanza, R, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Inst Ecol Econ, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB Understanding the way regional landscapes operate. evolve, and change is a key area of research for ecosystem science. It is also essential to support the "place-based" management approach being advocated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other management agencies. We developed a spatially explicit, process-based model of the 2352 km(2) Patuxent River watershed in Maryland to integrate data and knowledge over several spatial, temporal, and complexity scales. and to serve as an aid to regional management. In particular. the model addresses the effects of both the magnitude and spatial patterns of human settlements and agricultural practices on hydrology, plant productivity. and nutrient cycling in the landscape. The spatial resolution is variable, with a maximum of 200 X 200 m to allow adequate depiction of the pattern of ecosystems and human settlement on the landscape. The temporal resolution is different for various components of the model. ranging from hourly time steps in the hydrologic sector to yearly time steps in the economic land-use transition module. We used a modular. multiscale approach to calibrate and test the model. Model results show good agreement with data for several components of the model at several scales. A range of scenarios with the calibrated model shows the implications of past and alternative future land-use patterns and policies. We analyzed 18 scenarios including: (1) historical land-use in 1650, 1850, 1950, 1972, 1990, and 1997; (2) a "buildout" scenario based on fully developing all the land currently zoned for development: (3) four future development patterns based on an empirical economic land-use conversion model; (4) agricultural "best management practices" that lower fertilizer applications (5) four "replacement" scenarios of land-use change to analyze the relative contributions of agriculture and urban land uses; and (6) two "clustering" scenarios with significantly more and less clustered residential development than the current pattern. Results indicate the complex nature of the landscape response and the need for spatially explicit modeling. CR *AQUA TERRA CONS, 1994, PAT RIV BAS WAT MDO *MAR OFF PLANN, 1973, NAT SOIL GROUPS MAR *MAR OFF PLANN, 1993, NONP SOURC ASS ACC S *US ARM CONSTR ENG, 1993, GRASS VERS 4 1 US RE ABBOTT MB, 1986, J HYDROL, V87, P61 ABER JD, 1992, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V7, P220 BANDEL VA, 1994, MASCAP MARYLANDS AGR BEASLEY DB, 1980, ANSWERS USERS MANUAL BIGGS RB, 1981, P NAT S FRESHW INFL, P305 BOCKSTAEL N, 1995, ECOL ECON, V14, P143 BOCKSTAEL NE, 1996, AM J AGR ECON, V78, P1168 BOCKSTAEL NE, 1998, INT WATER RESOURCES, P169 BOYER MC, 1906, HDB APPL HYDROLOGY BRUSH GS, 1980, ECOL MONOGR, V50, P77 BRUSH GS, 1984, QUATERNARY RES, V22, P91 BUCHANAN JT, 1998, PRELIMINARY ASSESSME CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 COOPER SR, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P703 CORRELL DL, 1983, CHESAPEAKE BAY CTR E, V23 CORRELL DL, 1992, ESTUARIES, V15, P431 COSTANZA R, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P91 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G COSTANZA R, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V9, P47 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 COSTANZA R, 1998, ECOL ECON, V25, P67 CREED IF, 1996, WATER RESOUR RES, V32, P3337 CRUM JR, 1990, 89G156904 MICH STAT DALE VH, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P639 DETENBECK NE, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P33 DONIGIAN AS, 1984, APPL GUIDE HYDROLOGI FITZ HC, 1993, EVERGLADES LANDSCAPE FITZ HC, 1995, EVERGLADES LANDSCAPE FITZ HC, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V88, P263 FLATHER CH, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P28 GARDNER RH, 1996, STAC PERSPECTIVES CH, V151 GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251 GHOLZ HL, 1994, ENV RESTRAINTS STRCU GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUSTAFSON EJ, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P94 HAITH DA, 1984, SIMULATION POLLUTION HAWKINS CP, 1988, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V7, P246 JOHNSON DW, 1992, ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITU KEMP WM, 1983, MAR TECHNOL SOC J, V17, P78 KEMP WM, 1985, MAR ENVIRON RES, V16, P255 KHAN H, 1994, ESTUARIES, V17, P345 KIDWELL KB, 1986, NOAA POLAR ORBITER D KRYSANOVA VP, 1999, INT ASS HYDROLOGICAL, V257, P212 LICHTENBERG E, 1997, J ENVIRON QUAL, V26, P145 LYNCH JA, 1990, WATER RESOUR BULL, V26, P41 MAGETTE WL, 1990, APPL ENG AGRIC, V6, P45 MAXWELL T, 1994, TOWARD SUSTAINABLE D, P111 MAXWELL T, 1995, INT J COMPUTER SIMUL, V5, P247 NOVOTNY V, 1994, WATER QUALITY PREVEN ONEILL RV, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P1443 ORTH RJ, 1995, DISTRIBUTION SUBMERG PARTON WJ, 1988, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V5, P109 PARTON WJ, 1992, MODELING EARTH SYSTE, P281 PETERJOHN WT, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1466 RAPPORT DR, 1998, ECOSYSTEM HLTH REICH PB, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P365 RUNNING SW, 1988, ECOL MODEL, V42, P125 SKLAR FH, 1991, ECOL STUD, V82, P239 STEVENSON FJ, 1986, CYCLES SOILS CARBON TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171 VOINOV AA, 1999, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V14, P473 VOINOV AA, 1998, ECOL MODEL, V108, P131 VOINOV AA, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V119, P211 VOROSMARTY CJ, 1989, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V3, P241 NR 68 TC 5 J9 ECOL MONOGR BP 203 EP 231 PY 2002 PD MAY VL 72 IS 2 GA 544FP UT ISI:000175147800004 ER PT J AU Bennett, EM Carpenter, SR Peterson, GD Cumming, GS Zurek, M Pingali, P TI Why global scenarios need ecology SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Food & Agr Org, Rome, Italy. RP Bennett, EM, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Human well-being depends on ecosystem services such as food and clean water. Yet ecosystems and the services they provide are changing, often in ways we cannot anticipate. How can we cope with surprises and uncertainties when we cannot predict them? One approach is to make decisions that are robust to a number of different futures. Those interested in global environmental issues have used scenarios - sets of stories about the future - to help discuss those issues and to identify policy alternatives. To date, most global environmental scenarios have treated ecological dynamics as the product of large-scale anthropogenic drivers and have not considered ecological feedbacks to these drivers. Global scenarios could benefit from the input of ecologists, as this would lead to the incorporation of more realistic ecosystem dynamics. Similarly, ecology could benefit from involvement in scenario planning. Unlike many technical models, scenarios, easily understood as stories, can be used for communication and outreach, to build public appreciation of ecological science and the ecological dilemmas we face. CR *IPCC, 1995, 2 ASS REP SCI CLIM C *IPCC, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 MIT *MA, IN PRESS EC HUM WELL *UNEP, 2002, GLOB ENV OUTL 2002 *WORK GROUP 3 INT, 2000, SRES SPEC REP EM SCE ALCAMO J, 2001, 24 OFF OFF PUBL EUR CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOL MONOGR, V71, P163 CARPENTER SR, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P2069 CLARK JS, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P657 COSGROVE W, 2000, WORLD WATER VISION M COTTINGHAM KL, 2000, ECOL LETT, V3, P340 CUMMING GS, 2002, 2 GLOB SCEN WORKSH O DASZAK P, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P443 DAVIS G, 1998, C CORP ENV HLTH SAF FOLEY JA, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P38 GALLOPIN G, 1997, BRANCH POINTS GLOBAL GOLDMAN CR, 2000, PROC INT ASSOC THE 1, V27, P7 GREENLAND D, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P33 HARVELL CD, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1505 HIGGINS PAT, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V357, P647 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JACKSON RB, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P1027 KAHANE A, 1992, DEEPER NEWS, V7 KAHN H, 1967, YEAR 2000 FRAMEWORK KINZIG AP, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P709 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 MAGNUSON JJ, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P1743 MCNEILL JR, 2000, SOMETHING NEW SUN EN MEADOWS D, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH NAKICENOVIC N, 2000, SPECIAL REPORT WORKI NEY S, 2000, SOC BEHAV CLIMATE CH, P65 PALUMBI SR, 2001, EVOLUTION EXPLOSION PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P358 PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 POSTEL SL, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P629 PRINGLE CM, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P939 RASKIN P, 1998, BENDING CURVE GLOBAL REYNOLDS JF, 2002, GLOBAL DESERTIFICATI ROTMANS J, 2000, FUTURES, V32, P809 ROTMANS JM, 1997, PERSPECTIVES GLOBAL SACHS J, 2002, NATURE, V415, P680 SAREWITZ D, 2000, PREDICTION SCI DECIS SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 STAUFFER JR, 1997, BIOSCIENCE, V47, P41 VANDERHEIJDEN K, 1996, SCENARIOS ART STRATE VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WACK P, 1985, HARVARD BUSINESS SEP, P73 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WOLLENBERG E, 2000, ANTICIPATING CHANGE WOODWELL GM, 1967, SCI AM, V216, P24 NR 51 TC 0 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON BP 322 EP 329 PY 2003 PD AUG VL 1 IS 6 GA 825WZ UT ISI:000221790800021 ER PT J AU Kallstrom, HN Ljung, M TI Social sustainability and collaborative learning SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Landscape Planning Ultuna, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Landscape Planning Ultuna, SE-53223 Skara, Sweden. RP Kallstrom, HN, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Landscape Planning Ultuna, POB 7012, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. AB The social dimension is central to sustainable development of agri-food systems. If farmers are not satisfied with their situation or motivated to continue farming, many of today's environmental goals will be impossible to achieve. Between 1997 and 2003, several case studies were carried out on social sustainability, the importance of recognition in the farming system, and the potential role of increased collaboration between actors. The main hypothesis was that improved recognition is a basis for sustainable social conditions. Our findings show that many farmers today perceive an impoverished social situation. They believe they lack control over decisions, which hinders their ability to continue farming. Public images and political decisions show a lack of respect for farmers' skills and knowledge. However, increased collaboration among actors is believed to be one important way forward, creating stronger relationships and networks, as well as a stronger identity for farmers. Our findings emphasize the need for authorities and other organizations to support farmers and to facilitate collaborative learning and decision-making processes for socioecological sustainability. CR *SLU, 2000, LOK LIVSM REG MAT FA ASSOULINE G, 2000, MAKING AGR SUSTAINAB BELL MM, 1998, INVITATION ENV SOCIO BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLAD F, 2003, THESIS SLU UPPSALA CANTRILL JG, 2001, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V4, P185 CERF M, 2000, COW TREE KNOWING LEA DANIELS S, 2001, WORKING ENV CONFLICT DOPPLER W, 2000, P 3 EUR S ASS FARM S DRYZEK J, 1997, POLITICS EARTH ENV D EKSVARD K, 2003, TILLSAMMANS LARA FOR GRAY B, 1989, COLLABORATING FINDIN HANNETH A, 2000, ERKANNANDE PRAKTISK HEIDEGREN CG, 2002, ANTROPOLOGI SAMHALLS IRWIN A, 2001, SOCIOLOGY ENV KALLSTROM HN, 2002, P 5 IFSA EUR S FARM KALLSTROM HN, 2002, VARA LANTBRUKARE STU KING C, 2000, SYSTEMIC PROCESSES F KOLB D, 1984, EXPERIENTIAL LEARNIN LECUWIS C, 2002, WHEELBURROWS FULL FR LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEEUWIS C, 1999, INTEGRAL DESIGN INNO, V15 LJUNG M, 2001, COLLABORATIVE LEARNI LJUNG M, 2005, MILJOARBETE ARBETSMO MAXNEEF M, 1989, DEV DIALOGUE, V1, P5 MEAD GH, 1934, MIND SELF SOC STANDP MEPPEM T, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P121 MILBRATH L, 1989, ENVISIONING SUSTAINA MOOTE MA, 1997, ENVIRON MANAGE, V21, P877 PAINE M, 1998, STUDY GROUP PROCESS PROOST MDC, 1996, 3 LANDB U WAG ROLING N, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN SAMUELSSON J, 2003, THESIS SLU UPPSALA SENECHAH S, 2001, 6 BIENN C COMM ENV 2 SKARGREN P, 2003, THESIS SLU UPPSALA TAYLOR C, 1999, MANGKULTURELLA SANHA WARBURTON H, 1999, SOCIO EC METHODOLOGI WESTBERG L, 2003, AKTORSSAMVERKAN LIVS WONDOLLECK J, 2000, MAKING COLLABORATION YIN R, 1994, CASE STUDY RES DESIG NR 40 TC 2 J9 AMBIO BP 376 EP 382 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 34 IS 4-5 GA 941NZ UT ISI:000230222800019 ER PT J AU Agrawal, A TI Adaptive management in transboundary protected areas: The Bialowieza National Park and Biosphere Reserve as a case study SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Yale Univ, Dept Polit Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Agrawal, A, Yale Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Post Box 208301, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. AB Transboundary protected areas (PAs) currently represent nearly 10% of the world's network of PAs. The protection of their biological wealth poses special challenges because of the need for cooperation among sovereign states. Adaptive management strategies offer hope for a more accurate assessment of ecological conditions within PAs, and have the potential for furthering one of the major objectives of these PAs, namely enhancing environmental cooperation between countries across whose boundaries the protected area complex is situated. This paper examines the implications of adaptive management for transboundary PAs by using the Polish/Belarusian Bialowieza PAs as a case study. Managers of PAs have conventionally aimed at accurate predictions and short-term system equilibrium through 'top-down' policies of control and exclusion. In the case of PAs, these objectives have meant limiting use and employing models of linear growth. Adaptive management strategies rely instead on long-term experience, assessment of experimental interventions, and collection of greater amounts of information to assess future outcomes. They aim at the satisfaction of objectives that may include equilibrium changes. These features of adaptive management imply attention over time to the interactions between different key species, greater involvement of local populations in the collection of information about the resources, and experimenting with different levels of use to infer the most suitable protection strategies. 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Virginia Tech, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Robertson, DP, Virginia Tech, Coll Nat Resources, Publ Ecol Project, 108 Evergreen Ridge, Lynchburg, VA 24503 USA. AB The idea of a Southern Appalachian Ecosystem is now so much a part of our everyday language that many of the people who talk, write, and make decisions about the place are unaware of the long and complicated history behind the idea. One primary purpose of this case study was to demonstrate how the Southern Appalachian Ecosystem has been socially constructed and reified as a scientific fact in contemporary environmental discourse. In addition, we discuss the implications of this particular sense of place for biodiversity, land use, and community development. Ultimately, our goal is to help establish a common ground between the infinite number of competing visions that are possible and plausible for this one unique place. 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327 Rue AL De Jussieu, F-34090 Montpellier, France. AB Desertization is defined as tire irreversible extension of desert land forms and landscapes to areas where they did not occur in a recent past. Such extension does not result from a would-be increasing aridity as there is no evidence of any global long-torn trends in rainfall in arid lands since tire period of instrumental record (ca. 150 years). The 0.5degreesC of global temperature increase over the past 100 years remains well within the range of historical fluctuations. The creation of man-made deserts is actually the result of long-lasting mismanagement of natural resources under the pressure of excessive human and livestock populations. Such land abuse may drive ecosystems beyond their resilience potential for recovery. The causes and mechanisms of arid land degradation pertain to direct and indirect activities, processes, and phenomena, which are not necessarily linked to aridity or drought. Causes, severity, and extent of desertization are quantified from various sources. The potential for biological recovery is analyzed and the ways and means to achieve rehabilitation assessed. The conclusion addresses the issue of the future of desertization under the additional threat of an increased aridity that might occur assuming a possible global temperature increase of tire planet, triggered by atmospheric pollution. It tries to quantify the possible increase of aridity under various scenarios. 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IMPACT CLIMATIC VARI ROGNON P, 1989, BIOGRAPHIE DESERT ROOSE E, 1994, B PEDOLOGIQUE FAO, V70 ROZANOV BG, 1990, DESERTIFICATION REVI, P45 SCHNEIDER SH, 1988, GREENHOUSE WARMING A, P7 THOMAS DGF, 1994, DESERTIFICATION EXPL VERRECCHIA E, 1995, J ARID ENVIRON, V29, P427 WHITE LP, 1969, J ECOL, V57, P461 WHITE LP, 1970, J ECOL, V58, P549 WICKENS GE, 1971, GEODERMA, V6, P43 WIGGLEY TML, 1987, P WORKSH INT BIOCL E, P17 WILLIAMS MAJ, 1994, INTERACTIONS DESERTI NR 134 TC 4 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG BP 1 EP 36 PY 2002 PD JAN-MAR VL 16 IS 1 GA 521YD UT ISI:000173868200001 ER PT J AU Nelson, MC Hegmon, M Kulow, S Schollmeyer, KG TI Archaeological and ecological perspectives on reorganization: A case study from the Mimbres region of the US southwest SO AMERICAN ANTIQUITY LA English DT Review C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Nelson, MC, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Collapse and abandonment dominate the popular literature on prehistoric societies, yet we know that reorganization is a more common process by which social and ecological relationships change. We explore the process of reorganization using the emerging perspective of resilience theory. Ecologists and social scientists working within a resilience perspective have argued that reorganization is an important component of long-term adaptive cycles, but it remains understudied in both social science and ecology. One of the central assumptions to emerge from the resilience perspective is that declines in the diversity of social and ecological units contribute to transformations in social and ecological systems. We evaluate this assumption using archaeological data, which offer an opportunity to investigate a time span rarely examined in studies of resilience and reorganization. We focus on the 11th to 13th century in the eastern Mimbres area of southwestern New Mexico, a period within which a substantial reorganization occurred. Much is known about the regional-scale changes that resulted in the depopulation of nearly every large village in the Mimbres region, what some have referred to as the "Mimbres collapse." Our analyses examine both continuity and change in aspects of house- and village-level reorganization. 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ARTIFACT, V28, P5 SHAFER HJ, 1991, ARTIFACT, V29, P1 SHAFER HJ, 1996, 60 YEARS MOGOLLON AR, P95 SHAFER HJ, 2003, MIMBRES ARCHAEOLOGY STONE GD, 1999, AM ANTHROPOL, V101, P113 STUART DE, 1984, PREHISTORIC NEW MEXI SZUTER CR, 2000, WOMEN MEN PREHISPANI, P197 TOMKA S, 1993, ABANDONMENT SETTLEME, P11 UPHAM S, 1984, J ANTHROPOL RES, V40, P235 VARIEN MD, 1999, SEDENTISM MOBILITY S WHITELEY P, 1987, DELIBERATE ACTS WIESSNER P, 1983, AM ANTIQUITY, V48, P253 WIESSNER P, 1984, J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V3, P190 WILK RR, 1982, AM BEHAV SCI, V25 WILK RR, 1983, J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V2, P99 WILK RR, 1988, HOUSEHOLD COMMUNITY WILK RR, 1991, HOUSEHOLD ECOL EC CH WILLS WH, 1991, BANDS STATES, P161 WILSHUSEN RH, 1999, KIVA, V64, P369 YOUNG LC, 1996, INTERPRETING SW DIVE, P201 NR 118 TC 0 J9 AMER ANTIQ BP 403 EP 432 PY 2006 PD JUL VL 71 IS 3 GA 070SN UT ISI:000239544300001 ER PT J AU Markham, A TI Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: A review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP Markham, A, WORLD WILDLIFE FUND,1250 24TH ST,NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. AB Climate change represents a significant threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which has been ratified by 118 nations and came into force in 1994, has amongst its aims the protection of ecosystems. This paper reviews the relevant text in the Convention and gives an overview of scientific efforts to provide policy-makers with the necessary information on ecosystem impacts. The sensitivity of different types of ecosystem to climatic change is discussed and the concepts of ecological limits and thresholds are addressed and examples given. The paper concludes there is a need for a better understanding of the impacts of climate change on ecosystem resilience in order to maintain biological diversity and respond to the needs of policymakers in implementing the UNFCCC. Recommendations are made for increased research effort, including increased resolution of climate models, better predictive capacity at a regional level for within- and between-year rainfall patterns, seasonality and extreme events. Collaborative monitoring programs, including long-term ecological research along climate gradients, are proposed for 4 biomes: coastal wetlands, montane ecosystems, coral reefs and Arctic ecosystems. 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SO A, V17, P84 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOL STUD, V42, P556 WALKER BH, 2002, BIOSPHERE COMPLEX AD WALTER H, 1939, JB WISS BOT, V87, P750 WARD D, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V40, P357 WARREN A, 1988, 2 INT I ENV DEV DRYL WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WIENS J, 1989, ECOLOGY BIRD COMMUNI, V2 WIENS JA, 1984, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITI, P439 WOLTERS S, 1994, P NAM NAT WORKSH COM WORSTER D, 1997, OUT WOODS ESSAYS ENV, P3 NR 156 TC 6 J9 J BIOGEOGR BP 1595 EP 1618 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 29 IS 12 GA 624PB UT ISI:000179767400002 ER PT J AU Reid, P Vogel, C TI Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa - Glimpses from KwaZulu-Natal SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Archaeol Geog & Environm Studies, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Vogel, C, Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Archaeol Geog & Environm Studies, Post Bag 3, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. AB Rural, resource-poor communities currently face a number of stressors that curtail livelihood options and reduce overall quality of life. Climate stress in southern Africa could potentially further threaten the livelihoods of such communities. Inappropriate response and adaptation options to risks, including climate stress, could further undermine development efforts in the region. The design and effective implementation of strategies to improve coping and adaptation to possible future risks cannot be undertaken without a detailed assessment of current response options to various risks. By using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, this pilot study identifies some of the strategies and constraints to secure livelihoods that are currently being used by small-scale farmers in the Muden area of KwaZulu-Natal. The role and perception of climate risks in relation to a variety of other constraints and risks in the area are also examined. Health status, lack of information and ineffective institutional structures and processes are shown to be some of the key factors aggravating current response options and overall development initiatives with potential negative outcomes for future adaptation to periods of possible heightened climate stress. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Belfer Ctr Sci & Int Affairs, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Cash, DW, Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Ctr Int Dev, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. 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AB We tested the explanatory usefulness and policy relevance of Holling's (2001) "adaptive cycle" theory in exploring processes of "collapse," also called " release," and recovery in regional social-ecological systems (SESs) in Zimbabwe and Australia. We found that the adaptive cycle is useful in recognizing changes in system behavior during the various phases. However, our small sample of cases did not generally show either the sequential passage of stages or the prerelease decline in resilience that adaptive cycle theory implies. In all cases, however, the reasons for releases were apparent with hindsight. On the other hand, our examples mostly supported the proposition that resilience is controlled by slowly changing variables. Although we found the adaptive cycle, and complex system theory in general, to be useful integrating frameworks, disciplinary theories are required to explain causes and effects in specific cases. We used theories linking distribution of political power to institutional change; to investment in natural, human, social, and physical capitals; and to access to financial capital. We explored patterns of change of these capitals before, during, and after release and reorganization. Both the patterns of change and relative importance of the different capitals during reorganization varied widely, but the importation of resources from broader scales was often a key to recovery. We propose that the resilience of most regional or national SESs can be explained in these terms. The capacity to self-organize emerged from our studies as a critical source of resilience. Although rebuilding this capacity at times requires access to external resources, excessive subsidization can reduce the capacity to self-organize. The policy implication is that cross-scale subsidization should end when self-organization becomes apparent, because subsidization can increase the vulnerability of the system as a whole. When the aim is to recover without changing the system fundamentally, the focus should be upon conserving or investing in the elements of capital critical for this. If the current system is not viable, it is necessary to invest in forms of capital that will enable fundamental change. It will also be necessary to stop investing in the capitals that maintained the unviable regime. The political difficulty of doing this is why SESs so often remain maladapted to current conditions and opportunities and eventually reach the point of collapse. 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CSIR, Div Water Environm & Forestry Technol, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Kruger Natl Pk, Sci Serv, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa. RP Rogers, K, Univ Witwatersrand, Ctr Water Environm, Kruger Natl Pk Rivers Res Programme, Private Bag 3, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. AB Catchment management agencies (CMA's) have no tested precedent in South Africa and will have to evolve in complex and changing business, social and natural environments as they strive to ensure that equity and social justice are achieved within ecological limits. Traditionally, very different styles of management have been used for resource exploitation and resource protection and this will present a serious dilemma for CMAs. As the human population has grown and natural resources have declined, there has been increased effort to control nature in order to harvest its products and reduce its threats. Initially such "command-and-control" management has been successful as agencies prosper on short-term gains. However, when natural variation is reduced the ecosystem loses its resilience and ability to "bounce back" from disturbances. The first lesson we can learn is that the longer term consequence of command-and-control management is always either a reduction or cessation of resource supply. The second lesson comes from adaptive resource management (ARM). ARM acknowledges that, because nature is in a continual state of flux and our understanding of ecosystem functioning is poor, a fundamental problem for decision makers is that they must deal with uncertainty from an imperfect knowledge base. A learning-by-doing approach becomes a prerequisite for effective management. Unfortunately, there has been a tendency to superimpose adaptive management on bureaucratic institutional structures. Such flouting of the fundamental management axiom "form must follow function", has thwarted many attempts at adaptive management. This provides our third lesson. Recognition that authoritarian, command-and-control, bureaucracies respond too slowly to survive in changing environments has led managers in government, industry and businesses to create "learning institutions" which combine adaptive operations and generative leadership (lesson four). Effective knowledge management is seen as a critical success factor in turning command-and-control management into adaptive, learn-by-doing management (lesson five). CMAs which recognise the dangers of excessive command and control, the need to integrate stakeholder values and activities, and the potential of an adaptive and generative management approach, will need to structure their activities carefully. At present there is much focus on the structure of CMAs and much less on howe they should function. Form is preceding function in many instances. When function is discussed it centres on how regulatory mechanisms and permit systems will keep resource use under control. The concern is seldom with how the ecosystem will be managed. This sort of thinking could lead to a classic command-and-control management approach if not tempered with a more adaptive process. Strategic adaptive management (SAM) is a local derivative of ARM designed to generate consensus management which is inclusive, strategic, adaptive and creative. SAM is a process in which effective knowledge management is central to building a partnership between science, management and society to achieve a common vision. It has considerable potential for application to CMAs. CR *DWAR, 1999, WAT RES PROT POL IMP, V2 ALLEE V, 1997, EXEC EXCELLENCE, V14, P12 BARTH TJ, 1998, PUBLIC MANAGER, V27, P21 DAVENPORT TH, 1998, SLOAN MANAGE REV, V39, P43 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 MACKAY HM, 1999, COMMUNICATION MEYERS PS, 1996, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT REYNOLDS M, 1998, MANAGE LEARN, V29, P183 ROGERS K, 1999, FRESHWATER BIOL, V41, P439 ROGERS K, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 ROGERS KH, 1997, DEV PROTOCOL DEFINIT ROGERS KH, 1998, CONSERV ECOL, V2, P1 SENGE P, 1990, SLOAN MANAGE REV FAL, P440 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P53 NR 18 TC 7 J9 WATER SA BP 505 EP 511 PY 2000 PD OCT VL 26 IS 4 GA 370UR UT ISI:000165120700006 ER PT J AU Rollings, NM Brunckhorst, DJ TI Linking ecological and social functions of landscapes: II. Scale and modeling of spatial influence SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ New England, Dept Ecosyst Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RP Rollings, NM, Univ New England, Dept Ecosyst Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. AB Future sustainability of nature and society will depend on a system of resource governance that mediates the relationship between society and the economy, on the one hand, and continuance of ecosystem functional processes, on the other. By mapping the spatial extent of landscape ecological functions with social and institutional functions it may be possible to demonstrate how ecosystem functional capacity could dictate resource governance. The first paper of: this series discussed the conceptual and theoretical basis for a new research direction. Research and development of real applications are now required. New methods are needed that recognize and account for the scales of influence that interconnected social and ecosystem functional elements have on one another. Spatial information systems are a key tool in the analysis and synthesis of results and provide visualization tools to guide understanding of the results. In this second paper we further develop the methodological background of this research and demonstrate its potential application of this research through a simplified hypothetical example. 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Linking climate change mitigation and rural livelihoods SO IDS BULLETIN-INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LA English DT Article AB Forestry-based carbon sinks are an important option for improving rural livelihoods, while also mitigating global climate change. Yet they are strongly opposed by major environmental organisations as an ineffective distraction that could hurt the poor. This article argues that insights into the social aspects of forestry can be used to design sink interventions that have the potential to bring huge benefits to rural people, their basic land, water and biomass resources, climate change mitigation and resilience to the impacts of global warming. These benefits would be enhanced by various changes to the rules that apply to sinks under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism. CR *FERN, 2004, EUR UN FOR WATCH *WORLD BANK, 2004, BIOC FUND ARNOLD JEM, 1997, FARM TREES FARMERS R BALOONI K, 2003, NAT RESOUR FORUM, V27, P235 BASS S, 2000, IIED NATURAL RESOURC CHAMBERS R, 1989, HANDS POOR CHAMBERS R, 1989, WORLD DEV, V17 FAIRHEAD J, 1996, MISREADING AFRICAN L FALCONER J, 1990, 6 FAO LEACH G, 1988, BEYOND WOODFUEL CRIS LEACH M, 1996, LIE LAND CHALLENGING LEACH M, 2001, INT J AGR RES GOV EC, V1, P223 MARLAND G, 2002, GLOBAL REGIONAL NATL PAL RC, 2001, BIOMASS BIOENERG, V21, P35 POFFENBERGER M, 1996, COMMUNITIES FOREST M RICHARDS M, 2003, ODI NATURAL RESOURCE SHAHAR E, 1995, STROKE, V26, P1 SMITH JB, 2002, 37 CTR INT FOR RES WILEY LA, 2001, LAND PEOPLE FORESTS NR 19 TC 0 J9 IDS BULL-INST DEVELOP STUD BP 76 EP + PY 2004 PD JUL VL 35 IS 3 GA 844HK UT ISI:000223148700012 ER PT J AU Iles, AT TI Code green SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material RP Iles, AT, HARVARD UNIV,SCH LAW,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. CR *OTA, 1995, ENV POL TOOLS BRYANT B, 1995, ENV JUSTICE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 ROSENBAUM W, 1995, ENV POLITICS POLICY WELFORD R, 1994, SUSTAINABLE DEV CORP, P36 NR 5 TC 0 J9 ENVIRONMENT BP 4 EP 5 PY 1996 PD SEP VL 38 IS 7 GA VD305 UT ISI:A1996VD30500003 ER PT J AU Devineau, JL TI Effect of cattle on the fallow-crop rotation in a Sudanian region: The dispersal of plants that colonize open habitats (Bondoukuy, sud-ouest du Burkina Faso) SO REVUE D ECOLOGIE-LA TERRE ET LA VIE LA French DT Article C1 IRD, Lab ERMES, F-45072 Orleans 2, France. RP Devineau, JL, IRD, Lab ERMES, 5 Rue Carbone, F-45072 Orleans 2, France. AB The dispersal of seeds by cattle on fallows was assessed in a sudanian region of West Africa. All the feces were collected in four stands during two years from March 1994 Co May 1996 and seeds were manually extracted. Cow dungs represent the main part of all the feces collected. They were found on fallows mainly during the dry season when the cultivated area is open to cattle grazing. Cattle disperse weeds and some woody species that are in majority leguminous. Species diversity in dung is low and only some species such as Borreria stachydea, a weed, or Gardenia erubescens, a shrub, constitute the greater part of the seeds dispersed by cattle. Seed content of dung varies along the year, it is high from November to March and low in October, April and May and during the wet season. Weeds are dispersed by cattle during the whole dry season but are especially abundant from December to February when woody species are mainly dispersed from January to March. Cattle acts principally as a disperser of species that colonize open habitat and play a role in the successions of vegetation that occur during the fallow-cultivation cycle. CR AUBREVILLE A, 1952, FLORE FORESTIERE SOU BOUDET G, 1991, MANUELS PRECIS ELEVA BOUTRAIS J, 1992, AFRIQUE CONT, V161, P109 BRUZON V, 1990, THESIS U PARIS 7 CAMBEFORT Y, 1984, TRAVAUX CHERCHEURS S, V3 CESAR J, 1991, ACT RENC INT MONTP 1, P271 CESAR J, 1991, FOURRAGES, V128, P423 CESAR J, 1992, PRODUCTION BIOL SAVA CHEVALIER A, 1947, REV BOT APP, V27, P505 COE M, 1987, S AFR J SCI, V83, P624 COPPOCK DL, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P573 CUMMING DHM, 1982, ECOL STUD, V42, P217 DALLIERE C, 1995, MEOIRE DESS GESTATIO DEVINEAU JL, 1997, ECOLOGIE, V28, P217 DEVINEAU JL, 1997, GEN CART PREL TEL SA DIALLO MS, 1997, THESIS U OUAGADOUGON DJIMADOUM M, 1993, MEMOIRE DIPLOME INGE ELHOURI A, 1986, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V16, P209 ERNST WHO, 1989, OIKOS, V54, P294 ERNST WHO, 1990, ENTOMOL EXP APPL, V57, P177 FOURNIER A, 1994, ECOLOGIE, V25, P173 FOURNIER A, 1996, ACT AT JACH LIEU PRO, P101 GIFFARD PL, 1974, SYLVICULTURE ZONE TR GUINKO S, 1984, THESIS U BORDEAUX 3 HAUSER TP, 1994, OIKOS, V70, P421 HEADY HF, 1966, E AFRICA J ECOL, V54, P705 HERVOUET JP, 1992, P WORKSH 22 26 APR 1, P165 HOFFMANN O, 1985, PARTIQUES PASTORALES HOWE HF, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P123 JANZEN DH, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P130 KIEMA S, 1992, MEMOIRE DESS GESTION KOECHLIN J, 1963, PATURAGES NATURELS C LAMPREY HF, 1974, E AFR WILDL J, V12, P81 LANDAIS E, 1991, SAVANES AFRIQUE TERR, P219 LEBOURGEOIS T, 1995, J AGR TRAD BOT APPL, V37, P93 LHOTE Y, 1996, W CENTRAL AFRICA MAP LIEBERMAN D, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P65 MALO JE, 1995, J VEG SCI, V6, P169 MCMAHON JA, 1981, FOREST SUCCESSION CO, P277 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1979, AM NAT, V113, P691 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1985, ECOL MONOGR, V55, P259 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1986, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V17, P39 MILLER MF, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P364 MILLER MF, 1994, OECOLOGIA, V97, P265 MILLER MF, 1996, J TROP ECOL 3, V12, P345 MONTAGNE P, 1984, FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA SO ODOWD DJ, 1986, SEED DISPERSAL, P87 OUEDRAOGO S, 1994, THESIS U P M CURIE P PELISSIER P, 1980, CAH ORSTOM SH, V17, P127 POWELL JM, 1985, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT W, P252 RIDLEY HN, 1930, DISPERSAL PLANTS WOR RIVIERE R, 1978, MANUELS PRECIS ELEVA SAWADOGO L, 1995, THESIS U OUAGADOUGOU SCHUPP EW, 1993, VEGETATIO, V107, P15 SINSIN B, 1993, THESIS U LIBRE BRUXE SNEDECOR GW, 1984, METHODES STAT TYBIRK K, 1991, REGENERATION LEGUMIN VANDERPIJL L, 1957, PRINCIPLES DISPERSAL WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P556 WHITE F, 1983, VEGETATION AFRICA DI NR 61 TC 0 J9 REV ECOL-TERRE VIE BP 97 EP 121 PY 1999 PD APR-JUN VL 54 IS 2 GA 224JJ UT ISI:000081894000001 ER PT B AU Berkes, F Folke, C TI Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience SO LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO LA English DT Book RP University of Manitoba, Natural Resource Institute, Canada Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden AB It is usually the case that scientists examine either ecological systems or social systems, yet the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of environmental management and sustainable development is becoming increaingsly obvious. Developed under the auspices of the Beijer Institute in Stockholm, this new book analyses social and ecological linkages in selected ecosystems using an international and interdisciplinary case-study approach. The chapters provide detailed information on a variety of management practices for dealing with environmental change. Taken as a whole, the book will contribute to the greater understanding of essential social responses to changes in ecosystems, including the generation, accumulation and transmission of ecological knowledge, the structure and dynamics of institutions, and the cyltural values underlying these responses. A set of new (or re-discovered) principles for sustainable ecosystem management is also presented. CR ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 FRATKIN E, 1986, HUMAN ECOLOGY, V14, P269 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 KING A, 1995, ACAD MANAGE REV, V20, P961 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MCCAY BJ, 1978, HUM ECOL, V6, P397 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 10 TC 0 BP 1 EP 459 PY 1998 VL 1 ER PT J AU Baro, M Deubel, TF TI Persistent hunger: Perspectives on vulnerability, famine, and food security in Sub-Saharan African SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Anthropol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Bur Appl Res Anthropol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Baro, M, Univ Arizona, Dept Anthropol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB This review examines the persistence of chronic hunger in Sub-rights reserved Saharan Africa in the twenty-first century and reviews dominant famine theories, concepts of vulnerability, and household livelihood security and responses to recent food crises in the region. The authors argue that famine occurrences are linked to historical and contemporary socioeconomic processes that have increased over time the vulnerability of African households to hunger and reduced their resilience to environmental and economic shocks, political conflict, and the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. Approaches to famine need to move away from the "emergency relief" framework to better address the underlying conditions that make food shortages endemic. Future food security for Africa requires an integrated long-term response to household vulnerability on the. part of African governments, civil society, and international partners by incorporating new technologies, local expertise, and active involvement of African communities living with the realities of recurrent famine. CR *CARE BARA, 1997, EV SEC COND VIE DEP *FAO UN, 1996, COMM 3 ROM DECL WORL *OXF, 2000, SPHER PR0J HUM CHART BERNUS E, 1980, AFRICA, V50, P1 BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BROWN L, 2001, STATE WORLD 2001 CHAMBERS R, 1989, FARMER 1 FARMER INNO CHAMBERS R, 1992, 296 U SUSS I DEV STU CORBETT J, 1988, WORLD DEV, V16, P1099 DAVIES S, 1993, IDS B DEVEREUX S, 2001, DEV POLICY REV, V19, P507 DEVEREUX S, 2001, FOOD SECURITY SUBSAH DEVEREUX S, 2001, OXFORD DEV STUDIES, V29, P245 DEWAAL A, 1989, FAMINES KILL DEWAAL A, 1990, DEV CHANGE, V21, P469 DEWAAL A, 1998, FAMINE CRIMES POLITI DEWAAL A, 2003, LANCET, V362, P1234 DEWAAL A, 2004, FAMINE KILLS DARFUR DUFFIELD JS, 1998, WORLD POWER FORSAKEN EDKINS J, 2001, HUNGER CONCEPTS FAMI ELLIS F, 2000, RURAL LIVELIHOODS DI ELLIS F, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P1367 FINAN T, 1997, WAITING RAIN AGR ECO FLORES M, 2005, DISASTERS S1, V29, S25 FRANKENBERGER T, 1993, J FARM SYST RES EXTE FRANKENBERGER T, 2003, MANAGING RISKS IMPRO GAILE GL, 1996, THIRD WORLD Q, V17, P557 GILLESPIE S, 2004, HIV AIDS HUNGER HADDAD L, 2001, J INT DEV, V13, P487 HENDRIE B, 1997, DISASTERS, V21, P57 HENDRIKS SL, 2005, DEV S AFR, V22, P103 HERDT RW, 2004, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V23, P505 HOWE P, 2004, DISASTERS, V28, P353 HUSSEIN K, 2002, SOC POLICY ADMIN, V36, P626 KADIYALA S, 2003, 159 RETHINKING FOOD KAISER R, 2003, DISASTERS, V27, P127 KEEN D, 1994, BENEFITS FAMINE POLI LEE H, 2004, HARVARD I REV, V26 MAXWELL D, 2003, DISASTERS, V27, P72 MORTIMORE MJ, 1991, ADAPTING DROUGHT FAR MYHRVOLDHANSSEN TL, 2003, DEMOCRACY NEWS MEDIA NELSON D, 2005, THESIS U ARIZ PRESS ODONNELL M, 2004, FOOD SECURITY LIVELI PARK TK, 1993, RISK TENURE ARID LAN, P87 PARK TY, 2001, PROC ETHYL PRODUC C, V10, P1 PINGALI P, 2005, DISASTERS S1, V29, S5 PINSTRUPANDERSE.P, 1999, WORLD FOOD SITUATION PROWSE M, 2003, 24 CPRC RAHMATO D, 1991, FAMINE SURVIVAL STRA RANGASAMI A, 1985, EC POLIT WEEKLY, V20 RONCOLI C, 2001, CLIMATE RES, V19, P119 RUKUNI M, 2005, AM SOC NUTR SCI, V132, S3443 SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 SEN AK, 1989, INEQUALITY REEXAMINE SEN AK, 1999, DEV FREEDOM SMITH LC, 2000, 30 INT FOOD POL RES STEYN NP, 2000, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V1, P1 THUROW R, 2005, WALL STREET J 1026, A1 VOGEL C, 2002, S AFR J SCI, V98, P315 VONBRAUN J, 1999, FAMINE AFRICA CAUSES WALKER P, 1989, FAMINE EARLY WARNING WATTS M, 1983, SILENT VIOLENCE FOOD WEBB P, 1994, FAMINE FOOD SECURITY WEBB P, 1999, DISASTERS, V23, P292 WEBB P, 2003, LANCET, V362, P40 WOOD KB, 1994, SPINE, V19, P3 YOUNG H, 2004, DISASTERS, V28, P142 NR 67 TC 0 J9 ANNU REV ANTHROPOL BP 521 EP 538 PY 2006 VL 35 GA 105MA UT ISI:000242032900026 ER PT J AU Folke, C TI Freshwater for resilience: a shift in thinking SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Humanity shapes freshwater flows and biosphere dynamics from a local to a global scale. Successful management of target resources in the short term tends to alienate the social and economic development process from its ultimate dependence on the life-supporting environment. Freshwater becomes transformed into a resource for optimal management in development, neglecting the multiple functions of freshwater in dynamic landscapes and its fundamental role as the bloodstream of the biosphere. The current tension of these differences in worldview is exemplified through the recent development of modern aquaculture contrasted with examples of catchment-based stewardship of freshwater flows in dynamic landscapes. In particular, the social and institutional dimension of catchment management is highlighted and features of social-ecological systems for resilience building are presented. It is concluded that this broader view of freshwater provides the foundation for hydrosolidarity. 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AB Many claims in support of soil conservation policies have been flawed by excessively deterministic reasoning and unwarranted spatial overaggregation. A case study remedying these flaws demonstrates that soil erosion in the Bolivian Andes worsened during recent decades (1953-91) due to changes in production as peasants shifted labor from conservation techniques to nonfarm employment. These findings reflect in three policy issues concerning sustainable resource management oriented toward development (''conservation-with-development'') are discussed: (a) environmental consequences and economic causes of increased nonfarm employment by part-time peasant farmers; (b) environment-related aspects of technology innovation and technique modifications in labor-scarce peasant production; and (c) the environmental perceptions of peasant farmers in participatory development planning. 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RP Armitage, DR, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB To promote sustainable forms of community-based resource management, advocates and analysts must examine not only how multiple participants act collectively, but how they respond to change and uncertainty in ways that foster learning and build capacity for management adaptation. In the community-based narwhal management context, a number of issues influence prospects for adaptation and learning. Among the issues examined, the integration of remote communities in Nunavut into the market economy and the subsequent demand for cash to purchase key commodities create new and diverse motivations (collective vs. individual), which increasingly influence natural resource management decisions. Also, the formalized nature of the flu community-based narwhal management framework, despite efforts to transfer more authority to communities, may still create barriers to local Inuit participation in decision making. Finally, resource mobility and complexity makes the clarification of resource rights difficult, thus inhibiting the collective action required to foster learning. This problem is compounded by the challenge of effectively integrating formal science and traditional knowledge to better understand resource complexity. CR *CAN MAR ENV PROT, 2004, CAN NARWH WHAL SPEC *WHAL DOLPH CONS S, 2004, REV SIGN TRAD NARWH *WORLD WILDL FUND, 2001, ARCTIC B, V2, P21 ADGER N, 2003, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPT, P29 AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 AGRAWAL A, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P1649 ARMITAGE DR, 2005, ADAPTIVE CAPACITY CO BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLOMQUIST W, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P, P301 BROSIUS JP, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P157 DAHL J, 2000, SAQQAQ INUIT HUNTING DEMARCH B, 2003, STOCK SEPARATION NAR DIDUCK A, 2005, BREAKING ICE RENEWAB DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DITZ K, 2001, CATCH STAT NARWHAL B FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 GUEMPLE L, 1976, INUIT LAND USE OCCUP, P181 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HEIDEJORGENSEN MP, 2001, DO NARWHALS CANADA C HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 INNES S, 2002, NAMMCO SCI PUBLICATI, V4, P169 KELLERT SR, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P705 LI TM, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P265 MCCAY BJ, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P21 OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS PETER A, 2002, INUIT STUD, V26, P167 POTEETE AR, 2004, HUM ECOL, V32, P279 RICHARDS P, 1998, E543 DEP FISH OC CAN RIDEOUT D, 2001, NUNATSIAQ NEWS RODON T, 1998, POLAR GEOGRAPHY, V22, P119 STERN P, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P445 STEVENSON M, 2004, CULTURAL SURVIVA SPR, P68 STEWART DB, 2001, INUIT KNOWLEDGE BELU WHITE G, 2000, J CAN STUD, V35, P80 WILSON J, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P327 NR 36 TC 3 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 715 EP 731 PY 2005 PD SEP VL 18 IS 8 GA 956JJ UT ISI:000231295700003 ER PT J AU Briassoulis, H TI Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons SO ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Univ Aegean, Dept Geog, Mitilini 81100, Lesvos, Greece. RP Briassoulis, H, Univ Aegean, Dept Geog, Faonos & Trikoupi, Mitilini 81100, Lesvos, Greece. AB Sustainable development calls for wise management of natural, built, and sociocultural resources in destination areas. Resources created mainly for tourism are used in time by the local population as well. Many others are shared in common with local people in everyday life. More often than not, resources are overused and degraded, as is the unfortunate fate of most 'common pool resources'. When this happens, sustainable development is severely threatened: economic wellbeing declines, environmental conditions worsen, social injustice grows, and tourist satisfaction drops. This paper analyzes the central role that common pool resources play in sustainable tourism development, outlines policy design principles for their management, and offers future research directions, (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *OECD, 1980, IMP TOUR ENV ANDERECK KL, 1997, ANN TOURISM RES, V24, P706 BERKES F, 1998, 7 C INT ASS STUD COM BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERNBOM G, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND BRAMWELL B, 2000, TOURISM COLLABORATIO BRIASSOULIS H, 1999, J ENV DEV, V8, P213 BRIASSOULIS H, 2000, TOURISM ENV REGIONAL, P1 BRIASSOULIS H, 2000, TOURISM ENV REGIONAL, P21 BRIGUGLIO L, 1996, SUSTAINABLE TOURISM BROMLEY D, 1991, ENV EC BURTON M, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND BUTLER RW, 1980, CAN GEOGR, V24, P5 CASTRI F, 1995, NATURE RESOURCES, V31, P2 CHAMBERS E, 1997, TOURISM CULTURE APPL, P1 CLAPP T, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND COLLINS A, 1999, ANN TOURISM RES, V26, P98 DASGUPTA P, EC TRANSNATIONAL COM DASGUPTA P, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V1, P1 EBER S, 1992, GREEN HORIZON PRINCI EDENSOR T, 2000, ANN TOURISM RES, V27, P322 EDWARDS V, 1998, 7 ANN C INT ASS STUD FARELL B, 1992, TOURISM ALTERNATIVES, P115 GOODALL B, 1997, TOURISM SUSTAINABILI, P279 GUTSCHER H, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HEALEY P, 1997, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI HEALY RG, 1994, ANN TOURISM RES, V21, P596 HESS C, 2001, WHAT COMMON POOL RES HOLLICK A, 1997, EC TRANSNATIONAL COM, P141 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 HUNTER C, 1997, ANN TOURISM RES, V24, P850 INGERSON A, 1997, LAND LINES, V9 INSKEEP E, 1991, TOURISM PLANNING INT JAFARI J, 1982, STUDIES TOURISM WILD, P1 KNEESE A, 1972, ENV QUALITY ANAL KO JTG, 2001, ANN TOURISM RES, V28, P817 MATHIESON A, 1992, TOURISM EC SOCIAL PH MCCANN A, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND MCGLENDON B, 1993, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V59, P145 MEYER E, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND NELISSEN N, 1997, CLASSICS ENV STUDIES OPPERMANN M, 1993, ANN TOURISM RES, V20, P535 ORIORDAN T, 1983, ANNOTATED READER ENV ORTOLANO L, 1984, ENV PLANNING DECISIO OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PEARCE D, 1989, TOURIST DEV PERRINGS C, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC, P93 PLEUMAROM A, 1994, ECOLOGIST, V24, P142 ROBINSON M, 1999, TOURISM CULTURAL CON ROSIN T, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND SCHLEICHERTAPPE.R, 1999, INSURED INSTRUMENTS SELSKY J, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND SHARPLEY R, 1994, TOURISM TOURISTS SOC TUCKER H, 2001, ANN TOURISM RES, V28, P868 WITBREUK M, 2000, 8 IASCP C BLOOM IND NR 57 TC 0 J9 ANN TOURISM RES BP 1065 EP 1085 PY 2002 PD OCT VL 29 IS 4 GA 622JZ UT ISI:000179645100011 ER PT J AU Ford, JD Smit, B Wandel, J TI Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic Bay, Canada SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Ford, JD, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB This paper develops a vulnerability-based approach to characterize the human implications of climate change in Arctic Bay, Canada. It focuses on community vulnerabilities associated with resource harvesting and the processes through which people adapt to them in the context of livelihood assets, constraints, and outside influences. Inuit in Arctic Bay have demonstrated significant adaptability in the face of changing climate-related exposures. This adaptability is facilitated by traditional Inuit knowledge, strong social networks, flexibility in seasonal hunting cycles, some modern technologies, and economic support. Changing Inuit livelihoods, however, have undermined certain aspects of adaptive capacity, and have resulted in emerging vulnerabilities in certain sections of the community. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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P184 WATTS MJ, 1993, PROG HUM GEOG, V17, P43 WENZEL G, 1991, ANIMAL RIGHTS HUMAN WENZEL G, 2001, INUIT STUDIES, V25, P37 WILKINSON D, 1955, LAND LONG DAY WOOLCOCK M, 2000, WORLD BANK RES OBSER, V15, P225 NR 132 TC 1 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 145 EP 160 PY 2006 PD MAY VL 16 IS 2 GA 051NM UT ISI:000238167800004 ER PT J AU De Warnaffe, GD Deconchat, M Ladet, S Balent, G TI Variability of cutting regimes in small private woodlots of south-western France SO ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 INPT, ENSAT, INRA, UMR 1201, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. RP Deconchat, M, INPT, ENSAT, INRA, UMR 1201, BP 52627, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. AB The small scale forest holdings are very common in Europe, but their management is not well known. The classical principes of forest management and of silviculture being rarely applied, their management is often seen as purely opportunistic, and even chaotic. To overcome this first sight, a detailed analysis of management practices in six private woodlots from two municipalities in south western France was done, with semi-directive interviews of the owners and an dynamic analysis of a chronological series of aerial pictures. The "said" practices (from the interviews) and the "seen" practices (from the aerial pictures) were crossed in a GIS and allowed to build the chronology of logging operations in any points of the woodlots from 1938 to 2003. The data from interviews and from aerial pictures fit together provided useful complementary information. They showed that there were no permanent spatial management unit, the logged areas being defined according to the local and current conditions. The silvicultural strategies and their dynamic have been described. The spatial-temporal complexity of the social and technical factors of the logging decision was acknowledged as a key explanation of the discrepancy between these small scale silvicultural systems and the classical systems. 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Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. CSIC, Ctr Ciencias Medioambientales, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RP Gonzalez-Andujar, JL, CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Aptdo 4084, Cordoba 14080, Spain. AB Understanding spatial distribution has become increasingly important in weed science. Seed dispersal, both between and within agricultural fields, is an important component of weed spatial distribution. Analysis of the effect of dispersal between fields has been relatively neglected in theoretical studies of weed population dynamics. In this paper, we present a simple landscape-level model of the influence of seed dispersal on winter wild oat population dynamics between fields. In the model, two fields are interconnected, with seeds being carried from one field to another as would occur when seeds are carried by field equipment or in irrigation water. The model is intended to characterize the effect of field-level weed management decisions on landscape-level weed population dynamics. Three scenarios were studied. The first employed no control measures in either field. The second employed annual application of herbicides in field 1 with field 2 receiving no treatment. In the third scenario, an herbicide application took place in field I only if the weed population in that field exceeded an action threshold. In the first scenario, the net result of the immigration and emigration processes determined the increase or decrease of the stable plant population. In the second scenario, weeds in the controlled field (field 1) were not driven to extinction as might be expected. The weed populations grew for practically all the dispersal parameter space. Each change in the parameter's values produced a new stable equilibrium. This situation might correspond to a multiplicity of stable states. The uncontrolled field (field 2) experienced an indirect control effect due to the use of control measures in field 1. In the third scenario, we observed an interesting behavior of the populations in both fields. The population in field I was not driven under the economic threshold, and both fields showed complex dynamics within defined combinations of migration and emigration values. CR AIBAR J, 1988, THESIS U POLITECNIA AULD BA, 1979, PROT ECOL, V1, P141 AULD BA, 1985, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V13, P1 BALLARE CL, 1987, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V19, P177 BALLARE CL, 1987, WEED RES, V27, P91 CARDINA J, 1997, WEED SCI, V45, P364 CHRISTENSEN S, 1999, P 2EUR C PREC AGR 2, P977 COUSENS R, 1995, FUNCT ECOL, V9, P15 CRAWLEY MJ, 1987, J THEOR BIOL, V125, P475 CRONE EE, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P289 DONALD WW, 1991, WEED TECHNOL, V5, P3 FERNANDEZQUINTA.C, 1987, WEED RES, V27, P375 GHERSA CM, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P104 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1991, J APPL ECOL, V28, P16 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1993, CROP PROT, V12, P617 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P555 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1995, J APPL ECOL, V32, P578 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1997, ACTAS C SOC ESP MALH, P155 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V97, P117 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 1999, WEED SCI, V47, P697 GONZALEZANDUJAR JL, 2000, FUNCT ECOL, V14, P524 HOWARD CL, 1991, P BRIGHT CROP PROT C, P821 HUGHES G, 1997, NATURE, V387, P241 JORDAN N, 1992, WEED TECHNOL, V6, P184 KAREIVA P, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P1 MAXWELL BD, 1992, WEED TECHNOL, V6, P196 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MAYER F, 1998, ASPECTS APPL BIOL, V51, P83 MCCANNY SJ, 1988, WEED RES, V28, P67 MENZ KM, 1980, AGR SYST, V6, P67 MORTIMER AM, 1990, WEED CONTROL HDB PRI, P1 MTPLEASANT J, 1994, WEED TECHNOL, V8, P304 MUENSCHER WC, 1935, WEEDS PETZOLD K, 1956, J AGR ENG RES, V1, P178 REW LJ, 1997, WEED RES, V37, P247 SWANTON CJ, 1991, WEED TECHNOL, V5, P657 THILL DC, 1997, WEED SCI, V45, P337 THRALL PH, 1989, J ECOL, V77, P1135 TORNER C, 1991, WEED RES, V31, P301 WALLINGA J, 1997, CROP PROT, V16, P273 WATKINSON AR, 1980, J THEOR BIOL, V83, P345 NR 41 TC 0 J9 WEED SCI BP 414 EP 422 PY 2001 PD MAY-JUN VL 49 IS 3 GA 545WY UT ISI:000175241600016 ER PT J AU Leach, M Mearns, R Scoones, I TI Institutions, consensus and conflict - Implications for policy and practice SO IDS BULLETIN-INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LA English DT Article AB This article reflects on the challenges faced when the ideal of consensual communities is questioned. A more complex view of institutional relationships at the local level is envisaged, one which emphasises conflict as much as consensus. This,in turn, suggests some implications for institutional design and processes of conflict negotiation. A number of alternatives are explored, ranging from targeted, institutional design to more flexible, learning process approaches. Support for effective negotiation processes is highlighted, including the enhancement of claims-making capacity through processes of participation and empowerment. Due ru the inherent uncertainties in both ecological and social dynamics, institutional design can never lake a blueprint form. Instead, a flexible, adaptive style of dealing with institutional complexity and uncertainty is envisaged. Despite the necessity of disagreggating 'community' imagery for local-level implementation, such imagery can also be used strategically and effectively by local people and other development actors in struggles to define and direct processes of change. CR BRADBURY M, 1995, WORKING PASTORALIST BURTON J, 1990, CONFLICT PRACTICES M COUSINS B, 1996, IDS BULL-I DEV STUD, V27, P41 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P552 JENKINS H, 1997, SOCIAL RESPONSE ENV KORTEN DC, 1980, PUBLIC ADMIN REV, V40, P48 KRAMER R, 1995, NEGOTIATION SOCIAL P LI TM, 1996, DEV CHANGE, V27, P501 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MOORE C, 1986, MEDIATION PROCESS PR MOSSE D, 1994, DEV CHANGE, V25, P497 MOSSE D, 1997, DEV CHANGE, V28, P467 NELSON N, 1995, POWER PARTICIPATORY PRUITT D, 1993, NEGOTIATION SOCIAL C SCHON D, 1983, REFLECTIVE PRACTIONE VEDELD T, 1992, 33C OV DEV I PAST DE WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 18 TC 2 J9 IDS BULL-INST DEVELOP STUD BP 90 EP + PY 1997 PD OCT VL 28 IS 4 GA YP127 UT ISI:000071245400010 ER PT J AU Gillson, L Duffin, KI TI Thresholds of potential concern as benchmarks in the management of African savannahs SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Environm Change Inst, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford Longterm Ecol Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Inst Plant Conservat, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Gillson, L, Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Environm Change Inst, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. AB In the Kruger National Park ( KNP), South Africa, ecosystem managers use a series of monitoring endpoints, known as thresholds of potential concern ( TPCs), to define the upper and the lower levels of accepted variation in ecosystems. For woody vegetation, the current TPC suggests that woody cover should not drop by more than 80% of its 'highest ever' value. In this paper, we explore the utility of palaeoecological data in informing TPCs. We use calibrated fossil pollen data to explore variability in vegetation at two sites over the past 5000 years, to provide a long-term record of changes in woody vegetation cover and a context for interpreting more recent vegetation change. The fossil pollen data are calibrated using studies of modern pollen and vegetation from KNP; arboreal pollen percentage was simulated using pollen - landscape modelling software for savannah landscapes of varying woody vegetation cover, and the relationship between vegetation and pollen data was quantified using nonlinear regression. This quadratic equation was then applied to fossil pollen data in order to estimate woody vegetation cover from arboreal pollen percentages. Our results suggest that the TPCs have not been exceeded during the period represented in the pollen record, because estimated woody vegetation cover has remained above 20% of its highest ever value. By comparing the fossil pollen data with TPCs, our study demonstrates how palaeoecological data can be presented in a form that is directly relevant to management objectives. CR BENNETT KD, 1998, PSIMPOLL 4 25 BENNETT KD, 2001, TRACKING ENV CHANGE, V3, P5 BIGGS HC, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC, P59 BOND WJ, 2003, S AFRICAN J BOT, V69, P1 BONNEFILLE R, 1971, POLLEN SPORES, V13, P15 BONNEFILLE R, 1980, POLLENS SAVANNES AFR BRITS J, 2002, AFR J ECOL, V40, P53 BUNTING MJ, 2005, REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO, V134, P185 CARRION JS, 2001, HOLOCENE, V11, P635 COETZEE BJ, 1979, KOEDOE, V22, P39 DUFFIN KI, IN PRESS VEG HIST AR ECKHARDT HC, 2000, AFR J ECOL, V38, P108 ENGELBRECHT AH, 1979, KOEDOE, V22, P29 ENSLIN BW, 2000, KOEDOE, V43, P27 FAGERLIND F, 1952, BOT NOTISER, V105, P185 FIEDLER PL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P83 GERTENBACH WPD, 1983, KOEDOE, V26, P9 GILLSON L, 2004, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V19, P883 HAMILTON A, 1982, ENV HIST E AFRICA HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KRUTCHKOFF RG, 1967, TECHNOMETRICS, V9, P425 LANDRES PB, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1179 MAHER L, 1972, REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO, V13, P95 MIDDLETON R, 2004, REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO, V132, P61 MILLS MGL, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC, P488 OSBORNE C, 1991, INT STAT REV, V59, P309 PAHLWOSTL C, 1995, DYNAMIC NATURE ECOSY PICKETT STA, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P65 PRENTICE IC, 1985, QUATERNARY RES, V23, P76 ROGERS KH, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC, P41 SCHOLES RJ, 2001, KOEDOE, V44, P73 SOWUNMI AS, 1995, GRANA, V34, P121 SUGITA S, 1993, QUATERNARY RES, V39, P239 SUGITA S, 1994, J ECOL, V82, P881 SUGITA S, 1999, HOLOCENE, V9, P409 TROLLOPE WSW, 1998, KOEDOE, V41, P103 VANCAMPO M, 1960, B I FRANCAIS AFRIQ A, V22, P1165 VENTER FJ, 1986, KOEDOE, V29, P139 VETTER S, 2005, J ARID ENVIRON, V62, P321 WRIGHT HE, 1965, HDB PALEONTOLOGICAL, P494 ZAMBATIS N, 2002, CHECKLIST SPECIES KR NR 41 TC 2 J9 PHILOS TRANS R SOC B-BIOL SCI BP 309 EP 319 PY 2007 PD FEB 28 VL 362 IS 1478 GA 132XK UT ISI:000243976000013 ER PT J AU Hooper, DU Chapin, FS Ewel, JJ Hector, A Inchausti, P Lavorel, S Lawton, JH Lodge, DM Loreau, M Naeem, S Schmid, B Setala, H Symstad, AJ Vandermeer, J Wardle, DA TI Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review C1 Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Zurich, Inst Environm Sci, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. CNRS, CEBC, F-79360 Beauvoir Sur Niort, France. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Ecol Alpine, UMR 5553, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. Natl Environm Res Council, Swindon SN2 1EU, Wilts, England. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Sci Biol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Ecole Normale Super, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, F-75230 Paris 05, France. Columbia Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Environm Biol, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland. US Geol Survey, Mt Rushmore Natl Mem, Keystone, SD 57751 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Landcare Res, Lincoln, New Zealand. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. RP Hooper, DU, Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. AB Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1)Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species', ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions. 3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change. 4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions. 5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered. We have high confidence in the following conclusions: 1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning. 2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems. 3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options. Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas: 1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects. 2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. The response of ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers. 3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental, work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity. 4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies. 5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary. Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making. 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RP Voinov, AA, Inst Ecol Econ, POB 35, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB Some problems and controversies of sustainability are treated within the framework of system analysis. It: seems difficult to reconcile the concept of sustainability with such system categories as hierarchy and cycling. 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UNIV NEW MEXICO,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. CR BRAUER F, 1975, THEORET POPULATION B, V8, P12 COLEMAN BD, 1979, MATH BIOSCI, V46, P71 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 NETO AL, 1980, INVENT MATH, V59, P69 PLISS VA, 1966, NONLOCAL PROBLEMS TH SANCHEZ DA, 1977, SIAM REV, V19, P551 SANCHEZ DA, 1982, NONLINEAR PHENOMENA, P883 SHASHAHANI S, 1981, NONLINEAR ANAL, V5, P157 NR 8 TC 1 J9 MATH MAG BP 156 EP 158 PY 1984 VL 57 IS 3 GA SQ097 UT ISI:A1984SQ09700005 ER PT J AU Hardman-Mountford, NJ Allen, JI Frost, MT Hawkins, SJ Kendall, MA Mieszkowska, N Richardson, KA Somerfield, PJ TI Diagnostic monitoring of a changing environment: An alternative UK perspective SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. Marine Biol Assoc United Kingdom Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. RP Hardman-Mountford, NJ, Plymouth Marine Lab, Prospect Pl,W Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. AB Adaptive management of the marine environment requires an understanding of the complex interactions within it. Establishing levels of natural variability within and between marine ecosystems is a necessary prerequisite to this process and requires a monitoring programme which takes account of the issues of time, space and scale. In this paper, we argue that an ecosystem approach to managing the marine environment should take direct account of climate change indicators at a regional level if it is to cope with the unprecedented change expected as a result of human impacts on the earth climate system. We discuss the purpose of environmental monitoring and the importance of maintaining long-term time series. Recommendations are made on the use of these data in conjunction with modern extrapolation and integration tools (e.g. ecosystem models, remote sensing) to provide a diagnostic approach to the management of marine ecosystems, based on adaptive indicators and dynamic baselines. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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IMIM UPF, ICREA Complex Syst Lab, Barcelona 08003, Spain. Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London E1 4NS, England. Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. RP Pimm, SL, Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. AB Darwin used the metaphor of a 'tangled bank' to describe the complex interactions between species. Those interactions are varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation, herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic ones, such as those involving the pollination of flowers by insects. Moreover, the metaphor hints that the interactions may be complex to the point of being impossible to understand. All interactions can be visualized as ecological networks, in which species are linked together, either directly or indirectly through intermediate species. Ecological networks, although complex, have well defined patterns that both illuminate the ecological mechanisms underlying them and promise a better understanding of the relationship between complexity and ecological stability. 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Dept Fisheries & Oceans Cent & Arctic Reg, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB In recent years in the Canadian Arctic, participatory and pluralistic approaches have become common in several areas of environmental management relevant to the resolution of multiple-use conflicts: fish and wildlife, protected area planning, integrated coastal zone management, ecosystem health monitoring, contaminants research, environmental assessment, and climate change. This paper analyzes the emergence and development of aboriginal participation in resource management in each of these areas, with emphasis on the Canada Oceans Act. Policy change seems to parallel the emergence of aboriginal land claims and the general political movement towards greater self-government. Increasing political power of northern populations in general, and aboriginal groups in particular, have led to a modification of the environmental decision-making process, and to the incorporation of local values, priorities, and traditional environmental knowledge in environmental research and management. Especially important in this process has been the emergence of traditional environmental knowledge as a mechanism by which participatory approaches can be implemented. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Otago, Agr Res Grp Sustainabil, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP MacLeod, CJ, Landcare Res, POB 69, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand. AB Previous studies of New Zealand's environmental and agricultural history have provided a broad-brush characterisation of land use change that potentially misses pivotal fluctuations in land use policy and practice that would inform us of key drivers of ongoing agricultural land use change. Of particular interest to policy makers is the period after the end of agriculture's 'long boom' in the late 1970s, when a dramatic change in economic policy occurred and farming subsidies were removed. A review and principal components analysis of 35 New Zealand agricultural statistics from the past 40 years identified two main patterns of change in land use, production, and farm inputs. One set of variables, which explained 49% of the variation, indicates an overarching, strong and steady trend for agricultural intensification and to a lesser extent diversification, as indicated by (a) increasing stocking rates and yields, (b) increased farm fertiliser, pesticide and food stock inputs, (c) conversion to more intensive forms of agriculture, and (d) diversification into forestry and deer farming. A second group of variables, which explained 22% of overall variation, inflects around 1982/1983, the time of a major shift in agri-economic policy that removed farm subsidies. The second group of changes included some contraction in agriculture (especially in sheep farming) and its associated inputs and a decline in rural population. There is evidence of acceleration in intensification and diversification in the past decade and for slowing in the contraction of the second set of variables between 1997 and 2001. The drivers of these changes are poorly understood and their impacts on biodiversity conservation in farmed landscapes cannot be discerned from the national indicators currently being monitored. The accelerating agricultural intensification over the past 40 years raises concern about whether New Zealand farming is broadly ecologically sustainable now, and especially whether it could remain so in future. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Clark, B, Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. AB There is widespread agreement in the natural sciences that observed increases in average global temperatures over the past century are due in large part to the anthropogenic (human generated) emission of greenhouse gases, primarily stemming from fossil fuel combustion and land use changes (e.g., deforestation). Many social processes have been identified for their contribution to climate change. However, few theoretical approaches have been used to study systematically the relations of the social with the biosphere. Our goal is to illustrate how the theory of metabolic rift provides a powerful approach for understanding human influence on the carbon cycle and global climate change. We extend the discussions of metabolism (the relationship of exchange between nature and humans) and metabolic rift to the biosphere in general and to the carbon cycle in particular. We situate our discussion of the metabolic rift in the historical context of an expanding, global capitalist system that largely influences the organization of human interactions with the environment. The general properties of a metabolic rift between nature and society include the disruption or interruption of natural processes and cycles, the accumulation of waste, and environmental degradation. Due to capitalism's inherent expansionary tendencies, technological development serves to escalate commodity production, which necessitates the burning of fossil fuels to power the machinery of production. As this process unfolded historically, it served to flood carbon sinks and generate an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Technological "improvements" have actually increased the amount of resources used, since expansion in production typically outstrips gains in efficiency - a situation known as the Jevons paradox. The theory of the metabolic rift reveals how capital contributes to the systematic degradation of the biosphere. 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drought mitigation SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article C1 Univ Zimbabwe, Unesco IHE Waternet, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Rockstrom, J, Univ Zimbabwe, Unesco IHE Waternet, POB MP 600, Harare, Zimbabwe. AB Doughts resulting in complete crop failure are common in Eastern and Southern Africa. We are at present experiencing a regional crisis, where crop failures related to drought are threatening the lives of millions of people in several countries in Southern Africa. A major challenge is to seek ways of mitigating and coping with droughts in small-holder farming systems, particularly in semi-arid regions which are most hardly hit by the effects of drought. An entry-point for drought mitigation is to build water resilience of present rainfed farming systems. The water balance is a good starting point to assess the options. As has been argued for decades, the term drought is very debated, and the boundaries between droughts being politically and biophysically defined is not sharp. Often crop failures and social suffering are blamed on drought, while in reality the causes are more complex than only a decline in rainfall. A challenge is to find management strategies to deal with the unreliable and extremely variable rainfall in savannah environments. In this paper examples of small-scale management practices to mitigate drought in semi-arid rainfed farming are presented. Focus is on water harvesting systems for supplemental irrigation. It is shown that with relatively simple and cheap means it is possible to build resilience to deal with water scarcity in semi-arid farming systems. If such measures are combined with efforts of maximising plant water availability and plant water uptake capacity, there are good chances of mitigating certain droughts. Conservation tillage systems have proven to maximise rainfall infiltration and storage of water in the soil, enabling even crops lacking supplemental irrigation to bridge severe dry spells. Interestingly, building resilience in rainfed farming systems is also a means of water demand management. More crop is produced per drop of water in resilient farming systems, which reduces the amount of water needed to produce food. Despite the opportunities to build resilience to mitigate droughts, it is impossible to escape from the severe drought years. This is where coping mechanisms are required, which involve social, economic and institutional preparedness to cope with the social effects of climatic droughts. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *ICSU, 2002, SER SCI SUST DEV, V7, P22 *IPCC, 2001, 3 IPCC AGARWAL A, 2000, DROUGHT TRY CAPTURIN BARRON J, 1999, E AFR AGR FORESTRY J, V65, P57 BARRON J, 2003, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V117, P23 BENITES J, 1998, P INT WORKSH HAR 2 1, P59 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOL MONOGR, V71, P163 DAVIES S, 2000, DROUGHT, V2 DEGROEN MM, 1996, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V20, P515 DREGNE HE, 1992, GLOBAL DESERTIFICATI FALKENMARK M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P427 FALKENMARK M, 2003, IN PRESS EARTHSCAN FOX P, 2002, FOOD SECURITY MALAWI FOX P, 2003, AGR WATER MANAGE, V1817, P1 GLANTZ MH, 1994, DROUGHT FOLLOWS PLOU, P195 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HUDAK AT, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P55 KASPERSSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK LEVIN SA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P222 LUBCHENCO J, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P491 NIAMIRFULLER M, 1999, MANAGING MOBILITY AF OLDREIVE B, 1993, FARM MANAGEMENT HDB, P76 PANDEY RK, 2000, AGR WATER MANAGE, V46, P1 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT ROCKSTROM J, 1993, MEMOIRE FINALE I NAT, P83 ROCKSTROM J, 1997, THESIS STOCKHOLM U S, P220 ROCKSTROM J, 1998, J HYDROL, V210, P68 ROCKSTROM J, 1998, TWICE HUMANITY IMPLI, P117 ROCKSTROM J, 2000, PHYSICS CHEM EARTH B, V25, P279 ROCKSTROM J, 2001, 1 WORLD C CONS AGR, V39, P363 ROCKSTROM J, 2003, WATER PRODUCTIVITY A VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 NR 34 TC 1 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH BP 869 EP 877 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 20-27 GA 737FD UT ISI:000186219000012 ER PT J AU Steyer, GD Llewellyn, DW TI Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act: A programmatic application of adaptive management SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Louisiana Dept Nat Resources, Coastal Restorat Div, Baton Rouge, LA 70804 USA. RP Steyer, GD, Louisiana Dept Nat Resources, Coastal Restorat Div, POB 94396, Baton Rouge, LA 70804 USA. AB The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA), commonly referred to as 'The Breaux Act', has provided some of the resources necessary to begin implementing a comprehensive, large-scale, long-term coastal wetland restoration program for Louisiana USA. Due to the dynamic nature of this ecosystem and the uncertainty associated with large-scale restoration, adaptive management principles were embedded throughout CWPPRA's organizational structure, planning process, project implementation, and monitoring program to facilitate achieving the mandates associated with the Breaux Act. Feedback loops were established within and between each of the programmatic components to encourage continuous learning, which is central to adaptive management. The knowledge gained has led to institutionalized change in projects as well as the program. This paper describes how the formation of the CWPPRA Task Force and associated committees and groups resulted in an integrated coast-wide process for planning, selection, construction, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and scientific evaluation of 84 restoration projects implemented or scheduled for implementation throughout coastal Louisiana. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP HAILA, Y, UNIV TURKU,SATAKUNTA ENVIRONM RES CTR,SF-28900 PORI,FINLAND. AB 'Biodiversity' has become a popular term in conservation biologY. We review the history of the term. It has several historical origins from ecology, genetics and evolutionary biology. The term 'biodiversity' refers to the fact that heterogeneity at different ecological levels is a fundamental property of natural systems. The term itself is abstract and descriptively complex, i.e., several alternative criteria can be used to operationalize the term. Consequently, the term is context-specific when used in conservation and management. The term 'biodiversity' should be used cautiously and carefully in management, and it is desirable to try to combine multiple-scale and multiple-level approaches simultaneously. Idiosyncrasies of particular systems and environments should be recognized and it seems unlikely that 'biodiversity' could be measured using a simple, single index. 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Indiana Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Gibson, CC, Indiana Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Woodburn Hall 210, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB Issues related to the scale of ecological phenomena are of fundamental importance to their study. The causes and consequences of environmental change can, of course, be measured at different levels and along multiple scales. While the natural sciences have long understood the importance of scale, research regarding scale in the social sciences has been less explicit. less precise. and more variable. The growing need for interdisciplinary work across the natural/social science divide, however, demands that each achieve some common understandings about scaling issues. This survey seeks to facilitate the dialogue between natural and social scientists by reviewing some of the more important aspects of the concept of scale employed in the social sciences, especially as they relate to the human dimensions of global environmental change. The survey presents the fundamentals of scale. examines four general scaling issues typical of social science, and explores how different social science disciplines have used scale in their research. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB The authors define the rural economy not as a functional entity but as a complex, open system, the analysis of which requires an interdisciplinary approach oriented to the study of processes and interactions. This evolutionary perspective is illustrated by two generic studies of rural issues: the role played by the postwar planning regime in the definition and management of rural space in Britain; and the connection between agricultural development and the reproduction of farm structures. The understanding of sustainable development which emerges calls for a holistic and responsive approach to rural policy formulation. 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GEORGE MASON UNIV,PROGRAM GLOBAL CHANGE,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. UNIV PEACE,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. CTR ECOSYST MANAGEMENT STUDIES,WINDEN,GERMANY. LA TROBE UNIV,DEPT GENET & HUMAN VARIAT,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. INT UNION CONSERVAT NAT & NAT RESOURCES,MARINE & COASTAL AREAS PROGRAMME,GLAND,SWITZERLAND. NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SEATTLE,WA 98115. COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,INST SYST ENGN & INFORMAT,ISPRA,ITALY. UNIV BERGEN,DEPT FISHERIES & MARINE BIOL,N-5020 BERGEN,NORWAY. MARINE MAMMAL COMMISS,WASHINGTON,DC. PODERE II FALCO,CITTA DELLA PIEVE,ITALY. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 1M9,CANADA. UNIV ICELAND,INST SCI,IS-107 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND. DEPT ENVIRONM & NAT RESOURCES,QUEZON,PHILIPPINES. UNIV GEORGIA,SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,ATHENS,GA 30602. CTR MARINE CONSERVAT,REDMOND,WA. UNIV ABERDEEN,ABERDEEN AB9 1FX,SCOTLAND. UNIV YORK,DEPT ENVIRONM ECON & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. SIMON FRASER UNIV,SCH RESOURCE & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,BURNABY,BC V5A 1S6,CANADA. CHICAGO ZOOL SOC,BROOKFIELD,IL. UNIV TORONTO,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA. ECKERD COLL,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33733. NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES SCI CTR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SILVER SPRING,MD. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES SCI CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. LEE TALBOT ASSOCIATES INT,MCLEAN,VA. CALIF FORESTRY ASSOC,SACRAMENTO,CA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SECT EVOLUT & ECOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGR ECON,DAVIS,CA 95616. FORDHAM UNIV,CALDER CTR,BRONX,NY 10458. WORLD WILDLIFE FUND,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. NAT RESOURCES CONSULTANTS,SEATTLE,WA. RP Mangel, M, UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,ENVIRONM STUDIES BOARD,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. AB We describe broadly applicable principles for the conservation of wild living resources and mechanisms for their implementation. These principles were engendered from three starting points. First, a set of principles for the conservation of wild living resources (Holt and Talbot 1978) required reexamination and updating. Second, those principles lacked mechanisms for implementation and consequently were not as effective as they might have been. Third, all conservation problems have scientific, economic, and social aspects, and although the mix may vary from problem to problem, all three aspects must be included in problem solving. We illustrate the derivation of, and amplify the meaning of, the principles, and discuss mechanisms for their implementation. The principles are: Principle I. Maintenance of healthy populations of wild living resources in perpetuity is inconsistent with unlimited growth of human consumption of and demand for those resources. Principle II. The goal of conservation should be to secure present and future options by maintaining biological diversity at genetic, species, population, and ecosystem levels; as a general rule neither the resource nor other components of the ecosystem should be perturbed beyond natural boundaries of variation. Principle III. Assessment of the possible ecological and sociological effects of resource use should precede both proposed use and proposed restriction or expansion of ongoing use of a resource. Principle IV. Regulation of the use of living resources must be based on understanding the structure and dynamics of the ecosystem of which the resource is a part and must take into account the ecological and sociological influences that directly and indirectly affect resource use. Principle V. The full range of knowledge and skills from the natural and social sciences must be brought to bear on conservation problems. Principle VI. Effective conservation requires understanding and taking account of the motives, interests, and values of all users and stakeholders, but not by simply averaging their positions. Principle VII. Effective conservation requires communication that is interactive, reciprocal, and continuous. Mechanisms for implementation of the principles are discussed. 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RP Munkes, B, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, Dusterbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. AB Between the 1950s and 1980s concentrations of inorganic nutrients increased in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea, including the Greifswalder Bodden. As a consequence, phytoplankton concentrations and suspended solids increased strongly and the light penetration decreased substantially. An increased turbidity led to a phase shift from a macrophyte-dominated to a phytoplanktondominated ecosystem. Within 30 years, macrophyte cover declined from 90% to 15%. Macrophyte depth limit decreased from 14 m to 6 m in the Bodden. After 1985, nutrient loading declined strongly. Although nutrient loads in the Greifswalder Bodden were reduced (a 50% decrease in phosphate concentration and a 40% decrease in nitrogen concentration) in the last 15 years, an expected improvement in water quality did not coincide. Light conditions improved slightly and macrophytes showed no recovery. Possible reasons for the slow improvement are internal loading and subsequent release of iron-bound phosphorus from sediments. This process sustains continuous high nutrient concentrations in the water column and facilitates the high growth and dominance of phytoplankton. During summer, an abundant Cyanobacteria community fuels phytoplankton dominance. In addition, heavy losses in macrophyte cover result in an increase in sediment resuspensation, which leads to a reduced light penetration. There is no sign of any change in current conditions. 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RP Allan, C, Charles Sturt Univ, POB 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. AB Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative, case study-based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven "imperatives" that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 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RP Shafer, CL, Natl Pk Serv, 1849 C St NW, Washington, DC 20240 USA. AB Key needs for the creation of a nature reserve system are outlined: formulating goals, selecting management categories, taking inventory, identifying gaps, designing reserves, measuring reserve condition and vulnerability, and recognizing the relationship between research and management. Some essential components are highlighted: a regional perspective, diversification of management categories, focus on the economics of human welfare, not ignoring the opportunities small reserves can provide for some biota, addition of marine reserves, and the importance of a focus on natural processes. The view some Americans have of indigenous people and protected areas is not compatible with third world realities. Since the problems and challenges of protecting areas in northern and southern countries are alike in many ways, however, a Eurocentric seeking to articulate the special circumstances faced by tropical countries offers these suggestions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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BIOSCIENCE, V48, P607 WILLE C, 1995, NATURE CONSERVANCY, V45, P11 WILLIAMS OR, 1996, SCI ECOSYSTEM MANAGE, P161 WILLISS GF, 1985, DO THINGS RIGHT 1 TI WILSON DE, 1996, MANU BIODIVERSITY SE WILSON EO, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P700 WOINARSKI JCZ, 1992, AUSTR GLOB ECOL BIOG, V2, P11 WOLF CM, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1142 WOODROFFE R, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P2126 WOODWELL GM, 1983, SCIENCE, V222, P1081 YOUNG RH, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY GE ZUBE EH, 1986, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V13, P11 NR 287 TC 12 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 123 EP 153 PY 1999 PD MAY 10 VL 44 IS 2-3 GA 204LW UT ISI:000080766600006 ER PT J AU Sanchez, PA Leakey, RRB TI Land use transformation in Africa: three determinants for balancing food security with natural resource utilization SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY LA English DT Article RP Sanchez, PA, INT CTR RES AGROFORESTRY,POB 30677,NAIROBI,KENYA. AB The continued threat to the world's land resources is exacerbated by the protracted food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. Per capita food production continues to decrease even though this region compares favorably with other tropical regions in terms of climate and soil resources. The main determinant of this situation is the widely recognized need for an enabling policy environment that favors smallholder rural development. However, there are two other key determinants to food security and environmental sustainability in Africa that have not received sufficient attention in the past and are the focus of this contribution: (1) the need to tackle soil fertility depletion as the fundamental biophysical constraint to food security and (2) the need for more intensive and diverse land use, based on the domestication of indigenous trees to produce high value products while increasing agroecosystem resilience. Approaches that include these three issues will transform smallholder farming in Africa into productive and sustainable enterprises and will contribute greatly to food security and environmental conservation, in a win-win situation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. CR *IFPRI, 1996, FEED WORLD PREV POV *WORLD BANK, 1995, 15111 AFR WORLD BANK *WORLD BANK, 1995, FEAS PHOSPH ROCK US *WORLD BANK, 1996, AFR DEV IND 1996 *WORLD BANK, 1996, NAT RES DEGR SUBS AF *WORLD RES I, 1992, WORLD RES 1992 1993, P281 AUMEERUDDY Y, 1994, 3 UNESCO BADIANE O, 1995, 4 IFPRI BORLAUG N, 1994, T 15 WORLD C SOIL SC BROWN L, 1994, 7 IFPRI CLEAVER KM, 1994, REVERSING SPIRAL POP COOPER PJM, 1996, EXP AGR, V32, P235 DEFORESTA H, 1994, AGROFORESTRY TODAY, V6, P12 DEWEES PA, 1996, POLICIES MARKETS NON DUPAIN D, 1994, CONTRIBUTION ETUDE C FRANZEL S, 1996, 8 ISNAR FRISSEL MJ, 1977, CYCLING MINERAL NUTR, V4 HARWOOD RR, 1994, ALTERNATIVE SLASH AN, P93 HOMERDIXON TF, 1993, SCI AM, V268, P16 JAENICKE H, 1996, J TROP FOREST SCI, V7, P490 LADIPO DO, 1996, IN PRESS DOMESTICATI LEAKEY RRB, 1994, MAB, V17 LEAKEY RRB, 1994, TROPICAL TREES POTEN, P3 LEAKEY RRB, 1995, P 4 INT BIOREFOR WOR, P15 LEAKEY RRB, 1996, AGROFOR TODAY, V8, P5 LEAKEY RRB, 1996, IN PRESS NONWOOD FOR, V9 MICHON G, 1994, DAMAR AGROFORESTS PA MICHON G, 1996, IN PRESS NONWOOD FOR, V9 MOKWUNYE AE, 1986, MANAGEMENT NITROGEN NEWTON AC, 1994, ECODECISIONS, V13, P48 OKAFOR JC, 1987, AGROFOREST SYST, V5, P153 PAGIOLA S, 1994, ADOPTING CONSERVATIO, P171 PALM CA, 1995, AGROFOREST SYST, V30, P105 SANCHEZ PA, 1982, GEODERMA, V27, P283 SANCHEZ PA, 1992, SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICA, V29, P35 SANCHEZ PA, 1995, AGROFOREST SYST, V30, P5 SANCHEZ PA, 1995, SOIL FERTILITY REPLE SANCHEZ PA, 1996, UNASYLVA, V185, P24 SIMONS AJ, 1996, IN PRESS NONWOOD FOR, V9 SMALING E, 1993, THESIS AGR U WAGENIN TIFFEN M, 1994, MORE PEOPLE LESS ERO WATSON GA, 1990, EXP AGR, V26, P143 NR 42 TC 17 J9 EUR J AGRON BP 15 EP 23 PY 1997 PD SEP VL 7 IS 1-3 GA YF776 UT ISI:A1997YF77600003 ER PT J AU MUNN, RE TI TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (REPRINTED FROM PROC SYMP MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESS, PG 11-19, 1990) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT PART A-GENERAL TOPICS LA English DT Reprint RP MUNN, RE, UNIV TORONTO,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,TORONTO M5S 1A4,ONTARIO,CANADA. AB Sustainable development is a difficult phrase to define, particularly in the context of human ecosystems. Questions have to be asked, such as "Sustainable for whom?" "Sustainable for what purposes?" "Sustainable at the subsistence or at the luxury level?" and "Sustainable under what conditions?" In this paper, development is taken to mean improving the quality of life. (If development were to mean growth, then it could not be sustained over the long term.) Studies of development must, of course, consider economic factors, particularly in the case of societies who suffer from the pollution of poverty. However, cultural and environmental factors are equally important. In fact, development is not sustainable over the long term if it is not ecologically sustainable. The terms maximum sustainable yield of a renewable resource, carrying capacity of a region and assimilative capacity of a watershed or airshed are discussed. Approaches using these resource management tools are recommended when external conditions are not changing very much. The problem today is that unprecedented rates of change are expected in the next century, not only of environmental conditions such as climate but also of socioeconomic conditions such as renewable resource consumption and populations (of both people and of automobiles)! In rapidly changing situations, policies must be adopted that strengthen resilience and ecosystem integrity; that is, society must increase its ability to adapt. Maintaining the status quo is a long-term prescription for disaster. The problem is of course that little is known about how to design strategies that will increase resilience and ecosystem integrity, and this area of research needs to be strengthened. Some suggestions on appropriate indicators of ecosystem integrity are given in the paper but these need considerable refinement. One of the main problems with long-term environmental policy formulation is the uncertainty to be expected, including the possibility that complete surprises will occur, as the time horizon moves forward. Research programmes will of course reduce the uncertainty but will never eliminate it. There is therefore an urgent need to improve current methods of environmental policy formulation, which avoid foreclosing of options and permit continuous review and adaptation of policies. The Canadian round-table approach is mentioned, as well as the policy-exercise approach developed at IIASA (the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis). CR 1980, WORLD CONSERVATION S 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE 1989, SUSTAINABLE DEV, V10, P1 1990, IGBP12 SWED ACAD SCI ARCHIBUGI F, 1989, EC ECOLOGY SUSTAINAB CARSON R, 1987, SILENT SPRING CHRISTIE WJ, 1990, UNPUB PERSPECTIVE AP CLARK WC, 1985, WP8543 INT I APPL SY CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS COULTER J, 1989, 4 EC C AUSTR COULTER J, 1989, EC GROWTH ENV SUSTAI FRIEND A, 1990, UNPUB EVOLUTION INFO HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KEYFITZ N, 1989, WP8927 INT I APPL SY MUNN RE, 1990, P S MANAGING ENV STR, P11 MUNN RE, 1991, P C SUSTAINABLE POLI, V108, P163 MUNN RE, 1992, P WORKSHOP ECOLOGICA ODEN S, 1968, ECOLOGY COMMITTEE B, V1 PEARCE D, 1989, BLUEPRINT GREEN EC PEARCE E, 1989, NEW STATESMAN SOC, V2, P17 PEZZEY J, 1989, 15 WORLD BANK ENV DE RAPPORT DJ, 1989, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V33, P120 REGIER HA, 1989, UNPUB AUG COUCH C REPETTO R, 1989, WASTING ASSETS NATUR RIND D, 1988, NATURE, V334, P483 STIGLIANI WM, 1989, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V80, P1 TOTH FL, 1988, SIMULATION GAMES, V19, P235 VICTOR PA, 1991, EC ECOLOGICAL DECISI WARD B, 1972, ONLY ONE EARTH NR 30 TC 4 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON PT A-GEN TOP BP 2725 EP 2731 PY 1992 PD OCT VL 26 IS 15 GA JT894 UT ISI:A1992JT89400007 ER PT J AU Kuo, JT Hsu, NS Chiu, SK TI Optimization and risk analyses for rule curves of reservoir operation: application to Tien-Hua-Hu Reservoir in Taiwan SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Hydrotech Res Inst, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP Kuo, JT, Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 106, Taiwan. AB Tien-Hua-Hu Reservoir is currently under planning by the Water Resources Agency, Taiwan to meet the increasing water demands of central Taiwan arising from rapid growth of domestic water supply, and high-tech industrial parks. This study develops a simulation model for the ten-day period reservoir operation to calculate the ten-day water shortage index under varying rule curves. A genetic algorithm is coupled to the simulation model to find the optimal rule curves using the minimum ten-day water shortage index as an objective function. This study generates many sets of synthetic streamflows for risk, reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability analyses of reservoir operation. ARMA and disaggregation models are developed and applied to the synthetic streamflow generation. The optimal rule curves obtained from this study perform better in the ten-day shortage index when compared to the originally designed rule curves from a previous study. The optimal rule curves are also superior to the originally designed rule curves in terms of vulnerability. However, in terms of reliability and resiliency, the optimal rule curves are inferior to the those originally designed. Results from this study have provided in general a set of improved rule curves for operation of the Tien-Hua-Hu Reservoir. Furthermore, results from reliability, resiliency and vulnerability analyses offer much useful information for decision making in reservoir operation. CR *HYDR ENG CTR, 1975, HYDR ENG METH WAT RE, V8 *HYDR ENG CTR, 1989, HEC 5 SIM FLOOD CONT *WAT RES AG, 1996, INV RUL CERV IMP RES *WAT RES PLANN I, 2003, FEAS SCHEM TIEN HUA ARUNKUMAR S, 1973, WATER RESOURCES CTR, V140 BECKER L, 1974, WATER RESOUR RES, V10, P1107 BELLMAN R, 1962, APPL DYNAMIC PROGRAM DAGLI CH, 1980, J HYDRAULIC DIVISION, V47, P197 ESHELMAN L, 1992, P 1992 FDN GEN ALG F, P187 GOLDBERG DE, 1987, J COMPUT CIVIL ENG, V1, P128 HALL WA, 1969, WATER RESOURCES CTR, V130 HALL WA, 1970, WATER RESOURCES SYST HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HOLLAND JH, 1975, ADAPTATION NATURE AR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HSU SK, 1995, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V121, P119 HUFSCHMIDT MM, 1966, SIMULATION TECHNIQUE JACOBSON DH, 1970, DIFFERENTIAL DYNAMIC KLIPSCH J, 2002, HEC RESSIM CAPABILIT KUO JT, 2003, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V48, P71 LABADIE JW, 2004, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V130, P93 LOUCKS DP, 1968, J SANIT ENG DIV AM S, V94, P657 OLIVEIRA R, 1997, WATER RESOUR RES, V33, P839 WAN S, 1992, P 6 IAHR INT S STOCH, P147 WANG XB, 1999, CONTEMP CHIN THOUGHT, V30, P5 WRIGHT AH, 1991, FDN GENETIC ALGORITH, P205 YEN BC, 1971, P 1 INT S U PITTSB P, P694 YOUNG GK, 1967, J HYDR DIV ASCE, V93, P297 NR 28 TC 0 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL BP 317 EP 325 PY 2006 VL 53 IS 10 GA 060WO UT ISI:000238832700036 ER PT J AU Bennett, EM Cumming, GS Peterson, GD TI A systems model approach to determining resilience surrogates for case studies SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Bennett, EM, McGill Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Macdonald Campus 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. AB Resilience theory offers a framework for understanding the dynamics of complex systems. However, operationalizing resilience theory to develop and test empirical hypotheses can be difficult. We present a method in which simple systems models are used as a framework to identify resilience surrogates for case studies. The process of constructing a systems model for a particular case offers a path for identifying important variables related to system resilience, including the slowly-changing variables and thresholds that often are keys to understanding the resilience of a system. We develop a four-step process for identifying resilience surrogates through development of systems models. Because systems model development is often a difficult step, we summarize four basic existing systems models and give examples of how each may be used to identify resilience surrogates. The construction and analysis of simple systems models provides a useful basis for guiding and directing the selection of surrogate variables that will offer appropriate empirical measures of resilience. 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RP Sherman, K, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narraganett Lab, Off Marine Ecosyst Studies, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB Large marine ecosystems (LMEs) are areas of ocean space with distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophic relationships. On a global scale, researchers have described 50 LMEs; these areas account for 95% of the annual global marine fishery yields. Retrospective analyses of the principal forces driving changes in the yields and sustainability of fisheries biomass have been completed for 33 of the LMEs. Based on the results of these studies, working groups within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Marine Fisheries Service have developed a five-module strategic approach for strengthening the links between science-based assessments of changing LME states and socioeconomic benefits of long-term sustainability of fisheries. The modules provide a framework for developing countries to improve assessment and management of LME fisheries, habitat and related pollution reduction needs. The LME projects currently funded or being developed in collaboration with the Global Environment Facility, World Bank, and other international donor agencies represent a broad global spectrum of stakeholders. Included are the ministries of Fisheries, Environment, Finance, and other public and private sector interests of 14 countries in Asia, 20 countries in Africa, 16 countries in Central and South America, and 9 countries in eastern Europe. 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RP Alroe, HF, DARCOF, POB 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. AB There are many different meanings of sustainability and precaution and no evident connection between the new normative concepts and the traditional moral theories. We seek an ethical basis for sustainability and precaution-a common framework that can serve as a means of resolving the conceptual ambiguities of the new normative concepts and the conflicts between new and traditional moral concepts and theories. We employ a systemic approach to analyze the past and possible future extension of ethics and establish an inclusive framework of ethical extension. This framework forms the basis for what we call a systemic ethic. 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Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Anthropol, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. AB Community workshops are widely used tools for collaborative research on social-ecological resilience in indigenous communities. Although results have been reported in many publications, few have reflected explicitly on the workshop itself, and specifically on understanding what is said during a workshop. Drawing on experience from workshops held in Huslia, Alaska in 2004 on wildfire and climate change, we discuss the importance of considering cultural, political, and epistemological context when analyzing statements made by indigenous people in community workshops. We provide examples of statements whose meaning and intent were, and may remain, unclear, with descriptions of our attempts to understand what was being said by placing the statements in a variety of contexts. We conclude that, although workshops can be an efficient means of exchanging information, researchers should strive for multiple channels of communication and should be cautious in their interpretations of what is said. CR *ACIA, 2004, IMP WARM ARCT BERGER TR, 1985, VILLAGE JOURNEY REPO BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BRIGGS CL, 1986, LEARNING SOC APPR RO BRUNNER RD, 2004, ARCTIC, V57, P336 CHAPIN FS, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P255 COOKE B, 2001, PARTICIPATION NEW TR FORD J, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1249 GALLAGHER T, 1986, ARCTIC, V41, P91 GEORGE JC, 2004, ARCTIC, V57, P363 GUIJT I, 1998, MYTH COMMUNITY GENDE HUNTINGTON HP, 2002, ENVIRON MANAGE, V30, P778 JOHANNES RE, 1981, WORD LAGOON FISHING JOHNSON WN, 1995, RELATIONSHIPS WIDLAN KENDRICK A, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P241 KOFINAS GP, 2002, EARTH FASTER INDIGEN, P55 KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH FASTER INDIGEN LEWIS HT, 1980, NAT HIST, V89, P76 MCCAY BJ, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P237 MORROW P, 1992, ARCTIC ANTHROPOL, V29, P38 MOSSE D, 2001, PARTICIPATION NEW TY, P16 NATCHER DC, 2004, HUM ECOL, V32, P421 NATCHER DC, 2004, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V11, P343 NELSON R, 1973, HUNTERS N FOREST NELSON R, 1983, MAKE PRAYERS RAVEN NICKELS S, 2002, EARTH FASTER NOW IND, P300 NUTTALL M, 1995, ABORIGINAL ENV KNOWL, P21 SILLITOE P, 2004, INTERDISCIPL SCI REV, V29, P6 SINGLETON S, 1998, CONSTRUCTING COOPERA SMITH LT, 1999, DECOLONIZING METHODO STEVENS S, 1997, CONSEVATION THROUGH WEINGART P, 2000, PRACTICING INTERDISC WISER GM, 2001, J INT WILDLIFE LAW P, V4, P95 WOLFE RJ, 1987, ARCTIC ANTHROPOL, V24, P56 WONDDOLLECK JM, 2000, MAKING COLLABORATION NR 35 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 40 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300050 ER PT J AU Naselli-Flores, L Barone, R TI Water-level fluctuations in Mediterranean reservoirs: setting a dewatering threshold as a management tool to improve water quality SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Sci Bot, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. RP Naselli-Flores, L, Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Sci Bot, Via Archirafi 38, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. AB Water-level fluctuations, often linked to seasonal climatic trends, are a natural phenomenon which occur in almost all aquatic ecosystems. In some climatic regions, as the Mediterranean one, they are particularly wide due to the occurrence of two well separated periods: the rainy winter and the almost completely dry summer. Precipitation is concentrated in the first period, whereas in the second strong evaporation losses take place. According to these climatic features, and to ensure a continuous supply of water throughout the year, man-made lakes store water during winter and are subjected to dewatering during summer to compensate the lack of precipitation. These ecosystems are thus characterised by rather wide water level fluctuations which were observed to transform them from potentially warm monomictic lakes into polymictic or atelomictic ones. These changes deeply affect the biological structure and the functions of the water bodies impairing the response of some ecosystem properties, as resilience and resistance, since the impacts are immense enough to move the systems out of their homeostatic plateau of, respectively, deep or shallow lakes. In order to understand to what extent a reservoir can be "emptied" without changing its ecosystemic identity (deep or shallow lake sensu Padisak & Reynolds, 2003) and to set a "dewatering threshold", the results from two different hydrological years, one with a dewatering so intense as to disrupt thermal stratification in midsummer, and the other one with water enough to allow the maintenance of the reservoir's thermal structure throughout the summer, are compared. Former investigations have shown that the persistence of thermal stratification has a positive value in Sicilian reservoirs: a notable decrease in total phytoplankton biomass and in the relative occurrence of cyanoprokaryotes was observed in the high-level year with a stable thermal stratification. Although the solving of the external load problems causing eutrophication phenomena remain the main task to improve the water quality of this Mediterranean island, a management procedure, based on the maintaining of the ecosystem within its homeostatic plateau through the setting of a dewatering threshold, is suggested. CR ARFI R, 2003, LAKES RESERV RES MAN, V8, P247 BARONE R, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V289, P199 BONACCORSO B, 2003, WATER RESOUR MANAG, V17, P273 CALVO S, 1993, IL NATURALISTA SILIC, P1 CHOWFRASER P, 1998, WETLAND ECOL MANAGE, V6, P19 COOPS H, 2002, LAKE RESERV MANAGE, V18, P292 GERALDES AM, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V504, P277 GUSAKOV VA, 2001, WATER RESOURCES, V28, P94 HILLEBRAND H, 1999, J PHYCOL, V35, P403 KANGUR K, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V506, P265 MOSETTI F, 1996, ATT 5 WORKSH PROG ST, P259 NASELLIFLORES L, 1997, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V360, P223 NASELLIFLORES L, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V369, P163 NASELLIFLORES L, 1998, INT REV HYDROBIOL, V83, P351 NASELLIFLORES L, 1999, THEORETICAL RESERVOI, P283 NASELLIFLORES L, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V424, P1 NASELLIFLORES L, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V502, P133 NASELLIFLORES L, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V506, P13 NOGES T, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V506, P257 PADISAK J, 1998, MANAGEMENT LAKES RES, P111 PADISAK J, 2003, ADV LIMNOL, V58, P175 PADISAK J, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V500, P243 PADISAK J, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V506, P1 REYNOLDS CS, 2002, AQUAT ECOSYST HLTH M, V5, P3 REYNOLDS CS, 2002, J PLANKTON RES, V24, P417 ROELKE S, 2003, 245 TEX WAT RES I STRASKRABA M, 1995, INT REV GES HYDROBIO, V80, P403 TARTAI GA, 1997, 60 I IT IDR VIAORDORIKA L, 2004, SYST APPL MICROBIOL, V27, P592 WILLIAMS DD, 1987, ECOLOGY TEMPORARY WA ZALEWSKI M, 2002, UNEP DTIE IETC FRESH, V5 NR 31 TC 3 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 85 EP 99 PY 2005 PD OCT 1 VL 548 GA 976VF UT ISI:000232760900009 ER PT J AU Wang, S TI One hundred faces of sustainable forest management SO FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. RP Wang, S, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, 506 W Burnside Rd, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. AB Compared with conventional forest management, sustainable forest management (SFM) is interdisciplinary, heterogeneous, less hierarchical, and more socially accountable. The analytical framework for the economics of SFM is characterized by a pluralistic and integrative nature. An adaptive, contextualized knowledge approach is desirable for operationalizing SFM principles. This approach would employ knowledge as a major vehicle in a two-tiered system in which economic incentives and trade-offs dictate resource allocation and management decisions when substitutable products are involved, but precautionary principles would prevail when the integrity of ecosystems is at stake. Several dilemmas impede the implementation of SFM principles and restrain the use of standard economics tools, but the knowledge will be able to address some of the problems posed by the dilemmas. SFM has 'one hundred faces', and the multiple dimensions call for an integrated, adaptive learning approach that promotes connectivity among various pieces on the forest landscape. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, COMM FUT BEHAN RW, 1990, J FOREST, V88, P12 BENGSTON DN, 1994, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V7, P515 BINKLEY CS, 2003, FOREST POLICY PRIVAT, P1 BOTKIN DB, 2001, WEST N AM NATURALIST, V61, P261 CARPRA F, 1996, WEB LIFE CLAWSON M, 1975, FOREST WHOM WHAT CLAWSON M, 1979, SCIENCE, V204, P1168 COSTANZA R, 1987, ECOL MODEL, V38, P1 COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P37 COSTANZA R, 1997, FRONTIERS ECOLOGICAL DASGUPTA P, 2001, HUMAN WELL BEING NAT DAWKINS HC, 1972, COMMONWEALTH FORESTR, V51, P327 DRENGSON A, 1997, ECOFORESTRY ART SCI DYKSTRA DP, 2001, TROPICAL FOREST UPDA, V11, P3 EGNELL G, 2000, INVEST AGRARIA SISTE, V1, P165 ELLEFSON PV, 2002, J FOREST, V100, P35 ERICSSON S, 2000, NEW FOREST, V19, P227 FORCE JE, 2000, FOREST SCI, V46, P410 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARRIS JM, 2001, SURVEY SUSTAINABLE D, R27 HYTTINEN P, 2002, FOREST RELATED PERSP JENKINS MB, 1999, BUSINESS SUSTAINABLE JOHNSON KN, 1999, J FOREST, V97, P6 KANT S, 2002, ADV FOREST MANAGEMEN, P286 KANT S, 2003, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V86, P105 KANT S, 2003, FOREST POLICY ECON, V5, P39 LEAK WB, 1999, NORTH J APPL FOR, V16, P200 LESLIE A, 2001, TROPICAL FOREST UPDA, V11, P32 LI G, 1984, CENT VISAGES PARIS LINDHAGEN A, 2000, FORESTRY, V73, P143 MACCLEERY DW, 1995, FOREST PROD J, V45, P18 MCNEIL JR, 2000, SOMETHING NEW UNDER MUNDA G, 1997, ENVIRON VALUE, V6, P213 NORGAARD RB, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P37 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED PAQUET J, 1997, FOREST SCI, V43, P46 PRESCOTTALLEN R, 2001, WELLBEING NATIONS CO RAUP HM, 1966, FOREST HIST, V10, P2 RIBE R, 1999, NORTHWEST SCI, V73, P102 ROLSTON H, 1991, J FOREST, V89, P35 SCHELHAS J, 2003, FOREST POLICY PRIVAT, P17 SHINDLER BA, 2002, PNWGTR537 SODERLUND M, 2001, WORLDS FOREST RIO8 P STEHR N, 1994, KNOWLEDGE SOC TOIVONEN H, 2000, FORESTRY, V73, P129 TOMAN MA, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P399 TURNER K, 1997, EC ECOSYSTEMS CHANGE, P25 WANG P, 2001, J COMB CHEM, V3, P251 WANG S, 2002, FOREST CHRON, V78, P505 WILSON B, 1999, FOR SCI, V62, P35 WISE TA, 2001, SURVEY SUSTAINABLE D, P47 NR 52 TC 1 J9 FOREST POLICY ECON BP 205 EP 213 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 6 IS 3-4 GA 825TR UT ISI:000221781700003 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Turner, MG TI At last: A journal devoted to ecosystem science SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CR ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COHEN JE, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P341 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES FOSTER DR, 1992, J ECOL, V80, P753 FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202 GOLLEY FB, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE HILBORN R, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P45 JONES CG, 1995, LINKING SPECIES ECOS LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LIKENS GE, 1995, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH I LINDEMAN RL, 1942, ECOLOGY, V23, P399 LUBCHENCO J, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC MCINTOSH RP, 1985, BACKGROUND ECOLOGY C PACE ML, IN PRESS SUCCESSES L PAULY D, 1995, NATURE, V374, P255 POSTEL SL, 1996, SCIENCE, V271, P785 RISSER PG, 1987, LANDSCAPE HETEROGENE, P3 SCHLESINGER WH, 1991, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY ANAL SCHULZE ED, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 NR 28 TC 15 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 1 EP 5 PY 1998 PD JAN-FEB VL 1 IS 1 GA 115QL UT ISI:000075676100001 ER PT J AU Kairesalo, T Laine, S Luokkanen, E Malinen, T Keto, J TI Direct and indirect mechanisms behind successful biomanipulation SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland. Environm Ctr Lahti, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland. RP Kairesalo, T, Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland. AB Lake Vesijarvi is a relatively large (length 25 km; total area 110 km(2)), shallow (mean depth 6 m), but stratified lake in southern Finland. The Enonselka basin (26 km(2)), surrounded by the city of Lahti, received its sewage effluent, and changed from a clear water basin with flourishing fisheries from the 1940-50s to one of the most eutrophic lake systems in Finland thereafter. In 1976, the sewage effluent was diverted, resulting in a temporary recovery of water quality. However, in the 1980s, massive surface scums of cyanobacteria degraded the water quality and arrested the recovery of the lake. A restoration strategy providing an ecologically sound basis for the management of the lake was initiated in 1987. This strategy involved biomanipulation (mass removal of coarse fish) together with conventional pollution control measures on discharges to the lake. Biomanipulation was chosen instead of much more expensive chemical and/or technical methods, such as chemical treatment or dredging of the profundal sediment. The large-scale biomanipulation trial was carried out in the Enonselka basin during 1989-93. Following the mass removal of coarse fish (1000 metric tons of fish; mainly roach and smelt), the biomass of cyanobacteria collapsed concomitantly with a decline of total phosphorus concentration from 45 to 35 mg P m(-3), and with an increase of Secchi depth from 1 m to 3.5 m. These observed improvements in the water quality were matched with a large decline in roach-mediated phosphorus movement from littoral to pelagial, from 100 mg P m(-2) in 1989 to 15 mg P m(-2) in 1993. Year-to-year variation within the littoral communities, and in the recruitment of fish, could in this way cause large oscillations in the whole ecosystem. The involvement of local people (fishermen, farmers etc.) in controlling non-point nutrient loading and fish stock development, is of prime importance for the long term success of lake restoration. CR ELDEN M, 1993, HUM RELAT, V46, P121 GREENWOOD DJ, 1993, HUM RELAT, V46, P175 HAMALAINEN RP, 1993, HIPRE 3 PLUS USERS G HARTIKAINEN H, 1996, WATER RES, V30, P2472 HINDERSSON R, 1933, FINSK VET TIDSKRIFT, V39, P179 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HORPPILA J, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P153 HORPPILA J, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V243, P323 HORPPILA J, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V294, P35 HORPPILA J, 1994, J FISH BIOL, V45, P777 HORPPILA J, 1994, THESIS KAIRESALO T, 1995, MICROBIAL ECOL, V29, P129 KAIRESALO T, 1998, IN PRESS BOREAL ENV KAIRESALO T, 1998, PROC INT ASSOC THE 4, V26, P1846 KETO J, 1982, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V86, P195 KETO J, 1988, AQUA FENNICA, V18, P193 LEHTONEN H, 1987, P 5 C EUR ICHTH STOC, P351 LEHTONEN H, 1988, AQUA FENNICA, V18, P157 LUIKKONEN M, 1993, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V269, P415 LUOKKANEN E, 1995, THESIS MARTTUNEN M, 1995, EUR J OPER RES, V87, P551 PELTONEN H, 1992, J FISH BIOL, V40, P293 PELTONEN H, 1996, ANN ZOOL FENN, V33, P481 SAS H, 1989, LAKE RESTORATION RED SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHNEIDER H, 1995, PARTICIPATORY DEV AD VARIS O, 1990, COMPUT STAT DATA AN, V9, P77 VARIS O, 1990, WP9048 INT I APPL SY VARIS O, 1995, MODSIM 95 INT C MOD VOLLENWEIDER RA, 1976, MEM I ITAL IDROBIOL, V33, P53 NR 30 TC 0 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 99 EP 106 PY 1999 PD FEB VL 396 GA 238TL UT ISI:000082727900010 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA Schoon, ML Ke, WM Borner, K TI Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Indiana Univ, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Lib & Environm Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Janssen, MA, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB This paper presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of the knowledge domains resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the research activities on human dimensions of global environmental change. We analyzed how 2286 publications between 1967 and 2005 are related in terms of co-authorship relations, and citation relations. The number of publications in the three knowledge domains increased rapidly between 1995 and 2005. However, the resilience knowledge domain is only weakly connected with the other two domains in terms of co-authorships and citations. The resilience knowledge domain has a background in ecology and mathematics with a focus on theoretical models, while the vulnerability and adaptation knowledge domains have a background in geography and natural hazards research with a focus on case studies and climate change research. There is an increasing number of cross citations and papers classified in multiple knowledge domains. This seems to indicate an increasing integration of the different knowledge domains. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Iyer-Raniga, U, Deakin Univ, Sch Architecture & Bldg, Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia. AB The relevant literature is abound with different definitions for sustainability, but the most meaningful definition is set within an evolutionary framework. Mechanistic and evolutionary frameworks for sustainable development are discussed. Evolution and adaptation are characteristics of complex adaptive systems, and a new understanding of sustainable development can be gleaned by using the complex adaptive systems framework. This approach to sustainable development issues implicitly requires proactive involvement by the public. This paper supports that bottom-up participation needs to be nurtured. Appropriate processes to enable participation need to be designed and implemented. 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Thoreau Ctr Sustainabil Presidio, Inst Sustainable Dev, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. EIP Associates, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Yolo Cty Community Dev Agcy, Planning Dept, Woodland Hills, CA 95695 USA. RP Smallwood, KS, Inst Sustainable Dev, Consulting Publ Interest, 109 Luz Pl, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB Whereas habitat conservation plans (HCPs) have been intended to provide comprehensive environmental mitigation for multiple species, they often narrow in focus to one species and either one mitigation site or unspecified sites. We developed an indicators framework from which to rate land units for their ecological integrity, collateral values (nonbiological qualities that can improve conservation), and restoration and conservation opportunities. The ratings of land units were guided by the tenets of conservation biology and principles of landscape and ecosystem ecology, and they were made using existing physical and floral information managed on a GIS. As an example of how the indicators approach can be used for HCPs, the 29 legally rare species targeted by the Yolo County HCP were each associated with vegetation complexes and agricultural crops, the maps of which were used for rating some of the landscape indices. The ratings were mapped so that mitigation can be directed to the places on the landscape where the legally rare species should benefit most from conservation practices. The most highly rated land units for conservation opportunity occurred along streams and sloughs, especially where they emerged from the foothills and entered the Central Valley and where the two largest creeks intersected the Sacramento River flood basin. We recommend that priority be given to mitigation or conservation at the most highly rated land units. The indices were easy to measure and can be used with other tools to monitor the mitigation success. The indicators framework can be applied to other large-area planning efforts with some modifications. CR *US DEP INT, 1996, HDB HAB CONS PLANN I ADRIAANSE A, 1993, ENV POLICY PERFORMAN BEATLY T, 1994, HABITAT CONSERVATION BEDFORD BL, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P751 CAIRNS J, 1992, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V14, P186 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P729 DYNESIUS M, 1994, SCIENCE, V266, P753 FLATHER CH, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P531 FORMAN RTT, 1981, P INT C NETH SOC LAN, P35 GRAHAM RL, 1991, ECOL APPL, V1, P196 GROFFMAN PM, 1995, INTEGRATED REGIONAL HALL LS, 1997, WILDLIFE SOC B, V25, P173 HAMMOND A, 1995, ENV INDICATORS SYSTE HANNAH L, 1994, AMBIO, V23, P246 HANSKI I, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V343, P19 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KAISER J, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1636 KARR JR, 1986, ILLINOIS NATURAL HIS, V5 KARR JR, 1994, BIODIVERSITY LANDSCA, P229 KLIJN F, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V9, P89 KOTLIAR NB, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P253 LAAN R, 1990, BIOL CONSERV, V54, P251 LAPOLLA VN, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P25 LAUNER AE, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P145 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MANTELL MA, 1994, ILLAHEE, V10, P131 MEYER WB, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P39 MORRISON ML, 1992, WILDLIFE HABITAT REL NORGAARD RB, 1992, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V20, P95 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 REJESKI D, 1993, ENV MODELING GIS, P318 ROOKWOOD P, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V31, P379 ROTMANS J, 1994, GLOBO REPORT SERIES, V4 SCHULZE I, 1994, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SHILLING F, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P1662 SMALLWOOD KS, 1992, BIOL CONSERV, V62, P149 SMALLWOOD KS, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P251 SMALLWOOD KS, 1995, J RAPTOR RES, V29, P172 SMALLWOOD KS, 1996, OECOLOGIA, V105, P329 SOULE M, 1980, CONSERVATION BIOL EV STORIE RE, 1935, SOIL SURVEY VISALIA TAYLOR LR, 1977, NATURE, V265, P415 TAYLOR RAJ, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P1 TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171 WATT KEF, 1986, SYST RES, V3, P191 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 WILCOX BA, 1984, NATL PARKS CONSERVAT, P18 WILCOX BA, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P879 NR 50 TC 6 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 947 EP 958 PY 1998 PD NOV-DEC VL 22 IS 6 GA 118ZN UT ISI:000075871000013 ER PT J AU Berg, PG Nycander, G TI Sustainable neighbourhoods - a qualitative model for resource management in communities SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Swedish Univ Agr, Dept Landscape Planning, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Berg, PG, Swedish Univ Agr, Dept Landscape Planning, POB 7012, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. AB The need to improve the management of natural and societal resources in communities is becoming increasingly evident to urban planners in the Nordic countries. In this paper we propose a qualitative model that can help us understand the concept of sustainability from a neighbourhood perspective. Starting points in our analysis are five general conditions for survival characteristic to all living systems. Sustainability in human communities is further influenced by the individual's basic needs and preferences. We argue that the neighbourhood level is especially suited for a thorough discussion on sustainability in communities in general. We define six types of valuable resources that need to be managed properly to maintain sustainability and resilience in any community: natural, individual, social, historical, organisational and economic resources. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. CR *BRIT MUS, 1981, HUM BIOL EXH OURS BR *UNCED, 1992, UN C ENV RIO JAN JUN *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ALEXANDER C, 1977, PATTERN LANGUAGE TOW ALTERMAN R, 1991, NEIGHBOURHOOD REGENE ANDERSSON AE, 1993, 70 TALISTER VARDERIN ANTONOVSKY A, 1987, UNRAVELING MYSTERY H BENELLO CG, 1989, BUILDING SUSTAINABLE BERG PG, 1990, OMSORG VAR PLANET EK BERG PG, 1993, BIOL BOSATTNING NATU BERG PG, 1995, C PAP EC 2 C AD AUST BERGLUND U, 1989, UTELIV MED BARN OCH BOKALDERS V, 1992, ECO LOGICAL ARCHITEC BOVERKET, 1994, SVERIGE 2009 SKISS N BRAUDEL P, 1979, STRUCTURES QUOTIDIEN BROMLEY D, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK DALY H, 1990, COMMON GOOD REDIRECT DALY HE, 1990, ECOL ECON, V2, P1 DIXON B, 1976, INVISIBLE ALLIES MIC EDDY JA, 1991, GLOB CHANG SYST AN R ELLUL J, 1964, TECHNOLOGICAL SOC ENGWICHT D, 1992, ECOCITY CALMING TRAF ETZIONI A, 1993, SPIRIT COMMUNITY RIG EWERMAN A, 1992, T30 SWED COUNC BUILD FISCHER DW, 1992, UNPUB SWEDEN ENERGY FRANZEN M, 1993, VALFARDSSTAT BYGGAND GEHL J, 1980, LIVET MELLEM HUSENE GERSHON D, 1991, HOUSEHOLD ECOTEAM WO GILMAN D, 1991, ECOVILLAGES SUSTAINA GOLDEMBERG J, 1988, ENERGY SUSTAINABLE W GRAHN P, 1991, THESIS SWEDISH U AGR HELLER A, 1985, POWER SHAME RATIONAL HELMFRID H, 1992, 49 SWED U AGR SCI DE HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HYAMS E, 1976, SOIL CIVILIZATION JEFFREY DW, 1994, BIOINDICATORS ENV MA JELLICOE G, 1991, LANDSCAPE MAN SHAPIN JOHNSON R, 1991, TOMORROWS ENERGY ENE KAPLAN R, 1989, EXPERIENCE NATURE LONNROTH M, 1980, SOLAR VERSUS NUCL CH LORENTZ K, 1967, AGGRESSION LOVELOCK J, 1989, AGES GAIA LYNCH K, 1981, THEORY GOOD CITY FOR MALMBERG T, 1980, HUMAN TERRITORIALITY MANSSON B, 1993, MILJO BARKRAFTIGHET MANSSON T, 1992, ECOCYCLES BASIS SUST MAXNEEF M, 1989, DEV DIALOGUE, V1, P17 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCHARG I, 1969, DESIGN NATURE MITSCH WJ, 1989, ECOLOGICAL ENG INTRO NORDSTROM M, 1990, 30 SB SWED I BUILD R NORDSTROM M, 1994, R14 SWED COUNC BUILD ODUM E, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY ODUM E, 1989, ECOLOGY OUR ENDANGER ORRSKOG L, 1993, R57 SWED COUNC BUILD OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PEARCE D, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PROHANSKY H, 1987, BUILT ENV CHILD DEV PUTNAM RD, 1995, J DEMOCRACY JAN REGISTER R, 1992, ECO LOGICAL ARCHITEC RUDBERG E, 1991, SWEDISH PLANNING TIM SCHLEGEL HG, 1977, MICROBIAL ENERGY CON SHEA CP, 1988, RENEWABLE ENERGY TOD SPIRN AW, 1984, GRANITE GARDEN URBAN SPORRONG U, 1993, FUTURE RURAL LANDSCA SVEDIN U, 1992, SOC ENV SWEDISH RES SYLWAN P, 1992, GLOBAL COMMUNICATION TENGSTROM E, 1985, HUMAN ECOLOGY NEW DI TODD NJ, 1984, BIOSHELTERS OCEAN AR TOFFLER A, 1970, FUTURE SHOCK TOFFLER A, 1980, 3 WAVE TRIVERS R, 1985, SOCIAL EVOLUTION UDDENBERG N, 1989, PROMETEUS DRYADEN MA VILLEE CA, 1985, BIOLOGY WEIL S, 1955, ATT SLA ROT WINNICOTT DW, 1971, PLAYING REALITY WORSTER D, 1977, NATURES EC HIST ECOL YOUNG GE, 1983, ORIGINS HUMAN ECOLOG ZORKOCZY P, 1985, INFORMATION TECHNOLO NR 79 TC 2 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 117 EP 135 PY 1997 PD NOV 30 VL 39 IS 2-3 GA YU298 UT ISI:000071702600005 ER PT J AU Swift, MJ Andren, O Brussaard, L Briones, M Couteaux, MM Ekschmitt, K Kjoller, A Loiseau, P Smith, P TI Global change, soil biodiversity, and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: three case studies SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNESCO, TSBF Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. SLU, Dept Soil Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Environm Sci, Soil Biol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Vigo, Dept Recusos Nat, Vigo 36200, Spain. CNRS, F-34033 Montpellier 1, France. Univ Giessen, Dept Anim Ecol, D-35330 Giessen, Germany. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Gen Microbiol, DK-1307 Copenhagen, Denmark. INRA, F-63039 Clermont Ferrand, France. Dept Soil Sci, IARC Rothamsted, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. RP Swift, MJ, UNESCO, TSBF Programme, UNComplex,Gigiri Block B,POB 30592, Nairobi, Kenya. AB The relative contribution of different soil organism groups to nutrient cycling has been quantified for a number of ecosystems. Some functions, particularly within the N-cycle, are carried out by very specific organisms. Others, including those of decomposition and nutrient release from organic inputs are, however, mediated by a diverse group of bacteria, protozoa, fungi and invertebrate animals. Many authors have hypothesized that there is a high degree of equivalence and flexibility in function within this decomposer community and thence a substantial extent of redundancy in species richness and resilience in functional capacity. Three case studies are presented to examine the relationship between soil biodiversity and nitrogen cycling under global change in ecosystem types from three latitudes, i.e. tundra, temperate grassland and tropical rainforest. In all three ecosystems evidence exists for the potential impact of global change factors (temperature change, COP enrichment, land-use-change) on the composition and diversity of the soil community as well as on various aspects of the nitrogen and other cycles. There is, however, very little unequivocal evidence of direct causal linkage between species richness and nutrient cycling efficiency. Most of the changes detected are shifts in the influence of major functional groups of the soil biota (e.g. between microflora and fauna in decomposition). There seem to be few data, however, from which to judge the significance of changes in diversity within functional groups. Nonetheless the soil biota are hypothesized to be a sensitive link between plant detritus and the availability of nutrients to plant uptake. Any factors affecting the quantity or quality of plant detritus is likely to change this link. Rigorous experimentation on the relationships between soil species richness and the regulation or resilience of nutrient cycles under global change thus remains a high priority. 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RP Fowler, HJ, Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Water Resource Syst Res Lab, Sch Civil Engn & Geosci, Cassie Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. AB [1] During the last decade, there have been increasing concerns over water resource drought in northern England, brought about by the 1995 Yorkshire drought with an estimated 5-month rainfall return period of 200 years. The impacts of climatic change and variability on water resource reliability, resilience, and vulnerability in this region are examined by modeling changes to weather type frequency, mean rainfall statistics, and potential evapotranspiration. Results indicate future improvements in water resource reliability due to increased winter rainfall but reductions in resource resilience and an increased vulnerability to drought. Severe droughts comparable to that of 1995 show only a slight increase in frequency by 2080. However, there are significant increases in both the magnitude and duration of severe water resource drought, as a consequence of summer rainfall reductions and increased climatic variability. This research provides a basis for the future planning and management of the Yorkshire water resource system. 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SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS & CONTROL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Brock, WA, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. 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RP Sneddon, CS, Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Environm Studies Program, 6017 Fairchild, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. AB Questions of geographic scale, social conflicts, and shifting socioecological contexts are central to the prospects for and obstacles to comanagement of river basins. While thinking of a river basin as an environmental resource amenable to comanagement may have certain conceptual and practical advantages, the political and socioeconomic obstacles to creating effective comanagement regimes are substantial. The thorniest dilemmas involve devising effective institutions for managing water resources in basins characterized by intractable ecological conflict and within a national (and international) political-economic context that demands ever more rapid resource exploitation, These hurdles arc compounded by the manner in which different actors are embedded within and contribute to socioecological processes linked-both materially and discursively-to multiple geographical scales. The comanagement find scale quandaries presented in the case of the Nam Phong basin in Northeast Thailand are characteristic of many river basins, and may provide a useful example for similar efforts to construct viable management regimes at a basin scale. 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Univ Stockholm, Ctr Res Nat Resources & Environm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Colding, J, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Social taboos exist in most cultures, both Western and non-Western. They are good examples of informal institutions, where norms, rather than governmental juridical laws and rules, determine human behavior. In many traditional societies throughout the world, taboos frequently guide human conduct toward the natural environment. Based on a survey of recent literature, we synthesize information on such taboos. We refer to them as "resource and habitat taboos" (RHTs). Examples are grouped in six different categories depending on their potential nature conservation and management functions. We compare RHTs with contemporary measures of conservation and identify and discuss some key benefits that may render them useful in partnership designs for conservation and management. We conclude that many RHTs have functions similar to those of formal institutions for nature conservation in contemporary society but have not been sufficiently recognized in this capacity. We suggest that designs for conservation of biological diversity and its sustainable use in developing countries focus more on informal institutions, like social taboos, because they may offer several advantages compared to conventional measures. These include non-costly, voluntary compliance features implicit in the taboo system. 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IS 2 GA 418EA UT ISI:000167876900021 ER PT J AU Fiksel, J TI Designing resilient, sustainable systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB Pursuit of sustainable development requires a systems approach to the design of industrial product and service systems. Although many business enterprises have adopted sustainability goals, the actual development of sustainable systems remains challenging because of the broad range of economic, environmental and social factors that need to be considered across the system life cycle. Traditional systems engineering practices try to anticipate and resist disruptions but may be vulnerable to unforeseen factors. An alternative is to design systems with inherent "resilience" by taking advantage of fundamental properties such as diversity, efficiency, adaptability, and cohesion. Previous work on sustainable design has focused largely upon ecological efficiency improvements. For example, companies have found that reducing material and energy intensity and converting wastes into valuable secondary products creates value for shareholders as well as for society at large. To encourage broader systems thinking, a design protocol is presented that involves the following steps: identifying system function and boundaries, establishing requirements, selecting appropriate technologies, developing a system design, evaluating anticipated performance, and devising a practical means for system deployment. The approach encourages explicit consideration of resilience in both engineered systems and the larger systems in which they are embedded. 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German Aerosp Ctr, Cologne, Germany. RP Goetze, D, Univ Rostock, Inst Biosci, Dept Bot, Wismarsche Str 8, D-18051 Rostock, Germany. AB Aim In the transition between the southern Sudanian and northern Guinean zones of West Africa, numerous islands of predominantly semi-deciduous forests are interspersed in extensive savannas. During the past decades, human population and intensity of land use have increased. At the same time, almost nothing is known about the natural dynamics of this widespread forest-savanna mosaic and how they are altered by human activities. This was investigated with respect to past, present and future forest-savanna dynamics, which presumably influence northern Guinean biodiversity. Location The Comoe National Park (CNP) region in north-eastern Ivory Coast. Methods Landscape dynamics and the rates of anthropogenic deforestation and natural reforestation were retrospectively analysed by means of historical and recent aerial photographs and satellite images, directly relating the semi-natural conditions in the CNP to neighbouring, traditionally utilized countryside. Results From 1954 to 1996, the studied forest-savanna pattern proved to be remarkably stable, even with extensive land utilization outside the CNP. The contour towards the surrounding savanna and, thus, the size of 95.4% of 653 forest islands remained unchanged. Unvegetated surfaces also remained remarkably constant during the period from 1967 to 1996. Although dynamics were clearly higher outside the CNP as a result of human activities, the 913 unvegetated surfaces studied showed no general trend of decrease or increase, i.e. there was no response over the study period to an identified climatic shift. Anthropogenic deforestation and subsequent natural reforestation within the contours of the existing forest have occurred to a noteworthy extent only outside the CNP. For the period 1988-2002, the extent of deforestation was greater than the extent of reforestation (40% vs. 14%). By 2002, 62% of the original gallery forest along a 75-km section of the Comoe river had been cleared. Main conclusions With its remarkable overall stability, the landscape pattern inside the CNP has responded with resilience to varying influences (in particular climatic variations) and disturbances (e.g. episodic mass herbivory). A possible natural succession from savanna to forest appears to proceed only very slowly due to the counteracting effects of annual savanna fires and the lower climatic humidity of the area compared to the southern Guinean zone. Consequently, the forests should be considered as habitat islands rather than as habitat fragments. As deforestation outside the CNP has increased considerably, the pre-existing pattern of forest insularization is now becoming overlain in these non-CNP areas by a pattern of forest fragmentation. This will aggravate the ecological and genetic isolation of the undisturbed forests in the CNP, which are among the last remaining natural forests of the entire Guineo-Sudanian transition zone. 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RP Lugo, AE, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. AB There is general agreement among ecologists on how human activity is causing global change. Deforestation, atmospheric ozone depletion, increased concentration of greenhouse gases, erosion, desertification, and species extinctions are a few examples of the global effects of human activity. These trends are expected to continue into an era known as the Homogeocene, when human effects on Earth will be even more obvious than today. There is disagreement among ecologists on how to approach the conservation of the world's biodiversity, both today and in the Homogeocene. Ecosystem management with a focus on function is advocated as the approach for the conservation of biodiversity. Such an approach values all species, including alien species, and uses multiple seeding, ecosystem self-design and resilience, and land rehabilitation as the guiding principles of conservation. 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Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield Ctr Int Drylands Res, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Dougill, AJ, Univ Leeds, Ctr Environm, Leeds LSZ 9TJ, W Yorkshire, England. AB Recent decades have seen major intensification of cattle-based agricultural production in semiarid savanna ecosystems. In the Kalahari of Botswana, cattle production now occurs on privatised and fenced ranches. Patterns of ecological change, notably increased bush dominance, have been linked to increased cattle-grazing intensity, but it remains contentious whether these changes represent land degradation. Uncertainty in ecological understanding stems from the dynamic, "nonequilibrium" functioning of semiarid ecosystems. Given the inherent ecological variability of drylands, we argue that degradation assessments should be based, not on ecological observations alone, but on the study of long-term changes in pastoral production figures and on changes in the ecologically determining factors of soil water and soil nutrient availability. Provided here is a framework incorporating soil and ecological changes at a range of scales that can enable us to distinguish drought-induced fluctuations from long-term ecological-state changes. The results demonstrate that increased cattle use and associated ecological changes have not been caused by, nor are they associated with, changes in soil water and nutrient availability. We present a model of ecosystem dynamics that does not display bush encroachment as a definite form of land degradation. Encroachment may also be curtailed by resilience mechanisms found in protected ecological niches and by the resilience of the nutrient-poor sandy soils. 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CSIR, Satellite Applicat Ctr, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Inst Soil Climate & Water, Agr Res Council, Pretoria, South Africa. RP Wessels, KJ, Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 2181 LeFrank Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AB There is a pressing need for an objective, repeatable, systematic and spatially explicit measure of land degradation. In northeastern South Africa (SA), there are large areas of the former homelands that are widely regarded as degraded. A time-series of seasonally integrated I km, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data was used to compare degraded rangelands [mapped by the National Land Cover (NLC) using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery] to nondegraded rangelands within the same land capability units (LCUs). Nondegraded and degraded areas in the same LCU (paired areas) were compared by: (i) testing for differences in spatial mean SigmaNDVI values, (ii) calculating the relative degradation impact (RDI) as the difference between the spatial mean SigmaNDVI values of paired areas expressed as a percentage of nondegraded rnean value, (iii) investigating the relationship between RDI and rainfall and (iv) comparing the resilience and stability of paired areas in response to natural variations in rainfall. The SigmaNDVI of degraded areas was significantly lower for most of the LCUs. Relative degradation impacts (RDI) across all LCUs ranged from 1% to 20% with an average of 9%. Although SigmaNDVI was related to rainfall, RDI was not. Degraded areas were no less stable or resilient than nondegraded. However, the productivity of degraded areas, i.e., the forage production per unit rainfall, was consistently lower than nondegraded areas, even within years of above normal rainfall. The results indicate that there has not been a catastrophic reduction in ecosystem function within degraded areas. Instead, degradation impacts were reflected as reductions in productivity that varied along a continuum from slight to severe, depending on the specific LCU. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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WILLIAMS MA, 1996, INTERACTIONS DESERTI XUE Y, 2002, CONDITIONS DOES LAND, P59 YANG LM, 1998, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V65, P25 NR 123 TC 0 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON BP 47 EP 67 PY 2004 PD MAY 15 VL 91 IS 1 GA 828XB UT ISI:000222005900004 ER PT J AU Manzano, MG Navar, J Pando-Moreno, M Martinez, A TI Overgrazing and desertification in northern Mexico: Highlights on northeastern region SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Review C1 Univ Toronto, Fac Forestry, Grad Program, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. RP Manzano, MG, Univ Toronto, Fac Forestry, Grad Program, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. AB Land degradation has recently been exacerbated in rangelands of Mexico by heavy grazing pressures, In the country, the grazing stock (cattle, goats, sheep and hogs) increased from 22 million in the early 1950's to approximately 50 million in the mid 1980's. Recorded local grazing pressures are surpassing from two to six times the recommended stocking rates of most rangelands of northern Mexico. Signals of deterioration of natural resources vary in time and space mainly because of ecosystem diversity, recurrent drought spells of different magnitudes, and economic and political issues. Estimates of carrying capacities and overgrazing rates are out of date, and very few quantitative parameters of desertification processes are available. However, there are qualitative and perceptual evidences of changes in soil and vegetation patterns, as well as socioeconomic issues, such as land tenure and forms of organization, that deserve to be discussed. Management practices, research, and social issues are addressed in this review from the desertification perspective, with the objective of highlighting the main causes of overgrazing and desertification. Needs for research and future tasks to achieve the sustainable management of rangelands of northern Mexico, with especial emphasis on those of the northeastern region, are also pointed out. 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ZIMMERMAN GT, 1984, J RANGE MANAGE, V37, P104 ZOBISCH MA, 1993, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V48, P445 NR 124 TC 2 J9 ANN ARID ZONE BP 285 EP 304 PY 2000 PD SEP VL 39 IS 3 GA 484WH UT ISI:000171712200005 ER PT J AU Brockington, D Homewood, K TI Degradation debates and data deficiencies: The Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania SO AFRICA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Coll London, London WC1E 6BT, England. AB The Mkomazi Game Reserve is contested by people who wish to use its resources and by conservationists who have argued that the reserve should be set aside for wildlife. Underpinning the conservationist case is the argument that people are harmful to the reserve's environment. Former residents of the reserve, notably pastoralists, argue that human use of the reserve did not cause its degradation. The debate is characterised by a lack of data extraordinary in view of the assertions made. An earlier paper set out the contrasting views and, defined the data that would be needed to test them. This paper assesses what data there are, and whether it is possible to evaluate the extent to which people caused environmental change at Mkomazi.. Using physical data and comments about the environment made by observers it is argued that no firm conclusions can be drawn about small-scale change but that there are indications of large-scale resilience. As a result of this uncertainty the article goes on to consider the extent to which there can ever be clarity about environmental change at Mkomazi as a philosophical contention or as a researchable issue. 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SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Univ Sussex, Inst Dev Studies, Environm Grp, Brighton BN1 9RE, E Sussex, England. RP Scoones, I, Univ Sussex, Inst Dev Studies, Environm Grp, Brighton BN1 9RE, E Sussex, England. AB This review asks the question: What new avenues of social science enquiry are suggested by new ecological thinking, with its focus on nonequilibrium dynamics, spatial and temporal variation, complexity, and uncertainty? Following a review of the emergence of the "new ecology" and the highlighting of contrasts with earlier "balance of nature" perspectives, work emerging from ecological anthropology, political ecology, environmental and ecological economics, and debates about nature and culture are examined. With some important exceptions, much social science work and associated popular and policy debates remain firmly wedded to a static and equilibrial view. This review turns to three areas where a more dynamic perspective has emerged. Each has the potential to take central elements of new ecological thinking seriously, sometimes with major practical consequences for planning, intervention design, and management. First is the concern with spatial and temporal dynamics developed in detailed and situated analyses of "people in places," using, in particular, historical analysis as a way of explaining environmental change across time and space. Second is the growing understanding of environment as both the product of and the setting for human interactions, which link dynamic structural analyses of environmental processes with an appreciation of human agency in environmental transformation, as part of a "structuration" approach. Third is the appreciation of complexity and uncertainty in social-ecological systems and, with this, the recognition of that prediction, management, and control are unlikely, if not impossible. 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WORSTER D, 1984, PACIF HIST REV, V53, P16 WORSTER D, 1985, RIVERS EMPIRE WATER WORSTER D, 1993, GLOBAL ECOLOGY NEW A, P132 WORSTER D, 1993, WEALTH NATURE ENV HI WRIGHT S, 1994, ANTHR ORG WYNNE B, 1994, SOCIAL THEORY GLOBAL, P169 WYNNE B, 1996, RISK ENV MODERNITY N, P44 YEARLEY S, 1994, SOCIAL THEORY GLOBAL, P150 ZIMMERER K, 1994, ANN AM ASS GEOGR, V841, P108 ZIMMERER K, 1996, CHANGING FORTUNES BI ZIMMERER K, 1996, CONCEPTS HUMAN GEOGR, P161 NR 265 TC 28 J9 ANNU REV ANTHROPOL BP 479 EP 507 PY 1999 VL 28 GA 270VA UT ISI:000084556800020 ER PT J AU Smith, CL Gilden, J Steel, BS Mrakovcich, K TI Sailing the shoals of adaptive management: The case of salmon in the Pacific Northwest SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Dept Anthropol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Vancouver, WA 98663 USA. RP Smith, CL, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Dept Anthropol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB Emerging ecosystem science builds on adaptive management as an approach to dealing with salmon problems in the Pacific Northwest. Adaptive management brings scientific and democratic processes together. However. managers, the public, resource users, and scientists differ in their views on the causes of salmon decline. Managers emphasize habitat loss and over-harvest as the primary causes; commercial fishers point to habitat loss, management practices, and predators; and the public gives greatest weight to water pollution and ocean drift nets. Scientific stud ies of salmon often produce results that seem contradictory or unclear to the public. For adaptive management to be effective, scientists' and the public need to better understand one another's perspectives. 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RP Kirch, PV, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Anthropol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB Although human-induced changes to the global environment and natural biotic resources, collectively labeled "global change" and the "biodiversity crisis," have accelerated with industrialization over the past 300 years, such changes have a much longer history. Particularly since the rise of agriculturally based societies and associated population expansion during the early Holocene, humans have had cumulative and often irreversible impacts on natural landscapes and biotic resources worldwide. Archaeologists, often working closely with natural scientists in interdisciplinary projects, have accumulated a large body of empirical evidence documenting such changes as deforestation, spread of savannahs, increased rates of erosion, permanent rearrangements of landscapes for agriculture, resource depression and depletion (and in many cases, extinction) in prehistory. In some areas and time periods, environmental change led to long-term negative consequences for regional human populations, whereas in other cases, changes favored intensification of production and increased population sizes. Drawing upon case studies from North America, Mesoamerica, the Mediterranean, Near East, India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, the diversity of types of prehistoric human-induced environmental change is assessed, along with the kinds of empirical evidence that support these interpretations. These findings have important implications both for the understanding of long-term human socioeconomic and political changes and for ecologists who need to assess current environmental dynamics in the context of longer-term environmental history. 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RP Shah, MA, Rajshahi Univ, Dept Stat, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. AB In this paper, we have carried out a detailed stochastic analysis of the Ludwig-Jones-Holling model pertaining to the occasional population burst of the spruce budworms in the coniferous forests of Canada. Our analysis explains the abrupt burst of the population in the form of cusp catastrophe. A qualitative recipe has been suggested for avoiding the catastrophe. CR ARNOLD L, 1974, STOCHASTIC DIFFERENT BAKSHA MW, 1997, J FOREST SCI, V26, P31 BHAT UN, 1984, ELEMENTS APPL STOCHA BROWNE PG, 1968, PEST DIS FOREST PLAN COX DR, 1965, THEORY STOCHASTIC PR DEKKER H, 1979, J CHEM PHYS, V21, P189 GILMORE R, 1981, CATASTROPHE THEORY S HAKEN H, 1983, SYNERGETICS HOLLING CS, 1978, IIASA SERIES KARMESHU SCL, 1992, J SCI IND RES INDIA, V51, P229 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MATHUR RN, 1961, INDIAN FOREST B ENTO, V171, P60 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR SHARMA CL, PHYS REV A, V28, P2993 VANKAMPEN NG, 1981, STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WRIGHT DJ, 1983, J OPL RES SOC, V34, P935 NR 16 TC 1 J9 NATURAL HAZARDS BP 49 EP 64 PY 2001 PD JAN VL 23 IS 1 GA 386FV UT ISI:000166050900003 ER PT J AU Bohensky, EL Reyers, B VanJaarsveld, AS TI Future ecosystem services in a Southern African river basin: a scenario planning approach to uncertainty SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, Biocomplex Res Grp, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa. CSIR, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. Univ Pretoria, Ctr Environm Studies, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Bohensky, EL, Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, Biocomplex Res Grp, Ctr Invas Biol, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa. AB Scenario planning is a promising tool for dealing with uncertainty, but it has been underutilized in ecology and conservation. The use of scenarios to explore ecological dynamics of alternative futures has been given a major boost by the recently completed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a 4-year initiative to investigate relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being at multiple scales. Scenarios, as descriptive narratives of pathways to the future, are a mechanism for improving the understanding and management of ecological and social processes by scientists and decision makers with greater flexibility than conventional techniques could afford. We used scenarios in one of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment's subglobal components to explore four possible futures in a Southern African river basin. Because of its ability to capture spatial and temporal dynamics, the scenario exercise revealed key trade-offs in ecosystem services in space and time and the importance of a multiple-scale scenario design. At subglobal scales, scenarios are a powerful vehicle for communication and engagement of decision makers, especially when designed to identify responses to specific problems. Scenario planning has the potential to be a critical ingredient in conservation as calls are increasingly made for the field to help define and achieve sustainable visions for the future. 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Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelmi, OV, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. AB Recent drought events in the United States and the magnitude of drought losses indicate the continuing vulnerability of the country to drought. Until recently, drought management in many states, including Nebraska, has been largely response oriented with little or no attention to mitigation and preparedness. In 1998, Nebraska began to revise its drought plan in order to place more emphasis on mitigation. One of the main aspects of drought mitigation and planning is the assessment of who and what is vulnerable and why. This paper presents a method for spatial, Geographic Information Systems-based assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability in Nebraska. It was hypothesized that the key biophysical and social factors that define agricultural drought vulnerability were climate, soils, land use, and access to irrigation. The framework for derivation of an agricultural drought vulnerability map was created through development of a numerical weighting scheme to evaluate the drought potential of the classes within each factor. The results indicate that the most vulnerable areas to agricultural drought were non-irrigated cropland and rangeland on sandy soils, located in areas with a very high probability of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. The identification of drought vulnerability is an essential step in addressing the issue of drought vulnerability in the state and can lead to mitigation-oriented drought management. 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RP Keith, DW, Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. AB Geoengineering is the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment, particularly manipulation that is intended to reduce undesired anthropogenic climate change. The post-war rise of climate and weather modification and the history of U.S. assessments of the CO2-climate problem is reviewed. Proposals to engineer the climate are shown to be an integral element of this history. Climate engineering is reviewed with an emphasis on recent developments, including low-mass space-based scattering systems for altering the planetary albedo, simulation of the climate's response to albedo modification, and new findings on iron fertilization in oceanic ecosystems. There is a continuum of human responses to the climate problem that vary in resemblance to hard geoengineering schemes such as space-based mirrors. The distinction between geoengineering and mitigation is therefore fuzzy. A definition is advanced that clarifies the distinction between geoengineering and industrial carbon management. Assessment of geoengineering is reviewed under various framings including economics, risk, politics, and environmental ethics. Finally, arguments are presented for the importance of explicit debate about the implications of countervailing measures such as geoengineering. 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RP Yli-Pelkonen, V, Univ Helsinki, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, POB 65, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. AB The loss of urban green space as a result of urbanization threatens the overall biodiversity of urban areas, and prompts us to consider the importance of existing urban nature more carefully. Because urban ecological systems are in intense interaction with human-social systems, it is fruitful to create an interdisciplinary research and planning framework to ensure the maintenance of biodiversity in urban areas. For this purpose, we adapted a suitable theoretical and conceptual scheme for the setting of Finnish urban development, which provides an example of a situation where a lot of nature has so far remained inside and around urban area. The adapted scheme focuses on the land use change as a result of urban land use planning and development, and may provide a way to address the important variables and feedback mechanisms between information flowing from ecological systems and drivers from the social system. Furthermore, we outlined a more specific framework around the Finnish urban detailed planning process in order to study the interactions between these systems further. After addressing ecology-oriented questions of quantity, quality and needs of urban nature, and human-oriented drivers, such as flow and incorporation of information, knowledge, values and institutions, we identified several challenges in integrating the components of ecological and social systems. Creating common conceptual ground for different actors and disciplines, improving communication in the process, matching contradictory values and perceptions, and improving stakeholder participation would be in the best interest of nature and people of urban areas. CR 2002, SUOMI KESKITTYY TAAJ *MIN ENV LAND US D, 1997, NAT ACT PLAN 1997 20 *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ALLEN W, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V27, P215 BASCHAK LA, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P211 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P1 BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKOWITZ AR, 2003, UNDERSTANDING URBAN BREUSTE J, 1998, URBAN ECOLOGY BUCK LE, 2001, BIOL DIVERSITY BALAN CALLON M, 1994, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION CARLES JL, 1999, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V43, P191 COLLINS JP, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P416 DALE VH, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P639 DEVUYST D, 2001, GREEN CITY SUSTAINAB DIJST M, 2003, 2003 FRAMING LAND US DUHME F, 2000, HABITAT CREATION WIL EDWARDS PJ, 1997, RESTORATION ECOLOGY, P381 EHRLICH PR, 2002, BIOSCIENCE, V52, P31 FLORES A, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V39, P295 FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 FREY J, 1998, URBAN ECOL, P641 FRY GLA, 2001, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V57, P159 GILBERT OL, 1989, ECOLOGY URBAN HABITA GRAHN P, 2003, URBAN FORESTRY URBAN, V2, P1 GRIMM NB, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P571 GROFFMAN PM, 1994, INTEGRATED REGIONAL GROVE JM, 1997, INTEGRATING SOCIAL S GYLLIN M, 1999, COMM URB PLANN GOT C HAEUBER R, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P330 HAILA Y, 1990, VIHREAAN AIKAAN KIRJ, P84 HAILA Y, 1992, HUMANITY NATURE HAILA Y, 1995, KESTAVAN KEHITYKSEN HAILA Y, 1999, ECOGRAPHY, V22, P337 ILMONEN M, 1997, DO YOU ADDRESS YOURS, V2, P162 IVERSON LR, 2000, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P105 KANSANEN P, 1999, LUONNON TUTKIJA, P210 KENDLE T, 1997, URBAN NATURE CONSERV KILVINGTON M, 1998, NZ S REST HLTH WEALT KILVINGTON M, 2000, LINCOLN U INT CTR NA, V1, P72 KINZIG AP, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, V5, P733 KORPELA KM, 2001, ENVIRON BEHAV, V33, P572 KORTELAINEN J, 2000, VIHERTYVA KAUPUNKISE LAAKKONEN S, 2001, VESIENSUOJELUN SYNTY LAAKSO S, 1997, URBAN HOUSING PRINCE LAAKSO S, 2001, MAANKAYTON OHJAUKSES LANKINEN M, 2000, CITY HELSINKI URBAN, P6 LATOUR B, 1986, LAB LIFE SOCIAL CONS LATOUR B, 1987, FOLLOW SCI ENG SOC LATOUR B, 1999, ACTOR NETWORK THEORY LINDHOLM G, 1999, COMM URB PLANN GOT C LOFVENHAFT K, 2002, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V58, P223 MAIJALA O, 2001, RAKENTAMINEN ASUMINE MAIJALA O, 2002, NSBB SEM PAP 18 NOV MASSA I, 1991, YMPARISTOKYSYMYS YMP, P66 MAURY J, 1997, DO YOU ADDRESS YOURS, V2, P166 MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232 MCINTYRE NE, 2000, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P5 MITCHELL B, 2003, FRAMING LAND USE DYN, P29 MOSS MR, 2000, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V15, P303 NIEMELA J, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P119 NIEMELA J, 1999, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P57 NIEMELA J, 2000, ANN ZOOL FENN, V37, P307 NIEMELA J, 2002, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V17, P387 NORTON BG, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P350 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 PAIVANEN J, 1997, DO YOU ADDRESS YOURS, V2, P170 PAUL MJ, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P333 PAULEIT S, 2000, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V52, P1 PICKETT STA, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P185 PICKETT STA, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P127 PRICE C, 2003, URBAN FOREST URBAN G, V1, P123 REDCLIFT M, 1993, ENVIRON VALUE, V21, P3 REDMAN CL, 2003, FRAMING LAND USE DYN, P119 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SIEVANEN T, 2001, LUONNON VIRKISTYSKAY SUKOPP H, 1995, URBAN ECOLOGY BASIS SUKOPP H, 1998, URBAN ECOL, P3 TRESS B, 2001, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V57, P137 TYRVAINEN L, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V37, P211 TYRVAINEN L, 2003, URBAN FORESTRY URBAN, V1, P135 VANCLAY F, 2002, C HUM IMP ASS NAT RE VANDRUFF LW, 1995, URBAN ECOLOGY BASIS, P203 WACKERNAGEL M, 1998, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V51, P511 WEBER JR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P487 WESTMACOTT R, 1991, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V21, P21 WHITE RR, 2001, GREEN CITY SUSTAINAB, P47 ZIPPERER WC, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P685 NR 90 TC 0 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV BP 1947 EP 1967 PY 2005 PD JUL VL 14 IS 8 GA 937QB UT ISI:000229939500011 ER PT J AU Jansson, BO TI The Baltic Sea: Current and future status and impact of agriculture SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Jansson, BO, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB A large, densely populated catchment area dominating water quality of land runoff, stratification of the brackish water, a residence time of 25 years, intermittent renewal of oxygenated bottom water from the North Sea, few plant and animal species already stressed by low salinity, make the Baltic Sea vulnerable to changes in external forcings such as increased inputs of nutrients and toxic substances. A severalfold increase of nutrient inputs and primary production since the beginning of the century has increased the area of anoxic bottoms, decreased the transparency of the water by 2.5-3 m, favored filamentous annual algae at the expense of coarse, perennial ones-like the important bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)-changed the fish community from cod, salmon, pike and perch toward herring, sprat, bream, and roach. Because they are a major source of external nitrogen, a shift in current agricultural practices has to be made including: tree curtains to increase patchiness, biodiversity and natural pest control; catch crops along rivers; matching animal density and crop types to achieve optimal recycling of nutrients. So far, integrated land use, based on operative ecological-socioeconomic models, is the most powerful policy instrument for a sustainable agriculture. CR 1990, CURRENT STATUS BALTC 1996, BALTIC SEA ENV P, V64, P25 ANDERSIN AB, 1978, KIELER MEERESFORSCH, V4, P23 BERNES C, 1988, MONITOR 1988 BERNES C, 1989, CLIMATE ENV MONITOR BOCZEK BA, 1989, COMPREHENSIVE SECURI, P23 BRETTAR I, 1992, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V37, P1146 CEDERWALL H, 1980, OPHELIA S, V1, P287 ELMGREN R, 1989, AMBIO, V18, P326 ENOKSSON V, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P159 GRANELI E, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P142 GREEN MB, 1994, WATER ENVIRON RES, V66, P188 GUNNARS A, 1997, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V37, P203 HALLBERG RO, 1973, MERENTUTKIMOSLAIT JU, V238, P3 HANSSON S, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P123 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JACOBSON SP, 1978, 1766 ALMANNA FISKEST JANSSON A, IN PRESS INT J LANDS JANSSON BO, 1972, ECOL RES COMM NFR B, V16 JANSSON BO, 1980, AMBIO, V9, P128 JANSSON BO, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P292 JENSEN S, 1969, NATURE, V224, P247 JICKELLS T, 1995, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE SU KAUTSKY H, 1991, INT REV GES HYDROBIO, V76, P423 KAUTSKY N, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V28, P1 KRISTOFERSON L, 1996, BALTIC 21 CREATING A LARSSON U, 1985, AMBIO, V14, P9 LAUNIAINEN J, 1989, TOIM J FORSIUS HKL 1 LEHTONEN H, 1980, FINN MAR RES, V247, P110 MITSCH WJ, 1997, ECOL ENG, V8, P247 NIEMI A, 1979, ACTA BOT FENN, V110, P57 ODEN S, 1980, AMBIO, V9, P116 PERSSON G, 1993, EUTROFIERING MARK SO RYDLOV M, 1991, WORLD WIDE FUND NATU SANDEN P, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P346 SERRAO EA, 1996, ECOLOGY, V93, P5286 SHAFFER G, 1979, CONTR ASKO LAB, V7 SHAFFER G, 1984, DEEP-SEA RES, V31, P197 SKORA K, 1993, ECOLOGY BALTIC TERRE, P115 STALNACKE P, 1996, LINKOPING STUDIES AR, V146 STIGEBRANDT A, 1983, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V13, P411 SWEITZER J, 1996, AMBIO, V25, P191 WESTIN L, 1991, MAR BIOL, V108, P5 ZALESKI J, 1972, EUROPA BALTYKA ZENKEVITCH L, 1963, BIOL SEAS USSR NR 45 TC 12 J9 AMBIO BP 424 EP 431 PY 1997 PD NOV VL 26 IS 7 GA YN840 UT ISI:000071213200006 ER PT J AU Reynolds, CS TI Planktic community assembly in flowing water and the ecosystem health of rivers SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Windermere, Windermere Lab, Algal Modelling Unit, Ambleside LA22 0LP, Cumbria, England. RP Reynolds, CS, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Windermere, Windermere Lab, Algal Modelling Unit, Ferry House, Ambleside LA22 0LP, Cumbria, England. AB Some of the modern criteria for assessing ecosystem health are compared with current understanding of ecosystem function in rivers. Owing to the predominance of catchment imports over autochthonous primary production, most rivers are naturally heterotrophic. This does not make them unhealthy but,the pristine condition is that much harder to determine. The case is put for an index of ecosystem health and sustainability that takes into account the system's capacity for processing its resources, the species richness and its interdependence and its resilience to external forcing. Although these are not easily quantified, the qualitative indicators of healthy ecosystem function are easily checked. The sensitivity of organisms in suspension to fluvial flow may seem to counter the suitability of plankton as a reliable state indicator of river health. On the other hand, the rules governing the assembly of planktic communities in rivers are often strict and quantifiable: this makes them attractive candidates to act as indicators of the ecological condition of rivers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR BALON EK, 1975, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V32, P821 BANNISTER TT, 1984, J PLANKTON RES, V6, P275 CALOW P, 1992, J AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, V1, P1 COSTANZA R, 1999, AQUATIC ECOLOGY, V33, P105 CUMMINS KW, 1973, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V18, P183 EHRLICH PR, 1981, EXTINCTION CAUSES CO GRIME JP, 1979, PLANT STRATEGIES VEG HARRISON GW, 1979, AM NAT, V113, P659 HART RC, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P648 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JONASSON PM, 1996, VERH INT VEREIN LIMN, V26, P1 KIRK JTO, 1994, LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS LAWTON JH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P255 LAWTON JH, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P367 MABERLY SC, 1996, FRESHWATER BIOL, V35, P579 MEJER H, 1979, P 7 C ISME KOB, P829 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR NIELSEN SN, 1994, THESIS NATL ENV RES ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 RAPPORT DJ, 1992, J AQUAT ECOSYSTEM HL, V1, P15 REYNOLDS CS, 1987, ORG COMMUNITIES PAST, P297 REYNOLDS CS, 1996, VERH INT VEREIN LIMN, V26, P97 REYNOLDS CS, 1997, EXCELLENCE ECOLOGY S, V9 REYNOLDS CS, 1999, AQUAT SCI, V61, P183 REYNOLDS CS, 2000, VERH INT VER LIMNOL, V27, P107 ROMANOVSKY YE, 1985, ERGEBNISSE LIMNOLOGI, V21, P363 STRASKRABA M, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V117, P3 THIENEMANN A, 1918, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V12, P1 ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, GROWTH DEV UPSTILLGODDARD RC, 1990, TELLUS B, V42, P364 VANNOTE RL, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P130 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WEIHER E, 1995, OIKOS, V74, P159 NR 33 TC 2 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 191 EP 203 PY 2003 PD FEB 15 VL 160 IS 3 GA 646KM UT ISI:000181034200002 ER PT J AU Sandrock, DR William, RD Azarenko, AN TI Group-based onsite active learning (GOAL): Technique for investigating nitrogen management in container nurseries SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Florida, Dept Environm Hort, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sandrock, DR, Univ Florida, Dept Environm Hort, POB 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Nitrogen (N) management in container nurseries is part of a complex system. Working within this system, nursery owners, managers and employees routinely make N management decisions that have consequences for the immediate nursery environment (e.g., plant growth, yield, disease susceptibility, water quality) as well as areas beyond nursery boundaries (e.g., surface and groundwater quality, public perception). Research approaches often address parts of the system associated with the immediate nursery environment and purpose. As a result, best management practices that contribute to greater N use efficiency have been developed. Research approaches that consider the whole system reveal novel relationships and patterns that identify areas for future research and may direct future management decisions. To investigate N management from a whole system perspective, a group of nursery managers from Oregon and scientists from Oregon State University met three times between 2001 and 2003. Growers drew their N management systems and identified components, relationships and feedback loops using an ActionGram technique. From this information, researchers developed Group-based On-site Active Learning (GOAL). GOAL combines ActionGrams and the Adaptive Cycle at container nursery sites. In this case, N flow and management in container production systems served as the topic of active learning. Managers and employees from four wholesale container nurseries evaluated the GOAL exercise. After completing GOAL, 94% of participants indicated that they learned a new idea or concept about N cycling in their container nursery. Of those, 100% gained new ideas and concepts from peers and colleagues present at the meeting. In addition, 60% gained new ideas and concepts from researchers and 60% developed their own ideas and concepts. GOAL is a learning tool that provides a simple, convenient, interactive format for investigating complex systems. CR CAMPBELL B, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, CARNEGIE I WASHINGTO, V242, P1 DAVIS GA, 2004, J EXT, V41 GERBER JM, 1992, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V7, P118 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 LIGHTFOOT C, 1989, FARMER 1 FARMER INNO, P93 MACARTHUR RH, 1960, AM NAT, V94, P25 PIANKA ER, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P592 PRATT CC, 2000, AM J EVAL, V21, P341 SANDROCK DR, 2004, THESIS ORE STATE U C VANNOORDWIJK M, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 WILLIAM RD, 2002, N AM COLL TEACHERS A, V46, P8 NR 14 TC 0 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY BP 442 EP 448 PY 2004 PD JUL-SEP VL 14 IS 3 GA 834SX UT ISI:000222432300026 ER PT J AU Lane, MB McDonald, GT TI Crisis, change, and institutions in forest management: the Wet Tropics of northeastern Australia SO JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Geog Sci & Planning, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Lane, MB, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, 925 Bascom Mall,Old Mus Hall, Madison, WI 53705 USA. AB This paper tests the four-phase heuristic model of change in resource management regimes developed by Gunderson et al. (1995. In: Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 489-533) by applying it to a case analysis of rainforest management in northeastern Australia. The model suggests that resource management regimes change in four phases: (i) crisis caused by external factors, (ii) a search for alternative management solutions, (iii) creation of a new management regime, and (iv) bureaucratic implementation of the new arrangements. The history of human use arid management of the tropical forests of this region is described and applied to this model. The ensuing analysis demonstrates that: (i) resource management tends to be characterized by a series of distinct eras; (ii) changes to management regimes are precipitated by crisis; and (iii) change is externally generated. The paper concludes by arguing that this theoretical perspective oil institutional change in resource management systems has wider utility. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Archer, ERM, Univ Cape Town, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Private Bag, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. AB Much research has been directed at determining the relative roles of climate and grazing in driving vegetation cover change in semi-arid ecosystems. Recent attempts seek to move beyond this debate as it has stagnated, or reached an "impasse". This study follows this pathway in investigating the effect of commercial stock grazing practices on vegetation cover in an eastern Karoo study site in South Africa. The study "corrects" a 14-year NDVI time-series for precipitation effects. Results suggest that some grazing strategies lead to consistently lower vegetation cover measures than do others, once rainfall is accounted for. Such findings provide a basis for recommendations for more sustainable grazing practices under conditions of variable precipitation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dasgupta, P, Univ Cambridge, Fac Econ, Cambridge CB3 9DD, England. 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In terms of yield and value, these are the main wild-caught targets of the national fisheries, a small-scale commercial fishery of around 3000 fishermen. Data were collected during interviews with key informants involved with the fisheries and through literature and archive research. The goal was to study how the fishing industry has responded to environmental signals from these resources and from their ecosystems and ecosystem dynamics. National yields for both lobster and conch have been relatively stable, however, individuals' yields have been declining despite increased effort since the 1980s. This study concludes that the use of fossil fuel-based technology and organizational change, with the establishment of fishermen's cooperatives, have masked environmental signals. This masking, together with economic incentives, has led to the "pathology of resource use." As a symptom of this pathology, four forms of sequential exploitation in these fisheries were identified. A major conclusion is that social resilience may not confer ecological resilience. The development of the cooperatives was needed in order to improve equity in the industry. Before their impacts could be assessed, this organizational change, together with new technology, led to very important and rapid changes in the industry. Together with existing regulations that allow de facto open access to lobster and conch, these changes resulted in a short-term boom that has resulted in the pathology of resource use, with over-capitalization and dependence on maintained yields, regardless of environmental feedback. 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Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Donovan, DG, Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Traditional knowledge, promoted to make conservation and development more relevant and socially acceptable, is shown to have an important role in identifying critical research needs in tropical ecology. Botanists, foresters, and phytochemists, among others, from many countries have sought for decades to understand the process of resin formation in the genus Aquilaria, a tropical forest tree of South and Southeast Asia. Not every tree develops the resin and, despite extensive scientific research, this process remains poorly understood. Attempts at cultivating the valuable aromatic resin, gaharu, have been uneven at best. Thus, gaharu remains largely a natural forest product, increasingly under threat as the trees are overexploited and forest is cleared. In this paper, we compare scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge of the Penan Benalui and other forest product collectors of Indonesian Borneo. Although limited management of wildlings failed to bring the resin-producing species under cultivation, we found that the Penan recognize the complex ecology of resin formation involving two, or maybe three, living organisms-the tree, one or more fungi, and possibly an insect intermediary. Developing a sustainable production system for this resource will require a clear understanding of how these various natural elements function, separately and synergistically. Traditional knowledge can help fill gaps in our information base and identify promising areas for future research. Both correspondence and gaps in knowledge support the call for a greater role for ethnobiological research and interdisciplinary cooperation, especially between ethnobiologists and foresters, in developing sustainable management systems for this traditional resource and its natural habitat. 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NR 147 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 3 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 3 GA 912OB UT ISI:000228087500006 ER PT J AU Adger, WN TI Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change SO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Future changes in climate pose significant challenges for society, not the least of which is how best to adapt to observed and potential future impacts of these changes to which the world is already committed. Adaptation is a dynamic social process: the ability of societies to adapt is determined, in part, by the ability to act collectively. This article reviews emerging perspectives on collective action and social capital and argues that insights from these areas inform the nature of adaptive capacity and normative prescriptions of policies of adaptation. Specifically, social capital is increasingly understood within economics to have public and private elements, both of which are based on trust, reputation, and reciprocal action. The public-good aspects of particular forms of social capital are pertinent elements of adaptive capacity in interacting with natural capital and in relation to the performance of institutions that cope with the risks of changes in climate. Case studies are presented of present-day collective action for coping with extremes in weather in coastal areas in Southeast Asia and of community-based coastal management in the Caribbean. These cases demonstrate the importance of social capital framing both the public and private institutions of resource management that build resilience in the face of the risks of changes in climate. These cases illustrate, by analogy, the nature of adaptation processes and collective action in adapting to future changes in climate. 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Univ Oregon, Dept Landscape Architecture, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioengn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Asian Dev Bank, Econ Res Dept, Manila 0980, Philippines. RP Baker, JP, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. AB Alternative futures analysis can inform community decisions regarding land and water use. We conducted an alternative futures analysis in the Willamette River Basin in western Oregon. Based on detailed input from local stakeholders, three alternative future landscapes for the year 2050 were created and compared to present-day (circa 1990) and historical (pre-EuroAmerican settlement) landscapes. We evaluated the likely effects of these landscape changes on four endpoints: water availability, Willamette River, stream condition, and terrestrial wildlife. All three futures assume a doubling of the 1990 human population by 2050. The Plan Trend 2050 scenario assumes current policies and trends continue. Because Oregon has several conservation-oriented policies in place, landscape changes and projected environmental effects associated with this scenario were surprisingly small (most less than or equal to10% change relative to 1990). The scenario did, however, engender a debate among stakeholders about the reasonableness of assuming that existing policies would be implemented exactly as written if no further policy actions were taken. The Development 2050 scenario reflects a loosening of current policies, more market-oriented approach, as proposed by some stakeholders. Estimated effects of this scenario include loss of 24% of prime farmland; 39% more wildlife species would lose habitat than gain habitat relative to the 1990 landscape. Projected effects on aquatic biota were less severe, primarily because many of the land use changes involved conversion of agricultural lands into urban or rural development, both of which adversely impact streams. Finally, Conservation 2050 assumes that ecosystem protection and restoration are given higher priority, although still within the bounds of what stakeholders considered plausible. In response, most ecological indicators (both terrestrial and aquatic) recovered 20-70% of the losses sustained since EuroAmerican settlement. The one exception is water availability. Water consumed for out-of-stream uses increased under all three future scenarios (by 40-60%), with accompanying decreases in stream flow. Although the conservation measures incorporated into Conservation 2050 moderated the increase in consumption, they were not sufficient to reverse the trend. Results from these analyses have been actively discussed by stakeholder groups charged with developing a vision for the basin's future and a basin-wide restoration strategy. 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RP Vesk, PA, Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. AB 1. The aim of this study was to identify whether plant species show consistent responses to livestock grazing. The analyses were based on 35 published studies from Australian rangelands providing 55 species response lists. The primary data set comprised 1554 responses from 829 species. 2. Eight-hundred and twenty-nine species were categorized as increasers, decreasers or neutral under grazing. Of 324 species that occurred in at least two response lists, 133 (41%) responded inconsistently, increasing at least once and decreasing at least once. While 59% of species responded consistently, these results suggest that our ability to predict vegetation change under grazing is limited. 3. Particular species were not inherently more or less consistent. Rather, as species occurred in more trials, the likelihood of at least one opposite response increased; no species that occurred at least eight times was wholly consistent. A binomial model indicated that the probability of an opposite response, across all species, was 0.275. 4. Contrary responses within species must result from context rather than from species' traits. Species were more likely to decrease in response to grazing at lower rainfall than at higher rainfall. Forbs tended to increase under grazing at sites where wet seasons were cooler. Changing the grazing animal was weakly correlated with change in response direction, although not enough for it to be useful for manipulating pasture composition. We found little support for ideas that different responses within species are due to differences in alternative forage available, or due to non-linearity of response to grazing intensity. 5. At present it appears we can predict species response direction about three-quarters of the time,, at a continental scale. This represents an upper limit of the reliability of prediction based on species' traits alone. Presently we do not know what aspects of the context might allow us to predict reliably the remaining one-quarter of responses. 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CR 1972, GENETIC VULNERABILIT 1980, COTTON VARIETIES PLA 1980, CROP PRODUCTION NOV 1980, IOWA AGR STATISTICS 1981, AGR STATISTICS 1981 AUSTIN RB, 1980, J AGR SCI, V94, P675 BERNARD RL, 1980, CROP SCI, V20, P825 BLAINE MR, 1979, IOWAY INDIANS BRIGGLE LW, 1982, USDA ARS STATISTICAL, V676 DOBZHANSKY T, 1977, EVOLUTION, P107 DUVICK DN, 1975, IOWA STATE J RES, V49, P505 DUVICK DN, 1977, MAYDICA, V22, P187 DUVICK DN, 1984, CROP SCI SOC AM SPEC, V7 EBERHART SA, 1969, CROP SCI, V9, P357 FREDERICKSEN RA, 1977, TEXAS AGRIC EXP STA FROHBERG RC, 1977, N DAKOTA FARM RES, V35, P1 GALLUN RL, 1977, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V287, P223 GAVAN JD, 1975, SCIENCE, V188, P541 HARTWIG EE, 1978, 1280 MISS STAT U MIS HARVEY HP, 1977, 32ND P ANN CORN SORG, V32, P186 KEHR WR, 1968, NEBRASKA AGRIC EXP S, V497 KUHN CW, 1970, GEORGIA AGRIC EXP ST, V82 LARGE EC, 1940, ADV FUNGI, P121 LEUDDERS VD, 1977, CROP SCI, V17, P971 MAUNDER AB, 1972, SORGHUM 70S, P60 MCVEY DV, 1978, 5TH P INT WHEAT GEN, P1061 MCVEY DV, 1980, AGRIC EXP STA U NEBR, P466 NEWMAN JE, 1978, N AM DROUGHTS, P43 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RUSSELL WA, 1974, 29TH ANN CORN SORGH, V29, P81 SIMMONDS NW, 1962, BIOL REV, V37, P422 SIMMONDS NW, 1979, PRINCIPLES CROP IMPR, P262 SIMS RJR, 1981, IDAHO AGRIC EXP STA, V116 SMITH DD, 1981, P IOWA ACAD SCI, V88, P7 WALKER AK, 1978, CROP SCI, V18, P719 ZUBER MS, 1979, 35TH P ANN CORN SORG, V35, P234 NR 36 TC 64 J9 ECON BOT BP 161 EP 178 PY 1984 VL 38 IS 2 GA SR126 UT ISI:A1984SR12600001 ER PT J AU Lal, R TI Soil carbon sequestration for sustaining agricultural production and improving the environment with particular reference to Brazil SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article C1 Ohio State Univ, Carbon Management & Sequestrat Ctr, OARDC FAES, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Lal, R, Ohio State Univ, Carbon Management & Sequestrat Ctr, OARDC FAES, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AB Agricultural ecosystems generally contain less soil organic carbon (SOC) pool than their potential capacity because of the low return and high rate of mineralization of biosolids, and severe losses due to accelerated erosion and leaching. Conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems usually causes depletion of 50 to 75 percent of the antecedent SOC pool, thereby creating a potential sink capacity of as much as 35 to 40 Mg C/ha. The depletion of SOC pool leads to decline in soil quality and resilience with attendant reduction in biomass productivity, decreased capacity to degrade and filter pollutants, increased risks of soil degradation by erosion and other processes, and increase in emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The magnitude of depletion of SOC pool is greater for soils of the tropics than temperate regions, and for farms which are resource-based and managed with low-input than those managed with science-based and judicious off-farm inputs. The SOC sequestration, increasing SOC pool through conversion to an appropriate land use and adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs), can reverse soil degradation trends, improve soil quality and resilience, increase biomass production and decrease emission of GHGs. A strong link exists between the labile fraction of SOC pool and soil biodiversitythe activity and species diversity of soil fauna (micro, meso and macro) and micro-organisms. Soil biodiversity is usually higher under pastures and planted fallow systems than under crops, and is likely to increase with adoption of conservation tillage and mulch farming, integrated nutrient management and manuring, mixed farming systems and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. The gross rates of SOC sequestration through adoption of RMPs range from 400 to 800 kg/ha/y for cool and humid regions and 100 to 200 kg/ha/y for dry and warm climates. The potential of soil C sequestration in Brazil is estimated at about 50 Tg C/y. In addition, 60 Tg C/y emitted by erosion-induced mineralization can also be avoided through effective erosion control measures. 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RP Starfield, AM, UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,ST PAUL,MN 55108. AB One of the greatest challenges in global-change research is to predict the future distribution of vegetation. Most models of vegetation change predict either the response of a patch of present vegetation to climatic change or the future equilibrium distribution of vegetation based on the present relationship between climate and vegetation. Here we present a model that is, to our knowledge, the first model of ecosystem change in response to transient changes in climate, disturbance regime, and recruitment over the next 50-500 yr. The frame-based model uses quantitative and qualitative variables to develop scenarios of vegetation change from arctic tundra to boreal forest in response to global changes in climate (as predicted by general circulation models [GCMs]), fire, and land use. Seed availability, tree growth rate, and probability of fire were the model parameters that most strongly influenced the balance between tundra and boreal forest in transitional climates. The rate of climatic warming strongly affected the time lag between the onset of climate change and the simulated ecosystem response but had relatively little effect on the rate or pattern of ecosystem change. The model calculated that, with a gradual ramped change of 3 degrees C in the next century (corresponding to average rate of warming predicted by GCMs), any change from tundra to forest would take 150 yr, consistent with pollen records. The model suggested that tundra would first be invaded by conifer forests, but that the proportion of broad-leaved deciduous forest would increase, reflecting increased fire frequency, as climatic warming continued. The change in fire frequency was determined more strongly by climatically driven changes in vegetation than by direct climatic effects on fire probability. The pattern of climatic warming was more important than the rate of warming or change in precipitation in determining the rate of conversion from tundra to forest. Increased climatic variability promoted ecosystem change, particularly when oscillations were long relative to the time required for tree maturation. Management policies related to logging and moose-predator control affected vegetation as much or more than did changes in climate and must be included in future scenarios of global changes in ecosystem distribution. We suggest that frame-based models provide a critical link between patch and equilibrium models in predicting ecosystem change in response to transient changes in climate over the coming decades to centuries. 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Michigan State Univ, Dept Sociol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Habron, G, Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 13 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. AB Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance of experimentation that rejects "one size fits all solutions." Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing regulations or specific practices. 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The term regime shift was originally confined to spatial or temporal correspondences between climatic indices and population abundance. The body of evidence for physical-biological coupling has certainly generated a much better appreciation of the natural decadal scale variability in marine systems. It is difficult, however, to deduce from these time series, the mechanisms or trophic pathways that produce the correspondence. Ideally, we would need experimental manipulations such as those used in small takes, to unravel the causal connections. Since this is impossible in the open sea, we must use comparisons between systems subject to different types of perturbation or stress. We focused at the Workshop on the effects of over-fishing in different marine regimes. The consequences of large scale changes in community structure imposed by excessive fishing give valuable case studies. Coral reefs, rocky shores, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems provide other examples. The possible existence of similar processes across such diverse systems raises corresponding questions about common ecological principles. The adaptive benefits of maximizing resilience (defined as minimizing the largest eigenvalue of the perturbed system) were considered. The corollary of this assumption is that, at the limits of adaptation, there will be switching between communities, providing a potential ground for a broad definition of regime shifts. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Lulea Univ Technol, Dept Environm Engn, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Orebro, Novemus, Dept Social Sci, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden. RP Angelstam, P, Univ Orebro, Dept Nat Sci, Ctr Landscape Ecol, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden. AB The maintenance of biodiversity by securing representative and well-connected habitat networks in managed landscapes requires a wise combination of protection, management, and restoration of habitats at several scales. We suggest that the integration of natural and social sciences in the form of "Two-dimensional gap analysis" is an efficient tool for the implementation of biodiversity policies. The tool links biologically relevant "horizontal" ecological issues with "vertical" issues related to institutions and other societal issues. Using forest biodiversity as an example, we illustrate how one can combine ecological and institutional aspects of biodiversity conservation, thus facilitating environmentally sustainable regional development. In particular, we use regional gap analysis for identification of focal forest types, habitat modelling for ascertaining the functional connectivity of "green infrastructures", as tools for the horizontal gap analysis. For the vertical dimension we suggest how the social sciences can be used for assessing the success in the implementation of biodiversity policies in real landscapes by identifying institutional obstacles while implementing policies. We argue that this interdisciplinary approach could be applied in a whole range of other environments including other terrestrial biota and aquatic ecosystems where functional habitat connectivity, nonlinear response to habitat loss and a multitude of economic and social interests co-occur in the same landscape. 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Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Tengo, M, Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB We investigated and compared management practices for dealing with uncertainty in agroecosystem dynamics in two cases of smallholder farming in different parts of the world: northeast Tanzania and east-central Sweden. Qualitative research methods were applied to map farmers' practices related to agroecosystem management. The practices are clustered according to a framework of ecosystem services relevant for agricultural production and discussed using a theoretical model of ecosystem dynamics. Almost half of the identified practices were found to be similar in both cases, with similar approaches for adjusting to and dealing with local variability and disturbance. Practices that embraced the ecological roles of wild as well as domesticated flora and fauna and the use of qualitative biological indicators are identified as tools that built insurance capital for change and enhanced the capacity to respond to changing agroecosystem dynamics. Diversification in time and space, as well as more specific practices for mitigating pest outbreaks and temporary droughts, can limit the effects of disturbance. In both Sweden and Tanzania, we identified social mechanisms for the protection of species that served important functions in the agroecosystem. We also found examples of how old practices served as a source of adaptations for dealing with new conditions and that new knowledge was adjusted to local conditions. The study shows that comparing management practices across scales and in different cultural settings can reveal insights into the capacity of farmers to adjust, respond to, and shape ecosystem dynamics. We emphasize the importance of continuous learning for developing the sustainable management of complex agroecosystems and securing agricultural production for the future. 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The future of conservation biology SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Sci Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ, Dept Bot, ZA-6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa. RP Balmford, A, Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Sci Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING SY *UNEP, 2002, GLOB ENV OUTL, V3 BALMFORD A, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P326 BALMFORD A, 2005, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V360, P221 BALMFORD A, 2005, SCIENCE, V307, P212 BELOKUROV AN, 2003, TRACKING EFFECTIVENE CAMPBELL LM, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P574 CARRET JC, 2003, MADAGASCAR PROTECTED CHOMITZ KM, 1999, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V240, P157 COWLING R, 2005, SOC CONSERVATIOB BIO, V12, P1 COWLING R, 2005, SOC CONSERVATIOB BIO, V12, P19 COWLING RM, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5452 DAILY GC, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P277 DAILY GC, 2002, NEW EC NATURE QUEST DAWE NK, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1458 EKINS P, 2003, ECOL ECON, V44, P165 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 FRANK KT, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1621 GREEN RE, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P56 GREEN RE, 2005, SCIENCE, V307, P550 HANNAH L, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P264 HARRISON P, 2000, AAAS ATLAS POPULATIO HILBORN R, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P550 KNIGHT AT, 2006, CONSERV BIOL, V20, P739 KREMEN C, 2005, ECOL LETT, V8, P468 LELE S, 2005, BIOSCIENCE, V55, P967 MACE G, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS HUMAN WEL, V1 MARGULES CR, 2000, NATURE, V405, P243 MASCIA MB, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P649 MAXNEEF MA, 2005, ECOL ECON, V53, P5 MILLER JR, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P430 MOLNAR J, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P1670 NABHAN GP, 1994, GEOGRAPHY CHILDHOOD ORR DW, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P1457 PAGIOLA S, 2003, SELLING FOREST ENV S, P37 PAINE RT, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P554 PEREIRA HM, 2006, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V21, P123 PIERCE SM, 2002, MAINSTREAMING BIODIV PIERCE SM, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V125, P441 PYLE R, 1993, THUNDER TREE LESSONS ROUGET M, 2006, CONSERV BIOL, V20, P549 SALAFSKY N, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P830 SALAFSKY N, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P1469 SAUNDERS CD, 2003, HUMAN ECOLOGY REV, V10, P137 SAUNDERS CD, 2006, CONSERV BIOL, V20, P702 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SPRINGER AM, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P12223 WHITTAKER RJ, 2005, DIVERS DISTRIB, V11, P3 WHITTEN T, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1 WILSON EO, 1998, CONSILIENCE UNITY KN NR 50 TC 0 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 692 EP 695 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 20 IS 3 GA 053NZ UT ISI:000238313200023 ER PT J AU Thornes, JB Rowntree, KM TI Integrated catchment management in semiarid environments in the context of the European Water Framework Directive SO LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Kings College London, Dept Geog, London WC1 2RL, England. Rhodes Univ, Catchment Res Grp, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. RP Thornes, JB, Kings College London, Dept Geog, Strand, London WC1 2RL, England. AB Two recent developments draw attention to the need for integrated catchment management. First is the European Union's (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD), which insists on an integrated catchment management plan for each European river basin within the next 15 years. Second is the current trend for river restoration; practitioners have concluded that this can only be achieved through a thorough appreciation of the integrated character of catchments. This paper addresses the question as to whether it makes sense to apply the WFD methodology across the range of European catchments and, in particular, what special provisions need to be made for dry Mediterranean catchments. The Southern European rivers are episodic. They yield high and coarse sediment loads and some are still used as waste repositories. They interact intermittently with groundwater. Reference conditions, both geometrical and water quality, require different measures and observations from those of the temperate and Arctic regime rivers that dominate much of the rest of the EU. These properties are identified and discussed with reference to nested subcatchments of the River Segura in the Province of Murcia, Spain. New research in the Nogalte sub-basin demonstrates a possible 'reference site' for this environment. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR *COM AUT REG MURC, 1985, AV PLAN SAN REC RIO *SGDGOH, 1988, EV EXTR Y NIV PIEZ E ALONSO MS, 1995, AGUA Y FUTURO REGION BRIZGA S, 2000, RIVER MANAGEMENT AUS BROMLEY J, 2000, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, V2, P179 BROOKES A, 1996, RIVER CHANNEL RESTOR BULL LJ, 2000, CATENA, V48, P191 COLLIN JJ, 1998, ATLAS MEDITERRANEAN, P98 DIAZ AR, 2002, EROSION REGION MURCI DUPREEZ L, IN PRESS WATER RES C EAGLESON PS, 1978, WATER RESOUR RES, V14, P749 GEESON NA, 2002, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT GOBSTER PH, 2000, RESTORING NATURE GROVE AT, 2001, NATURE MEDITERRANEAN GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HULL RB, 2000, RESTORING NATURE PER, P97 MADURGA RL, 1989, SELECTED PAPERS AQUI, V3, P69 MOLINA JM, 1995, AGUA FUTURO REGION M, P513 OBANDO JA, 2002, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P269 PRAT N, 1998, ESTUDIS QUALITAT ECO, P7 SERRANO LR, 2002, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P303 THORNES JB, 1977, RIVER CHANNEL CHANGE, P288 THORNES JB, 2003, GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA, V76, P157 WAINWRIGHT J, 2004, ENV ISSUES MEDITERRA NR 24 TC 0 J9 LAND DEGRAD DEV BP 355 EP 364 PY 2006 PD JUL-AUG VL 17 IS 4 GA 072BC UT ISI:000239646600002 ER PT J AU HAMMER, M JANSSON, A JANSSON, BO TI DIVERSITY CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY - IMPLICATIONS FOR FISHERIES SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT MARINE RES,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RP HAMMER, M, UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT SYST ECOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. AB Conserving biodiversity is regarded one of the major issues for enabling sustainable use of natural resources. This paper, focusing on the Baltic Sea and Sweden's fisheries, emphasizes the value of preserving biodiversity for the maintenance of diverse, resilient and functioning ecological life-support systems. These constitute a fundamental and necessary base for all human activities. The major features of diversity: species diversity, genetic diversity, functional diversity and spatial and temporal diversity and diversity changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem are described and discussed together with the development of management approaches in Sweden's fisheries. The paper takes a systems perspective, focusing on the linkages between ecological and economic systems. Biodiversity is seen as an interdependent part of a cluster of diversities in the human society and in the ecological system. The need for broader integrated approaches enhancing diversity in resource-management systems are emphasized. CR 1990, STATISTIKA MEDDELAND 1992, BLEKINGE KUST OCH SK 1992, JORDBRUKSDEPAREMENTE 1992, JORDBRUKSEDPARTEMENT, P36 ANDERSIN AB, 1986, PUBL WATER RES I HEL, V68, P102 ANEER G, 1978, CONTR ASKO LAB, V21 BERKES F, 1985, HUM ECOL, V13, P187 BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1992, ECOL ECON, V56, P1 BROWN LR, 1993, STATE WORLD 1993 WOR CAIRNS MA, 1992, FISHERIES, V17, P6 CEDERWALL H, 1980, OPHELIA S, V1, P287 COSTANZA R, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P407 COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V62, P37 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G CROSS JG, 1980, SOCIAL TRAPS CUSHING DH, 1982, CLIMATE FISHERIES DAHL E, 1973, OIKOS S, V15, P85 DALY H, 1992, ENV SUSTAINABLE EC D, P18 ELMGREN R, 1984, RAPP PV REUN CONS IN, V183, P152 ELMGREN R, 1989, AMBIO, V18, P326 EPIFANIO CE, 1988, LECTURE NOTES COASTA, V22, P291 FOLKE C, 1991, ECOL ECON, V3, P123 FOLKE C, 1992, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V17, P5 GADGIL M, 1987, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V2, P369 GRANLUND J, 1956, STRANDA HARADS HEMBY, V331, P3 GULLAND JA, 1984, EXPLOITATION MARINE, P335 HANNA SS, 1987, LECTURE NOTES BIOMAT, V722, P264 HANNA SS, 1992, OCEAN GOVT NEW VISIO, P23 HANSSON S, 1985, REP I FRESHWATER RES, V62, P36 HANSSON S, 1990, OECOLOGIA, V84, P430 HOLLING CS, INVESTING NATURAL CA HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANSSON AM, 1988, AMBIO, V17, P131 JANSSON BO, 1990, RES PROGRAMME PERIOD, P75 JOHANSSON S, 1992, REGULATING FACTORS C KAUTSKY N, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V28, P1 KLEE GA, 1980, WORLD SYSTEMS TRADIT, V23 LARSSON U, 1985, AMBIO, V14, P9 LINDSTROM M, 1980, ANN ZOOL FENN, V17, P213 LOFGREN O, 1977, THESIS LIBER LUND MAY RM, 1984, EXPLOITATION MARINE MCCAY BM, 1987, QUESTIONS COMMONS CU MCGOODWIN JR, 1990, CRISIS WORLDS FISHER, V6 NISSLING A, 1991, MAR BIOL, V111, P33 ODUM HT, 1971, ENV POWER SOC ODUM HT, 1978, AAAS SELECTED S, V9 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PIMENTEL D, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P354 REGIER HA, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P75 SEGERSTRALE SG, 1957, ECOLOGY MEM GEOL SOC, V67, P751 SJOSTRAND B, 1992, INFORMATION HAVSFISK SKRESLET S, 1986, NATO ASI SERIES SMETACEK V, 1984, FLOWS ENERGY MAT MAR, P517 STEELE JH, 1984, SCIENCE, V29 SUGDEN AM, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P205 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WESTIN L, 1991, MAR BIOL, V108, P5 WRIGHT DH, 1983, OIKOS, V41, P496 WRIGHT DH, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P189 WULFF F, 1989, NETWORK ANAL MARINE, P232 ZJLSTRA JJ, 1988, LECTURE NOTES COASTA, V22, P257 ZUCCHETTO J, 1985, RESOURCES SOC SYSTEM NR 64 TC 19 J9 AMBIO BP 97 EP 105 PY 1993 PD MAY VL 22 IS 2-3 GA LF517 UT ISI:A1993LF51700008 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Hawkins, CP Ladau, J McClory, JG TI Fauna of Yosemite National Park lakes has low resistance but high resilience to fish introductions SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Crowley Lake, CA 93546 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Cornell Univ, Sect Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Knapp, RA, POB 1084, Girdwood, AK 99587 USA. AB The ratio of the number of taxa observed at a site to that expected to occur in the absence of anthropogenic impacts (O/E) is an ecologically meaningful measure of the degree of faunal alteration. We used O/E ratios to describe the response by amphibian, reptile, benthic macroinvertebrate, and zooplankton taxa in originally fishless lakes in Yosemite National Park to the introduction and subsequent disappearance of nonnative fish. To quantify resistance (the degree to which a system is altered when the environment changes) and resilience (the degree to which a system returns to its previous configuration once the perturbation is removed), we compared O/E ratios between lakes that were never stocked, were previously stocked and still contained fish, or were previously stocked but had reverted to a fishless condition. On average, stocked- fish-present sites had 16% fewer taxa than never-stocked sites (O/E = 0.84 vs. 1.00, respectively). This statistically significant difference in O/E ratios indicates that native fauna had relatively low resistance to fish introductions. Resistance was inversely related to fish density and elevation, and directly related to water depth. Vulnerability to impacts of trout predation differed markedly between faunal groups, being high for amphibians, reptiles, conspicuous benthic invertebrates, and zooplankton and low for inconspicuous benthic invertebrates. O/E ratios in stocked-now-fishless sites were significantly higher (1.00) than those in stocked-fish-present sites and were not significantly different from those in never-stocked sites, indicating that this fauna had high resilience. For stocked-now-fishless sites, the relationship between the O/E ratio and the number of years since fish disappearance indicated that taxonomic composition recovered to closely resemble that of never-stocked lakes in less than two years following fish disappearance. Collectively, these result's indicate that despite strong effects of an introduced predatory fish on community structure, these systems recover quickly and predictably following fish removal. 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RP Downing, JA, Iowa State Univ, 353 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. AB Clear Lake, Iowa, USA is a shallow, agriculturally eutrophic lake that has changed drastically over the past century. Eight macrophyte surveys since 1896 were pooled and examined to characterize long-term impacts of eutrophication on macrophyte community composition and relative abundance. Surveys in 1981 and 2000 revealed few submergent and floating-leaved species and a dominance in emergent species (Scirpus, Typha). Over the past century, however, species richness has declined from a high of 30 species in 1951 to 12 found today, while the community composition has shifted from submergent- (99%) to emergent-dominated floras (84%). Potamogeton praelongus was the first emergent species to disappear but was followed by several other clear water Potamogeton species. Several floating leaved and emergent genera increased in relative abundance with eutrophication, notably Nuphar, Nymphaea, Phragmites, Polygonum, Sagittaria, Scirpus, and Typha. P. pectinatus was present over the entire century due to its tolerance of eutrophic conditions. Macrophyte growth was generally light-limited, with 93% of the variance in relative abundance of submergent species explained by changes in water transparency. Clear Lake exhibits signs of alternative stable states, oscillating between clear and turbid water, coupled with high and low submerged species relative abundance. The maximum macrophyte richness occurred as the lake oscillated between submergent- and emergent-dominated states. Changes in the water level have also impacted macrophyte growth since the area of the lake occupied by emergent macrophytes was negatively correlated with water level. Strongest correlations indicated that macrophytes respond to water level variations with a 2-year time-lag. 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Indiana Univ, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. ATREE, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. RP Ostrom, E, Indiana Univ, CIPEC, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, 408 N Indiana Ave, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. AB Governing natural resources sustainably is a continuing struggle. Major debates occur over what types of policy "interventions" best protect forests, with choices of property and land tenure systems being central issues. Herein, we provide an overview of findings from a long-term interdisciplinary, multiscale, international research program that analyzes the institutional factors affecting forests managed under a variety of tenure arrangements. This program analyzes satellite images, conducts social-ecological measurements on the ground, and tests the impact of structural variables on human decisions in experimental laboratories. Satellite images track the landscape dimensions of forest-cover change within different management regimes over time, On-the-ground social-ecological studies examine relationships between forest conditions and types of institutions. Behavioral studies under controlled laboratory conditions enhance our understanding of explicit changes in structure that affect relevant human decisions. Evidence from all three research methods challenges the presumption that a single governance arrangement will control overharvesting in all settings. When users are genuinely engaged in decisions regarding rules affecting their use, the likelihood of them following the rules and monitoring others is much greater than when an authority simply imposes rules. Our results support a frontier of research on the most effective institutional and tenure arrangements for protecting forests. They move the debate beyond the boundaries of protected areas into larger landscapes where government, community, and comanaged protected areas are embedded and help us understand when and why deforestation and regrowth occur in specific regions within these larger landscapes. 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RP Klauer, B, UFZ Ctr Environm Res Leipzig Halle, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. AB This paper analyses the fundamental problems of defining and achieving sustainable development. A common core of the various definitions of sustainability circulating is identified. Economic and scientific approaches to operationalize sustainability generally lead to management rules, which - if obeyed - should guarantee sustainability. Since it is not possible to precisely predict the future, this scientific-technical-economic route to sustainability may fail. A second, ethical way, to sustainability which interprets sustainability as an ideal for fair play is introduced. How the two different ways may complement one another with a three-step hierarchy of political goals is elucidated. CR *SRU, 1994, UMW 1994 *SRU, 1996, UMW 1996 *SRU, 1996, Z ANGEWANDTE UMWELTF, V9, P166 *UN, 1992, C UN ENV DEV JUN 199 *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT BRUNDTL CHICHILNISKY G, 1997, LAND ECON, V73, P467 CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS COSTANZA R, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA COSTANZA R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193 FABER M, 1992, ENVIRON VALUE, V1, P217 FABER M, 1995, ECON APPL, V48, P231 FABER M, 1998, EVOLUTION TIME PRODU FUWA K, 1995, DEFINING MEASURING S, P7 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KLAUER B, 1998, LIFE SCI DIMENSIONS KUIK O, 1991, SEARCH INDICATORS SU MANSTETTEN R, 1996, GAIA, V5, P291 MUNASINGHE M, 1995, DEFINING MEASURING S PEARCE DW, 1990, SUSTAINABLE DEV EC E PEZZEY J, 1992, 2 WORLD BANK PROOPS JLR, 1996, ECOL ECON, V17, P133 SOLOW R, 1992, OCC 40 ANN RES FUT O NR 22 TC 1 J9 INT J SUSTAIN DEV WORLD ECOL BP 114 EP 121 PY 1999 PD JUN VL 6 IS 2 GA 213YQ UT ISI:000081301200005 ER PT J AU Mulvihill, PR Baker, DC Morrison, WR TI A conceptual framework for environmental history in Canada's North SO ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. Univ No British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada. RP Mulvihill, PR, York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. CR *CAN ENV ASS RES C, 1990, BACKGR PAP WORKSH RE *GOV CAN, 1991, STAT CAN ENV 1991 BASTEDO J, 1994, SHIELD COUNTRY LIFE BEANLANDS GE, 1983, ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK BERGER C, 1970, SENSE POWER STUDIES, P129 BERGER T, 1977, NO FRONTIER NO HOMEL, V1 CARELESS JMS, 1989, FRONTIER METROPOLIS COATES KS, 1985, CANADAS COLONIES HIS COATES KS, 1989, MODERN N PEOPLE POLI COATES KS, 1992, FORGOTTEN N HIST CAN CREIGHTON DGG, 1937, COMMERCIAL EMPIRE ST CRONON W, 1995, UNCOMMON GROUND REIN DOVER S, ENV HIST REV, V18, P21 HAMELIN LE, 1978, CANADIAN NORDICITY I HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUGHES JD, ENV HIST REV, V19, P1 JACOBS J, 1984, CITIES WEALTH NATION KEENLEYSIDE H, 1988, SOVEREIGNTY SECURITY, P1 MACLAREN I, 1989, INTERPRETING CANADAS MUMFORD L, 1961, CITY HIST ITS ORIGIN, P302 PATTERSON TC, 1992, HIST ECOLOGY CULTURA, P223 PIELOU EC, 1994, NATURALISTS GUIDE AR RICHARDSON B, 1991, STRANGERS DEVOUR LAN SABIN P, 1995, ENV HIST REV, V19 SLY PG, 1994, HUMAN IMPACTS HUDSON TURNER FJ, 1962, FRONTIER AM HIST WHITE R, 1995, ORGANIC MACHINE WORSTER JD, 1988, ENDS EARTH PERSPECTI, P289 YOUNG SB, 1994, ARCTIC INTRO FAR NO NR 29 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON HIST BP 611 EP 626 PY 2001 PD OCT VL 6 IS 4 GA 489PE UT ISI:000171999500005 ER PT J AU OBrien, G O'Keefe, P Rose, J Wisner, B TI Climate change and disaster management SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article C1 Northumbria Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England. ETC UK, N Shields NE30 1NQ, Northd, England. RP OBrien, G, Northumbria Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England. AB Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. 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RP Leader-Williams, N, Univ Kent, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England. AB International conventions to reduce carbon dioxide levels focus on ecosystems and do not specifically recognize the need to conserve species. However, species are the building blocks of ecosystems, they are more widely understood among the public, and they provide means of capturing market values from ecosystems. Achieving successful conservation globally will require ensuring that the systems under which species and ecosystems are conserved axe more inclusive than statutory protected areas. Equal emphasis needs to be placed on including effective regimes that also encompass private and communal ownership through incentive-based approaches. Nevertheless, if globalized industries such as nature-based tourism or consumptive use are to provide meaningful incentives locally, a key requirement is to reduce leakage of revenue that is earned as a result of conserving species, such that local development concerns are addressed. However, current biodiversity conventions that address these needs are largely aspirational, while globalized industries such as tourism mainly promote their green credentials only through voluntary codes of conduct. Greatly improved linkages are needed between international conservation concerns and ensuring effective solutions to sustainability, which inevitably rest at national and sub-national levels, through systems of rights, tenure, benefits and incentives. CR 2001, IND ENV, V24, P5 *IIED, 1994, WHOS ED OV COMM APPR *IUCN, 1998, 1997 UN LIST PROT AR ADAMS JS, 1992, MYTH WILD AFRICA CON ASHLEY C, 1998, ENHANCING COMMUNITY ASHLEY C, 2000, NATURAL RESOURCE PER BARRETT CB, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1073 BARROW E, 1998, COMMUNITY CONSERVATI BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1989, NATURE, V340, P91 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BETTELHEIM EC, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC A, V360, P1827 BOND I, 1994, TRAFFIC B, V14, P117 BOND WJ, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P237 BRANDON KE, 1992, WORLD DEV, V20, P557 BRANDON KE, 1998, PARKS PERIL PEOPLE P BROMLEY DW, 1989, 7 WORLD BANK BROMLEY DW, 1991, ENV EC PROPERTY RIGH BRUNER AG, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P125 BURGER J, 1993, ENVIRON CONSERV, V20, P255 CEBALLOSLASCURA.H, 1996, TOURISM ECOTOURISM P COONEY R, 2002, REV EUR COMMUNITY IN, V10, P259 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DARWIN C, 1859, ORIGIN SPECIES MEANS DIAMOND J, 1989, CONSERVATION 21 CENT, P37 DICKSON B, 2002, 74 OV DEV I EDLINGTON JM, 1986, ECOLOGY RECREATION T EHRLICH PR, 1981, EXTINCTION CAUSES CO EHRLICH PR, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P219 GASTON KJ, 1996, BIODIVERSITY BIOL DI GHIMIRE KB, 1997, SOCIAL CHANGE CONSER GIBSON CC, 1999, POLITICIANS POACHERS GLOWKA L, 1994, GUIDE CONVENTION BIO GOODWIN HJ, 2000, PRIORITIES CONSERVAT, P257 GOSSLING S, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P303 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HEYWOOD VH, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HILTONTAYLOR C, 2000, 2000 IUCN RED LIST T HONEY M, 1999, ECOTOURISM SUSTAINAB HONEY M, 2001, IND ENV, V24, P28 HUTTON JM, 2000, ENDANGERED SPECIES T JAMES A, 2000, NATURE, V401, P323 KOCH E, 1994, ECOTOURISM TOOL RURA KOZIELL I, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC A, V360, P1807 LAWTON JH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P255 LAWTON JH, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES LEADERWILLIAMS N, 1996, COMMUNITY BASED CONS LEADERWILLIAMS N, 2000, PRIORITIES CONSERVAT, P53 LUNDBERG DE, 1995, TOURISM EC LYSTER S, 1985, INT WILDLIFE LAW MCNEELY J, 1995, EXPANDING PARTNERSHI MORAN D, 1994, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V3, P663 MUNASINGHE M, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P227 NAEEM S, 1994, NATURE, V368, P734 NEWSON H, 2001, IND ENV, V24, P24 NOWELL K, 1996, WILD CATS STATUS SUR OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS PARRABOZZANO D, 2001, IND ENV, V24, P30 ROBINSON JR, 2000, HUNTING SUSTAINABILI ROE D, 1997, TAKE ONLY PHOTOGRAPH ROE D, 2000, EVALUATING EDEN EXPL SANABRIA R, 2001, IND ENV, V24, P33 SIMBERLOFF D, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V83, P247 SOULE ME, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P2060 WALLACE GN, 1993, ECOTOURISM GUIDE PLA, P55 WALPOLE MJ, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P218 WALPOLE MJ, 2002, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V11, P543 WIJNSTEKEERS W, 2001, EVOLUTIONI CITES REF WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P3 NR 70 TC 1 J9 PHIL TRANS ROY SOC LONDON A BP 1787 EP 1806 PY 2002 PD AUG 15 VL 360 IS 1797 GA 582GB UT ISI:000177340500015 ER PT J AU Luckett, S TI Environmental paradigms, biodiversity conservation, and critical systems thinking SO SYSTEMIC PRACTICE AND ACTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. RP Luckett, S, Univ KwaZulu Natal, P Bag X01, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. AB In 1994 Gerald Midgley addressed the issue of the boundary implications of two different paradigms of thought about the environment, namely, "humanism" and "the ecological perspective." The distinction that he makes is important because it draws attention to the value implications of an uncritical acceptance of boundaries around human interests that serves to marginalize the environment. It is argued here, however, that Midgley does not go far enough. Just as an uncritical acceptance of "humanism" marginalizes the environment, so an uncritical acceptance of the "environmental perspective" runs the risk of prioritizing some elements of the environment over others, e.g., the interests of individual animals over species or over ecosystems. This paper seeks to correct this limitation in Midgley's account by developing a more sophisticated framework of environmental paradigms: a framework that can be used to clarify the values of stakeholders in critical systems interventions involving the management of biodiversity. 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AB The application of hierarchical theory and techniques to conservation biology and agriculture will greatly facilitate the development of a more meaningful dialogue between the two fields. This paper examines the parallel organization of biological diversity in both agricultural and natural systems across spatial and temporal scales and shows that there are many theoretical concepts of common concern to both as well as real differences between the two disciplines. For both fields of study, diversity can be hierarchically divided into species variability within local habitats (alpha diversity), variation among habitats (beta diversity), and variation over a broad landscape (gamma diversity). The two disciplines describe the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Agriculture is concerned with the economics of production of particular commodities and uses a process functional approach (energy flow). Conservation biology utilizes the population community approach. The variables used to assess biological diversity at a particular spatial and temporal scale can differ significantly between agricultural and natural systems, e.g. cultivar as opposed to species diversity. Evolution of populations is affected by both agricultural practices and conservation management programs. One force of evolution which may be highly significant to both agriculture and conservation biology is gene flow between populations. The structure of population genetic diversity has implications for efforts in both conservation biology and agriculture in reference to the conservation of species-wide levels of genetic diversity. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALTIERI MA, 1984, AGR SUSTAINABILITY C, P175 CARSON HL, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P228 CASWELL H, 1978, AM NAT, V112, P127 CHARLESWORTH B, 1982, EVOLUTION, V36, P474 DOUGLASS GK, 1984, AGR SUSTAINABILITY C, P3 FALCONER DS, 1981, INTRO QUANTITATIVE G GARDNER MR, 1970, NATURE, V228, P784 GLIESSMAN SR, 1984, AGR SUSTAINABILITY C, P191 HARPER JL, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P48 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUSTON M, 1979, AM NAT, V113, P81 HUTCHINSON GE, 1948, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V50, P221 HUTCHINSON GE, 1959, AM NAT, V93, P145 LOUCKS OL, 1977, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V8, P173 LOWRANCE R, 1984, BIOSCIENCE, V34, P374 LOWRANCE R, 1986, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V1, P169 MAYNARDSMITH J, 1974, MODELS ECOLOGY MURDOCH WW, 1975, J APPL ECOL, V12, P795 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 ODUM EP, 1980, GROWTH ECODISASTERS, P264 ONEILL RV, 1982, AM NAT, V120, P259 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT POMEROY LR, 1970, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V1, P171 VANDENBOSCH R, 1964, BIOL CONTROL INSECT, P459 NR 25 TC 6 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON BP 9 EP 26 PY 1992 PD OCT VL 42 IS 1-2 GA KA497 UT ISI:A1992KA49700003 ER PT J AU Daniel, B TI Resilience and vulnerability SO JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY CR LUTHER SS, 2003, RESILENCE VULNERABIL NR TC 0 BP 519 EP 521 PY 2004 PD JUL VL 33 UT ISI:000223564500018 ER PT J AU COSTANZA, R KEMP, WM BOYNTON, WR TI PREDICTABILITY, SCALE, AND BIODIVERSITY IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS - IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,HORN POINT ENVIRONM LAB,CAMBRIDGE,MD 21613. UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,CHESAPEAKE BIOL LAB,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. RP COSTANZA, R, UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,MARYLAND INT INST ECOL ECON,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. AB This paper looks at coastal and estuarine ecosystems in terms of their unique biodiversity characteristics and the implications of these characteristics for management. With the exception of coral and other reef communities, coastal and estuarine systems are generally low in species diversity. But estuaries are typically dominated by strong aperiodic physical forces (e.g. salinity changes due to freshwater inflows, storm events) and under these conditions structure is more difficult to build and maintain. Estuaries are also characterized by a high degree of organism mobility. These characteristics point to a high degree of ecosystem resilience. The general hypothesis is that the biodiversity achievable in a system is a function of the predictability and scales of its physical environment. This hypothesis is consistent with the limited data on diversity in estuaries and other systems, and can be further tested in the future via comparative analysis. These ideas are elaborated and extrapolated to the task of managing complex and coupled ecological economic systems. Biological or species diversity is put in a systems context as a scale-dependent measure of an important system characteristic. In estuaries it is the diversity of ecological processes, and in particular certain keystone processes, that are more critical and that should be the focus of management efforts. Effective management is seen as the process of escaping from social traps that occur when local, individual incentives diverge from global, long-term goals. 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AB We are pleased that Black et al. (1996) have found our article ''The cost of eutrophication from salmon farming: implications for policy (Folke et al., 1994)'' interesting enough to write a commentary. We understand that the article may be provocative to the aquaculture sector and for scientists involved in its development. We apologise if our following the instructions to authors for the Journal of Environmental Management in writing also for people outside the academic ivory tower, has amazed Black et al. Even so, the true motivation behind the aggressive tone of Black et al. remains hidden to us. Needless to say we do not agree with their criticisms, for reasons detailed below. We note that Black et al. admit that waste from intensive fish fanning represents a potential risk for eutrophication. However, throughout their critique they argue that this is not a problem, mainly because nutrients from fish farms are different from those in sewage, and that the farms are located in areas of sufficient water exchange that will flush out the nutrients before algal blooms are formed. We will show that this is not valid from the ecosystem perspective. We will also argue that since it is widely accepted that the waters surrounding Sweden are eutrophicated, and an already existing major problem in our coastal ecosystems, any activity (e.g. agriculture, transportation, or aquaculture) that adds further nutrients to this environment should bear its share of the cost of nutrient abatement. Our reply is divided into two parts. In the first part we respond to the critique of Black et al. and show it to be invalid from the ecosystem and ecological economics perspectives, which we represent. In the second part we elaborate on the invitation of Black et al. to place aquaculture in an integrated coastal zone management framework. CR *ICES, 1992, 181 ICES, P1 *NORSK MED, 1996, SLAG AV ANT MIDD SAL ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 BERG H, 1996, ECOL ECON, V18, P141 BLACK E, 1996, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V49, P105 BUSCHMANN AH, 1996, AQUACULT ENG, V15, P397 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 FOLKE C, IN PRESS ECOLOGICAL FOLKE C, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P525 FOLKE C, 1989, AMBIO, V18, P234 FOLKE C, 1992, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V17, P5 FOLKE C, 1994, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V40, P173 GOWEN RJ, 1991, NUTR STRATEGIES AQUA, P187 GRANELI E, 1993, TOXIC PHYTOPLANKTON, P23 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAKANSSON L, 1988, BASIC CONCEPTS ASSES HALL POJ, 1992, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V89, P89 HOLBY O, 1991, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V70, P263 IBRECK HO, 1989, 88145 NIVA JANSSON AM, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA KAARTVEDT S, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P2316 KAUTSKY U, IN PRESS MARINE ECOL LARSSON J, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P663 LUNESTAD BT, 1995, FISKEHELSE, V7, P72 NISHIMURA A, 1982, B PLANKTON SOC JAPAN, V29, P1 NIXON SW, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P101 NIXON SW, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P199 NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR PERSSON G, 1991, FEEDING FISH OUR WAT, P163 PETERSSON A, 1994, THESIS STOCKHOLM U REGIER HA, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P75 ROBERTS RJ, 1983, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V63, P741 RONNBERG O, 1992, AQUAT BOT, V42, P109 ROSENBERG R, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P102 ROSENTHAL H, 1988, ICES COOPERATIVE RES, V154, P1 RUOKOLAHTI C, 1988, MAR POLLUT B, V19, P166 SOLBE J, 1987, REPORT EUROPEAN INLA TAKAHASHI M, 1982, MAR BIOL, V70, P267 TALBOT C, 1994, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V10, P258 TURNER MF, 1987, RAPPORTS PROCES VERB, V187, P102 WULFF F, 1989, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICA, V3, P63 WULFF F, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P193 NR 42 TC 7 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 95 EP 103 PY 1997 PD MAY VL 50 IS 1 GA WY372 UT ISI:A1997WY37200006 ER PT J AU Berkes, F Colding, J Folke, C TI Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international literature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in monitoring, responding to, and managing ecosystem processes and functions, with special attention to ecological resilience. Case studies revealed that there exists a diversity of local or traditional practices for ecosystem management. These include multiple species management, resource rotation, succession management, landscape patchiness management, and other ways of responding to and managing pulses and ecological surprises. Social mechanisms behind these traditional practices include a number of adaptations for the generation, accumulation, and transmission of knowledge; the use of local institutions to provide leaders/stewards and rules for social regulation; mechanisms for cultural internalization of traditional practices; and the development of appropriate world views and cultural values. Some traditional knowledge and management systems were characterized by the use of local ecological knowledge to interpret and respond to feedbacks from the environment to guide the direction of resource management. These traditional systems had certain similarities to adaptive management with its emphasis on feedback learning, and its treatment of uncertainty and unpredictability intrinsic to all ecosystems. 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Pro Nat, SE-54593 Halnagarden, Toreboda, Sweden. RP Angelstam, P, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Grimso Wildlife Res Stn, Dept Conservat Biol, SE-73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. AB We estimated the need for nature reserves to maintain forest biodiversity in Sweden. Using habitat-loss thresholds for long-term survival of resident vertebrate "umbrella" species, and differences in forest disturbance regimes, we estimated the long-term protection in four biogeographic regions. No reserve need was assumed for forest environments that can be emulated by normal management. The estimates of the long-term need of reserves ranged from 9% (northern Sweden) to 16% southernmost Sweden) and was divided into: (1) existing protected forests (1.6-0.6%): (2) estimated benefits for biodiversity of special forest management (0.7-0%): (3) existing unprotected forests with high conservation value (3.5-1.9%). The remaining areas required to satisfy the long-term reserve goal were cultural landscape habitats (0-2.2%), as well as land for habitat restoration and re-creation (3-11%). Our analysis suggests that it is urgent to maintain all remnants of natural forests and cultural landscape habitats, but that forest protection alone is insufficient to maintain forest biodiversity. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, CTM, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social-ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960-1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social-ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge-system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 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RP Westley, F, MCGILL UNIV,FAC MANAGEMENT,1001 SHERBROOKE ST W,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 1G5,CANADA. AB Using grounded theory development research methods, the authors examine collaborative processes in the global biodiversity preservation domain. The processes examined are those initiated and convened by a subgroup of the Swiss-based International Union for the Conservation of Nature known as the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission. The global collaborative initiatives of the group suggest that extant theory on collaboration may not adequately explain collaborative processes in so complex a domain as global biodiversity preservation. Specifically, the authors suggest that in highly complex domains, effective structuring of collaborative initiatives may take different forms. Propositions about structuring of collaborations in complex domains are derived. 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RP Bass, B, Environm Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. AB One objective of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme is to provide a scientific basis for sustainable development policies. Land use change and ecohydrology are important components of this scientific basis, but predicting change is difficult because of the scale and complexity of the interactions between non-linear ecohydrological and socio-economic processes at different spatial and temporal scales. A systems framework, the Ecosystem Approach, has been developed to conceptualize these interactions for the purpose of providing information for sustainable development policy. The Ecosystem Approach combines the dynamics of the Holling figure-eight model - a conceptual model of dynamics that stresses discontinuous change and destruction as an internal property of the system - and the properties of self-organizing systems with the socio political aspects of decision making. The Ecosystem Approach highlights the problems of managing change in complex systems when that change may involve unpredictable shifts to a different attractor. Although there are methods available to detect the occurrence of such shifts, both detection and modelling are complicated by the presence of semi-stable attractors. When a model or an ecosystem is on a semi-stable attractor, it may appear to remain stable for an extended period prior to changing as a consequence of inherent instabilities. When the shift to a new attractor occurs, it is quite sudden and unpredictable. A technical discussion on prediction under conditions of semistability and chaos is included because it enhances our understanding of the role of surprise in ecosystems, as well as the utility of simulation models. The principles of the Ecosystem Approach are derived from the theoretical discussion and an example of a land use policy in the Huron Natural Area in south-western Ontario. These principles provide a clear role for scientific research, and particularly simulation modelling, within the larger context of policy and land use management. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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STATISTICAL POWER ANALYSIS AND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material RP PETERMAN, RM, SIMON FRASER UNIV,SCH RESOURCE & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. CR ALLDREDGE JR, 1987, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V9, P143 BERNSTEIN BB, 1983, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P35 COHEN J, 1988, STATISTICAL POWER AN DELAMARE WK, 1984, REP INT WHALING COMM, V34, P655 DIXON WJ, 1983, INTRO STATISTICAL AN EARLL RC, MAR POLLUT B, V24, P182 GOLDSTEIN R, 1989, AM STAT, V43, P253 GRAY JS, 1990, MAR POLLUT BULL, V21, P174 GRAY JS, 1991, MAR POLLUT BULL, V22, P432 GREEN RH, 1989, ENVIRON RES, V50, P195 HAYES JP, 1987, ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE, V14, P73 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JOHNSTON P, 1990, MAR POLLUT BULL, V21, P402 PARKHURST DF, 1984, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P105 PEARSON ES, 1976, BIOMETRIKA TABLES ST, V2 PETERMAN RM, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P2 SKALSKI JR, 1982, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P237 STEBBING A, IN PRESS ENV CAPACIT TOFT CA, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P618 VAUGHAN DS, 1982, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V39, P782 NR 20 TC 56 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL BP 231 EP 234 PY 1992 PD MAY VL 24 IS 5 GA HY174 UT ISI:A1992HY17400005 ER PT J AU Moberg, F Folke, C TI Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Moberg, F, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB This article identifies ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems, with special emphasis on how they are generated. Goods are divided into renewable resources and reef mining. Ecological services are classified into physical structure services, biotic services, biogeochemical services, information services, and social/cultural services. A review of economic valuation studies reveals that only a few of the goods and services of reefs have been captured. We synthesize current understanding of the relationships between ecological services and functional groups of species and biological communities of coral reefs in different regions of the world. The consequences of human impacts on coral reefs are also discussed, including loss of resilience, or buffer capacity. Such loss may impair the capacity for recovery of coral reefs and as a consequence the quality and quantity of their delivery of ecological goods and services. Conserving the capacity of reefs to generate essential services requires that they are managed as components of a larger seascape-landscape of which human activities are seen as integrated parts. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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P231 WILKINSON CR, 1993, 7TH P INT COR REEF S, V1, P11 WILKINSON CR, 1994, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG, P124 WOOD EM, 1985, EXPLOITATION CORAL R NR 149 TC 17 J9 ECOL ECON BP 215 EP 233 PY 1999 PD MAY VL 29 IS 2 GA 212WB UT ISI:000081239700004 ER PT J AU Carlsson, L Lazdinis, M TI Institutional frameworks for sustainability? A comparative analysis of the forest sectors of Russia and the Baltic states SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Lulea Univ Technol, Div Social Sci, Dept Business Adm & Social Sci, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden. Law Univ Lithuania, Fac Publ Management, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania. RP Carlsson, L, Lulea Univ Technol, Div Social Sci, Dept Business Adm & Social Sci, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden. AB After the break-up of the Soviet system, the divergence in forest management among Soviet republics became obvious. While the forest sectors of the Baltic States have been fundamentally changed, Russia has not been able to develop an institutional framework that would fit the prerequisites for social-ecological resilience. It is argued that sustainable development requires institutional frameworks that have the capacity to adapt and learn, and thus to treat policies as experiments that are constantly assessed and readjusted. This, however, requires a participatory approach and in this respect the Baltic States are believed to be on a more promising track. Finally, it is concluded that only to the extent that suitable institutional frameworks will be developed will social-ecological resilience be a significant feature of the natural resources management in the former communist countries. 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Inst Medio Anbiente, Leon 24007, Spain. Natl Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Zool, Dublin 2, Ireland. Estonian Agr Univ, Inst Zool & Bot, Vortsjarv Limnol Stn, EE-61101 Tartu, Estonia. Univ Tartu, Inst Zool & Hydrobiol, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Konstanz, Fachbereich Biol, Inst Limnol, D-78547 Constance, Germany. Lund Univ, Dept Limnol, Lund, Sweden. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Freshwater Ecol, Silkeborg, Denmark. Aarhus Univ, Dept Ecol Bot, DK-8230 Risskov, Denmark. Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland. Univ Agr Lublin, Dept Hydrobiol & Ichthyobiol, PL-20950 Lublin, Poland. Marie Curie Sklodowska Univ, Dept Ecol, Lublin, Poland. Fac Biol & Invest, Area Ecol, Valencia 46100, Spain. Catholic Univ Lublin, Dept Bot & Hydrobiol, Lublin, Poland. Univ Agr Lublin, Inst Soil Sci & Environm Management, Lublin, Poland. RP Moss, B, Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Derby Bldg, Liverpool L69 3GS, Merseyside, England. AB 1. The European Water Framework Directive requires the determination of ecological status in European fresh and saline waters. This is to be through the establishment of a typology of surface water bodies, the determination of reference (high status) conditions in each element (ecotype) of the typology and of lower grades of status (good, moderate, poor and bad) for each ecotype. It then requires classification of the status of the water bodies and their restoration to at least 'good status' in a specified period. 2. Though there are many methods for assessing water quality, none has the scope of that defined in the Directive. The provisions of the Directive require a wide range of variables to be measured and give only general guidance as to how systems of classification should be established. This raises issues of comparability across States and of the costs of making the determinations. 3. Using expert workshops and subsequent field testing, a practicable pan-European typology and classification system has been developed for shallow lakes, which can easily be extended to all lakes. It is parsimonious in its choice of determinands, but based on current limnological understanding and therefore as cost-effective as possible. 4. A core typology is described, which can be expanded easily in particular States to meet local conditions. The core includes 48 ecotypes across the entire European climate gradient and incorporates climate, lake area, geology of the catchment and conductivity. 5. The classification system is founded on a liberal interpretation of Annexes in the Directive and uses variables that are inexpensive to measure and ecologically relevant. The need for taxonomic expertise is minimized. 6. The scheme has been through eight iterations, two of which were tested in the field on tranches of 66 lakes. The final version, Version 8, is offered for operational testing and further refinement by statutory authorities. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 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AB The sustainability, health and biomass yields of marine resources can be enhanced by the implementation of a more holistic and ecologically based strategy for assessing, monitoring, and managing coastal ecosystems than has been generally practiced during most of this century. A major milestone was reached in advancing toward a more ecologically based management practice when the majority of coastal nations of the world endorsed the declaration made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, to prevent, reduce, and control degradation of the marine environment, so as to maintain and improve its life-support and productive capacities; develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals; and promote the integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and the marine environment. The scientific framework in support of the UNCED objectives is now emerging from a series of regional efforts aimed at cross-sectoral integration of research, monitoring, and assessments conducted to mitigate stresses on coastal ecosystems from toxic effluents, habitat degradation, nutrient loadings, harmful algal blooms, aerosol contaminants, and losses of living resources from pollution and overexploitation. Discipline-oriented ecological studies can contribute more toward achievement of resource sustainability when they are conducted within a framework of science at the level of organization that is multidisciplinary and focused on populations, habitats, and ecosystems at large spatial scales. Primary, secondary, and tertiary driving forces of variability in biomass yields are examined for several large marine ecosystems, along with observations on changing states of 'health' of the systems. Marine resource problems underscored by UNCED are being addressed. Post-UNCED large marine ecosystem-scale programs for advancement toward resource sustainability, ecosystem health, and economically viable biomass yields are now being implemented. The programs are being supported by international agencies as part of an effort to couple recent advances in ecological monitoring, management, and stress mitigation strategies from the more developed countries, with the lesser developed coastal countries around the margins of the ocean basins. 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277 EP 301 PY 1994 PD SEP VL 112 IS 3 GA PM405 UT ISI:A1994PM40500008 ER PT J AU Thrower, J TI Adaptive management and NEPA: How a nonequilibrium view of ecosystems mandates flexible regulation SO ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Boalt Hall Sch Law, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Thrower, J, Univ Calif Berkeley, Boalt Hall Sch Law, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB Our understanding of ecosystems has drastically changed since the advent of modern environmental law. Initially, ecosystems were thought of as systems in balance that, without human disturbance, would form stable equilibria. The environmental protection laws of the 1970s were enacted during a time when we believed that the exact state of nature to be preserved or reestablished through environmental protection could be easily defined. In the last few decades, however, a flew understanding of ecosystems has evolved. We now understand ecosystems to be in constant flux from the influences of both natural phenomena and human disturbances Because ecosystems' responses to disturbances are uncertain, fixed baselines indicating a healthy environment are no longer knowable, and disturbances due to human activity or natural fluxes are Dot always distinguishable. This new awareness of uncertainty regarding the source and extent of environmental harms calls for a more flexible approach to environmental regulation. One such innovative approach to environmental management is the concept of "adaptive management," which recognizes the utility and necessity of experimentation and flexibility in identifying bow complex ecosystems respond to disturbances. This Comment looks at bow modern ecological theory has undermined the foundational assumptions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), challenging the notion that we can establish fixed baselines to identify an "undisturbed" ecosystem, and explores whether and bow adaptive management can work under the existing NEPA structure. 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Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Peterson, GD, Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB We describe existing models of the relationship between species diversity and ecological function, and propose a conceptual model that relates species richness, ecological resilience, and scale. We suggest that species interact with scale-dependent sets of ecological structures and processes that determine functional opportunities. We propose that ecological resilience is generated by diverse, but overlapping, function within a scale and by apparently redundant species that operate at different scales, thereby reinforcing function across scales. The distribution of functional diversity within and across scales enables regeneration and renewal to occur following ecological disruption over a wide range of scales. 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RP Clark, WC, Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CR 2003, INITIATIVE SCI TECHN *INT COUNC SCI, 2002, REP SCI TECHN COMM W *INT COUNC SCI, 2002, SCI TECHN SUST DEV *INT I ENV DEV, 2002, RES PARTN SUST DEV *INT PAN INT ISS, 2000, TRANS SUST 21 CENT *NAT AC ENG, 1997, IND GREEN GAM *NAT RES COUNC, 1999, OUR COMM JOURN *NAT SC FDN ADV CO, 2003, COMPL ENV SYST *UN GEN ASS, 2000, ARES552 UN GEN ASS *UN WORLD SUMM SUB, 2003, LIST PARTN SUST DEV *UN WORLD SUMM SUS, 2002, WEHAB FRAM PAP CASH DW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8086 CLARK WC, 2002, SIC TECHNOLGOY SUSTA, P12 DOVE MR, 1997, ENVIROMENT, V39, P10 DOVE MR, 1997, ENVIROMENT, V39, P38 GLACKEN C, 1967, TRACES RHODIAN SHORE HAEFELE W, 1981, ENERGY FINITE WORLD HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KATES RW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8062 LARIGAUDERIE A, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE NEWSLE, V50, P37 LUCHT W, 2002, IHDP UPDATE, V2, P6 PARRIS TM, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8068 RUTTAN VW, 2001, TECHNOLOGY GROWTH DE SAHAGIAN D, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE NEWSL, V50, P7 SCHELLNHUBER HJ, 2003, CHALLENGES CHANGING TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8080 NR 28 TC 1 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA BP 8059 EP 8061 PY 2003 PD JUL 8 VL 100 IS 14 GA 702KF UT ISI:000184222500006 ER PT J AU Tuya, F Haroun, RJ Boyra, A Sanchez-Jerez, P TI Sea urchin Diadema antillarum: different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review C1 Univ Las Palmas GC, Dept Biol, BIOGES, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Isl, Spain. Univ Alicante, Dept Marine Sci, Biol Marine Lab, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. RP Tuya, F, Univ Las Palmas GC, Dept Biol, BIOGES, Campus Tafira, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Isl, Spain. AB The long-spined black sea urchin Diadema antillarum has been involved in phase shifts between 'desired' and 'undesired' states in the organization of shallow reefs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean between 18 and 33 degrees N, but with significantly different ecological outcomes. In the western Atlantic, high densities of D. antillarum previously exerted considerable grazing pressure on reefs where corals and turf algae were the main biological engineers; however, subsequent to a massive die-off of D. antillarum from disease in 1983-1984, many reefs have gradually become dominated by foliose algae. In contrast, hyperabundances of D. antillarum (> 10 ind. m(-2)) in the eastern Atlantic have caused the elimination of erect vegetative frameworks with the subsequent creation of 'barrens'. As a result, this invertebrate is directly implicated in the 'health' of important components of the biogenic frameworks of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Efforts in the western Atlantic are concentrated on the restoration of populations of D. antillarum to enhance coral abundance, recruitment and survivorship, while ecologists and managers in the eastern Atlantic focus on possible mechanisms to control hyperabundances of this species. We believe that the disproportionate effects of a single herbivorous species in mediating transitions between alternate states on the 2 sides of the Atlantic Ocean may be a direct consequence of a decline in the resilience of coastal ecosystems to disturbance. This decline was principally caused by decreased diversity of many of the functional groups that inhabit the Atlantic Ocean; both the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean have experienced large reductions in predatory and other fish populations. CR ALVES FMA, 2001, SCI MAR, V65, P383 ALVES FMA, 2003, SCI MAR, V67, P307 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BRIGGS JC, 1974, MARINE ZOOGEOGRAPHY EDMUNDS PJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5067 ESTES JA, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P473 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 GARDNER TA, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P958 GRAHAM MH, 2004, ECOSYSTEMS, V7, P341 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 HUGHES TP, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P380 KNOWLTON N, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P387 LESSIOS HA, 1984, SCIENCE, V226, P335 LESSIOS HA, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P371 LESSIOS HA, 1988, MAR BIOL, V99, P515 LESSIOS HA, 2001, EVOLUTION, V55, P955 LUNING K, 1990, SEAWEEDS THEIR ENV B MILLER RJ, 2003, CORAL REEFS, V22, P181 MYERS RA, 2003, NATURE, V423, P280 NEDIMYER K, 2003, JOINT C SCI REST GRE PANDOLFI M, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P955 PINNEGAR JK, 2000, ENVIRON CONSERV, V27, P179 SALA E, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V140, P71 SALA E, 1998, OIKOS, V82, P425 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 SHEARS NT, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V246, P1 TUYA F, 2004, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V519, P211 TUYA F, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V278, P157 NR 29 TC 0 J9 MAR ECOL-PROGR SER BP 307 EP 310 PY 2005 VL 302 GA 990NH UT ISI:000233750000024 ER PT J AU Rango, A Huenneke, L Buonopane, M Herrick, JE Havstad, KM TI Using historic data to assess effectiveness of shrub removal in southern New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Rango, A, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB In the late 1930s, the presence of a highly organized labor force, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico provided the capability for rangeland scientists to conduct experiments to determine the effectiveness of various techniques for remediating or reversing the encroachment of shrubs into grasslands. Unfortunately, soon after the treatments were performed, the CCC disbanded and most records of the treatments were lost. Despite sketchy documentation, some rangeland treatments left legacies on the landscape, and effects on water retention, erosion, and vegetation dynamics remained long after the CCC work ended. The discovery of historical documents from long-closed files and aerial photography in widely scattered archives allowed some of the experiments to be located and reexamined. Two research areas established in the mid-1930s were of particular interest, namely a tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) site where shrubs were grubbed and quadrats established and a creosote (Larrea tridentata [Sesse & Moc. ex DC.] Coville) site where the creosote and tarbush shrubs were grubbed. Here we outline how these sites were rediscovered, how historical measurements were repeated for the first time since the late 1930s, and conclusions drawn regarding specific rangeland remediation strategies and vegetation dynamics. Our results show that shrub populations recovered from a radical removal treatment in less than 65 years. Remediation of these sites so that grass will recover to pre-shrub-dominated amounts will require measures additional to just removal of shrubs in order to restore hydrologic function. The fact that we were able to relocate, revisit, and resample these treatment areas provided unique opportunities to understand the long-term vegetation dynamics of these and ecosystems. It is evident that woody plant populations have a high degree of resilience, that density dependence or interference appears to limit plant size in and shrub communities, and that shrub populations had not reached any stable equilibrium state at the time of treatment in the 1930s. These insights would have been impossible to gain from short-term studies and without long-term studies initiated in the 1930s combined with recent discoveries of original documentation and historical aerial photography. Published by Elsevier Ltd. CR *JORNADA EXPT RANG, 1937, REP EST BRUSH PLOT B *JORNADA EXPT RANG, 1941, JORN WORK PLAN *JORNADA EXPT RANG, 1958, ANN REP USDA ARS CRO *NEW MEX COLL AGR, 1940, 51 AGR EXPT STAT NEW *SAS I INC, 1999, SAS STAT US GUID VER, V11 *USDA NRCS, 1997, NAT RANG PAST HDB ABERNATHY GH, 1973, J RANGE MANAGE, V26, P189 BESTELMEYER BT, 2003, J RANGE MANAGE, V56, P114 BUFFINGTON LC, 1965, ECOL MONOGR, V35, P139 DEVINE DL, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V39, P11 ETHRIDGE DE, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P185 GIBBENS RP, J ARID ENV GIBBENS RP, 2001, J ARID ENVIRON, V47, P1 GOSLEE SC, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V54, P755 HAVSTAD KM, 1999, J ARID ENVIRON, V42, P155 HERRICK JE, USDA ARS JORNADA EXP HERRICK JE, 2002, AGRON J, V94, P3 KERLEY GIH, 2000, AM MIDL NAT, V144, P78 KUEHL RO, 2000, DESIGN EXPT STAT PRI MELZER R, 2000, COMING AGE GREAT DEP MONGER C, 1999, P 5 INT C DES DEV TE, P209 PETERS DPC, UNPUB CHIHUAHUAN DES RANGO A, 2002, J ARID ENVIRON, V50, P549 RANGO A, 2003, ENV PRACTICE, V5, P107 REYNOLDS JF, 1999, ECOL MONOGR, V69, P69 RITCHIE JC, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V55, P737 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 VALENTINE KA, 1947, B AGR EXPT STAT NEW, V341 WHITFORD WG, 1997, J ARID ENVIRON, V37, P709 NR 29 TC 0 J9 J ARID ENVIRON BP 75 EP 91 PY 2005 PD JUL VL 62 IS 1 GA 923BS UT ISI:000228884300006 ER PT J AU van der Sluijs, J van Eijndhoven, J Shackley, S Wynne, B TI Anchoring devices in science for policy: The case of consensus around climate sensitivity SO SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Sci Technol & Soc, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Lancaster, Ctr Study Environm Change, Lancaster LA1 4YT, England. Rathenau Inst, The Hague, Netherlands. RP van der Sluijs, J, Univ Utrecht, Dept Sci Technol & Soc, Padualaan 14, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands. AB This paper adds a new dimension to the role of scientific knowledge in policy by emphasizing the multivalent character of scientific consensus. We show how the maintained consensus about the quantitative estimate of a central scientific concept in the anthropogenic climate-change field - namely, climate sensitivity operates as an 'anchoring device' in 'science for policy'. In international assessments of the climate issue, the consensus-estimate of 1.5 degrees C to 4.5 degrees C for climate sensitivity has remained unchanged for two decades. Nevertheless, during these years climate scientific knowledge and analysis have changed dramatically. We identify several ways in which the scientists achieved flexibility in maintaining the same numbers for climate sensitivity while accommodating changing scientific ideas. We propose that the remarkable quantitative stability of the climate sensitivity range has helped to hold together a variety of different social worlds relating to climate change, by continually translating and adapting the meaning of the 'stable' range. But this emergent stability also reflects an implicit social contract among the various scientists and policy specialists involved, which allows 'the same' concept to accommodate tacitly different local meanings. Thus the very multidimensionality of such scientific concepts is part of their technical imprecision (which is more than just analytical lack of resolution); it is also the source of their resilience and value in bridging (and perhaps reorganizing) the differentiated social worlds typical of modern policy issues. The varying importance of particular dimensions of knowledge for different social groups may allow cohesion to be sustained amidst pluralism, and universality to coexist with cultural distinctiveness. 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AB Six management regimes (two artificially flooded for 6 months and a control irregularly flooded by rain, with or without grazing) were tested in 18 abandoned ricefields each of 1 ha, dominated by halophytic species in the Camargue in southern France. In 2 years the vegetation developed towards different communities depending on the treatments. Flooding treatments led to improved grazing conditions with Scirpus maritimus and Juncus gerardi as the dominant plant species, The winter following the beginning of the experiment, the number of teal (Anas crecca) and mallard (A. platyrhynchos) using the plots depended chiefly on flooding. During the second winter the number of the two duck species was determined mainly by the volume (cover X height) of the vegetation. The results indicate. that wildlife conservation can be improved along with pastoral quality by managing abandoned ricefields as seasonally flooded shallow marshes. 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Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Australian Natl Univ, Dept Human Geog, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Niemeyer, S, Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Social Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB Assessing the social risks associated with climate change requires an understanding of how humans will respond because it affects how well societies will adapt. In the case of rapid or dangerous climate change, of particular interest is the potential for these responses to cross thresholds beyond which they become maladaptive. To explore the possibility of such thresholds, a series of climate change scenarios were presented to U.K. participants whose subjective responses were recorded via interviews and surveyed using Q methodology. The results indicate an initially adaptive response to climate warming followed by a shift to maladaptation as the magnitude of change increases. Beyond this threshold, trust in collective action and institutions was diminished, negatively impacting adaptive capacity. Climate cooling invoked a qualitatively different response, although this may be a product of individuals being primed for warming because it has dominated public discourse. The climate change scenarios used in this research are severe by climatological standards. In reality, the observed responses might occur at a lower rate of change. Whatever the case, analysis of subjectivity has revealed potential for maladaptive human responses, constituting a dangerous or rapid climate threshold within the social sphere. 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RP Robards, M, Univ Alaska, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. AB Historical relationships between people and a changing Arctic environment (which constitute a social-ecological system, or SES) can offer insights for management that promote both social and ecological resilience. The continued existence of healthy renewable resources around communities is particularly important, as subsistence and commercial use of local resources are often the only practical avenues to healthy, long-term security for those communities. Our research draws on the position that SESs exist in an environment that is explicitly temporal: frequently cyclic, changing, contextual, and contingent. Therefore, the causes and effect of disturbances to SESs are rarely temporally linear; instead, they are characterized by a complex array of hysteretic effects and alternate (possibly repeating) states. The term 'timescapes' describes the time-space context element and its fundamental importance to sustainable practices. We investigate social-ecological timescapes of the circumpolar North in relation to four primary provisioning practices (hunting/gathering, pastoralism, agriculture, and market-based economy). Broadly, we identify distinct social-ecological states, interspersed with periods of change. For specific communities that have maintained their existence through a series of periods of profound change, we propose that elements of social and ecological resilience have been neither incrementally lost nor gained through time; rather, they have waxed and waned in accordance with specific, and sometimes repeating, conditions. To maintain their existence, we believe, communities have had to maintain their ability to recognize gradual or rapid changes in social, ecological, or economic conditions and reorganize themselves to adapt to those changes, rather than to any specific outcomes of a change. That is, they have adapted to a dynamic environment, not a preferred state. However, centralized Western management, despite fundamental flaws in accounting for local linkages between culture, economics, and the environment, is increasingly circumscribing local practices. We believe that the significant challenge of maintaining equity and resilience of remote communities, within and outside the Arctic, will necessitate incorporating localized cultural values and decision-making processes that fostered prior community existence with (data from) Western interdisciplinary research. CR *CAFF, 2001, ARCT FLOR FAUN INT B *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ADAM B, 1998, TIMESCAPES MODERNITY ANDERSEN T, 2002, ARCTIC, V55, P310 ANDERSON J, 2001, N REV, V23, P9 BALMFORD A, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P950 BECKERMAN S, 1996, CURR ANTHROPOL, V37, P659 BECKLEY T, 2002, FOREST CHRON, V78, P626 BERARDI G, 1998, NAT RESOUR J, V38, P85 BERKES F, 2001, UNDERSTANDING TRANSF, P121 BOO E, 1990, ECOTOURISM POTENTIAL CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 CHANCE NA, 1990, INUPIAT ARCTIC ALASK COLLINGS P, 1997, CONTESTED ARCTIC IND, P13 COSTANZA R, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P978 DEUTSCH L, 2003, ECOL ECON, V44, P205 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB FREEMAN MMR, 2001, 401 FAO FISH, V401, P169 FREESE CH, 2000, CONSUMPTIVE WILD SPE GLANTZ MH, 1991, ENVIRONMENT, V33, P10 GLANTZ MH, 1991, ENVIRONMENT, V33, P27 GOLDMAN M, 2000, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V26, P563 GOTTLIEB R, 1993, FORCING SPRING TRANS, P235 HAILA Y, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P165 HENSHAW A, 2003, ARCTIC, V56, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HUNTINGTON HP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1270 INGOLD T, 1980, HUNTERS PASTORALISTS JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JANSSEN MA, 2003, CURR ANTHROPOL, V44, P722 KELLY PM, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V47, P325 KLEIN DR, 1996, RANGIFER SPECIAL ISS, V9, P245 KRUPNIK I, 1993, ARCTIC ADAPTATIONS N KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH FASTER NOW IND LANGDON SJ, 1995, HUMAN ECOLOGY CLIMAT, P139 LEGAT A, 2001, ARCTIC FLORA FAUNA I, P69 LENT PC, 1999, MUSKOXEN THEIR HUNTE MACPHERSON AH, 1981, ARCTIC, V34, P103 MAGDANZ JS, 2002, 259 AL DEP FISH GAM MCBEATH GA, 2001, NO REV, V23, P164 MCBRIDE M, 2001, J ECON BEHAV ORGAN, V45, P251 MCGOODWIN JR, 1990, CRISIS WORLDS FISHER MCTIERNAN T, 1999, COMMUNITIES DEV SUST, P90 MELTOFTE H, 2001, ARCTIC FLORA FAUNA I, P88 NAKASHIMA D, 2000, UNESCO SOURCES, V125, P12 NEWTON ST, 2002, ARCTIC, V55, P281 NUTTALL M, 2000, ARCTIC ENV PEOPLE PO ODUM HT, 2001, PROSPEROUS WAY DOWN ORR DW, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P1457 PAINE R, 1994, HERDS TUNDRA PORTRAI SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHLOSSER P, 1998, OPPORTUNITIES ARCTIC SEIJO G, 2001, INT C SPAC TIM RETH SMIT B, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001 SMITH EA, 2000, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V29, P493 STOFFLE RW, 2001, 401 FAO FISH, P219 TAINTER J, 1990, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC WACKERNAGEL M, 1997, ECOL ECON, V20, P3 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WEISS H, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P609 YOUNG OR, 1992, ARCTIC POLITICS CONF ZIKER JP, 1999, ANTHR E EUROPE REV, V17, P59 NR 65 TC 0 J9 ARCTIC BP 415 EP 427 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 57 IS 4 GA 880NA UT ISI:000225795300009 ER PT J AU Rivers-Moore, NA Jewitt, GPW Weeks, DC TI Derivation of quantitative management objectives for annual instream water temperatures in the Sabie River using a biological index SO WATER SA LA English DT Article C1 Rhodes Univ, Inst Water Res, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Bioresources Engn & Environm Hydrol, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. RP Rivers-Moore, NA, Rhodes Univ, Inst Water Res, POB 94, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. AB Adaptive management of river systems assumes uncertainty and makes provision for system variability. Inherent within this management approach is that perceived limits of 'acceptable' system variability are regarded not only as testable hypotheses, but also as playing a central role in maintaining biodiversity. While the Kruger National Park currently functions as a flagship conservation area in South Africa, projected increases in air temperatures as a consequence of global climate change present challenges in conserving this biodiversity inside the established land boundaries. Within the rivers of the Kruger National Park, a management goal of maintaining biodiversity requires a clearer understanding of system variability. One component of this is water temperature, an important water quality parameter defining the distribution patterns of aquatic organisms. In this study, Chiloglanis anoterus Crass (1960) (Pisces: Mochokidae) was selected as a biological indicator of changes in annual water temperatures within the Sabie River in the southern Kruger National Park. Relative abundances of C. anoterus were determined using standard electro-fishing surveys. The presence or absence of C. anoterus was linked to cumulative annual heat units using a logistic regression model, and a critical annual cumulative water temperature threshold estimated. A correlative relationship between this temperature threshold and a biological index using a C. anoterus condition factor provides river ecologists with a tool to assess ecologically significant warming trends in Sabie River water temperatures. A similar approach could be applied with relative ease to other Southern African river systems. Further testing of this hypothesis is suggested, as part of the adaptive management cycle. CR ARMOUR CL, 1991, BIOL REP, V90 BRAACK L, 1997, OBJECTIVES HIERARCHY BRUNGS WA, 1977, EPA6500377061 CAISSIE D, 2001, J HYDROL, V251, P14 CLASKA ME, 1998, FRESHWATER BIOL, V39, P221 CRASS RS, 1960, ANN NAT MUS, V14, P405 DAWE NK, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 DUNHAM J, 2003, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V23, P1042 EATON JG, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P1109 ELLIOTT JM, 1994, QUANTITIATIVE ECOLOG ERASMUS BFN, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V8, P679 ESSIG DA, 1998, DILEMMA APPL UNIFORM FRISSELL CA, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P199 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARRIS JH, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P65 HILBORN R, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DETECTIVE HINES D, 1998, EVALUATION STREAM TE JOBLING M, 1995, ENV BIOL FISHES MACKENZIE JA, 2000, 813199 WAT RES COMM MAJER JD, 1983, ENVIRON MANAGE, V7, P375 MCEWAN A, 1984, S AFRICAN J ZOOLOGY, V19, P280 MOSS B, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V395, P3 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 ONSET, 1999, HOB DAT LOGG PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI REYNOLDS CS, 1998, FRESHWATER BIOL, V39, P741 RICHTER BD, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1163 RICKER WE, 1968, IBP HDB, V3 RIVERSMOORE NA, 2003, THESIS U NATAL PIETE ROBISON EG, 1999, COOPERATIVE STREAM T ROGERS K, 1997, DEV PROTOCOL DEFININ ROGERS K, 1999, FRESHWATER BIOL, V41, P439 SCHINDLER DW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P6 SCHMIDTNIELSEN K, 1984, SCALING WHY IS ANIMA STUCKENBERG BR, 1969, ZOOL AFR, V4, P145 SULLIVAN K, 2000, ANAL EFFECTS TEMPERA VANNOTE RL, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P130 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WEEKS DC, 1996, 294196 WRC NR 39 TC 0 J9 WATER SA BP 473 EP 481 PY 2005 PD OCT VL 31 IS 4 GA 990JX UT ISI:000233740200007 ER PT J AU Grafton, RQ Kompas, T TI Uncertainty and the active adaptive management of marine reserves SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Grafton, RQ, Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, JG Crawford Bldg,Bldg 13, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB Unpredictable environmental fluctuations are a major problem in fisheries. To mitigate these uncertainties, reserves are advocated to help ensure population persistence, reduce population and harvest variance, provide a 'hedge' against management failures and increase resilience. Using recent insights from the modelling of marine reserves, we propose a six-step process for establishing and adaptively managing reserves for fishery purposes. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Delft Univ Technol, Sch Syst Engn Policy Anal & Management, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. RP Roe, E, Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Sustainable Resource Dev, 4721 Centro Ave, Oakland, CA 94602 USA. AB The problems posed by adaptive management for improved ecosystem health are reviewed. Other kinds of science-informed ecosystem management are needed for those regions of conflict between rapid human population growth, increased resource extraction. and the rising demand for better environmental amenities, where large-scale experiments are not feasible. One new framework is threshold-based resource management. Threshold-based resource management guides management choices among four major science and engineering approaches to achieve healthier ecosystems: self-sustaining ecosystem management, adaptive management, case-by-case resource management, and high-reliability management. As resource conflicts increase over a landscape (i.e., as the ecosystems in the landscape move through different thresholds), management options change for the environmental decision-maker in terms of what can and cannot be attained by way of ecosystem health. The major policy and management implication of the framework is that the exclusive use or recommendation of any one management regime, be it seif-sustaining, adaptive, case-by-case, or high-reliability management, across all categories of ecosystems within a heterogeneous landscape that is variably populated and extractively used is not only inappropriate, it is fatal to the goals of improved ecosystem health. The article concludes with detailed proposals for environmental decision-makers to undertake "bandwidth management" in ways that blend the best of adaptive management and high-reliability management for improved ecosystem health while at the same time maintaining highly reliable flows of ecosystem services, such as water. 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Eckerd Coll, Collegium Behav Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. RP Steelman, TA, N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Coll Nat Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. AB Like most wild living resources, fish present a complex management challenge. Given the failure of command and control regulatory regimes to protect fisheries, scholars and practitioners have advocated the use of property rights to rectify the fisheries crisis. This meta analysis argues that property rights can be used constructively as a regulatory measure in the sustainable management of fisheries, and perhaps in other areas of resource management. However, the use of property rights to resolve resource problems is context dependent, and no single regulatory option or policy is appropriate for the multi-faceted and highly variable world of fisheries management. 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RP Brechignac, F, Ctr Cadarache, Serv Etud & Rech Readioecol Lab, Dept Protect Environm, IRSN,DPRE,SERLAB, BP 3, F-13115 St Paul Les Durance, France. AB The development of a system capable of ensuring adequate protection of the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation is at present particularly debated. This need comes both from a restrictive consideration of the environment in the so far existing system for human radioprotection, and the planetary-wide growing concerns about man's technogenic influence on his environment which have yielded 'sustainability' and 'precaution' as guiding principles for environmental protection. Whilst evolving from the field of human radioprotection, the radioprotection of the environment needs to be discussed in a wider perspective, with particular emphasis on the most advanced concepts which emerge from the efforts to deriving improved approaches to Ecological Risk Assessment. For the sake of protection, the environment is traditionally addressed through its biota since these are the sensitive components of ecosystems. Similarities between man and biotas reflect the ubiquitous mechanistic effects of radiation on life which disrupt molecules. However, important differences also arise in a number of perspectives, from the large spectrum of different species of biotas to their hierarchical self-organisation as interacting populations within ecosystems. Altogether, these aspects are prone to promote complex arrays of different responses to stress which lie beyond the scope of human radioprotection due to its focus on individuals of a single species. By means of selected illustrations, this paper reviews and discusses the current challenges faced in proper identification of measurable effect endpoints (stochastic/deterministic, individual/population- or ecosystem-relevant), dose limits in chronic exposure (or levels of concern), and their consideration according to radiation type (RBE) and interactions with other contaminants (synergies/antagonisms) which represent critical gaps in knowledge. The system of human radioprotection has conceptually been targeted at limiting cancer induction (stochastic) in human individuals, whereas the current approach in radioprotection of biota targets reproductive success (deterministic) and cytogenetic effects, thought to have the highest significance at population and ecosystem levels. The focus on individuals in a bottom-up approach, due to the ease with which it may be quantified, has prompted the development of current ecotoxicological methods as a scientific foundation for environmental protection regulation. However, the most recent ecological theories, which emphasise on complex systems as a key to modem ecological understanding, call for the additional consideration of more holistic, top-down, approaches. Critically, dose-effect relationships of the subsystem components may lose their predictive ability at the system level. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *CNSC, 2001, REL RAD NUCL FAC IMP *EPA, 1998, 630R95002F EPA *IAEA, 1992, TECHN REP SER, V332 *IAEA, 1999, TECHN REP SER *IAEA, 2000, M PROT ENV EFF ION R *IAEA, 2002, TECHN REP SER, V1270 *ICRP, 1977, PUBL, V26 *ICRP, 1991, PUBL, V60 *IUR, 2001, SEM RAD PROT 21 CENT *NCRP, 1991, 109 NCRP *UNCED, 1992, UN C ENV DEV UNCED J *UNSCEAR, 1996, EFF RAD ENV, P86 *US DOE, 2000, GRAD APPR EV RAD DOS ADAM C, 2002, IN PRESS IUR SETAC C AMIRO BD, 1997, J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV, V35, P37 AUSSEIL O, 2001, THESIS U AIX MARSEIL, V1, P238 BARESCUT JC, P NEA FOR RAD PROT E BLAYOCK BG, 1993, ESRTTM78 ORNL US DOE BOTHWELL ML, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P97 BRECHIGNAC F, 2001, RADIOPROTECTION, V36, P511 BRECHIGNAC F, 2002, RADIOECOLOGY ECOTOXI, V37, P161 BURGER J, 1997, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V837, P373 CAIRNS J, 1992, ECOTOXICOLOGY, V1, P16 CALOW P, 1997, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V16, P1983 CAMPBELL DE, 2001, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V35, P2867 CHRISTENSEN V, 1993, ICLARM C P 26, P14 COPPLESTONE D, 2000, J RADIOL PROT, V20, P29 COPPLESTONE D, 2000, RADIAT PROT DOSIM, V92, P177 COPPLESTONE D, 2001, R D PUBLICATION, V128, P222 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 COSTANZA R, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P4 CURA JJ, 1998, WATER ENVIRON RES, V70, P968 DEANGELIS DL, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART, P450 DEHAES HAU, 1999, INT J LCA, V4, P66 DOI M, IRPA 10 HARM RAD HUM FRAYSSE B, 2001, THESIS U BORDEAUX FR, P142 FUMA S, 1998, INT J RADIAT BIOL, V74, P145 FUMA S, 2000, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V65, P699 FUMA S, 2001, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V66, P231 GARNIERLAPLACE J, 2002, IUR SETAC C 4 8 FEBR HARRISON FL, 2001, RADIOECOLOGY RADIOAC, P317 HEAL G, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P24 HOFFMAN DJ, 1990, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V24, P276 HOFSTETTER P, 1999, TOP DOWN ARGUMENTS G HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JORGENSEN SE, 1997, INTEGRATION ECOSYSTE KAY JJ, 1994, ALTERNATIVES, V20, P32 KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 KAY JJ, 2000, HDB ECOSYSTEM THEORI, P135 KOCHER DC, 2000, HEALTH PHYS, V79, P407 KRYSHEV II, 1998, RADIAT PROT DOSIM, V75, P187 KUTSCH WL, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P49 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MARGALEF R, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART, P40 MAURIELLO DA, 1993, J HAZARD MATER, V35, P273 MULLER F, 1996, SENCKENBERG MARIT, V27, P151 MULLER F, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V100, P135 MULLER F, 1997, HDB OKOSYSTEMFORSCHU MULLER F, 1997, OKOSYSTEMARE SELSBST MULLER F, 2000, HDB ECOSYSTEM THEORI, P497 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NON EQUILIB NICOLIS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY ODUM HT, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P21 PATTEN BC, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V62, P29 PENTREATH RJ, 2001, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V277, P33 POLIKARPOV GG, 1998, RADIAT PROT DOSIM, V75, P181 POWER M, 1997, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V31, P370 RIEKKINEN I, 2001, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V278, P161 SAZYKINA TG, 1996, INT S ION RAD STOCKH, P153 SAZYKINA TG, 1999, P INT S RAD WAST DIS, P115 SAZYKINA TG, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V133, P83 SAZYKINA TG, 2000, SPEC M PROT ENV EFF SAZYKINA TG, 2002, RADIOECOLOGY ECOTOXI, V37, P899 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHNEIDER ED, 1994, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V19, P25 SHEPPARD SC, 1992, ENVIRON EXP BOT, V32, P383 SHEPPARD SC, 2001, RADIOACTIVE POLLUTAN, P63 SNELL TW, 2000, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V19, P2357 SOKOLOV VE, 1998, CHANGE ECOLOGY BIODI STRAND P, 2001, RADIOACTIVE POLLUTAN, P131 STRASKRABA M, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART, P104 SUOMELA M, 1999, EFFECT IND POLLUTION, P92 SUTER GW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSE SUTER GW, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1533 TAUB FB, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P1103 ULANOWICZ RE, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART, P643 NR 86 TC 2 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIR BP 35 EP 54 PY 2003 PD MAY 20 VL 307 IS 1-3 GA 676DW UT ISI:000182737400004 ER PT J AU Meza, MEM Bhaya, A Kaszkurewicz, E Costa, MID TI Threshold policies control for predator-prey systems using a control Liapunov function approach SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Dept Elect Engn, BR-21945970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Lab Nacl Computac Cientif, BR-25651070 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Meza, MEM, Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Dept Elect Engn, POB 68504, BR-21945970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. AB The stability of predator-prey models, in the context of exploitation of renewable resources, subject to threshold policies (TP) is studied in this paper using the idea of backstepping and control Liapunov functions (CLF) well known in control theory, as well as the concept of virtual equilibria. TPs are defined and analysed for different types of one and two species predator-prey models. The models studied are the single species Noy-Meir herbivore-vegetation model, in a grazing management context, as well as the Rosenzweig-MacArthur two species predator-prey model, in a fishery management context. TPs are shown to be versatile and useful in managing renewable resources, being simple to design and implement, and also yielding advantages in situations of overexploitation. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. CR AUGUSTINE DJ, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P1260 BAGLEY RJ, 1996, J THEOR BIOL, V183, P269 BEDDINGTON JR, 1980, MATH BIOSCI, V51, P261 BOUKAL DS, 1999, J MATH BIOL, V39, P493 BRAUER F, 1978, INT J CONTROL, V27, P65 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V7, P319 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V8, P55 BRAUER F, 1981, J MATH BIOL, V12, P101 BRAUER F, 1982, J THEOR BIOL, V95, P247 CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP CLARK CW, 1985, BIOECONOMICS MODELLI COLLIE JS, 1993, 9302 AL SEA GRANT CO, P629 COLOMBO RM, 1993, IMA J MATH APPL MED, V10, P281 COSTA MIS, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V128, P89 CREPIN AS, 2002, 166 EEU EDWARDS C, 1998, SLIDING MODE CONTROL, V7 EDWARDS R, 2000, PHYSICA D, V146, P165 ELOWAIDY HM, 2004, APPL MATH COMPUT, V151, P491 EMELYANOV SV, 1998, LECT NOTES CONTROL I, V231 FILIPPOV AF, 1988, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO GOUZE JL, 2002, DYNAM SYST, V17, P299 HEITSCHMIDT RK, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E HOEKSTRA J, 2001, 2001243 TI HOGARTH WL, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V62, P83 IMESON RJ, 2002, ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS, V7, P259 KAPPLER K, 2003, SIGNAL PROCESS, V83, P789 KOT M, 2001, ELEMENTS MATH ECOLOG KRIVAN V, 1996, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V49, P265 KRIVAN V, 1997, AM NAT, V149, P164 KRIVAN V, 1997, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V51, P201 KRIVAN V, 1998, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V53, P131 KRIVAN V, 1999, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V55, P111 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MATSUDA H, 1986, J THEOR BIOL, V122, P251 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P103 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MESTL T, 1996, PHYSICA D, V98, P33 MESTL T, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P653 MEZA MEM, 2002, 15 TRIENN WORLD C IF, P1 MEZA MEM, 2002, ANN 14 BRAZ C AUT CO, P146 MEZA MEM, 2002, P 41 IEEE C DEC CONT, P937 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 QUINN TJ, 2000, QUANTITATIVE FISH DY SEPULCHRE R, 1997, CONSTRUCTIVE NONLINE SONTAG ED, 1989, SYST CONTROL LETT, V13, P117 STROBELE WJ, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V53, P61 UTKIN VI, 1978, SLIDING MODES THEIR UTKIN VI, 1992, SLIDING MODES CONTRO VANBAALEN M, 2001, AM NAT, V157, P512 NR 49 TC 8 J9 THEOR POP BIOL BP 273 EP 284 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 67 IS 4 GA 931WQ UT ISI:000229516600005 ER PT J AU Bray, DB Sanchez, JLP Murphy, EC TI Social dimensions of organic coffee production in Mexico: Lessons for eco-labeling initiatives SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Secretariat Agr Livestock & Dev, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Int Affairs Off, Washington, DC USA. RP Bray, DB, Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Miami, FL 33199 USA. AB Significant attention has been given to the relationship between small coffee farms and biodiversity in recent years. This article argues that the interest in "bird-friendly" coffees and other forms of biodiversity marketing have much to learn from the 15-year development of another relatively successful, environmentally friendly coffee product: certified organic coffee. This Mexican case study argues that organic coffee emerged as a result of a series of institutional transformations that, in interaction with particular ecosystems, have left their imprint on the agricultural landscape. The emergence of organic coffee in Mexico arose from more than a decade of populist agrarian organizing and accompanying organizational innovations, and depended upon the substantial amount of preexisting "social capital accumulation" in the Mexican countryside. Eco-labeling efforts focus on certification criteria and marketing, and pay insufficient attention to the social processes that can lead to the outcome of a sustainable product and sustainable agricultural landscapes. 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RP Brown, MT, Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB The restoration of phosphate mined lands in Florida is large scale, potentially covering over 300,000 acres (121,000 ha), and rivals other restoration efforts like the Florida Everglades in size and complexity. The issues surrounding mining and subsequent restoration of the landscape are global, national, and local in scale. The entire system of phosphate mining and restoration involves local citizens, governmental agencies, research scientists, and industry personnel in a program that might be seen as adaptive management. It is suggested that restoration is managing adaptive self-organization of the ecosystems and landscapes and that it is the domain of ecological engineering. The past 30 years of research concerning various aspects of landscape restoration after phosphate mining are elucidated, and the research's relationship to management and regulation are discussed. Finally, the complex issues that are inherent in large restoration programs are discussed and it is suggested that a cooperative environment and vision may be the key elements that are missing (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. 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Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB The concept of resilience has evolved considerably since Holling's (1973) seminal paper. Different interpretations of what is meant by resilience, however, cause confusion. Resilience of a system needs to be considered in terms of the attributes that govern the system's dynamics. Three related attributes of social-ecological systems (SESs) determine their future trajectories: resilience, adaptability, and transformability. Resilience (the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks) has four components-latitude, resistance, precariousness, and panarchy-most readily portrayed using the metaphor of a stability landscape. Adaptability is the capacity of actors in the system to influence resilience (in a SES, essentially to manage it). There are four general ways in which this can be done, corresponding to the four aspects of resilience. Transformability is the capacity to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social structures make the existing system untenable. The implications of this interpretation of SES dynamics for sustainability science include changing the focus from seeking optimal states and the determinants of maximum sustainable yield (the MSY paradigm), to resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2003, EC HUM WELL BEING *NAT RES COUNC, 1999, OUR COMM JOURN *NAT RES COUNC, 2002, DRAM COMM BEISNER BE, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P376 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2003, REGIME SHIFTS LAKE E CUMMING DHM, 1999, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V4, P220 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST KAUFMANN S, 2000, INVESTIGATIONS LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P358 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 STIGLITZ J, 2002, GLOBALIZATION ITS DI WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 21 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 5 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 2 GA 912FE UT ISI:000228062200010 ER PT J AU Alberti, M TI Modeling the urban ecosystem: a conceptual framework SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Review C1 Univ Washington, Dept Urban Design & Planning, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Alberti, M, Univ Washington, Dept Urban Design & Planning, Box 355740, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AB In this paper I build on current research in urban and ecological simulation modeling to develop a conceptual framework for modeling the urban ecosystem. Although important progress has been made in various areas of urban modeling, operational urban models are still primitive in terms of their ability to represent ecological processes. On the other hand, environmental models designed to assess the ecological impact of an urban region are limited-in their ability to represent human systems. I present here a strategy to integrate these two lines of research into an urban ecological model (UEM), This model addresses the human dimension of:the Puget Sound regional integrated simulation model (PRISM)-a multidisciplinary initiative at the University of Washington aimed at developing a dynamic and integrated understanding of the environmental and human systems in the Puget Sound. UEM simulates the environmental pressures associated with human activities under alternative demographic, economic, policy, and environmental scenarios. The specific objectives of UEM are to: quantify the major sources of human-induced environmental stresses (such as land-cover changes: and nutrient discharges); determine the spatial and temporal variability of human stressors in relation to changes in the biophysical structure; relate the biophysical impacts of these stressors to the variability and spatial heterogeneity in land uses, human activities, and management practices; and predict the changes in stressors in relation to changes in human factors. 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Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis & Nat, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. RP Pia, MV, Ctr Ecol Aplicada Neuquen, Wildlife Conservat Soc, RA-8371 Junin Andes, Argentina. AB Livestock can affect the feeding ecology of carnivores either directly, by becoming potential prey, or indirectly, by modifying selection of other prey. Selection of other prey is modified through the negative effects of livestock on food and cover, which reduces density and increases vulnerability of wild prey. PSeudalopex culpaeus smithersi is an endemic subspecies of culpeo fox of central Argentina that is persecuted due to predation on livestock. We studied the direct and indirect effects of livestock on P. c. smithersi's feeding ecology by evaluating its diet, prey availability, and prey selection in two areas with different livestock abundance-a national park and an adjacent sheep and cattle ranch in the Achala grassland plateau. We studied diets from feces and used conversion coefficients to estimate prey numbers and biomass consumed. Culpeos preyed primarily on native rodents (cavies and cricetines) according to both prey numbers and biomass. The differences in culpeo diet, prey availability, and prey selection between sites were strongly associated with effects of livestock. Culpeos consumed more livestock carrion and birds at the ranch, and tucos (Ctenomys sp.) only at the park. Livestock density was high at the ranch and low at the park, cricetine and tuco densities were significantly higher at the park, and European hare (Lepus europaeus) densities were similar between sites. According to prey numbers consumed culpeos did not appear to be selective, but according to biomass they consumed cricetines more and hares less than expected at both sites and sheep more than expected at the park. Livestock may reduce densities and increase vulnerabilities of cricetines and fossorial tucos in Achala by soil trampling that destroys burrows. competition for forage, and reduction of grass cover. 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RP Cheung, WWL, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Lower Mall Res Stn,2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Fishing has become a major conservation threat to marine fishes. Effective conservation of threatened species requires timely identification of vulnerable species. However, evaluation of extinction risk using conventional methods is difficult for the majority of fish species because the population data normally required by such methods are unavailable. This paper presents a fuzzy expert system that integrates life history and ecological characteristics of marine fishes to estimate their intrinsic vulnerability to fishing. We extract heuristic rules (expressed in IF-THEN clauses) from published literature describing known relationships between biological characteristics and vulnerability. Input and output variables are defined by fuzzy sets which deal explicitly with the uncertainty associated with qualitative knowledge. Conclusions from different lines of evidence are combined through fuzzy inference and defuzzification processes. Our fuzzy system provides vulnerability estimates that correlate with observed declines more closely than previous methods, and has advantages in flexibility of input data requirements, in the explicit representation of uncertainty, and in the ease of incorporating new knowledge. This fuzzy expert system can be used as a decision support tool in fishery management and marine conservation planning. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB During the last 20 years our understanding of the development of complex systems has changed significantly. Two major advancements are catastrophe theory and nonequilibrium thermodynamics with its associated theory of self-organization. These theories indicate that complex system development is nonlinear, discontinuous (catastrophes), not predictable (bifurcations), and multivalued (multiple developmental pathways). Ecosystem development should be expected to exhibit these characteristics. Traditional ecological theory has attempted to describe ecosystem stress response using some simple notions such as stability and resiliency. In fact, stress-response must be characterized by a richer set of concepts. The ability of the system to maintain its current operating point in the face of the stress, must be ascertained. If the system changes operating points, there are several questions to be considered: Is the change along the original developmental pathway or a new one? Is the change organizing or disorganizing? Will the system return to its original state? Will the system flip to some new state in a catastrophic way? Is the change acceptable to humans? The integrity of an ecosystem does not reflect a single characteristic of an ecosystem. The concept of integrity must be seen as multidimensional and encompassing a rich set of ecosystem behaviors. A framework of concepts for discussing integrity is presented in this article. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Seixas, C, Univ Manitoba, Dept Econ, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V5, Canada. AB This paper reviews the major socio-economic evolutionary events in a network of communities around a coastal lagoon. Concepts from complex systems analysis and ecological economics are used to analyze the impacts of the evolutionary events on both the lagoon's goods and services and stakeholders' well-being, bringing to light the management strengths and shortcomings of the fishery system, and suggesting an appropriate approach to managing such a system for ecosystem sustainability based on the Lisbon principles. CR ABDALLAH PR, 1998, THESIS U SAO PAULO P AGRAWAL A, 1997, DEV CHANGE, V28, P436 ANDREATTA ER, 1993, RELATORIO FINAL PROJ ANDREATTA ER, 1996, RELATORIO FINAL REPO ANTUNES P, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P215 BERKHOUT F, 2003, NEGOTIATING ENV CHAN, P1 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 COSTANZA R, 1997, INTRO ECOLOGICAL EC COSTANZA R, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P198 COSTANZA R, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P171 DALY HE, 1977, STEADY STATE EC FOLKE C, 2002, ICSU SERIES SCI SUST, V3 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JASANOFF S, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P2066 JOHNSON B, 2000, RETHINKING SUSTAINAB, P33 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KAUFFMAN S, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM MCCAY BJ, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P21 SEIXAS C, 2003, ECOL ECON, V46, P399 SEIXAS CS, 2002, THESIS U MANITOBA WI SEIXAS CS, 2004, CHALLENGING COASTS T, P180 SEIXAS CS, 2004, MILL EC ASS C AL EG WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 26 TC 0 J9 INTERCIENCIA BP 362 EP + PY 2004 PD JUL VL 29 IS 7 GA 847KH UT ISI:000223390600004 ER PT J AU Meyer, JL TI Stream health: Incorporating the human dimension to advance stream ecology SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article RP Meyer, JL, UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. AB A healthy stream is an ecosystem that is sustainable and resilient, maintaining its ecological structure and function over time while continuing to meet societal needs and expectations. The concept described in this paper explicitly incorporates both ecological integrity (maintaining structure and function) and human Values (what society Values in the ecosystem). Stream ecologists who want their research to contribute to improving conditions in flowing waters require concepts Like stream health, which will stimulate research in directions that will be more effective in restoring and preserving the unique organisms and ecosystems they study. Determining what is a healthy stream requires integration of stream ecology with disciplines such as economics and political science, because a concept of stream health must take into account the human attitudes and social institutions that are a part of the stream's societal watershed. New and fruitful directions for stream research lie in developing operational measures of stream health, which include the human dimension and move beyond identifying symptoms of ecological stress, and in elucidating the ecological processes and human actions that maintain stream health. CR 1971, OXFORD ENGLISH DICT ANGERMEIER PL, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P690 ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 BENKE AC, 1990, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V9, P77 BUNN SE, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P220 BURKHEAD NM, 1992, GEORGIA WILDLIFE, V2, P10 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HASKELL BD, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P3 HYNES HBN, 1975, VERH INT VEREIN LIMN, V19, P1 KARR JR, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1521 KARR JR, 1995, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P97 KARR JR, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P31 KELLY JR, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P527 LAMBERTI GA, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P196 LEWIS WM, 1995, WATER RESOURCES UPDA, V98, P4 MACKAY RJ, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P617 MEYER JL, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P643 MINNS CK, 1995, J AQUAT ECOSYST HLTH, V4, P1 NAIMAN RJ, 1995, FRESHWATER IMPERATIV NORTON BG, 1995, B ECOL SOC AM, V76, P198 OBRIEN MH, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P706 ONEILL RV, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P23 POLICANSKY D, 1993, COMP ENV RISK ASSESS, P37 POSTEL SL, 1996, SCIENCE, V271, P785 RAPPORT DJ, 1989, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V33, P120 RESH VH, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P108 RISSER PG, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P24 ROSENBERG DM, 1993, FRESHWATER BIOMONITO SAGOFF M, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P57 SCHAEFFER DJ, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P445 SCHINDLER DW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P6 SCHINDLER DW, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P25 SCRIMGEOUR GJ, 1996, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V15, P254 SHRADERFRECHETTE KS, 1994, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V9, P456 STANLEY EH, 1994, AM MIDL NAT, V131, P288 STEEDMAN RJ, 1994, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V13, P605 SUTER GW, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1533 WALLACE JB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P140 WEAR DN, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1173 WICKLUM D, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, P997 WRIGHT JF, 1995, AUST J ECOL, V20, P181 YOUNT JD, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P515 NR 42 TC 31 J9 J N AMER BENTHOL SOC BP 439 EP 447 PY 1997 PD JUN VL 16 IS 2 GA XD620 UT ISI:A1997XD62000011 ER PT J AU NAUGHTONTREVES, L SANDERSON, S TI PROPERTY, POLITICS AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SO WORLD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article RP NAUGHTONTREVES, L, UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. AB Wildlife conservation has been a public issue since time immemorial, and a cause of increasing concern over the course of the 20th century. Today, much of the dispute over wildlife conservation involves property and property rights. As the scope of wildlife resource governance expands to the global level, it has come into contact with conflicting property claims and has generated new claims involving maritime and landed resources, wildlife, and intellectual property. This paper focuses on wildlife conservation, and specifically on the angle of property rights, arguing that the political determination of property regimes is critical to conservation, especially in regard to wild fauna. Property rights concerning wild fauna, differ from other property rights claims, including landed property, intellectual property, and rights governing the use of wild flora. It is also argued that no single property form is adequate for wildlife conservation. Property as an institution is incomplete; the exceptional character of wild fauna and the property rights that govern it are organic. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, CONS BIOD RES AG DEV *UN C ENV DEV, 1992, UNPUB BIOD CONV *WORLD CONS MON CT, 1992, GLOB BIOD STAT EARTH *WORLD RES I, 1992, GLOB BIOD STRAT ACHARYA R, 1992, BIOPOLICY INT PAPER, V4 ALCHIAN AA, 1973, J ECON HIST, V33, P16 ALLEN D, 1962, OUR WILDLIFE LEGACY ASIBEY EOA, 1978, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AYLWARD B, 1992, EC WILDS WILDLIFE DI, P34 BEAN MJ, 1983, EVOLUTION NATIONAL W BODMER RE, IN PRESS NEOTROPICAL BOHNINGGAESE K, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P76 BOSERUP E, 1981, POPULATION TECHNOLOG BROMLEY DW, 1982, AM J AGR ECON, V64, P834 BROMLEY DW, 1989, EC INTERESTS I CONCE BROMLEY DW, 1989, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V17, P181 BROMLEY DW, 1990, C INT ASS STUDY COMM CHICCHON A, 1992, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI CHILD B, 1991, 1 U ZIMB CTR APPL SO COHEN M, 1978, PROPERTY MAINSTREAM, P145 CONYBEARE J, 1980, INT ORGAN, V34, P307 COX PA, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P317 DAGG AI, 1977, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT DAVIS MB, 1986, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, P269 DEACON RT, 1985, FORESTLANDS PUBLIC P DEKLEMM C, 1985, IUCN ENV POLICY LAW, V3 DEMSETZ H, 1967, AM ECON REV, V57, P347 EPSTEIN RA, 1985, TAKINGS PRIVATE PROP FULLER K, 1985, LATIN AM WILDLIFE TR GILL R, 1990, MONITORING STATUS EU GORDON HS, 1956, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 HAAS P, 1990, SAVING MEDITERRANEAN HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HARRIS L, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL HARRIS LD, 1993, OUR LIVING LEGACY, P97 HARRISON RP, 1992, FORESTS SHADOW CIVIL HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUDSON WE, 1991, LANDSCAPE LINKAGES B KAUFMAN L, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P846 KISS A, 1990, LIVING WILDLIFE WILD KOHM KA, 1991, BALANCING BRINK EXTI LANSING JS, 1991, PRIESTS PROGRAMMERS LEOPOLD A, 1933, GAME MANAGEMENT LUND TA, 1980, AM WILDLIFE LAW MACDONALD D, 1987, ENCY MAMMALS MARKS S, 1984, IMPERIAL LION HUMAN MARKS S, 1991, SO HUNTING BLACK WHI MCCAY B, 1992, MONOGRAPHS EC ANTHR, V10, P199 MCEVOY AF, 1986, FISHERMANS PROBLEM E MCNEELY J, 1984, NATIONAL PARKS CONSE MCNEELY J, 1988, EC BIOL DIVERSITY DE MCNEELY J, 1990, CONSERVING WORLDS BI MYERS N, 1983, WEALTH WILD SPECIES NEWMARK WD, 1987, NATURE, V325, P430 NOSS RF, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P299 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS OSTROM E, 1993, WORKSHOP PROPERTY RI PEEK JM, 1986, REV WILDLIFE MANAGEM PERRINGS C, 1989, J DEV ECON, V30, P1 PERRINGS C, 1991, C ECOLOGY EC BIODIVE REPETTO R, 1988, PUBLIC POLICIES MISU ROLSTON H, 1991, BALANCING BRINK EXTI, P43 ROSE D, 1993, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI RUBIN SM, 1984, COLORADO J INT ENV L, V5, P23 RYDER JP, 1981, CAN FIELD NAT, V95, P35 SANDERSON S, 1994, CHANGES LAND USE LAN SANDERSON S, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES COE SCOTT A, 1955, J POLITICAL EC, V63, P116 SPOONER B, 1987, LANDS RISK 3 WORLD L, P58 TANNER A, 1979, BRINGING HOME ANIMAL TAYLOR KI, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P138 TERBORGH J, 1989, WHERE HAVE ALL BIRDS TOBER JA, 1981, WHO OWNS WILDLIFE PO TOBIN R, 1990, EXPENDABLLE FUTRUE U VICKERS WT, 1991, NEOTROPICAL WILDLIFE, P53 WESTERN D, 1989, CONSERVATION 21ST CE WOLFE ML, 1970, FOREST HIST, P7 YOUNG OR, 1989, INT COOPERATION BUIL NR 78 TC 12 J9 WORLD DEVELOP BP 1265 EP 1275 PY 1995 PD AUG VL 23 IS 8 GA RQ432 UT ISI:A1995RQ43200002 ER PT J AU RAYNER, S TI A CULTURAL-PERSPECTIVE ON THE STRUCTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS SO EVALUATION REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP RAYNER, S, OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,CTR GLOBAL ENVIRONM STUDIES,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. CR *US DEP EN, 1989, DOEEH01013 REP BARNET RJ, 1974, GLOBAL REACH BLOOMFIELD BP, 1986, MODELLING WORLD SOCI BRICKMAN R, 1985, CONTROLLING CHEM POL CANTOR R, 1989, ORNL6384 COTGROVE S, 1982, CATASTROPHE CORNUCOP CYERT RM, 1963, BEHAVIORAL THEORY FI DOUGLAS M, 1978, CULTURAL BIAS DOUGLAS M, 1980, EVANS PRITCHARDS DOUGLAS M, 1985, RISK ACCEPTABILITY A FUNTOWICZ SO, 1985, RISK ANAL PRIVATE SE, P217 GEERTZ C, 1965, NEW VIEWS NATURE MAN, P93 GEERTZ C, 1973, INTERPRETATION CULTU GERLACH LP, 1988, PRACTICING ANTHR, V10, P15 GOODENOUGH W, 1971, CULTURE LANGUAGE SOC GROSS J, 1985, MEASURING CULTURE PA HAAS P, 1990, SAVING MEDITERRANEAN HOLLING CS, 1977, P S FUTURE STRATEGIE, P236 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JASANOFF S, 1986, RISK MANAGEMENT POLI KAPLAN D, 1972, CULTURAL THEORY KAPROW ML, 1985, AM ANTHROPOL, V87, P357 KELMAN S, 1981, REGULATING AM REGULA KROEBER A, 1952, CULTURE CRITICAL REV KUNREUTHER H, 1982, LIQUIFIED ENERGY GAS LATOUR B, 1979, LABORATORY LIFE SOCI LINDBLOM CE, 1977, POLITICS MARKETS LINDQUIST L, 1980, HARE TORTOISE CLEAN MEADOWS DH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MORGENTHAU HJ, 1974, POLITICS NATIONS MORONE J, 1986, AVERTING CATASTROPHE MORRISETTE PM, 1989, NAT RESOUR J, V29, P793 MYERS N, 1985, RESOURCES DEV NEW CE, P477 NASH R, 1967, WILDERNESS AM MIND NELKIN D, 1981, ATOM BESIEGED NIEBUHR R, 1949, B ATOM SCI, V5, P289 RAWLS J, 1971, THEORY JUSTICE RAYNER S, 1982, ESSAYS SOC PERCEPTIO, P247 RAYNER S, 1984, RISK ANAL I PUBLIC O, P150 RYLE G, 1949, CONCEPT OF MIND SCHWARZ M, 1990, DIVIDED WE STAND RED THOMPSON M, 1982, ESSAYS SOCIOLOGY PER THOMPSON M, 1984, POLICY SCI, V17, P321 TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P435 WEBER M, 1958, PROTESTANT ETHIC WILDAVSKY A, 1988, SEARCHING SAFETY WILETTS P, 1982, PRESSURE GROUPS GLOB WILLIAMSON OE, 1975, MARKETS HIERARCHIES YOUNG O, 1982, RESOURCE REGIMES NAT NR 49 TC 16 J9 EVALUATION REV BP 75 EP 102 PY 1991 PD FEB VL 15 IS 1 GA ET875 UT ISI:A1991ET87500005 ER PT J AU Cook, WM Casagrande, DG Hope, D Groffman, PM Collins, SL TI Learning to roll with the punches: adaptive experimentation in human-dominated systems SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Mill Brook, NY USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cook, WM, Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, POB 873211, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB The interdisciplinary study of human-environment interactions is becoming increasingly important around the world. Long-term experimental manipulations that combine approaches from both the ecological and social sciences could play an important role in the study of human-environment feedbacks in cities. The inclusion of in situ human subjects in this research is vital, as it facilitates more accurate scientific models and might produce social benefits such as increasing public trust in scientists. Within a landscape experiment, human subjects may alter experimental conditions to suit their needs, imitating the rapidly changing environmental conditions in cities. In response, researchers adjust explanatory models in a process which could be called "adaptive experimentation". These ideas are illustrated by a description of a proposed experiment in the Phoenix metropolitan area, where residential landscaping will be manipulated and the feedbacks between ecological processes and the activities of resident humans studied. CR 2003, NATURE, V424, P1 ALBERTI M, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P1169 ARMITAGE DR, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P79 ATRAN S, 2002, CURR ANTHROPOL, V43, P421 BALEE WL, 1999, FOOTPRINTS FOREST KA BENNETT EM, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P322 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BOWDEN WB, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V240, P121 BRYANT B, 2003, UNDERSTANDING URBAN CASAGRANDE DG, IN PRESS GLOBALIZATI COLLINS JP, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P416 COLLINS SL, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P745 CURRIE WS, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P446 DOVE MR, 2001, NEW DIRECTIONS ANTHR DRISCOLL CT, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P180 DUNLAP RE, 2000, J SOC ISSUES, V56, P425 EBERHARDT LL, 1991, ECOL MONOGR, V61, P53 GRIMM NB, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P571 GROFFMAN PM, IN PRESS ECOSYSTEMS GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 HARTIG T, 1994, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V12, P133 HOBBS RJ, 2003, AUST J BOT, V51, P471 HOPE D, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8788 HORNBECK JW, 1993, J HYDROL, V150, P323 KINZIG AP, CONSERV BIOL KNAPP AK, 1998, GRASSLAND DYNAMICS L LIKENS GE, 1995, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY FORE LIKENS GE, 1996, SCIENCE, V272, P244 LIKENS GE, 2001, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V52, P1 LUCK MA, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P782 MARTIN CA, 2001, DESERT PLANTS, V17, P26 MARTIN CA, 2002, J ARID ENVIRON, V51, P235 MARTIN CA, 2003, J ARBORICULT, V29, P9 MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC MCDONNELL MJ, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P21 MILLER JR, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P330 MITCHELL CE, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P1364 MOHAI P, 1985, SOC SCI QUART, V66, P820 NAVEH Z, 1998, RESTOR ECOL, V6, P135 OLLINGER SV, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V8, P545 PALMER MA, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P251 PICKETT STA, 1994, ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTAN STEFFEN W, 2004, GLOBAL CHANGE EARTH SVIREJEVAHOPKINS A, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V173, P295 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WEDIN DA, 1996, SCIENCE, V274, P1720 WHYTE WF, 1991, PARTICIPATORY ACTION NR 50 TC 0 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON BP 467 EP 474 PY 2004 PD NOV VL 2 IS 9 GA 868LB UT ISI:000224914000013 ER PT J AU Scott, D TI Sustainability of New Zealand high-country pastures under contrasting development inputs. 7. Environmental gradients, plant species selection, and diversity SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 AgRes, Lincoln, New Zealand. RP Scott, D, AgRes, POB 60, Lincoln, New Zealand. AB The change in plant species relative abundance under different fertiliser and management inputs over 19 years is reported for two grazed multiple-species trials on a Pukaki/Tekapo high-country soil. One trial was 30 combinations of 5 superphosphate rates (0-500 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) x 3 stocking rates x 2 stocking methods, and the second was 31 combinations of S, P (0-100 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), and micronutrient fertilisers. Both were overdrilled with a 25-species pasture mixture. There was rapid initial separation in relative abundance of species, principally according to fertiliser level. Main features were Hieracium pilosella remaining dominant in the absence of fertiliser; the initial success of Trifolium hybridum; the dominance and long-term persistence of Lupinus polyphyllus at low fertiliser inputs; the transition to Dactylis glomerata dominance at high fertiliser inputs following a legume phase, in the middle years; the slow vegetative increase of Trifolium ambiguum to become dominant in most of the moderate and high fertiliser treatments in the second decade; and the increase of Bromus tectorum in later years. Species distributions were predominately determined by P fertiliser rates, or P by S fertiliser interactions. The effects of different grazing managements on late spring pasture composition were small during the first decade but increased over time, with the principal changes under moderate to high rate set-stocking. Diversity considerations showed that the number of vascular plants in a plot (n), or their proportional distribution in biomass (k diversity), gave only a weak and inconsistent con elation with secondary production (mean sheep carrying capacity), or its stability (CV of annual grazing capacity), after fertiliser and grazing management treatment effects were considered. The only significant trend was in one trial where production tended to be inversely related to the number of plant species (2.2% decrease per species). CR 1996, NZ MEAT WOOL BOARDS, V2109 *SAS, 1989, SAS STAT US GUID VER *SAS, 1990, SAS GRAPH SOFTW REF *UNEP, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY DOUGLAS P, 1987, UNPUB DSIR BOT DIVIS GRIME JP, 1973, NATURE, V242, P344 GRIME JP, 1988, COMP PLANT ECOLOGY F HARGREAVES JNG, 1978, N9 TROPICAL AGRONOMY, P1 HOLGATE G, 1985, NZ PROTECTED NATURAL HUSTON MA, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V110, P449 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 MANNETJE LT, 1963, J BRIT GRASSLAND SOC, V18, P268 MAY RM, 1979, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1968, ECOLOGY, V49, P962 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P361 NAEEM S, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P427 OLFF H, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P261 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PRESTON FW, 1948, ECOLOGY, V29, P254 SALA OE, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P361 SCOTT D, 1959, THESIS U OTAGO DUNED SCOTT D, 1979, NZ J ECOLOGY, V2, P71 SCOTT D, 1979, TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS M, V16, P172 SCOTT D, 1982, NZ SOIL NEWS, V30, P111 SCOTT D, 1986, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V41, P319 SCOTT D, 1987, P NZ GRASSLAND ASS, V48, P93 SCOTT D, 1989, NEW ZEAL J ECOL, V12, P77 SCOTT D, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C PA, P304 SCOTT D, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C, P1604 SCOTT D, 1995, GUIDE PASTURES PASTU SCOTT D, 1999, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V42, P365 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P101 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P175 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P387 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P415 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P481 SCOTT D, 2000, NEW ZEAL J AGR RES, V43, P525 SILVERTOWN J, 1980, J APPL ECOL, V17, P491 SINGH JS, 1969, CAN J BOT, V47, P425 SVAVARDOTTIR K, 1995, THESIS LINCOLN U LIN TILMAN D, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P2179 TILMAN D, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P350 WHITTAKER RH, 1965, SCIENCE, V144, P889 WHITTAKER RH, 1972, TAXON, V21, P213 WILTON AD, 2000, NEW ZEAL J BOT, V38, P537 NR 45 TC 1 J9 N Z J AGR RES BP 59 EP 90 PY 2001 PD MAR VL 44 IS 1 GA 429MG UT ISI:000168520500008 ER PT J AU Aide, TM Zimmerman, JK Pascarella, JB Rivera, L Marcano-Vega, H TI Forest regeneration in a chronosequence of tropical abandoned pastures: Implications for restoration ecology SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Valdosta State Univ, Dept Biol, Valdosta, GA 31698 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol Sci, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. RP Aide, TM, Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, POB 23360, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. AB During the mid-1900s, most of the island of Puerto Rico was deforested, but a shift in the economy from agriculture to small industry beginning in the 1950s resulted in the abandonment of agricultural lands and recovery of secondary forest. This unique history provides an excellent opportunity to study secondary forest succession and suggest strategies for tropical forest restoration. To determine the pattern of secondary succession, we describe the woody vegetation in 71 abandoned pastures and forest sites in four regions of Puerto Rico. The density, basal area, aboveground biomass, and species richness of the secondary forest sites were similar to those of the old growth forest sites (>80 yr) after approximately 40 years. The dominant species that colonized recently abandoned pastures occurred over a broad elevational range and are widespread in the neotropics. The species richness of Puerto Rican secondary forests recovered rapidly, but the species composition was quite different in comparison with old growth forest sites, suggesting that enrichment planting will be necessary to restore the original composition. Exotic species were some of the most abundant species in the secondary forest, but their long-term impact depended on life history characteristics of each species. These data demonstrate that one restoration strategy for tropical forest in abandoned pastures is simply to protect the areas from fire, and allow natural regeneration to produce secondary forest. This strategy will be most effective if remnant forest (i.e., seed sources) still exist in the landscape and soils have not been highly degraded. Patterns of forest recovery also suggest strategies for accelerating natural recovery by planting a suite of generalist species that are common in recently abandoned pastures in Puerto Rico and throughout much of the neotropics. 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Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Gund Inst Ecol Econ, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Florida Int Univ, Sch Business Adm, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Div Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, NW Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Washington & Lee Univ, Environm Studies Program, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. Washington & Lee Univ, Dept Econ, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Environm, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Farber, S, Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. AB This article outlines an approach, based on ecosystem services, for assessing the trade-offs inherent in managing humans embedded in ecological systems. Evaluating these trade-offs requires an understanding of the biophysical magnitudes of the changes in ecosystem services that result from human actions, and of the impact of these changes on human welfare. We summarize the state of the art of ecosystem services-based management and the information needs for applying it. Three case studies of Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites-coastal, urban, and agricultural-illustrate the usefulness, information needs, quantification possibilities, and methods for this approach. One example of the application of this approach, with rigorously established service changes and valuations taken front the literature, is used to illustrate the potential for full economic valuation of several agricultural landscape management options, including managing for water quality biodiversity, and crop productivity. 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RP Gregory, RS, Decis Res, 1160 Devina Dr,RR2, Galiano, BC V0N 1P0, Canada. AB Although much attention has been given to the role of community stakeholders in developing environmental risk-management policies, most local and national initiatives are better known for their failings than their successes. One reason for this continuing difficulty, we contend, is a reluctance to address the many difficult value trade-offs that necessarily arise in the course of creating and evaluating alternative risk-management options. In this paper we discuss six reasons why such trade-offs are difficult and, for each, present helpful techniques from the decision sciences along with case study examples of successful applications. 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Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Commun & Innovat Studies, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jiggins, J, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Rural Dev Studies, Box 7005, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. AB Two different perspectives mark the discourse about the valuation of ecological services: (i) a positivist-realist perspective, emphasizing the use of objective scientific procedures to discover true values of ecological services: truth is seen as the basis for social change; (ii) a constructivist perspective, emphasizing value as emerging from interaction. Value is an agreement and hence effective in social change. This paper examines the implications of the latter for valuation. It first analyses the current dominant practice of environmental valuation in terms of its epistemological assumptions. It then examines how a constructivist perspective colours the expectation of societal effectiveness of environmental valuation. Both themes reflect debated issues in ecological economics (e.g. O'Connor, 1998). 'Double hermeneutics' refers to the capacity to make sense on the basis of the sense-making of others. Environmental valuation in economics attempts a sort of 'triple hermeneutics': (1) economists make sense of how (2) people value the environment, in order to (3) influence the sense-making of policy-makers and the general public. This paper argues that environmental valuation alternatively can be carried out as a constructivist procedure that reduces triple to single hermeneutics. Environmental valuation aims at societal change through internalization of the costs of ecological services. Knowledge of the 'real' costs is expected to influence behaviour. Our analysis calls for the wider use of an alternative approach: 'interactive valuation'. That is, the people whose behaviour incurs environmental costs are assisted to use environmental valuation methods themselves in order experientially to learn to internalize the environmental costs of their activities. It is not the researcher or expert who analyses and learns, so that he/she can transfer the learning to others, but the 'others' themselves who analyse and learn. In practice, this means that scientific valuators are not limited to discovering 'real', objective values, but also engage in developing tools for discovery learning by people themselves. The paper elaborates concrete experiences in the analysis and development of farming systems. 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Harvard Univ, Grad Sch Educ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Sterman, JD, MIT, Alfred P Sloan Sch Management, 30 Wadsworth St,Room E53-351, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. AB Public attitudes about climate change reveal a contradiction. Surveys show most Americans believe climate change poses serious risks but also that reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sufficient to stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations can be deferred until there is greater evidence that climate change is harmful. US policymakers likewise argue it is prudent to wait and see whether climate change will cause substantial economic harm before undertaking policies to reduce emissions. Such wait-and-see policies erroneously presume climate change can be reversed quickly should harm become evident, underestimating substantial delays in the climate's response to anthropogenic forcing. We report experiments with highly educated adults - graduate students at MIT - showing widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental stock and flow relationships, including mass balance principles, that lead to long response delays. GHG emissions are now about twice the rate of GHG removal from the atmosphere. GHG concentrations will therefore continue to rise even if emissions fall, stabilizing only when emissions equal removal. In contrast, most subjects believe atmospheric GHG concentrations can be stabilized while emissions into the atmosphere continuously exceed the removal of GHGs from it. These beliefs - analogous to arguing a bathtub filled faster than it drains will never overflow - support wait-and-see policies but violate conservation of matter. Low public support for mitigation policies may arise from misconceptions of climate dynamics rather than high discount rates or uncertainty about the impact of climate change. Implications for education and communication between scientists and nonscientists (the public and policymakers) are discussed. 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RP BEBBINGTON, AJ, OVERSEAS DEV INST,REGENTS PK,LONDON NW1 4NS,ENGLAND. AB Recent discussions of resource management suggest that one of the most important factors in sustaining use systems on fragile lands is the strength of local representative institutions: rural resource management and the consolidation of rural civil society must both therefore be central concerns in any viable land use strategy in these areas. Pursuing this relationship between local organizations and resource management, the paper discusses the experiences of several Indian federations in Ecuador that occupy fragile environments under increasing pressure from processes of national and local development. These federations have sought to identify resource management strategies to resist these destabilizing forces and so allow continued Indian occupance of these lands. These strategies have represented a constant search to protect local land rights, to assert a specifically Indian cultural identity, and to identify an ecologically and economically viable resource management strategy for Indian families. The most successful strategies to date have been those that combine traditional and modem practices in a way that responds to Indians' increasing consumption requirements and to grassroots management capacities. In doing so they have also helped strengthen the federations themselves. This empirical analysis is related to a discussion of points of contact between the debates on rural democratization and on traditional resource management, and specifically between the geographic traditions of cultural and political ecology, and the literature on agrarian movements. A dialogue between these perspectives could lead to analyses that are at once more reflective of local realities and more able to contribute to the development of viable local resource use strategies. 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James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop & Marine Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, CTM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Univ Queensland, ARC, Ctr Coral Reef Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Hughes, TP, James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC, Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB Coral reefs worldwide are under threat from various anthropogenic factors, including overfishing and pollution. A new study by Mumby et aL highlights the trophic relationships between humans, carnivorous and herbivorous fishes, and the potential role of no-take areas in maintaining vulnerable coral reef ecosystems. No-take areas, where fishing is prohibited, are vital tools for managing food webs, ecosystem function and the resilience of reefs, in a seascape setting that extends far beyond the boundaries of the reefs themselves. CR *BAH NAT TRUST, 2004, SUCC EX CAYS LAND SE ABESAMIS RA, 2006, AQUAT CONSERV, V16, P349 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 FERNANDES L, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P1733 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V30, P441 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 MCCLANAHAN TR, 2006, CURR BIOL, V16, P1408 MUMBY PJ, 2006, ECOL APPL, V16, P747 MUMBY PJ, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P98 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 RUSS GR, 2005, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V292, P1 SALE PF, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P74 NR 12 TC 0 J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT BP 1 EP 3 PY 2007 PD JAN VL 22 IS 1 GA 126YZ UT ISI:000243552900001 ER PT J AU Salafsky, N Cauley, H Balachander, G Cordes, B Parks, J Margoluis, C Bhatt, S Encarnacion, C Russell, D Margoluis, R TI A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Biodivers Conservat Network, Biodivers Support Program, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Salafsky, N, Biodivers Conservat Network, Biodivers Support Program, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. AB A commonly held belief is that if people can benefit financially from enterprises that depend on nearby forests, reefs, and other natural habitats, then they will take action to conserve and sustainably use them. The Biodiversity Conservation Network brought together conservation and development organizations and local communities to systematically test this hypothesis across 39 conservation project sites in Asia and the Pac ftc. Each project implemented one or more community-based enterprises such as setting up an ecotourism lodge, distilling essential oils from wild plant roots, producing jams and jellies from forest fruits, harvesting timber, or collecting marine samples to test for pharmaceutical compounds. Each project team collected the biological, enterprise, and social data necessary to test the network's hypothesis. We present the results of this test. We found that a community-based enterprise strategy can lead to conservation, but only under limited conditions and never on its own. We summarize the specific conditions under which an enterprise strategy will and will not work in a decision chart that can be used by project managers to determine whether this strategy might make sense at their site. We also found that an enterprise strategy can be subsidized and still create a net gain that pays for conservation. Based on our experiences, we recommend developing "learning portfolios" that combine action and research to test other conservation strategies. CR *BIOD CONS NETW, 1999, EV LINK BUS ENV LOC GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MARGOLIUS R, 1998, MEASURES SUCCESS DES MARGOLUIS R, 2000, GOOS COMPANY EFFECTI MCNEELY JA, 1990, CONSERVING WORLDS BI MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 OSTROM E, 2000, PEOPLE FORESTS COMMU, P243 PEREZ MR, 1999, FOREST SCI, V45, P1 PIMM SL, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P347 SALAFSKY N, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P830 SALAFSKY N, 1999, EVALUATING LINKAGES SALAFSKY N, 1999, GREATER SUM THEIR PA SALAFSKY N, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P1421 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE NR 15 TC 7 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 1585 EP 1595 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 15 IS 6 GA 501PA UT ISI:000172692900020 ER PT J AU Clark, TW Paquet, PC Curlee, AP TI Special section: Large carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511. UNIV CALGARY,DEPT BIOL,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. UNIV CALGARY,FAC ENVIRONM DESIGN,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. RP Clark, TW, NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT,BOX 2705,JACKSON,WY 83001. CR BOSSO CJ, 1994, POLITICS PROBLEM DEF, P182 BREWER GD, 1983, F POLICY ANAL BREWER GD, 1994, ENDANGERED SPECIES R, P391 CLARK TW, 1922, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V13, P5 CLARK TW, 1994, GREATER YELLOWSTONES DERY D, 1984, PROBLEM DEFINITION P DUNLAP TR, 1988, SAVING AM WILDLIFE E HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUMMEL M, 1990, WILD HUNTERS PREDATO KEITER RB, 1990, PUB LAND L REV, V11, P19 LASSWELL HD, 1971, PREVIEW POLICY SCI MCDONALD D, 1992, VELVET CLAW NATURAL NEWMARK WD, 1987, NATURE, V325, P430 NOSS RF, 1992, WILDLANDS PROJECT LA, V1, P10 NOSS RR, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC PAQUET P, 1995, LARGE CARNIVORE CONS SHAFFER M, 1992, KEEPING GRIZZLY BEAR WEISS JA, 1989, POLICY SCI, V22, P97 NR 18 TC 8 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 936 EP 939 PY 1996 PD AUG VL 10 IS 4 GA VC103 UT ISI:A1996VC10300011 ER PT J AU Smithers, J Smit, B TI Human adaptation to climatic variability and change SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT GEOG,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. RP Smithers, J, UNIV GUELPH,ECOSYST HLTH PROGRAM,FAC ENVIRONM SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. AB Recent developments in both the policy arena and the climate impacts research community point to a growing interest in human adaptation to climatic variability and change. The importance of adaptation In the climate change question is affirmed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines for Assessing impacts and Adaptations and the IPCC's more recent Second Assessment Report. Yet, the nature and processes of human adaptation to climate are poorly understood and rarely investigated directly. Most often, human responses of one form or another are simply assumed in impacts research. Analyses that do address adaptation use a variety of interpretations and perspectives resulting in an incomplete, and at inconsistent, understanding of adaptation to environmental variations. This paper reviews and synthesizes perspectives from an eclectic body or scholarship to develop a framework for characterizing and understanding human adaptation to climatic variability and change. The framework recognizes the characteristics of climatic events, the ecological properties of systems which mediate effects, and the distinctions which are possible among different types of adaptation. A classification scheme is proposed for differentiating adaptation strategies. 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Univ Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England. RP Farrell, BH, Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. AB This article argues that in order to facilitate a more effective transition to sustainability, tourism researchers need to keep abreast of transformations occurring in related fields, especially ecosystem ecology, ecological economics, global change science, and complexity theory. New knowledge from these spheres relating to complex adaptive systems, a necessary retreat from reductionism, extensive integration of human and natural systems, new interpretations of sustainability, and the emergence of sustainability science is of great relevance to contemporary tourism study. The article provides an introduction to the potentially extensive application of this knowledge to tourism and concludes by suggesting a reconceptualization of the field of study to accommodate it. 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COMPLEXITY NR 127 TC 0 J9 ANN TOURISM RES BP 274 EP 295 PY 2004 PD APR VL 31 IS 2 GA 822OR UT ISI:000221550000002 ER PT J AU Bingeman, K Berkes, F Gardner, JS TI Institutional responses to development pressures: Resilience of social-ecological systems in Himachal Pradesh, India SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB In the Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, India, economic and urban growth, and diversification have increased pressure on forests and forest-based social-ecological systems. As in many Himalayan regions, livelihood sustainability is linked to forest resources, products and services. Recent development in the region, to which these systems may be vulnerable, brings into question environmental and livelihood sustainability. This paper examines the resilience of integrated systems of people and nature, or social-ecological systems, in the face of development pressures by evaluating a number of local and state-level institutional responses. Resilience, which describes the ability of the social-ecological systems to adapt to change by buffering shocks, improving self-organization and increasing capacity for learning, is an essential quality. for sustainable development. Institutional responses which positively contribute to resilience and sustainability include the work of mahila mandals in forest management, adoption of joint Forest Management (JFM) policies and practices, upholding rules, strengthening local institutions, establishing firewood depots and adopting alternative energy sources. Institutional failures brought about by the lack of rule enforcement and corruption erode resilience. The analysis of institutional responses helps to identify areas where capacity exists and areas in which capacity building is needed to produce resilient social-ecological systems and therefore, sustainable development. 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RP Gordon, JE, Scottish Nat Heritage, 2 Anderson Pl, Edinburgh EH6 5NP, Midlothian, Scotland. AB Assessing landscape sensitivity in the uplands is complex, given the spatial and temporal changes in the nature and rate of landforming processes, and the variability of geomorphological and ecological responses. The concept of geomorphological sensitivity provides a useful starting point for identifying sensitive upland landscapes. This paper develops a gee-ecological perspective which unites both habitat and ecological dependencies in fragile upland environments, and provides a framework for developing conservation management. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Norton, BG, Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB This paper begins with the premise that communication regarding ecological risk and ecologically based management decisions should be improved. Failures of communication are attributed to lack of terms, indicators, and measures that are based in ecological science, but that are also associated with important social values. I show that, especially in the area of wetlands management, current scientific and policy discourse has failed to provide adequate linkage between descriptive characteristics of natural systems and changes in social values associated with them. As a result, wetlands policy is being implemented without analysis of social values affected by policies such as wetland banking and mitigation efforts. Ecologists have contributed to this unfortunate situation because they are reluctant to mix values issues with scientific study. I also show that ecologists are slow to pick up on signals flowing from policy discourse to ecological science; this is illustrated by the fact that ecologists often fail to study nature at a scale that would provide guidance to decision makers. I suggest that the problems of ecological communication would be abated if policy and science were integrated within a broader, adaptive-management system in which both scientific hypotheses and social values are evaluated within a broader system of experimental management. Such a broader system of management could include an integrated language of management that is: (1) adaptive, (2) perspectival, (3) multiscaled, (4) operationalizable, (5) normative in content, and (6) communication enhancing. 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STABILITY OF ZOOPLANKTON FOOD WEBS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV TORONTO,ERINDALE COLL,DEPT ZOOL,MISSISSAUGA L5L 1C6,ON,CANADA. RP LOCKE, A, FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,GULF FISHERIES CTR,DIV MARINE & ANADROMOUS FISH,POB 5030,MONCTON E1C 9B6,NB,CANADA. AB The effect of food web structure on community stability and resilience has rarely been examined using empirical data. Yet there is a practical application for such studies insofar as resistance stability determines the ability of a system to ''absorb'' anthropogenic stress and adjustment stability determines the reversibility of resulting damage. The stability of zooplankton food webs in 46 Precambrian Shield lakes was examined using data collected in the 1970s, when pH ranged from 3.8 to 7.0, and in 1990, when pH had increased by up to two units in some lakes. Acidification overcame resistance stability at pH < 5.0, as evidenced by decreases in species richness, numbers of predatory and competitive links, directed connectance, predator generalization, and linkage density, identified by analysis of variance. Adjustment stability was demonstrated by changes in food web attributes in lakes with higher pH in 1990 than in the 1970s. Species richness, numbers of predatory and competitive links, linkage density, and predator generalization all increased relative to the 1970s values. Food web attributes of ''recovering'' lakes were statistically indistinguishable from those of lakes of similar pH that had not been more acidic in the 1970s. Similar trajectories of food web change were followed during environmental degradation and recovery. Planktonic food webs of anthropogenically acidified lakes may eventually recover to resemble their pre-acidification condition, given sufficient time without acidic inputs. Whether adjustment stability is a general feature of anthropogenically stressed systems remains to be determined. 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CR *CAN ENV ATM ENV S, 1987, CHANG ATM C STAT *HUM DIM GLOB CHAN, 1987, PROSP *HUM DIM GLOB CHAN, 1988, PROSP *HUM DIM GLOB CHAN, 1989, IN PRESS TOK INT S H *INT GEOSPH BIOSPH, 1988, 4 REP *UN U, 1985, SCI PRACT COMPL *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ABULABAN B, 1988, HUMAN SCI CONTRIBUTI ARTHUR WB, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC AYRES RU, 1988, ENV IMPLICATIONS THE BARKER E, 1947, SOCIAL CONTRACT BARNES B, 1974, SCI KNOWLEDGE SOCIOL BURTON I, 1987, ENVIRONMENT, V29 BURTON I, 1988, IFIAS RES SERIES, V4 CLARK N, 1987, LONGRUN EC DANZIN A, 1985, SCI PRAXIS COMPLEXIT GLEICK J, 1987, CHAOS MAKING NEW SCI KUHN TS, 1970, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU MARLAND G, 1988, PROSPECT SOLVING CO2 PRIGOGINE I, 1980, BEING BECOMING PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER OUT OF CHAOS ROLSTON H, 1988, ENV ETHICS SVEDIN U, 1988, SWEDISH PERSPECTIVES THOMAS D, 1979, NATURALISM SOCIAL SC TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS TRENT J, 1984, GLOBAL CRISES AND SO WINCH P, 1958, IDEA SOCIAL SCI ITS NR 28 TC 2 J9 INT SOC SCI J BP 297 EP 313 PY 1989 PD AUG VL 41 IS 3 GA AR860 UT ISI:A1989AR86000002 ER PT J AU Schippers, P van de Weerd, H de Klein, J de Jong, B Scheffer, M TI Impacts of agricultural phosphorus use in catchments on shallow lake water quality: About buffers, time delays and equilibria SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen IMARES, NL-1979 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Schippers, P, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen IMARES, POB 68, NL-1979 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. AB Phosphorus (P) losses caused by intensive agriculture are known to have potentially large negative effects on the water quality of lakes. However, due to the buffering capacity of soils and lake ecosystems, such effects may appear long after intensive agriculture started. Here we present the study of a coupled shallow lake catchment model, which allows a glimpse of the magnitude of these buffer-related time delays. Results show that the buffering capacity of the lake water was negligible whereas buffering in the lake sediment postponed the final lake equilibrium for several decades. The surface soil layer in contact with runoff water was accountable for a delay of 550 years. The most important buffer, however, was the percolation soil layer that may cause a delay of 150-1700 years depending on agricultural P surplus levels. Although the buffers could postpone final lake equilibria for a considerable time, current and target agricultural surplus levels eventually led to very turbid conditions with total P concentrations of 2.0 and 0.6 mg L-1 respectively. To secure permanent clear water states the current agricultural P surplus of 15 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) should drop to 0.7 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1). We present several simple equations that can be used to estimate the sustainable P surplus levels, buffer related time delays and equilibrium P concentrations in other catchment-lake systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Hybrid knowledge, science, and local understandings of vegetation dynamics in the Kalahari SO LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Thomas, DSG, Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. AB Using data from field studies in the Kalahari rangelands of Southern Africa, the relationships between 'scientific' and 'land user' interpretations of land degradation and change in nonequilibrium savanna ecosystems are explored. Scientific and landuser views are often regarded as distinct, and even opposed, knowledges. We contest that a more constructive view can be taken through the concept of hybrid knowledge, whereby value is attached to both approaches and through which a more useful and meaningful assessment of environmental change, and its implications for development and natural resource use, can be made. We find that in both the Southwestern and northwestern Kalahari, pastoralists have a complex understanding of the patchiness of ecosystem variability, and that they utilise elements of this patchiness of change, notably dimensions of bush encroachment and grass species change that have commonly been regarded as degradation in scientific understandings, within livestock management strategies, especially at times of environmental stress. We urge caution in the application of the term degradation, and a more widespread recognition of the multifaceted dimensions, including benefits, of change within the scientifically recognized variability of nonequilibrium rangelands. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 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RP Haila, Y, Tampere Univ, Dept Reg Studies & Environm Policy, POB 607, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland. AB I chart ways in which ecology could improve its performance in assessing the humanity-nature relationship. The life of humans, similar to all biological organisms, depends on utilization of their environment which is changed as a result. To evaluate the consequences, a broad range of issues needs to be addressed ranging from the historical dynamics of cultural development to specific idiosynchratic features of particular environmental issues. One should avoid nature-culture dualism both in theoretical thinking and practical research. A typical form of such dualism in ecologically informed environmentalism is an assumption that productivity of socioeconomic systems vs natural systems is a zero-sum game; this assumption is unfounded. 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RP Luers, AL, Union Concerned Sci, 2397 Shattuck Ave,Ste 203, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. AB This paper introduces an analytical framework for evaluating the vulnerability of people and places to environmental and social forces. The framework represents the relative vulnerability of a variable of concern (e.g. such as agricultural yield) to a set of disturbing forces (e.g. climate change, market fluctuations) by a position on a three-dimensional analytical surface, where vulnerability is defined as a function of sensitivity, exposure, and the state relative to a threshold of damage. The surface is presented as a tool to help identify relative vulnerability in order to prioritize actions and assess the vulnerability implications of management and policy decisions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Nacl Sur, Comis Investigac Cientif Prov Buenos Aires, Ctr Recursos Nat Renovables Zona Semiarida, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Univ Nacl Sur, Dept Agron, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Univ Nacl Sur, Consejo Nacl Investigac Cientif & Tecn, Ctr Recursos Nat Renovables Zona Semiarida, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP de Villalobos, AE, Univ Nacl Sur, Dept Biol, San Juan 670, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. AB Prosopis caldenia Burk. is one of the woody species that is increasing in abundance due to poor grazing management in the semi-arid phytogeographic region of central Argentina, commonly known as the Caldenal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbaceous cover, cattle dung, soil disturbance, and water supply on emergence and survival of P. caldenia seedlings on sites with different grazing histories: (i) a site exposed to long-term continuous grazing by cattle (grazed site), and (ii) a long-term exclosure to domestic livestock (ungrazed site). Removal of grass cover, addition of cattle dung, and water supply enhanced seedling emergence and survival, especially in the grazed site. Results suggest that factors (direct and indirect) associated with prolonged grazing history markedly affect P. caldenia establishment. This in turn alters the grass-woody plant balance, which might reduce the potential capacity of livestock production in the Caldenal. (c) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. 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RP Haila, Y, Tampere Univ, Dept Reg Studies & Environm Policy, Tampere 33014, Finland. AB This paper introduces the theme of this special issue, "scaling and environmental understanding". Environmental problems are scale-specific. Consequently, environmental policy should be scale-specific, too. The scaling of environmental problems and policies is difficult because the processes creating environmental problems are non-linear. Therefore, scaling is not similar to merely choosing an appropriate magnification, as it were. Scaling requires understanding of the dynamics of the processes. I discuss two heuristic perspectives toward scaling, hierarchy and self-similarity, and suggest the use of analog models as a methodological perspective to identify fruitful similarities between physical and socio-cultural processes, A common denominator among many of the papers included in this issue is to construct analog models for particular dynamic features of environmental issues. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR BOWKER GC, 1999, SORTING THINGS OUT C BROWN JH, 2000, SCALING BIOL BROWN JH, 2000, SFI S SCI C, P1 COLLINGWOOD RG, 1998, ESSAY METAPHYSICS DELCOURT HR, 1983, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V1, P153 DOUGLAS M, 1986, HOW I THINK DYKE C, 1988, EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMIC DYKE C, 1993, FOUCAULT CRITIQUE I, P102 DYKE C, 1997, ADV HUM EC, V6, P49 GARFINKEL A, 1981, FORMS EXPLANATION RE GRIGG DB, 1980, POPULATION GROWTH AG GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HACKING I, 1992, SCI PRACTICE CULTURE, P29 HACKING I, 1999, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION HAILA Y, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P561 HAILA Y, 1992, HUMANITY NATURE ECOL HAILA Y, 1998, ECOSYST HEALTH, P81 HAILA Y, 2000, BIOL PHILOS, V15, P155 HAILA Y, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P321 HESS B, 1968, SYSTEMS THEORY BIOL, P88 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KELLERT SH, 1993, WAKE CHAOS UNPREDICT MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MCROBIE A, 1993, EXPLORING CHAOS GUID, P149 NICOLIS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PETERSON DL, 1998, ECOLOGICAL SCALE THE POINCARE H, 1952, SCI HYPOTHESIS PRIGOGINE I, 1982, HERMES LIT SCI PHILO, P137 PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER OUT CHAOS MANS SALTHE SN, 1985, EVOLVING HIERARCHICA SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SIMON HA, 1962, P AM PHILOS SOC, V106, P467 STENGERS I, 1997, POWER INVENTION SITU STEWART I, 1989, DOES GOD PLAY DICE N SUOPAJARVI L, 2001, ACTA U LAPPONIENSIS, V37 THOMPSON M, 1998, PRIVATIZING NATURE P, P198 WHITTAKER RJ, 1998, ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY NR 38 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 59 EP 69 PY 2002 PD NOV 15 VL 61 IS 2-4 GA 599ZK UT ISI:000178365300002 ER PT J AU Patricio, J Ulanowicz, R Pardal, MA Marques, JC TI Ascendency as an ecological indicator: a case study of estuarine pulse eutrophication SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Coimbra, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, IMAR,Inst Marine Res, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Patricio, J, Univ Coimbra, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, IMAR,Inst Marine Res, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. AB Increasingly, management agencies require that the remediation of eutrophic waters be addressed at the level of the whole ecosystem. One whole-system approach to quantify ecosystems is called ecological network analysis. Ascendency theory, the branch of the field that deals with the quantification of whole-system status, specifically addresses the definition of eutrophication. This definition has been applied to data taken over a gradient of eutrophication. Three separate areas were observed: a non-eutrophic area (with Zostera noltii meadows), an intermediate eutrophic area (Z. noltii absent and macroalgae abundant at times) and a strongly eutrophic area (where Enteromotpha spy. blooms occur with regularity). Pulse eutrophication was considered as the major driving force behind a gradual shift in primary producers from a community dominated by rooted macrophytes (Z. noltii) to a community dominated by green macroalgae. The measures associated with the intermediate eutrophic region turned out not to be intermediate to those at the gradient extremes. The most likely explanation appears to be the highly unstable nature of this area. Conditions along the spatial gradient are discussed as representing various stages in the temporal evolution of the system, and analysed in the framework of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, Bifurcation, Chaos, and Catastrophe theories. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR BAIRD D, 1991, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V333, P15 BORUM J, 1996, EUTROPHICATION COAST, P179 CARDOSO PG, 2002, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V277, P173 CHRISTIAN RR, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V87, P111 CLOERN JE, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V210, P223 CONNELL J, 1978, SCIENCE, V199, P1304 DIAZ RJ, 1995, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V33, P245 DUARTE CM, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P87 FASHAM MJR, 1984, NATO C SERIES, V4 FINN JT, 1976, J THEOR BIOL, V41, P535 FLINDT MR, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V102, P17 FRONTIER S, 1995, ECOSYSTEMES STRUCTUR GLANSDORF P, 1971, THERMODYNAMIC THEORY HARTOG C, 1994, AQUAT BOT, V47, P21 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JORGENSEN SE, 1989, PRINCIPLES ENV SCI T JORGENSEN SE, 2001, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V445, P1 KAY JJ, 1989, NETWORK ANAL MARINE, P15 LEONTIEF WW, 1951, STRUCTURE AM EC 1919 LILLEBO AI, 1999, ACTA OECOL, V20, P249 LIVINGSTON RJ, 2000, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V50, P655 MARQUES JC, 1984, ACT 4 S IB EST BENTH, V1, P147 MARQUES JC, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V102, P155 MARQUES JC, 2003, ECOL MODEL, V166, P147 MARTINS I, 2001, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V52, P165 MONACO ME, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V161, P239 NIQUIL N, 1999, OECOLOGIA, V118, P232 NIXON SW, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P199 NORKKO A, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V140, P141 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 ODUM EP, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY PARDAL MA, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V196, P207 PARDAL MA, 2002, AQUATIC ECOLOGY MOND RAFAELLI D, 1998, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V36, P97 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 ULANOWICZ RE, 1980, J THEOR BIOL, V85, P223 ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, ASTM STP, V921, P73 ULANOWICZ RE, 1990, INT J SYST SCI, V21, P429 ULANOWICZ RE, 1991, COMP ANAL ECOSYSTEMS, P140 ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, ECOLOGY ASCENDENT PE ULANOWICZ RE, 1999, NETWRK 4 2A PACK COM ULANOWICZ RE, 2000, HDB ECOSYSTEM THEORI, P303 WEAVER MJ, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P2277 ZEEMAN EC, 1976, SCI AM, V234, P65 NR 44 TC 0 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF SCI BP 23 EP 35 PY 2004 PD MAY VL 60 IS 1 GA 820LR UT ISI:000221391100003 ER PT J AU Wali, A Darlow, G Fialkowski, C Tudor, M del Campo, H Stotz, D TI New methodologies for interdisciplinary research and action in an urban ecosystem in Chicago SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Field Museum, Ctr Culturla Understanding & Change, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Wali, A, Field Museum, Ctr Culturla Understanding & Change, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. AB This article synthesizes recent work carried out at The Field Museum that applies an ecosystems approach to ecological and anthropological research, conservation planning, and environmental action. This work is part of an effort to protect biological diversity in the Lake Calumet region of metropolitan Chicago. The need for an ecosystems approach to urban areas, particularly in relation to conservation efforts, is discussed. Reviewing the problems of alternative, non-systemic perspectives in both research and policy toward urban problems, the article describes how the efforts of Field Museum scientists and educators integrate interdisciplinary research into a conservation and information design process. 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CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-75700 Paris, France. RP Ghimire, SK, Tribhuvan Univ, Cent Dept Bot, Kathmandu, Nepal. AB The importance accorded to ethnoecological knowledge for suggesting new paths in scientific research, understanding ecological processes, and designing sustainable management of natural resources has grown in recent years. However, variation in knowledge and practices, both within and across cultures, has not been given much attention in resource management nor in developing scientific understanding of the ecological status of key resources. In this paper, we discuss the heterogeneity and complexity of local ecological knowledge in relation to its practical and institutional context with respect to management of Himalayan medicinal plants. We show factors affecting this variation, and discuss how knowledge is put into action. We assessed variation in knowledge relating to the diversity of medicinal plant species, their distribution, medicinal uses, biological traits, ecology, and management within and between two culturally different social groups living in villages located in the Shey-Phoksundo National Park and its buffer zone in northwestern Nepal. Heterogeneity in levels of knowledge and in practices both within and between these groups corresponds to differences in level of specialization in relation to medicinal plants, to socio-cultural and institutional contexts, and to extra-local factors that govern people's activities. We argue that understanding the heterogeneity of knowledge and practices within a given area is crucial to design management practices that build on the intricate links between knowledge, practices, and institutional context. It is also important to develop ecological studies that will best inform management. CR AGRAWAL A, 2002, INT SOC SCI J, V173, P287 ATRAN S, 2002, CURR ANTHROPOL, V43, P421 AUMEERUDDYTHOMA.Y, 2004, IN PRESS EXPLORING T AUMEERUDDYTHOMA.Y, 2004, STRATEGIC INNOVATION, V2, P108 BAUER MK, 2004, HIGH FRONTIERS DOLPO BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BHATTARAI NK, 1997, NONWOOD FOREST PRODU, V11, P78 BISTA DB, 1994, FATALISM DEV NEPALS BISWAS A, 2000, INT J CLIN EXP HYP, V48, P6 BOSTER J, 1983, HUM ECOL, V11, P47 CORMIERSALEM MC, 2002, DEV DURABLE DOCTRINE, P125 CUNNINGHAM AB, 2001, APPL ETHNOBOTANY PEO DEWALT BR, 1994, HUM ORGAN, V53, P123 DOVE MR, 2002, INT SOC SCI J, V173, P349 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HENFREY TB, 2002, THESIS U KENT CANTER HOFT M, 1999, QUANTITATIVE ETHNOBO HUNN E, 1985, DIRECTIONS COGNITIVE, P117 HUNTINGTON HP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1270 JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 KIND M, 1999, THESIS U ZURICH ZURI LAMA YC, 2001, MED PLANTS DOLPO AMC LAMA YC, 2003, THESIS U LONDON LOND LARRERE C, 1997, BON USAGE NATURE PHI LARSEN HO, 2002, ENVIRON MANAGE, V29, P88 LATOUR B, 1997, NOUS NAVONS JAMAIS E MARTIN GJ, 1995, ETHNOBOTANY PEOPLE P MULLIKEN TA, 2000, TRAFFIC B, V18, P63 OJHA H, 2001, ASSESSMENT SUSTAINAB OJHA H, 2003, INT FOR REV, V5, P118 OLSEN CS, 1997, MT RES DEV, V17, P363 OLSEN CS, 2003, GEOGR J 3, V169, P243 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE PHILLIPS O, 1993, ECON BOT, V47, P15 PINEDOVASQUEZ M, 2004, 9 INT C ETHN 13 17 J ROSS N, 2002, HUM ORGAN, V61, P125 SHRESTHA KK, 1998, REPORT SERIES WWF NE, V33 SIVARAJAN VV, 1994, AYURVEDIC DRUGS THEI TANDON V, 2001, CONSERVATION ASSESSM TICKTIN T, 2002, ECON BOT, V56, P117 NR 42 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 6 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 3 GA 912OB UT ISI:000228087500002 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Rupp, TS Starfield, AM DeWilde, LO Zavaleta, ES Fresco, N Henkelman, J McGuire, AD TI Planning for resilience: modeling change in human-fire interactions in the Alaskan boreal forest SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Agr & Land Resources Management, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Alaska, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB The development of policies that promote ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability requires collaboration between natural and social scientists. We present a modeling approach to facilitate this communication and illustrate its application to studies of wildfire in the interior of Alaska. We distill the essence of complex fire-vegetation interactions that occur in the real world into a simplified landscape model, and describe how equally complex fire-human interactions could be incorporated into a similar modeling framework. Simulations suggest that fire suppression is likely to increase the proportion of flammable vegetation on the landscape and reduce the long-term effectiveness of wildfire suppression. Simple models that test the consequences of assumptions help natural and social scientists to communicate objectively when exploring the long-term consequences of alternative policy scenarios. CR ANDERIES JM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P23 ANDERSON K, 2002, FIRE CLIMATE CHANGE, P357 BAKER WL, 2001, CAN J FOREST RES, V318, P1205 BALDOCCHI D, 2000, GLOB CHANGE BIOL S1, V6, P69 BARBER VA, 2000, NATURE, V405, P668 BERES DL, 2001, ECOL MODEL, V141, P171 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CHAMBERS SD, IN PRESS J GEOPHYS R CHAPIN FS, 2000, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V6, P1 DISISING D, 2003, CAN J FOREST RES, V33, P770 FASTIE CL, J GEOPHYS RES, P108 FLANNIGAN M, 2001, CAN J FOREST RES, V31, P854 GABRIEL HW, 1983, 9 USDI BUR LAND MAN GOTHOLDT ML, 1998, HUMAN DIMENSION CHAN GRAVES HS, 1916, AM FORESTS, V22, P24 HINZMAN LD, 2003, J GEOPHYS RES, P108 HOLSTEN EH, 1995, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V24, P1539 JOHNSON EA, 1992, FIRE VEGETATION DYNA KASISCHKE ES, ALAKAS CHANGING BORE KASISCHKE ES, 2002, INT J WILDLAND FIRE, V11, P131 KEYSER AR, 2000, GLOB CHANGE BIOL S1, V6, P185 LUTZ HJ, 1959, B YALE SCH FORESTRY, V654 MURPHY PJ, 2000, FIRE CLIMATE CHANGE, P275 NATCHER DC, IN PRESS HUM ECOL NICOLSON CR, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P376 PYNE SJ, 2001, YEAR FIRES STORY GRA RAMASWAMY V, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P3469 RUPP TS, 2000, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V15, P383 RUPP TS, 2002, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V55, P213 SCHRAGE M, 1999, SERIOUS PLAY WORLDS SERREZE MC, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V46, P159 STARFIELD AM, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P842 STOCKS BJ, 2000, FIRE CLIMATE CHANGE, P368 VANCLEVE K, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P78 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 YARIE J, 1981, CAN J FOREST RES, V11, P554 YARIE J, 2002, CAN J FOREST RES, V32, P757 NR 38 TC 2 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON BP 255 EP 261 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 1 IS 5 GA 825WU UT ISI:000221790300019 ER PT J AU Wells, MP TI Institutions and incentives for biodiversity conservation SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP Wells, MP, Tunnelveien 3, N-3400 Lier, Norway. AB Incentive measures for biodiversity conservation cannot be evaluated and compared outside the context of institutional performance and relationships. The institutional framework for biodiversity incentives includes a variety of organizations operating on different spatial scales. The institutional actors with an impact on biodiversity include community groups, local and national governmental structures, NGOs, business enterprises and international organizations. But the positive influence of conservation-oriented organizations is often significantly outweighed by the negative influence of other sets of institutional actors who are largely unaware of biodiversity as a concept and not unduly concerned with its conservation. There are several options for improving the institutional framework for biodiversity incentives: (1) decentralization of resource management decision making to local levels; (2) engaging and reorienting government institutions; (3) establishing new national and international institutions; and (4) establishing functional linkages between key institutional actors. The role of local, national and international institutions in designing and implementing effective incentive measures for biodiversity conservation will be critical. But the dynamics within and between institutional actors influencing biodiversity conservation are complex, variable and insufficiently understood, somewhat like biodiversity itself. CR *IIED, 1994, WHOS ED OV COMM APPR *MIN ENV, 1993, NAT ACT PLAN BIOL DI *OECD, 1994, ENV MON, V97 *UNDP UNEP WORLD B, 1994, GLOB ENV FAC IND EV *WRI IUCN UNEP, 1992, GLOB BIOD STRAT ALCORN JB, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P424 BARBIER EB, 1994, PARADISE LOST ECOLOG BERKES F, 1992, ECOL ECON, V5, P1 BRANDON KE, 1992, WORLD DEV, V20, P557 COUSINS B, 1994, 9 LAND AGR POL CTR FOLKES C, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV GADGIL M, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV GAMEZ R, 1993, BIODIVERSITY PROSPEC GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEYWOOD VH, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV HUELE R, 1994, WIDENING PERPSECTIVE KISS A, 1986, LIVING WILDLIFE WILD KORTEN D, 1995, CORPORATIONS RULE WO KORTEN F, 1989, TRANSFORMING BUREAUC KRATTINGER AF, 1994, WIDENING PERSPECTIVE LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LUTZ E, 1996, IN PRESS DECENTRALIZ MACKINNON J, 1995, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV MCNEELY JA, 1988, EC BIODIVERSITY DEV MIKITIN K, 1995, BIODIVERSITY SERIES MURPHREE MW, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS NORTH D, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR NORTH D, 1993, PRIZ LECT EC SCI MEM OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV PANAYOTOU T, 1995, MATRIX FINANCIAL INS POFFENBERGER M, 1995, TRANSITIONS FOREST M REPETTO R, 1988, PUBLIC POLICIES MISU SERAGELDIN I, 1995, 3 ANN WORLD BANK C S SINGH S, 1996, IN PRESS DECENTRALIZ SWANSON T, 1995, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV SWANSON T, 1995, THEORY PRACTICE TRAN WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WARFORD JJ, 1989, ENV MANAGEMENT EC DE WELLS M, 1992, PEOPLE PARKS LINKING WELLS M, 1995, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV WELLS M, 1995, GLOB BIOD FOR JAK 4 WELLS M, 1995, IUCN CSERGE WORKSH F WELLS MP, 1994, INT ENVIRON AFFAIR, V6, P69 WEST PC, 1990, RESIDENT PEOPLES NAT WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS WILLIAMS M, 1996, DECENTRALIZATION BIO NR 50 TC 3 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV BP 815 EP 835 PY 1998 PD JUN VL 7 IS 6 GA 144GY UT ISI:000077307100007 ER PT J AU Cingolani, AM Noy-Meir, I Diaz, S TI Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: A synthesis of contemporary models SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review C1 Natl Univ Cordoba, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, CONICET, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Natl Univ Cordoba, FCEF&N, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Plant Sci, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Cingolani, AM, Natl Univ Cordoba, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, CONICET, CC 495,Velez Sarsfield 299, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. AB Two independent models concerning the effects of grazing on vegetation have gained wide acceptance in the last decade: Westoby et al.'s state- and- transition (ST) model, and Milchunas et al.'s generalized model of the effects of grazing on plant community structure and diversity (MSL model). These two prevailing models, as they stand, are conceptually divergent. The MSL model implicitly assumes that, at a given site, for each grazing intensity there is a single equilibrium situation with a single diversity value. The S-T model suggests that rangeland dynamics include irreversible transitions and alternative equilibria. Here we propose a modification of the original MSL model, to encompass a wider range of real situations and to place it within the context of the S-T model. The-four extreme cases proposed in the original MSL model are revisited, taking into account that (1) the "moisture" gradient can be generalized as a "productivity" gradient; (2) the selective pressure of herbivores on systems with long history of grazing has fluctuated over time, allowing the development of different pools of species adapted to low or high grazing intensities; and (3) systems with long evolutionary history of grazing. have developed resilience mechanisms that allow reversible shifts in floristic composition with changes in grazing intensities. The grazing intensity vs. diversity curves thus postulated for systems with a long evolutionary history of grazing are similar to those proposed by the original MSL model because resilience mechanisms allow for reversible changes associated with grazing intensity. In contrast, the curves postulated for systems with short evolutionary history. of grazing include different alternative branches, indicating irreversible transitions, because resilience mechanisms to grazing were not fully developed. By incorporating these modifications, the divergence between the original MSL and S-T models can be resolved. A set of published examples from real systems is presented and compared with the predictions of the modified model. The modified MSL model is applicable to a wider range of real situations than the MSL model in its original formulation. 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RP Hanley, N, Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. AB This paper reviews the policy need for indicators of 'sustainable development', and the impetus behind recent moves to establish official indicators. The range of indicators available from current economic theory is then examined. These measures may be divided into those based on flows and those based on stocks. Flow-based measures are essentially attempts to adjust Net National Product to transform it into an indicator of sustainability. Stock-based measures revolve around the concept of the natural and man-made capital stocks. We also consider the idea of Safe Minimum Standards as a sustainability indicator. The paper concludes that no currently-available single measure of sustainability is likely to be adequate. 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US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Biol Serv, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ringold, PL, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. AB This paper identifies lessons learned and issues raised during the development of an ecosystem monitoring strategy intended to support the Northwest Forest Plan. Adaptive ecosystem management, which requires monitoring as essential feedback to management, recognizes that action is necessary or appropriate, although knowledge may be imperfect. We suggest that this principle be explicitly acknowledged in the design of monitoring programs, and we coin the term adaptive monitoring design. Adaptive monitoring design is an iterative process that refines the specifications for monitoring over time as a result of experience in implementing a monitoring program, assessing results, and interacting with users. An adaptive design therefore facilitates ecosystem management. We also discuss lessons of temporal and spatial scales raised by the consideration of a design for ecosystem management. Three additional issues-integration of information from different sources, institutional infrastructure, and the roles of individuals working in an interagency setting-are also identified, but not developed in detail. 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RP Albrecht, GA, Univ Newcastle, Fac Sci, Sch Environm & Life Sci, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. AB We live at a time when billions of people on this earth cannot achieve their full potential. Their lives are cut short or impoverished by malnutrition, pollution, and disease caused by failure of ecosystem and social services. in addition, if we were to project the quality of life enjoyed by those in advanced industrial countries to the world's poor, we would need about two planets to satisfy the demands for resources and waste assimilation services. Superimposed on the degradation of social systems, ecosystems worldwide are experiencing major threats to their integrity and health. Excessive human impacts are degrading ecosystem service provision, breaking and contracting food chains and making them less productive. Despite a growing understanding of social and ecosystem dysfunctionality, there remains little movement toward social sustainability and the restoration of the health of ecosystems worldwide. This paper presents an ethical foundation for those who seek sustainability. The key to such an applied ethic is the idea of directionality, where the natural tendency toward increasing complexity and diversity in complex adaptive systems provides guidance on what constitutes a sustainable society. The achievement of such a society can be facilitated by an ethic of potentiality that will assist humans to reintegrate ecosystem and human health. 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CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Lyneham, ACT 2602, Australia. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. RP McAllister, RRJ, CSIRO, Davies Lab, Private Mail Bag PO, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. AB Models to support decisions on rangeland policy must address the close links between ecological, economic, and social processes, and the adaptation of participants through time. We used an agent-based modeling approach to implement a parsimonious conceptual model of rangelands that included biophysical processes central to the functioning of rangelands, commercial enterprises, and institutions. The model operated on a monthly time step, and used economic and biophysical conditions to stimulate changes in management policies and learning. Our simple model reproduced the general patterns of forage growth and livestock dynamics in north-east Australia, and results illustrate consequences of interactions between environmental heterogeneity and learning rate. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ABEL N, 1998, RANGELAND J, V20, P77 BEHNKE RH, 1992, 53 WORLD BANK BLACKBURN HD, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V57, P145 CHACON E, 1976, AUST J AGR RES, V27, P709 DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P450 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 GILLARD P, 1988, AGR SYST, V26, P170 HENDRICKSEN R, 1982, ANIMAL PRODUCTION AU, V14, P204 HILL MJ, IN PRESS ENV MODELLI HINTON AW, 1995, LAND CONDITION PROFI HOLLAND JH, 1975, ADAPTATION NATURAL A HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOWDEN SM, 1999, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V14, P307 JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 JANSSEN MA, 2004, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V47, P140 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LEMPERT RJ, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S3, V99, P7309 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LITTLEBOY M, 1997, DAQ124A MACLEOD ND, 2004, RANGELAND J, V26, P26 MCGINNIS M, 2000, POLYCENTRIC GOVERNAN MORTISS PD, 1995, QO95017 QUEENSL DEP WALKER BH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI WINKS L, 1979, AUSTR J EXPT AGR ANI, V19, P522 NR 27 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW BP 1264 EP 1272 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 21 IS 9 GA 060JE UT ISI:000238797700005 ER PT J AU Blindow, I Hargeby, A Meyercordt, J Schubert, H TI Primary production in two shallow lakes with contrasting plant form dominance: A paradox of enrichment? SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Greifswald, Biol Stn Hiddensee, Dept Ecol, D-18565 Kloster Andechs, Germany. Lund Univ, Dept Limnol Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Univ Rostock, Dept Aquat Ecol, D-18055 Rostock, Germany. RP Blindow, I, Univ Greifswald, Biol Stn Hiddensee, Dept Ecol, D-18565 Kloster Andechs, Germany. AB We estimated total lake plant biomass and primary net production in two shallow Swedish lakes that differ in nutrient loading and plant form dominance. In clearwater Lake Krankesjon (10 mu g chlorophyll a L-1), submerged macrophytes contributed more than phytoplankton and epiphyton to the estimated plant biomass. Estimated net primary production during May to September was 90-130, 1.2, and 14 g C m(-2) for phytoplankton, epiphyton, and submerged macrophytes, respectively. In turbid Lake Borringesjon (60-80 mu g chlorophyll a L-1), primary production by submerged macrophytes and periphyton was negligible. Although gross primary production of phytoplankton was high close to the water surface, estimated areal net primary production during May to September was low, -40 to +25 g C m(-2), as a result of self-shading and high respiration. Grazing pressure from zooplankton rarely exceeded 15% d(-1) in both lakes, indicating that phytoplankton production was not limited by grazing. Low gross epiphyton production could result from high grazing by macroinvertebrates and thus higher trophic transfer efficiency through the benthic than through the pelagic food web. Provided that conditions in Lake Borringesjon reflect previous turbid state conditions in Lake Krankesjon, our results may explain why a shift to a clearwater state was followed by increased biomass of higher trophic levels. Our results also support the paradox of enrichment hypothesis, which predicts lower productivity at high nutrient loading. Contrary to former investigations, we found lower production at a higher nutrient loading already at the trophic level of primary producers. CR ADAMS MS, 1974, J ECOL, V62, P457 ALMESTRAND A, 1951, BOT NOTISER S, V2, P3 APPELBERG M, 2000, FISKERIVERKET INFORM, P1 BLINDOW I, 1992, FRESHWATER BIOL, V28, P15 BLINDOW I, 1993, FRESHWATER BIOL, V30, P159 BLINDOW I, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V44, P185 BLINDOW I, 2000, LIMNOLOGY AQUATIC BI, P165 BLINDOW I, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V72, P315 DAVIDSSON T, 2003, YDDINGESJON HAVGARDS DUMONT HJ, 1975, OECOLOGIA, V19, P75 EMINSON D, 1980, BR PHYCOL J, V15, P429 ERIKSON R, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V382, P1 GERVAIS F, 2003, INT REV HYDROBIOL, V88, P16 GOUGH SB, 1981, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V26, P987 HAKANSON L, 2001, INT REV HYDROBIOL, V86, P23 HAMILTON RD, 1988, RESP PHYSIOL, V73, P145 HANSON MA, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V279, P457 HARGEBY A, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P338 HARGEBY A, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V279, P83 HARGEBY A, 2005, FRESHWATER BIOL, V50, P2053 HART EA, 2000, AQUAT BOT, V66, P21 HECKY RE, 1995, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V14, P631 HOLYOAK M, 2000, J ANIM ECOL, V69, P985 HOSPER SH, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P523 JEPPESEN E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P219 JEPPESEN E, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V275, P15 JEPPESEN E, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V45, P201 JEPPESEN E, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V6, P313 JEPPESEN E, 2005, FRESHWATER BIOL, V50, P1616 JONES JI, 2002, J ECOL, V90, P12 KEMP WM, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V223, P73 LIBORIUSSEN L, 2003, FRESHWATER BIOL, V48, P418 MARKER AFH, 1980, ARCH HYDROBIOL BEIH, V14, P91 MCCAULEY E, 1984, MANUAL METHODS ASSES, P228 MEYERCORDT J, 1999, AQUAT MICROB ECOL, V20, P273 MILBERG P, 2002, ORNIS FENNICA, V79, P72 MITCHELL SF, 1989, AQUAT BOT, V33, P101 PERSSON L, 1988, COMPLEX INTERACTIONS, P45 PERSSON L, 1988, COMPLEX INTERACTIONS, P45 PERSSON L, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P193 RICH PH, 1971, FRESHWATER BIOL, V1, P3 ROSENZWEIG ML, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P385 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHEFFER M, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2270 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHIEWER U, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V363, P73 SHERKAUL S, 1995, AQUAT BOT, V51, P147 SOSZKA GJ, 1975, EKOL POL, V23, P371 STENBERG M, 2006, OIKOS, V112, P332 TRIFONOVA I, 2002, POL J ECOL, V50, P357 VADEBONCOEUR Y, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P1065 VADEBONCOEUR Y, 2003, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V48, P1408 WALSBY AE, 1997, NEW PHYTOL, V136, P189 WEBB WL, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V17, P281 WEISNER SEB, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V109, P592 WETZEL RG, 2001, LIMNOLOGY NR 56 TC 0 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR BP 2711 EP 2721 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 51 IS 6 GA 108UW UT ISI:000242265700018 ER PT J AU Gill, AB TI Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Cranfield Univ, Inst Water & Environm, Silsoe MK45 4DT, Beds, England. RP Gill, AB, Cranfield Univ, Inst Water & Environm, Silsoe MK45 4DT, Beds, England. AB 1. Global-scale environmental degradation and its links with non-renewable fossil fuels have led to an increasing interest in generating electricity from renewable energy resources. Much of this interest centres on offshore renewable energy developments (ORED). The large scale of proposed ORED will add to the existing human pressures on coastal ecosystems, therefore any ecological costs and benefits must be determined. 2. The current pressures on coastal ecology set the context within which the potential impacts (both positive and negative) of offshore renewable energy generation are discussed. 3. The number of published peer-review articles relating to renewable energy has increased dramatically since 1991. Significantly, only a small proportion of these articles relate to environmental impacts and none considers coastal ecology. 4. Actual or potential environmental impact can occur during construction, operation and/or decommissioning of ORED. 5. Construction and decommissioning are likely to cause significant physical disturbance to the local environment. There are both short- and long-term implications for the local biological communities. The significance of any effects is likely to depend on the natural disturbance regime and the stability and resilience of the communities. 6. During day-to-day operation, underwater noise, emission of electromagnetic fields and collision or avoidance with the energy structures represent further potential impacts on coastal species, particularly large predators. The wider ecological implications of any direct and indirect effects are discussed. 7. Synthesis and applications. This review demonstrates that ORED will have direct and, potentially, indirect consequences for coastal ecology, with these effects occurring at different scales. Ecologists should be involved throughout all the phases of an ORED to ensure that appropriate assessments of the interaction of single and multiple developments with the coastal environment are undertaken. 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RP Fearon, R, Coastal Cooperat Res Ctr, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. AB The dynamics of stakeholder participation and effective dialogue processes vary markedly between and within catchment areas. Decision support tools and conflict resolution skills are essential in developing consensus in complex and conflicting issues. Undertaking relevant research requires genuine inclusion of all stakeholders at all stages of the process including development and implementation of management plans. Providing a scientifically integrated and participative approach increases the ability to understand the social and economic dimensions. CR ADAMS D, 2001, AUST J PUBL ADMIN, V60, P13 COENEN FHJ, 1998, PARTICIPATION QUALIT CONACHER A, 2000, ENV PLANNING MANAGEM COSTANZA R, 2002, UNDERSTANDING SOLVIN GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HOPE J, 1997, COMPETING 3 WAVE 10 MOORE AB, 1998, INT J ADULT VOCATION, V23, P1 NONAKA I, 1995, KNOWLEDGE CREATING C REED J, 1998, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT SCHINDLER B, 1999, MONITORING EVALUATIN SENGE PM, 1992, 5 DISCIPLINE ART PRA SLOCOMBE DS, 1993, ENVIRON MANAGE, V17, P289 SLOCUM R, 1995, POWER PROCESS PARTIC SVEIBY KE, 1998, WHAT IS INFORMATION TAKEUCHI H, 1998, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT THORP J, 1998, INFORMATION PARADOX VANDERHEIJDEN K, 1996, SCENARIOS ART STRATE WILSON EO, 1999, CONSILIENCE UNITY HU NR 19 TC 0 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL BP 179 EP 184 PY 2003 VL 47 IS 6 GA 676VZ UT ISI:000182774400031 ER PT J AU Zurlini, G Riitters, K Zaccarelli, N Petrosillo, I Jones, KB Rossi, L TI Disturbance patterns in a socio-ecological system at multiple scales SO ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lecce, Dept Biol & Environm Sci & Technol, Landscape Ecol Lab, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Genet & Mol Biol, Rome, Italy. RP Zurlini, G, Univ Lecce, Dept Biol & Environm Sci & Technol, Landscape Ecol Lab, Ecotekne Campus Strada Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB Ecological systems with hierarchical organization and non-equilibrium dynamics require multiple-scale analyses to comprehend how a system is structured and to formulate hypotheses about regulatory mechanisms. Characteristic scales in real landscapes are determined by, or at least reflect, the spatial patterns and scales of constraining human interactions with the biophysical environment. If the patterns or scales of human actions change, then the constraints change, and the structure and dynamics of the entire socioecological system (SES) can change accordingly. Understanding biodiversity in a SES requires understanding how the actions of humans as a keystone species shape the environment across a range of scales. We address this problem by investigating the spatial patterns of human disturbances at multiple scales in a SES in southern Italy. We describe an operational framework to identify multi-scale profiles of short-term anthropogenic disturbances using a moving window algorithm to measure the amount and configuration of disturbance as detected by satellite imagery. Prevailing land uses were found to contribute in different ways to the disturbance gradient at multiple scales, as land uses resulted from other types of biophysical and social controls shaping the region. The resulting profiles were then interpreted with respect to defining critical support regions and scale-dependent models for the assessment and management of disturbances, and for indicating system fragility and resilience of socio-ecological systems in the region. The results suggest support regions and scale intervals where past disturbance has been most likely and clumped - i.e. where fragility is highest and resilience is lowest. We discuss the potential for planning and managing landscape disturbances with a predictable effect on ecological processes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2003, EC HUM WELL BEING GL AAVIKSOO K, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P287 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BROWN JH, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V357, P619 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CHAVEZ PS, 1988, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V24, P459 DALE MRT, 2002, ECOGRAPHY, V25, P558 DALE VH, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P196 FAHRIG L, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P50 FORTIN MJ, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P956 FOX MD, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO, P97 FUNG T, 1988, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENG, V54, P1449 GOWARD SN, 1991, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V35, P257 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUYOT G, 1989, COLLECTION TELEDETEC, V5, P178 HEYMANN Y, 1994, CORINE LAND COVER TE HOBBS RJ, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V64, P193 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JENSEN JR, 1996, INTRO DIGITAL IMAGE KEITT TH, 2000, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V15, P479 LEGENDRE P, 1998, NUMERICAL ECOLOGY LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LI HB, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P2446 MILNE BT, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P199 MILNE BT, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P449 NAVEH Z, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH NILSSON C, 1995, J APPL ECOL, V32, P677 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT ONEILL RV, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P333 PETERJOHN WT, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1466 PETRAITIS PS, 1989, Q REV BIOL, V64, P393 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST PLOTNICK RE, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P201 RIITTERS K, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 ROMME WH, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P524 SIMMONS MA, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P77 SIMON HA, 1962, P AM PHILOS SOC, V106, P467 SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH TISCHENDORF L, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V16, P235 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WITH KA, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2446 WITH KA, 2004, RISK ANAL, V24, P803 WU J, 1999, CANADIAN J REMOTE SE, V25, P367 WU J, 2000, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATI, V6, P1 WU JG, 2002, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V17, P355 ZURLINI G, 2003, MANAGING HLTH ECOSYS, P633 ZURLINI G, 2004, HDB ECOLOGICAL INDIC, P303 ZURLINI G, 2006, ECOL INDIC, V6, P184 NR 50 TC 0 J9 ECOL COMPLEX BP 119 EP 128 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 3 IS 2 GA 060LQ UT ISI:000238804100004 ER PT J AU Song, YJ Wang, GQ Burch, WR Rechlin, MA TI From innovation to adaptation: lessons from 20 years of the SHIFT forest management system in Sanming, China SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB This study follows the 20-year period of a forestry innovation-the share-holding integrated forestry tenure (SHIFT) system-its adoption, diffusion, adaptation and transformation in Sanming Prefecture, Fujian Province of the People's Republic of China. Our research suggests that the adoption of this innovation in forest management institutions and technologies tends to follow the familiar "s" curve. However, the prevailing patterns in the social, economic, cultural, and biophysical environments that encouraged the adoption have changed overtime as it moved to an adaptive phase. The need for flexibility and resiliency in forestry strategies is necessary if the goals and objectives promised by innovation are to be sustained. SHIFT was initiated as an innovative rural development program of "private-like" forest management, where villagers became shareholders in the community forestry operation and obtained employment through a system of tenure contracts. SHIFT has proven to be an effective system for the regeneration and protection of Sanming's forests. Changing conditions in the social, economic, cultural, and biophysical environments of Sanming have undermined the value of the shareholding system and the benefit distribution of tenure contracts. However, villager confidence in the SHIFT system remains positive as direct dividend benefits have been replaced by those accrued through the harvest of non-timber forest products and a new household tenure contract to supply individual household forest product needs. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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The role of SFCs is changing, as they face up to the challenge of marine environmental management, Their recent designation as possible lead agencies of Special working alongside conservation organisations, will provide a stern test of their resilience and adaptability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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RP Pawlowski, CW, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. AB The image of a ball rolling along a series of hills and valleys is an effective heuristic by which to communicate stability concepts in ecology. However, the dynamics of this landscape model have little to do with ecological systems. Other landscape representations, however, are possible. These include the particle on an energy landscape, the potential landscape, and the Lyapunov function landscape. I discuss the dynamics that these representations admit, and the application of each to ecological modeling and the analysis and representation of stability. 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RP Holling, CS, Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Hierarchies and adaptive cycles comprise the basis of ecosystems and social-ecological systems across scales. Together they form a panarchy. The panarchy describes how a healthy system can invent and experiment, benefiting from inventions that create opportunity while being kept safe from those that destabilize because of their nature or excessive exuberance. Each level is allowed to operate at its own pace, protected from above by slower, larger levels but invigorated from below by faster, smaller cycles of innovation. The whole panarchy is therefore both creative and conserving. The interactions between cycles in a panarchy combine learning with continuity. An analysis of this process helps to clarify the meaning of "sustainable development." Sustainability is the capacity to create, test, and maintain adaptive capability. Development is the process of creating, testing, and maintaining opportunity. The phrase that combines the two, "sustainable development," thus refers to the goal of fostering adaptive capabilities and creating opportunities. It is therefore not an oxymoron but a term that describes a logical partnership. 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Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. CR *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 IMP *MILL EC ASS, 2003, ECOS HUM WELLB FRAM *WORLD BANK, 1992, WORLD DEV REP 1992 D DESSAI S, 2004, CLIM POLICY, V4, P107 ESCOBAR A, 2001, POLIT GEOGR, V20, P139 FAITH D, 2005, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE, V15 FORSYTH T, 2003, CRITICAL POLITICAL E HULME D, 1999, J INT DEV, V11, P277 LUERS AL, 2003, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V13, P255 MILANOVIC B, 2002, ECON J, V112, P51 MILANOVIC B, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P667 OBRIEN KL, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P221 OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PRITCHARD L, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P147 ROBBINS P, 2004, POLITICAL ECOLOGY ROTHMAN DS, 1998, ENV KUZNETS CURVE EC, V25 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHNEIDER SH, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P245 STEFFEN W, 2004, 2004 GLOBAL CHANGE E TERBORGH J, 1999, REQUIEM NATURE TURNER BL, 1990, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V1, P14 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 WADE RH, 2004, WORLD DEV, V32, P567 NR 23 TC 2 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 1 EP 4 PY 2005 PD APR VL 15 IS 1 GA 923ID UT ISI:000228902700001 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE TI Can we manage tropical landscapes? - an answer from the Caribbean perspective SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Lugo, AE, US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. AB Humans have used Caribbean island landscapes for millennia. The conversion of wild lands to built-up lands or to agricultural lands in these tropical countries follows predictable patterns. Conversion of moist forest life zones and fertile flatlands is faster than conversion of wet and rain forest life zones and low fertility steep lands. In Puerto Rico, these trends are leading to increased built-up areas, environmental surprises, and increased dependence on external subsidies. Changes over the past 50 yr also include a reversal in deforestation and increase in forest patch size in spite of increasing human population density. Present forests have different species composition than the original ones but are indistinguishable in physiognomy and basic function. The reversal of deforestation and forest fragmentation trends, if accompanied by an understanding of the forces that cause the reversal, can result in the development of tools for landscape management. Tropical landscape management requires understanding and application of natural resilience mechanisms of ecosystems, greater use of ecological engineering approaches to infrastructure development, enforcement of zoning laws, enlightened economic development policies, and an understanding and agreement of a conservation vision among all sectors of society. Mixing species in new combinations to form new ecosystems is a necessary step in the development of future landscapes. 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AB Issues of environment and development are increasingly being analysed within the framework offered by sustainability and sustainable development. This article explores a number of deep-seated contradictions and tensions that exist within these concepts at least as they are currently construed. It is noted that these contradictions are often glossed over in intellectual and policy debates, but are nonetheless profound and should be made explicit. The contradictions identified and discussed in the paper are as follows: the paradox of technology (cause or cure?); uncertainty and decision-making (humility or arrogance in the face of ignorance?); intergenerational and intragenerational equity (a politically impossible trade-off?); economic growth versus ecological limits (is 'sustainable development' an oxymoron?), the reconciliation of individual and collective interests, applying both to individuals in their society, and nation states in the international community: the potential conflict between the diversity of democracy and purposeful action; differing kinds of resilience in the face of change (resistance, marginal change, and adaptability); and the question of whether or not optimization is antisustainability. In conclusion we ask what the implications of this labyrinth of contradictions are for moving towards a sustainable state. Are these contradictions too profound and thus insurmountable, or does Homo sapiens' apparently innate ability to live with contradiction and logical inconsistency offer a way out? 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Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP McDaniels, TL, Inst Resources & Environm, 6333 Mem Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB The potential impacts from climate change, and climate change policies, are massive. Careful thinking about what we want climate change policies to achieve is a crucial first step for analysts to help governments make wise policy choices to address these concerns. This article presents an adaptive framework to help guide comparative analysis of climate change policies. The framework recognizes the inability to forecast long-term impacts (due in part to path dependance) as a constraint on the use of standard policy analysis, and stresses learning over time as a fundamental concern. The framework focuses on the objectives relevant for climate change policy in North America over the near term (e.g., the next 20 years). For planning and evaluating current climate policy alternatives a combination of fundamental objectives for the near term and proxy objectives for characterizing the state of the climate problem and the ability to address it at the end of that term is suggested. Broad uses of the framework are discussed, along with some concrete examples. The framework is intended to provide a basis for policy analysis that explicitly considers the benefits of learning over time to improve climate change policies. 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Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Carlsson, L, Lulea Univ Technol, Div Social Sci, S-97187 Lulea, Sweden. AB Co-management, or the joint management of the commons, is often formulated in terms of some arrangement of power sharing between the State and a community of resource users. In reality, there often are multiple local interests and multiple government agencies at play, and co-management can hardly be understood as the interaction of a unitary State and a homogeneous community. An approach focusing on the legal aspects of co-management, and emphasizing the formal structure of arrangements (how governance is configured) runs the risk of neglecting the functional side of co-management. An alternative approach is to start from the assumption that co-management is a continuous problem-solving process, rather than a fixed state, involving extensive deliberation, negotiation and joint learning within problem-solving networks. This presumption implies that co-management research should preferably focus on how different management tasks are organized and distributed concentrating on the function, rather than the structure, of the system. Such an approach has the effect of highlighting that power sharing is the result, and not the starting point, of the process. This kind of research approach might employ the steps of (1) defining the social-ecological system under focus; (2) mapping the essential management tasks and problems to be solved; (3) clarifying the participants in the problem-solving processes; (4) analyzing linkages in the system, in particular across levels of organization and across geographical space; (5) evaluating capacity-building needs for enhancing the skills and capabilities of people and institutions at various levels; and (6) prescribing ways to improve policy making and problem-solving. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *IUCN, 1996, WORLD CONS C MONTR C *WORLD BANK, 1999, INT WORKSH COMM BAS AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 ARNSTEIN SR, 1969, J AM I PLANNERS, V35, P216 BECK P, 2000, 2000 M INT ASS SOC C BERKES F, 1991, ALTERN-P SOC TEC, V18, P12 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1998, MT RES DEV, V18, P19 BERKES F, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P293 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 1996, COLLABORATIVE MANAGE BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 2000, COMANAGEMENT NATURAL BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 2004, CBD TECHNICAL SERIES, V15 BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 2004, SHARING POWER LEARNI BROSIUS JP, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P157 BURGER J, 2001, PROTECTING COMMONS F CARLSSON L, 2000, POLICY STUD J, V28, P502 CARLSSON L, 2003, COMMONS OLD NEW, P23 CASH DW, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P109 COLDING J, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P163 DOLSAK N, 2003, COMMONS NEW MILLENNI FEENY D, 1988, RETHINKING I ANAL DE FEENY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 FOLKE C, 2002, ICSU SERIES SCI SUST, V3 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAAS PM, 1992, INT ORGAN, V46, P1 HECLO H, 1978, NEW AM POLITICAL SYS, P87 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 IMPERIAL MT, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P449 JORDAN AG, 1990, J THEORETICAL POLITI, V2, P319 KISER LL, 1982, STRATEGIES POLITICAL, P179 LASSWELL HD, 1968, INT ENCYCL SOC SCI, V12, P181 LINBLOM CE, 1965, INTELLIGENCE DEMOCRA LITTLE A, 2002, POLITICS COMMUNITY T LOW B, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P83 NORTH D, 1997, T COST EC RECENT DEV, P149 OLSSON P, ENV MANAGEMENT, V34, P75 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE OSTROM E, 1993, I INCENTIVES SUSTAIN OSTROM E, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P127 OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS OSTROM E, 2005, UNDERSTANDING I DIVE OSTROM V, 1985, POLICY IMPLEMENTATIO PIERRE JB, 2000, GOVERNANCE POLITICS PINKERTON E, 1994, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V14, P262 PINKERTON EW, 1994, FOLK MANAGEMENT WORL, P317 PLUMMER R, 2004, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V70, P63 POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 POWELL WW, 1990, RES ORGAN BEHAV, V12, P295 SCOTT J, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL SHORT C, 1999, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V42, P613 SIMON H, 1989, DECISION MAKING, P58 SINGLETON S, 1998, CONSTRUCTING COOPERA THRASHER M, 1982, SOC SCI INFORM, V21, P349 THRASHER M, 1983, POLICY POLIT, V11, P375 WEICK KE, 1976, ADM SCI Q, V21, P1 YOUNG O, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 59 TC 10 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 65 EP 76 PY 2005 PD APR VL 75 IS 1 GA 910UJ UT ISI:000227957400006 ER PT J AU Kreuter, UP Nair, MV Jackson-Smith, D Conner, JR Johnston, JE TI Property rights Orientations and rangeland management objectives: Texas, Utah, and Colorado SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Bearing Point, New York, NY 10024 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work & Anthropol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Sociol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kreuter, UP, Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, 2126 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. AB In response to substantial economic and social dislocations in the United States, many rangeland owners are changing land use and management practices. Changes in land use can significantly affect the services rangeland ecosystems provide. Decisions associated with such changes are likely mediated by landowner views regarding individual rights, social responsibilities, and the future security of property rights. In this paper, we examine the extent to which landowners are likely to adopt, without public compensation, socially desirable land management objectives that enhance ecosystem services from rangelands. The study consisted of a mail survey of landowners with at least 40 ha: 500 in Texas, 500 in Utah, and 694 in Colorado. Adjusted response rates were 62% in Texas, 46% in Utah, and 51% in Colorado. Regression analyses showed that willingness to adopt socially desirable rangeland management objectives was positively correlated with the social responsibility dimension of respondents' property rights orientations but negatively correlated with the rights erosion dimension. Our results also suggested that landowners in private land states, such as Texas, might be less willing than landowners in states with more public land to manage their land for the maintenance of ecosystem services without being compensated. Although the scope of our study was limited, the results suggest that agencies tasked with maintaining ecosystem services on private rangelands might more successfully achieve their mission by promoting social responsibility among landowners. Including community leaders with a highly developed sense of social responsibility in programs aimed at improving land stewardship and including peer-pressure incentives in such programs might enhance social responsibility perspectives among landowners. Such programs should also be adaptable at the state-level to account for differences in property-rights orientations relative to landowner dependence on private and public land. 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RP Armsworth, PR, Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. AB Population dynamic models and simulations are analysed for a harvested reef fish species that is a monandric, protogynous hermaphrodite. The models are applied to data for the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) on the Great Barrier Reef. One model examines the situation where sexual transition is induced by some exogenous behavioural mechanism, and another considers the case where transition is determined by some endogenous developmental schedule. The conclusions regarding the effects of fishing are common to both models, and the implementation of more efficient harvesting practices may not require a precise understanding of the mechanisms governing sexual transition. 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STABILITY THEORY DYN ZIEGLER BP, 1976, THEORY MODELLING SIM ZUBOV VI, 1964, METHODS AM LIAPUNOV NR 146 TC 4 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 75 EP 83 PY 1987 VL 44 GA M6760 UT ISI:A1987M676000010 ER PT S AU Solecki, WD Rosenzweig, C TI Biodiversity, biosphere reserves, and the big apple - A study of the New York Metropolitan Region SO URBAN BIOSPHERE AND SOCIETY: PARTNERSHIP OF CITIES LA English DT Article C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Geog, New York, NY 10021 USA. Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. RP Solecki, WD, CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Geog, 695 Pk Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. AB The objectives of this article were to assess the dimensions of biodiversity-urban society interactions within the New York Metropolitan Region, a 31-county area with a population of 21.5 million, and to explore pathways to reconcile dysfunctional relationships between these two ever-entwined systems. The article builds on the premise that urban biodiversity exists at a crucial nexus of ecological and societal interactions, linking local, regional, and global scales, and that urban ecologies are projected to become even more dynamic in the future, particularly as a result of global climate change. The pathway proposed to reconcile the biodiversity-urban society relationships is the incorporation of biosphere reserve strategies into regional environmental planning efforts focused on the New York/New Jersey Harbor/Estuary specifically and on the greater New York Metropolitan Region in general. The concepts of the "ecological footprint" and vulnerability to global environmental change are used to analyze the current interactions between biodiversity and urban society, and to evaluate the efficacy of adopting biosphere reserve strategies in the region. New York has long been at the forefront of American environmentalism and landscape planning. Coupled with this history is a still small but growing interest in regional environmental planning efforts (e.g., the U.S. EPA Harbor Estuary Program) and green infrastructure (e.g., the 2002 Humane Metropolis Conference organized by the Ecological Cities Project). The research presented here aims to contribute to these nascent activities. As a megacity, New York may serve as a model for other major cities of the world. CR *ASP GLOB CHANG I, 2001, CLIM CHANG CIT *BOARD SUST DEV PO, 1999, OUR COMM JOURN TRANS *HYDR INC, 1991, ASS POLL LOAD NY NJ *IND BUDG OFF NEW, 2001, BACKGR PAP OV WAST S *NEW YORK NEW JERS, 2001, NEW YORK NEW JERS HA *UN CTR HUM SETTL, 2001, CIT GLOB WORLD GLOB *UN POP FND, 2001, STAT WORLD POP 2001 *UNESCO, 1996, BIOSPH RES SEV STRAT *US CENS BUR, 2000, US CENS POP BENNETT M, 1994, NATURE CITIES ECOCRI FOLKE C, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P167 FREI A, 2002, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V92, P203 GORNITZ V, 1995, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V31, P515 GORNITZ V, 1995, J COASTAL RES, V17, P287 GORNITZ V, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARTIG E, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA HARTIG EK, 2002, WETLANDS, V22, P1 HAUGHTON G, 1994, SUSTAINABLE CITIES JACOB KH, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA MAJOR D, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA PLATT R, 1994, ECOLOGICAL CITY PRES REES WE, 1992, ENVIRON URBAN, V4, P121 ROSENZWEIG C, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA WALDMAN J, 1999, HEARTBEATS MUCK DRAM WARF B, 2000, GEOFORUM, V31, P487 WILSON EO, 1997, BIODIVERSITY, V2, P1 YARO R, 1996, REGION RISK 3 REGION ZIMMERMAN R, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBA NR 29 TC 1 J9 ANN N Y ACAD SCI BP 105 EP 124 PY 2004 VL 1023 GA BAN79 UT ISI:000223006800006 ER PT J AU Brunckhorst, DJ Rollings, NM TI Linking ecological and social function of landscapes: I. Influencing resource governance SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ New England, Dept Ecosyst Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RP Brunckhorst, DJ, Univ New England, Dept Ecosyst Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. AB Society must make a fundamental shift in the way it views and uses natural resources if it is to ensure an ecologically supportable future. Workable solutions to the sustainable use of natural resources are constrained by many institutional barriers, narrowly focused scientific research, and compartmentalized systems of natural resource management. Novel and radical approaches are needed if humanity is to find realistic solutions to social and environmental sustainability issues that the citizenry can adopt and then adapt with matching civic skills and knowledge. Consequently, future sustainability will depend on a system of resource governance that mediates the relationship between the citizenry and the economy, on the one hand, and continuance of ecosystem functional processes, on the other. In this first in a series of two papers, we discuss the conceptual and theoretical framework behind a transdisciplinary paradigm shift that is necessary to realistically work toward future sustainability of nature and society. 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Wageningen Univ Agr, WIAS, Anim Prod Syst Grp, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. DLO, AB, Res Inst Agrobiol & Soil Fertil, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Ibrahim, MNM, Univ Peradeniya, Fac Agr, Dept Anim Sci, Peadeniya, Sri Lanka. AB Cropping, when possible, tends to become more important than animal production because, in general, it can feed more people per area unit in terms of calories and protein. In such systems, the role of wasteland grazing as a source of energy for agriculture through animals for traction and dung is often taken over by the use of resources from fossil reserves. This changing role of animals in the sustainability of agriculture is addressed in this paper to discuss options and constraints for animal production in newly developing fanning systems. Based on a brief literature review, this paper discusses how and in which way ruminant livestock has played or can continue to play a role in (newly developing forms of) sustainable agriculture. The role of livestock in different modes of agriculture ranging from expanded agriculture (EXPAGR), and high external inputs agriculture (HEIA) to low external inputs agriculture (LEIA), and new conservation agriculture (NCA) are elaborated. It is argued that even when fossil reserves based external inputs such as oil and fertilisers become more widely used, they should still be used with care to save money and finite resources as well as to avoid problems of waste disposal. However, in conditions with limited access to resources, it continues to be difficult to obtain inputs from fossil reserves. Under these conditions, the major options to increase system sustainability by reducing pollution problems and dependency on external resources are (a) to adjust ways and objectives of production systems to the access to resources, and (b) to achieve increased use and recycling of resources within the system itself. Definitions for sustainability are given and translated into four criteria, i.e. food production and degree of self-sufficiency in the short term based on energy, protein, clothing, shelter, etc.; food production and degree of self-sufficiency in the long term expressed in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) content; reduced dependence of external inputs (=nitrogen use); and aspects of resilience, stability and equity in crop-livestock systems. The results of scenario studies concerning use of grass and legume leys for livestock production illustrate options and trade-offs for different crop-livestock combinations in terms of these criteria for sustainability. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Inst Kingston 105, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US EPA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Woodrow Wilson Int Ctr Scholars, Washington, DC 20004 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Groffman, P, Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. AB An ecological threshold is the point at which there is an abrupt change in an ecosystem quality, property or phenomenon, or where small changes in an environmental driver produce large responses in the ecosystem. Analysis of thresholds is complicated by nonlinear dynamics and by multiple factor controls that operate at diverse spatial and temporal scales. These complexities have challenged the use and utility of threshold concepts in environmental management despite great concern about preventing dramatic state changes in valued ecosystems, the need for determining critical pollutant loads and the ubiquity of other threshold-based environmental problems. In this paper we define the scope of the thresholds concept in ecological science and discuss methods for identifying and investigating thresholds using a variety of examples from terrestrial and aquatic environments, at ecosystem, landscape and regional scales. We end with a discussion of key research needs in this area. 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AB Parameters of a phosphorus cycling model were estimated for two configurations of a take ecosystem. The piscivore-dominated configuration had one more trophic level than the planktivore-dominated configuration. We derived four main conclusions from analysis of the model. (1) Results support the argument of DeAngelis et al. that turnover rate of a limiting nutrient is directly related to ecosystem resilience. (2) Results support the hypothesis of Pimm and Lawton that longer food chains are less resilient. (3) Inputs of phosphorus to the pelagic system derived from inshore feeding by fishes were a large flux, which is comparable to inputs from physical-chemical fluxes. (4) Algal (seston) standing crops, unlike all other compartments, were less sensitive to phosphorus inputs in the piscivore-dominated system. Consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis, the piscivore-dominated system had higher herbivore standing crops and lower algal standing crops than the planktivore-dominated system. Changes in trophic structure that derive from trophic cascades can be viewed as changes in the phosphorus cycle driven by fishes. 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Clemson Univ, Program Policy Studies, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Nebraska, USGS, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Mkt, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Clemson Univ, Ctr Int Trade, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Garmestani, AS, Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. AB This paper applies recent advances in ecology to our understanding of firm development, sustainability, and economic development. The ecological literature indicates that the greater the functional richness of species in a system, the greater its resilience-that is, its ability to persist in the face of substantial changes in the environment. This paper focuses on the effects of functional richness across firm size on the ability of industries to survive in the face of economic change. Our results indicate that industries with a richness of industrial functions are more resilient to employment volatility. 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Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Briske, DD, Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, TAMU 2126, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. AB 1. Rangeland ecologists have been debating the validity of two current paradigms for the evaluation of vegetation dynamics on rangelands. This debate frequently contrasts the conventional model of continuous and reversible vegetation dynamics (range model) with a more contemporary model that can accommodate discontinuous and non-reversible vegetation change (state-and-transition model). 2. The range and the state-and-transition models are conceptually related to the equilibrium and non-equilibrium paradigms within ecology, respectively. The methodological dichotomy that has developed between the range and the state-and-transition models has fostered the perception that these two ecological paradigms are mutually exclusive. We challenge this perception and contend that both methodologies and their corresponding paradigms are non-exclusive. 3. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium ecosystems are not distinguished on the basis of unique processes or functions, but rather by the evaluation of system dynamics at various temporal and spatial scales. Consequently, ecosystems may express both equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics. This confirms early interpretations that ecosystems are distributed along a continuum from equilibrium to non-equilibrium states. 4. Although both equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics occur in numerous ecosystems, the empirical evidence is frequently confounded by (i) uncertainty regarding the appropriate evidence necessary to distinguish between paradigms; (ii) disproportionate responses among vegetation attributes to climate and grazing; (iii) comparisons among systems with varying degrees of managerial involvement; and (iv) the evaluation of vegetation dynamics at various spatial and temporal scales. 5. Synthesis and applications . This critique supports the conclusion that a paradigm shift has not taken place in rangeland ecology, but rather, the debate has forced a more comprehensive interpretation of vegetation dynamics along the entirety of the equilibrium-non-equilibrium continuum. Therefore, the rangeland debate should be redirected from the dichotomy between paradigms to one of paradigm integration. 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RP Fairhead, J, UNIV LONDON,SCH ORIENTAL & AFRICAN STUDIES,LONDON,ENGLAND. AB The mosaic of forest and savanna vegetation found along the northern margin of West Africa's moist forest zone has generally been understood in policy circles as a degraded and degrading forest landscape, following savannisation by its farming populations. Some ecologists have suggested that the vegetation mosaic may, however, be more stable, determined by soil differences, and others still that forest may be encroaching on savanna as a result of long-term climatic rehumidification. This article presents historical evidence from Kissidougou which shows that, contrary to scientific and policy orthodoxy there, forest areas have been increasing at the expense of savanna in recent times. The article outlines the local agro-ecological practices which have been enriching the landscape, and examines how the observed course of vegetation change this century can be accounted for in the articulation of these practices with political, economic, demographic and climatic changes. A retheorisation of ecology in the forest-savanna mosaic is offered which, in drawing on non-equilibrium dynamics, offers a better framework for understanding people's impact on forest-savanna ecology. 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Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Agr Univ Vienna, Dept Forest Sector Policy & Econ, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. RP Kennedy, JJ, Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. AB Once so effective in providing sustained-yield conservation values, visions and models for the Western worlds' transition to an industrial society, it is time again for foresters (plus many other types of forest managers and users) to re-think the role of rural economies and their forest ecosystems in the urban, post-industrial, global societies of North America and Europe. Our paper is an overview of traditional vs. emerging values and views about the role of forest management and managers in rural economic development. Much traditional forestry thinking is evolving today into more comprehensive, integrated forest ecosystem management and rural economic development concepts. For example, traditional sustained-yield models are expanding into ecosystem-based sustainability concepts; emphasis on the economic growth of forest products sectors is evolving into broader, sustainable community socioeconomic development; and the management of community sociopolitical conflict over forest management is beginning to be recognized as a sustainability consideration equally important as forest biological constraints. These all contribute to making public forest management today much more: (1) ecosystem-based and landscape-scale, (2) that incorporates diverse social values or uses; and (3) is interrelated with many community socioeconomic and political systems from local to regional to national and super-regional (e.g. the European Community). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Manitoba, Natl Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Troutt, E, Univ Manitoba, Dept Econ, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V5, Canada. AB This paper examines the evolution of a coastal Lagoon ecosystem in Brazil, focusing on how the dynamics between the ecosystem and human systems have influenced the emergence and dynamics of the shrimp market. We focus on the Ibiraquera Lagoon on the southern Brazilian coast, tracing the history of the development of the Lagoon's seven bordering communities over the last five decades. We then describe the evolution of the area's shrimp market, describing its players and its demand, supply, and price characteristics. The story that emerges is of a transition from a small barter-based market to a patronage-dominated system to a wider, more complex, price-based system in which the traditional middlemen still exist but serve more as distributors than as patrons. The transitions were facilitated largely through the provision of roads and electricity to the Lagoon communities, which opened the area to tourism and greater business opportunities, and made shrimp storage and transport possible. Interaction between the Lagoon ecosystem and the social and economic systems is clearly an important factor in the dynamics of the shrimp market. Natural and manipulated Lagoon channel openings along with fishing activity influence the amount, size and marketability of the shrimp harvest. Additionally, pollution of the Lagoon's waters influences shrimp quality and thus price. New institutional arrangements will be needed to address unwanted developments and to ensure that the shrimp market continues to thrive while the Lagoon on which it depends is sustained. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *FATMA, UNPUB PROJ BALN PRAI ABDALLAH PR, 1998, THESIS U SAO PAULO P ANDREATTA ER, 1993, RELATORIO FINAL PROJ BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2002, DRAMAS COMMONS BRANCO JO, 1998, REV BRASILEIRA ZOOLO, V15, P345 BRANCO JO, 1998, REV BRASILEIRA ZOOLO, V15, P353 BROMLEY DW, 1989, EC INTERESTS I BROMLEY DW, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS COSTANZA R, 1997, INTRO ECOLOGICAL EC DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC DINCAO F, 1984, ATLANTICA, V7, P73 FABER M, 1996, ECOLOGICAL EC CONCEP FEENY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG KAUFFMAN S, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER KURIEN J, 1992, GRASSROOTS ENV ACTIO LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV SEIXAS CS, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC TREMEL E, 1982, ESTUDO REGULAMENTACA TREMEL E, 1999, DESOVA MIGRACAO CAMA WANG N, 1999, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V58, P783 NR 29 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 399 EP 417 PY 2003 PD OCT VL 46 IS 3 GA 736FW UT ISI:000186161600007 ER PT J AU MILHAM, N TI ON INCORPORATING ECOLOGICAL THRESHOLDS IN FARM-LEVEL ECONOMIC-MODELS OF RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP MILHAM, N, NSW AGR,ECON SERV UNIT,POB 240,PARKES,NSW 2870,AUSTRALIA. CR BARRETT S, 1989, LEEC8907 LOND ENV EC BUFFINGTON LC, 1965, ECOL MONOGR, V35, P139 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 HERTZLER G, 1990, 34TH ANN C AUSTR AGR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JONES RJ, 1974, J AGR SCI, V83, P335 KIM CS, 1989, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V17, P66 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 MCCONNELL KE, 1983, AM J AGR ECON, V65, P83 MILHAM N, 1994, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V40, P51 MURPHY J, 1992, 47 NSW AGR FARM BUS NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE OSULLIVAN S, 1987, COMPLAN HDB, V7 PASSMORE G, 1992, 36TH ANN C AUSTR AGR SALIBA BC, 1985, W J AGR EC, V10, P354 SEGARRA E, 1987, SO J AGR EC, V19, P61 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILSON CR, 1991, BONE MINER, V13, P69 NR 20 TC 3 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 157 EP 165 PY 1994 PD JUN VL 41 IS 2 GA NU158 UT ISI:A1994NU15800005 ER PT J AU Aarts, BGW Nienhuis, PH TI Ecological sustainability and biodiversity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Studies, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP Aarts, BGW, Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Studies, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. AB The immense complexity of ecosystems severely hampers the underpinning of the ecological sustainability paradigm. The few existing definitions of ecological sustainability, such as ecosystem health, are based on the obsolete superorganism paradigm of ecosystems, assuming an equilibrium for every ecosystem. New, anthropocentric approaches, like the ecosystem integrity concept, surmise that ecosystems are dynamic, loosely defined assemblages of species, which necessitates adaptive management. Another complicating factor is our poor understanding of the complex relation between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The few hypotheses about the role of species in ecosystems, like the rivet popper and the functional redundancy hypotheses, are not universally applicable. The functional importance of an individual species is unpredictable and context-dependent, even for keystone species. Biodiversity buffers changes in environmental conditions and might be considered as a kind of insurance. 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AB This paper tests the proposition that a small set of plant, animal, and abiotic processes structure ecosystems across scales in time and space. Earlier studies have suggested that these key structuring processes establish a small number of dominant temporal frequencies that entrain other processes. These frequencies often differ from each other by at least an order of magnitude. If true. ecosystems therefore will have a few dominant frequencies that are endogenously driven and that are discontinuously distributed. This paper additionally tests the proposition that these structuring processes should also generate a discontinuous distribution of spatial structures coupled with the discontinuous frequencies. If that is the case, animals living in specific landscapes should demonstrate the existence of this lumpy architecture by showing gaps in the distribution of their sizes. This proved to be the case for birds and mammals of the boreal region forest and the short-grass prairie. Alternative hypotheses to explain the body mass clumps include architectural, developmental, historical, and trophic causes. These were all tested by comparing body-mass clump distributions (1) in ecosystems having different spatial structures (forest, grassland, and marine pelagic) and (2) in different animal groups having different body plans (birds and mammals) or feeding habits (carnivore, omnivore, and herbivore). The only hypothesis that could not be rejected is that the body-mass clumps are entrained by discontinuous hierarchical structures and textures of the landscape. There is evidence for at least eight distinct habitat "quanta," each defined by a distinct texture at a specific range of scales. These eight quanta together cover tens of centimetres to hundreds of kilometres in space and at least months to millennia in time. There is a striking similarity, but not identity, between the clump structure of prairie and boreal animals. This indicates that many processes that form qualitative habitat structure are common to both landscapes or ecosystems, but a few are landscape specific, particularly over larger scales. That conclusion is extended to all terrestrial ecosystems by an analysis of the body-mass clump structure of all North American birds. In contrast, there are striking differences in clump structure between landscapes and "waterscapes," indicating that fundamentally different processes shape structure in terrestrial and open ocean systems. The discontinuous body-mass structure provides a bioassay of discontinuous ecosystem structure. Mammalian carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores all show the same number of body-mass clumps, and the gaps in these distributions occur al the same body masses. Mammals and birds show the same number of body-mass clumps, but the mass gaps for mammals occur at larger sizes than those for birds in such a way that the log-transformed body-mass gaps for mammals are correlated linearly with those for birds. Hence there is a simple cross-calibration between the mammal and bird bioassays. I compiled and analyzed published data on home ranges in order to convert body masses into an absolute linear measure of geometric structures in the landscape. A new and general equation was developed relating home-range size to body mass, and was tested by reanalyzing published data for mammalian carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores and for birds. I conclude: (1) Birds and mammals of all trophic levels utilize resources in their foraging areas in the same way by measuring the spatial grain of habitat patches with a resolution defined as a function of their size (i.e., the animal's step length or minimum unit of measurement). The step length is a morphological function of the size of animals and is not significantly affected by trophic status or taxonomy of the groups considered. That explains why all trophic levels and both birds and mammals show the same qualitative body-mass clump structure. (2) Home-range data can convert the body-mass data to a quantitative estimate of texture, i.e., of fractal dimension of the landscape. The landscape forms a hierarchy that contains breaks in object sizes, object proximities, and textures at particular scales. Animals also demonstrate a hierarchy of decisions whose target suddenly shifts at specific scales in space and time. The interaction between these two hierarchies produces the discontinuous body-mass clump structure. The breaks in geometry in the landscape occur because structuring processes exert their influence over defined ranges of scale. The temporal and architectural structure of habitat quanta are in general determined by three classes of processes, each dominating over three different ranges of scale. Vegetative processes that determine plant growth, plant form, and soil structure dominate the formation of texture at fine microscales of centimetres to tens of metres in space and days to decades in time. At the other, macroscale extreme, slow geomorphological processes dominate the formation of a topographic and edaphic structure at large scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometres and centuries to millennia. At the mesoscales in between, contagious disturbance processes such as fire, insect outbreak, plant disease, and water flow dominate the formation of patterns over spatial scales of hundreds of metres to hundreds of kilometres. In addition, the direct impacts of grazing by large herbivores and of human activities, and the indirect effects of large predators and animal disease, further transform spatial patterns over these meso-scales. These processes operate on time scales of years to decades, making them critically important in determining whether present local, regional, and global human influences will trigger a transition in vegetation types, and, if so, how rapidly. The paper provides a direction for the development of programs to evaluate, monitor, and predict ecosystem and community changes across scales. The necessary research elements include (1) models that incorporate a few scale-dependent structuring processes to allow cross-scale analysis; (2) comparative studies of different disturbed and undisturbed landscapes using the animal body-mass bioassay technique to identify critical scales of ecosystem geometry; (3) analysis of remote imagery to identify spatial discontinuities and regions of scale invariance; and (4) behavioral studies of the hierarchy of animal decisions to identify species groups vulnerable to predicted (using models) or observed (using remote imagery) changes in vegetation geometry. 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USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Thompson, JR, Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB Using a landscape simulation model, we examined ecological and economic implications of forest policies designed to emulate the historical fire regime across the 2 x 106 ha Oregon Coast Range. Simulated policies included two variants of the current policy and three policies reflecting aspects of the historical fire regime. Policy development was guided by the management intentions of four owner groups: forest industry, nonindustrial private, state, and federal. Fire severity wits emulated with green-tree retention standards; fire frequency was emulated with annual harvestable area restrictions and fire extent was emulated with harvest-unit size regulations. Simulated disturbance-based policies produced age-class distributions closer to the estimated historical range than those created by the current policy. Within 100 years, proportions of younger forests were within the historical range, while older forests moved closer to, but remained below. historical conditions. In the near term, disturbance-based policies produced annual harvest volumes 20%-60% lower than those produced by the current policy. However, relative costs of disturbance-based policies diminished over time. Our results suggest that if expediting a return to historical age-class distributions at a provincial-scale was a goal, then public lands would be needed to provide large patches of old forest. In addition, this experiment illustrated that distributing costs and benefits of conservation policies equitably across Multiple private landowners is a significant challenge. CR *BRIT COL MIN FOR, 1995, FOR PRACT COD BRIT C *FEMAT, 1993, FOR EC MAN EC EC SOC *IMST, 1999, REC WILD SALM W OR F *NAT CONS, 1988, NAT HER PROGR OP MAN *NWFP EIS, 1994, FIN SUPPL ENV IMP ST *OMNR, 2001, FOR MAN GUID NAT DIS *OR DEP FOR, 2001, NW OR STAT FOR MAN P ADAMS DM, 2002, RES CONTRIBUTION, V37 AGEE JK, 1993, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC ANDISON DW, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V74, P655 ARMSTRONG GW, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V75, P497 ARMSTRONG GW, 2003, FOREST SCI, V49, P209 ATTWILL PM, 1994, FOR ECOL MNGT, V63, P247 BACHELET D, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P164 BENDER EA, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1 BERGERON Y, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V75, P49 BETTINGER P, 2003, J FOR PLAN, V9, P25 BETTINGER P, 2004, LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT BETTINGER P, 2005, ECOL MODEL, V182, P25 BUNNELL FL, 1998, POLICY MANAGEMENT BI, P117 BUSING RT, 2002, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V160, P161 CISSEL JH, 1994, J FOREST, V30, P31 CISSEL JH, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1217 COHEN WB, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P122 DALE VH, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P723 DAVIS LS, 2001, FOREST MANAGEMETN SU FRANKLIN JF, 1987, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V1, P5 FRANKLIN JF, 1988, NATURAL VEGETATION O FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202 GARMAN SL, 2003, PNWGTR557 USDA FOR S HAMLET A, 2004, SUMMARY EXPECTED CHA HANN DW, 1997, ORGANON USERS MANUAL HANSEN AJ, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P382 HANSEN AJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P535 HEINSELMAN ML, 1973, QUATERNARY RES, V3, P329 HEMSTROM MA, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P105 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUNTER ML, 1990, WILDLIFE FORESTS FOR HUNTER ML, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V65, P115 IMPARA PC, 1997, THESIS OREGON STATE JOHNSON KN, 1998, J FOREST, V96, P42 KLINE JD, 2000, FOREST SCI, V46, P302 KLINE JD, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P3 KUULUVAINEN T, 2002, SILVA FENNICA, V36, P98 LANDRES PB, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1179 LETTMANN GJ, 1997, TIMBER HARVESTING PR LINDENMAYER DB, 2002, CONSERVING FOREST BI LONG CJ, 1998, CAN J FOREST RES, V28, P774 LORENSEN T, 2003, FOREST PRACTICES PRO MCCARTER JB, 1998, J FOREST, V96, P17 MCCOMB WC, 1993, J FOREST, V91, P31 NEILSON RP, 2004, P IMP CLIM CHANG PAC NONAKA E, 2005, ECOL APPL, V15, P1727 OHMANN JL, 2002, US CAN J FOR RES, V32, P725 REEVES GH, 1995, AM FISH S S, V17, P334 RIPPLE WJ, 1994, J FOREST, V92, P45 RIPPLE WJ, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V93, P127 SAMPLE VA, 1994, J FOREST, V92, P41 SESSIONS J, 1990, TIMBER OREGONS TOMOR SPIES TA, 1988, ECOLOGY, V69, P1689 SPIES TA, 1991, WILDLIFE VEGETATION, P91 SPIES TA, 1998, NORTHWEST SCI, V72, P34 SPIES TA, 2002, FOREST STREAM MANAGE, P31 SPIES TA, 2002, INTEGRATING LANDSCAP, P179 SPIES TA, 2003, COMPATIBLE FOREST MA, P211 STANFIELD BJ, 2002, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V17, P685 STUARTSMITH K, 2002, THESIS OREGON STATE SWANSON FJ, 1993, EASTSIDE FOREST ECOS, V2, P89 SWANSON FJ, 2003, COMPATIBLE FOREST MA, P237 TEENSMA PDA, 1991, OR9 TN USDI BUR LAND THOMPSON JR, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P1475 WALLIN DO, 1996, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V85, P291 WEAR DN, 2004, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V47, P307 WIMBERLY MC, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P167 WIMBERLY MC, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P1443 WIMBERLY MC, 2001, USERS GUIDE LANDSCAP WIMBERLY MC, 2002, CAN J FOREST RES, V32, P1316 WIMBERLY MC, 2004, EMULATING NATURAL FO WIMBERLY MC, 2004, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V19, P631 NR 79 TC 0 J9 CAN J FOREST RES BP 401 EP 417 PY 2006 PD FEB VL 36 IS 2 GA 038DX UT ISI:000237199900013 ER PT J AU Folke, C Kautsky, N Berg, H Jansson, A Troell, M TI The ecological footprint concept for sustainable seafood production: A review SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The capacity of marine and coastal ecosystems to sustain seafood production and consumption is seldom accounted for. In this article, we review estimates of marine and coastal areas appropriated by aquaculture and fisheries for seafood production, and also by cities and whole regions for seafood consumption. The appropriated ecosystem area - the ecological footprint - ranges from negligible to as much as 50000 ha/ha activity, largely depending on the methods of farming and fishing. The area for waste assimilation ranges from 2 to 275 ha/ha seafood production. The human population of the Baltic Sea region (85 x 10(6) people) appropriate for their seafood consumption an area of marine ecosystems that corresponds to two additional Baltic Sea areas. Twenty percent of the global human population (1.1 x 10(9) people), living in large cities worldwide, appropriate 25% of the globally available area of productive coastal and marine ecosystems. The capacity of marine and coastal ecosystems to produce seafood is not included in the signals that guide economic development. Practices that make use of this capacity without degrading it have to be developed and protected from economic and social driving forces that create incentives for misuse of coastal and marine ecosystems. 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Denver Zool Fdn, Dept Conservat Biol, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Conservat Consultants Inc, Seattle, WA 98117 USA. RP Kleiman, DG, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. AB The evaluation of conservation programs is rare but increasingly important in improving their effectiveness. Regular evaluations of conservation programs and the implementation of recommendations resulting from such assessments are infrequent because of resistance by participants and lack of funding. Evaluations may be internal or external, depending on the purpose of the review and how broadly it is focused. We strongly recommend external peer review of long-term complex conservation programs every 5 years, supported by more frequent (annual) internal reviews. Criteria for success must encompass both biological and social measures and include learning and the application of new knowledge to management. Evaluations must also go beyond monitoring to assess the value of the program. We emphasize the need to include the organization and function of a conservation program (the process) in any evaluation in addition to substantive criteria for success, which usually involve biological measures (numbers). A dysfunctional program organization and process can as effectively cripple a conservation effort as can a major biological catastrophe. We provide examples of different types of conservation program evaluations, including moderated workshops and case-study analysis, and provide advice on the logistics and organization of the review, emphasizing the importance of the evaluation process itself to a successful outcome. One important aspect of an evaluation is having an individual with leadership ability and considerable expertise to organize the format and oversee the review process itself. Second, it is essential at the outset to ensure agreement among the program participants and the review committee on the goals and objectives of the conservation program, what is to be evaluated, and the criteria for defining success. Finally, the best evaluations are inclusive and involve all participants and stakeholders. 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Univ Maine, Dept Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Acheson, JM, Univ Maine, Dept Anthropol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. AB Many of the world's natural resources are in a state of crisis. The solution to this crisis is to develop effective management institutions, but there is no consensus on what those institutions are. Some economists favor solving resource-management problems through the institution of private property; others advocate central government control; and many anthropologists see local-level management as the solution. In this review, I argue that all these governance structures fail under certain conditions. However, the factors contributing to failure in each of these institutional forms differ radically, and the causes of that failure are not always predicted on the basis of existing theory. This chapter contains a review of the literature on the factors identified as causing the failure of private-property regimes, government-controlled resources, and local-level management. We will have to learn to match the resource problems with governance institutions and specific management techniques if we are to manage resources effectively. We also will have to understand the complex biosocial factors influencing sustainability. 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Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kainer, KA, Univ Florida, Ctr Latin Amer Studies, Trop Conservat & Dev Program, 319 Grinter Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Conventional graduate training related to tropical conservation and development has typically separated the two fields, with students focusing on either conservation from the perspective of the biophysical sciences or development as an extension of the social sciences. On entering the workforce, however, graduates find they are required to work beyond disciplinary boundaries to address the complex interconnectivity between biological conservation and human well-being. We devised a framework for graduate education that broadens students' skill sets to learn outside their immediate disciplines and think in terms of linked socioecological systems, work in teams, communicate in nonacademic formats, and reflect critically on their own perspectives and actions. The University of Florida's Tropical Conservation and Development program has adopted a learning and action platform that blends theory, skills, and praxis to create an intellectual, social, and professionally safe space where students, faculty, and other participants can creatively address the complex challenges of tropical conservation and development. This platform operates within a nondegree granting program and includes core courses that are taught by a team of biophysical and social scientists. It incorporates a range of alternative learning spaces such as student-led workshops, retreats, visiting professionals, practitioner experiences, and a weekly student-led seminar that collectively encourage students and faculty to enhance their skills and systematically and thoroughly reflect on program activities. Challenges to the described approach include increased service demands on faculty, a redefinition of research excellence to include effective and equitable collaboration with host-country partners, and the trade-offs and uncertainties inherent in more collaborative, interdisciplinary research. Despite these challenges, growing interdisciplinary programs, coupled with adaptive educational approaches that emphasize learning and action networks of students, faculty, and field partners, provide the best hope for responding to the emerging challenges of tropical conservation and development. 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RP Warren, C, Murdoch Univ, Dev Studies Postgrad Programme, Perth, WA 6150, Australia. AB The post-Suharto 'Reform Era' has witnessed explosive revitalization movements among Indonesia's indigenous minorities or 'customary'(adat) communities attempting to redress the disempowerment they suffered under the former regime. This study considers the current resurgence of customary claims to land and resources in Bali, where the state-sponsored investment boom of the 1990s had severe social and environmental impacts. It focuses on recent experiments with participatory community mapping, aimed at reframing the relationship between state and local institutions in planning and decision-making processes. Closely tied to the mapping and planning strategy have been efforts to strengthen local institutions and to confront the problems of land alienation and community control of resources. The diversity of responses to this new intervention reflects both the vitality and limitations of local adat communities, as well as the contributions and constraints of non-governmental organizations that increasingly mediate their relationships to state and global arenas. This ethnographic study explores participants' experiences of the community mapping programme and suggests its potential for developing 'critical localism' through long-term, process-oriented engagements between communities, governments, NGOs, and academic researchers. CR *WWF NAT BAP BAL, 2003, UNPUB MEN HAD UNT BA ACCIALOLI G, 2002, JAKARTA REGIONAL AUT, P217 AGRAWAL A, 2001, COMMUNITIES ENV ETHN ANDERSON B, 1991, IMAGINED COMMUNITIES ATMAJA IBY, 2002, EKOWISATA RAKYAT ATMAJA IBY, 2002, SEM EC SUST DEV CTR BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROSIUS JP, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P157 DIRLIK A, 1994, REVOLUTION WAKING GL DOVE M, 1988, REAL IMAGINED ROLE C FOX J, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P65 HILHORST D, 2003, REAL WORLD NGOS DISC HODGSON DL, 2002, DEV CHANGE, V33, P79 KORN VE, 1984, BALI STUDIES LIFE TH, P301 LI TM, 1999, CULTURAL ANTHR, V14, P1 LI TM, 2001, COMMUNITIES ENV ETHN, P157 LUCAS A, 2000, INDONESIA TRANSITION, P220 MARCUS G, 1998, ETHNOGRAPHY THICK TH, P179 MCCARTHY JF, 2000, DEV CHANGE, V31, P91 MOMBERG F, 1996, MENGGALI MENGEMBANKA NATCHER DC, 2002, HUM ORGAN, V61, P350 PARNWELL M, 2003, P INT C LOC LAND US, V3, P301 PELUSO NL, 1995, ANTIPODE, V27, P383 POOLE P, 1995, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES M ROBINSON G, 1995, DARK SIDE PARADISE P SCOTT JC, 1998, SEEING LIKE STATE CE SUASTA P, 1999, STAYING LOCAL GLOBAL, P91 TSING AL, 1993, REALM DIAMOND QUEEN UPHOFF N, 1998, ENVIRON CONSERV, V25, P251 WARREN C, 1993, ADAT DINAS BALINESE WARREN C, 1998, POLITICS ENV SE ASIA, P229 WARREN C, 2002, COLLECTIVE GOODS COL, P75 WEBER M, 1947, THEORY SOCIAL EC ORG WINICHAKUL T, 1994, SIAM MAPPED HIST GEO WOLF E, 1957, SW J ANTHR, V13, P1 ZERNER C, 2003, CULTURE QUESTION RIG NR 36 TC 1 J9 DEVELOP CHANGE BP 49 EP 73 PY 2005 PD JAN VL 36 IS 1 GA 911QZ UT ISI:000228020900003 ER PT J AU Wrona, FJ Prowse, TD Reist, JD Hobbie, JE Levesque, LMJ Vincent, WF TI Climate impacts on Arctic freshwater ecosystems and fisheries: Background, rationale and approach of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Natl Water Res Inst,Environm Canada, Water Sci & Technol Directorate, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Natl Water Res Inst Environm Canada, Water & Climate Impacts Res Ctr, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Environm Canada, Natl Hydrol Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Wrona, FJ, Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Natl Water Res Inst,Environm Canada, Water Sci & Technol Directorate, POB 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. AB Changes in climate and ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic will have far-reaching impacts, affecting aquatic species at various trophic levels, the physical and chemical environment that makes up their habitat, and the processes that act on and within freshwater ecosystems. Interactions of climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, with freshwater ecosystems are highly complex and can propagate through the ecosystem in ways that are difficult to project. This is partly due to a poor understanding of arctic freshwater systems and their basic interrelationships with climate and other environmental variables, and partly due to a paucity of long-term freshwater monitoring sites and integrated hydro-ecological research programs in the Arctic. The papers in this special issue are an abstraction of the analyses performed by 25 international experts and their associated networks on Arctic freshwater hydrology and related aquatic ecosystems that was initially published by the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) in 2005 as "Chapter 8 - Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries". The papers provide a broad overview of the general hydrological and ecological features of the various freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic, including descriptions of each ACIA region, followed by a review of historical changes in freshwater systems during the Holocene. This is followed by an assessment of the effects of climate change on broad-scale hydro-ecology; aquatic biota and ecosystem structure and function; and arctic fish and fisheries. Potential synergistic and cumulative effects are also discussed, as are the roles of ultraviolet radiation and contaminants. The nature and complexity of many of the effects are illustrated using case studies from around the circumpolar north, together with a discussion of important threshold responses (i.e., those that produce stepwise and/or nonlinear effects). The issue concludes with summary the key findings, a list of gaps in scientific understanding, and policy-related recommendations. CR *AMAP, 1997, ARCT POLL ISS STAT E *AMAP, 1998, ASS REP ARCT POLL IS *AMAP, 2002, ART POLL 2002 PERS O *CAFF, 2001, ARCT FLOR FAUN STAT WATSON RT, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, V1, P1 ANTLE JM, 2001, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V26, P344 BLAIS JM, 2001, AMBIO, V30, P410 CALLAGHAN TV, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P385 CALLAGHAN TV, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P244 CARPENTER SR, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P119 HESSEN DO, 2002, ECOL STUD, V153 HUNTINGTON HH, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P61 KATTSOV VM, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P99 LOENG H, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P453 LOENG H, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P454 MEYER JL, 1999, J AM WATER RESOUR AS, V35, P1373 PROWSE TD, 2001, THREATS SOURCES DRIN PROWSE TD, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P332 PROWSE TD, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P339 PROWSE TD, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P347 REIST JD, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P381 REIST JD, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P402 ROUSE WR, 1997, HYDROL PROCESS, V11, P873 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHINDLER DW, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P1004 VILHJALMSSON H, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P691 VINCENT WF, 2000, ARCTIC ENV PEOPLE PO, P197 WATSON RT, 1998, REGIONAL IMPACTS CLI, V1, P1 WATSON RT, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001 WRONA FJ, 2005, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPAC, P353 WRONA FJ, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P326 WRONA FJ, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P359 WRONA FJ, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P388 WRONA JF, 2006, AMBIO, V35, P411 NR 34 TC 8 J9 AMBIO BP 326 EP 329 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 35 IS 7 GA 119NU UT ISI:000243019800002 ER PT J AU Anderies, JM TI On modeling human behavior and institutions in simple ecological economic systems SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2615, Australia. RP Anderies, JM, CSIRO, GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2615, Australia. AB The use of stylized dynamical systems models and bifurcation analysis in modeling individual and collective behavior in two traditional societies, the Tsembaga of New Guinea and the Polynesians of Easter Island, is explored. The analysis is used to isolate key aspects of individual behavior that open up the possibility of resource overexploitation and key aspects of institutions capable of preventing overexploitation. An extension of the Brander and Taylor [Am. Econ. Rev. 88 (1998) 119-138] Easter Island model with a more realistic model for individual behavior is presented, This induces significant changes in the model dynamics which share many similarities with the Tsembaga model of Anderies [J. Theor. Biol. 192 (1998) 515-530]. Namely, in both models, the ability of agents to intensify the exploitation of the resource base to attempt to meet demands is a fundamentally destabilizing force. The model implications for present day policy issues are explored. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR ANDERIES JM, 1998, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB ANDERIES JM, 1999, DEMOGRAPHICS RENEWAB ANDERIES JM, 1998, J THEOR BIOL, V192, P515 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRANDER JA, 1998, AM ECON REV, V88, P119 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP DOEDEL EJ, 1981, CONGRESSUS NUMERANTI, V30, P265 EDELSTEINKESHET L, 1988, MATH MODELS BIOL FOIN TC, 1984, HUM ECOL, V12, P385 GEERTZ C, 1963, AGR INVOLUTION HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 KUZNETSOV IA, 1995, ELEMENTS APPL BIFURC MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MORAN EF, 1990, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH A OSTROM E, 1990, GOVT COMMONS OSTROM E, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 SHANTZIS SB, 1973, GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM TAINTER JA, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC VANCOLLER L, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1 VAYDA A, 1968, INTRO CULTURAL ANTHR VAYDA AP, 1969, ENV CULTURAL BEHAV E NR 24 TC 7 J9 ECOL ECON BP 393 EP 412 PY 2000 PD DEC VL 35 IS 3 GA 378AH UT ISI:000165558600007 ER PT J AU Kiker, CF Milon, JW Hodges, AW TI Adaptive learning for science-based policy: the Everglades restoration SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, Dept Food & Resource Econ, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kiker, CF, Univ Florida, Dept Food & Resource Econ, POB 110240, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB The Everglades ecosystem restoration is totally unprecedented. The spatial scale involves all of southern Florida and the temporal scale is decades. Although it is one of the most studied ecosystems in the world, much additional knowledge will have to be acquired for the restoration to ultimately reestablish a naturally functioning ecosystem. Additionally, political support will have to be maintained throughout the endeavor, and this will require a different form of understanding, a form useful to decision-makers and political representatives. Adaptive ecological learning embedded in an adaptive ecosystem assessment and management structure is offered as a possible supplement to the ongoing scientific learning. The goal of such an adaptive ecological learning approach is to facilitate more holistic understanding useful to decision-makers and political representatives. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *US GAO, 1999, 99121 GAORCED RES CO *US GEOL SURV, 2000, 2000 P GREAT EV EC R *USACE SFWMD, 2000, MAST PROGR MAN PLAN *USSCE SFWMD, 1999, CENTR SO FLOR PROJ C BEST GR, 2000, GREAT EV EC REST GEE BOHN D, 1980, WHOLENESS IMPLICATE CARPENTER GA, 1994, FUZZY SETS NEURAL NE, P126 DAVIS SM, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM GROSSBERG S, 1982, STUDIES MIND BRAIN N GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLAND JH, 1986, INDUCTION PROCESSES PARSON EA, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P214 PICKETT STA, 1994, ECOLOGIAL UNDERSTAND SHRADERFRECHETT.KS, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY STRAT WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGMENT R NR 15 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 403 EP 416 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 37 IS 3 GA 443HC UT ISI:000169334900006 ER PT J AU Torell, E TI Adaptation and learning in coastal management: The experience of five East African initiatives SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Resource Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Antioch New England Grad Sch, Dept Environm Studies, Keene, NH USA. RP Torell, E, Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Resource Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB This article explores principles of adaptive, learning-based resource management and their practical application in coastal management projects in East Africa. The principles of feedback and adjustment, experimentation, and carefully guided participatory processes that capture widespread knowledge are used to describe the experience of five projects in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. The findings are drawn from a variety of sources, including site visits and interviews. The main finding is that adaptive methods are a major feature of all projects, and the general approaches used in each case are similar. CR *GOV FINL, 1998, ASS INT COAST MAN AF ANDERSON JEC, 1995, AMBIO, V25, P475 BERMAN P, 1980, WHY POLICIES SUCCEED DRYZEK J, 1997, POLITICS EARTH ENV D GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HENNESSEY TM, 1994, COAST MANAGE, V22, P119 HOLLING CS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG HUMPHREY S, 1997, EXP PRACT WORKSH INT IMPERIAL MT, 1993, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V20, P147 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LINDEN O, 1996, 2 POL C INT COAST ZO MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN MOFFAT D, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P590 MOFFAT D, 1998, EXP LOC COMM INT COA NGOILE MAK, 1997, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V37, P295 OLSEN SB, 1999, MANUAL ASSESSING PRO WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V11 WEISS CH, 1998, EVALUATION METHODS S NR 18 TC 2 J9 COAST MANAGE BP 353 EP 363 PY 2000 PD OCT-DEC VL 28 IS 4 GA 355UA UT ISI:000089405900006 ER PT J AU MENTIS, MT TI WHITE PAPER ON AGRICULTURAL POLICY SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP MENTIS, MT, UNIV NATAL,DEPT GRASSLAND SCI,PIETERMARITZBURG 3200,SOUTH AFRICA. CR 1980, WORLD CONSERVATION S BELL RHV, 1984, S AFR I ECOL B, V3, P5 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MENTIS MT, MONITORING S AFRICAN MENTIS MT, P INT RANGE C, V2 MENTIS MT, 1983, S AFR I ECOL B, V2, P2 MENTIS MT, 1984, J GRASSL SOC S AFR, V1, P20 RABIE A, 1976, S AFRICAN ENV LEGISL TISDELL CA, 1983, ENVIRON CONSERV, V10, P43 NR 9 TC 1 J9 S AFR J SCI BP 538 EP 539 PY 1984 VL 80 IS 11 GA TW441 UT ISI:A1984TW44100051 ER PT J AU REBELE, F TI URBAN ECOLOGY AND SPECIAL FEATURES OF URBAN ECOSYSTEMS SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LETTERS LA English DT Review RP REBELE, F, TECH UNIV BERLIN,INST ECOL,SCHMIDT OTT STR 1,D-12165 BERLIN,GERMANY. AB The paper deals with urban ecology as a biological science and applies some of the topics of general importance in ecology to the special conditions found in towns and cities. I consider whether cities should be treated as one integrated ecosystem, or as an assemblage of various ecosystems. In contrast to the holistic, organismic concept of the ecosystem as a new hierarchical level of organization and as an evolving whole which guides the development of the species, I follow the methodological definition of Tansley (1935), who defined ecosystems as 'mental isolates' for 'the purpose of study'. According to Evans (1956) ecosystems can be defined at every level of the biological organization, at the level of the organisms, populations or communities. The introduction of species from other biogeographical regions is a worldwide phenomenon, but the proportion of successfully established introduced species is higher in cities than in rural or forest areas. This is due to numerous colonizing species which fit the anthropogenous habitats. Due to unequal rates of immigration and extinction of species, urban habitats show an imbalanced turnover of species. Another special feature of urban ecology is man-induced disturbance, which initiates the colonization of disturbed or newly created habitats. According to the type of substrate and the availability of diaspores there may be both primary, secondary or intermediate types of succession. Besides disturbance, the main component for structuring communities is biological interactions. In this paper I discuss some aspects of competition, predation and mutualism. The special feature of higher species' richness of cities compared with ecosystems in the countryside can be explained by the high habitat diversity of urban and industrial areas. Although some components which contribute to the complexity of communities, such as competition, are of minor importance in various urban habitats, there may be communities of high complexity. I also consider community characteristics such as stability and productivity. Since most urban communities are in a state of inequilibrium, theories of stability based on equilibrium are inadequate for urban ecosystems. The productivity of the 'ecosystem city' mainly depends on the area of unsealed open space and the successional stage of the plant communities of the various habitats. 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RP Chave, J, Lab Evolut & Divers Biol, CNRS, UMR 5174, 118 Route Narbone, F-31062 Toulouse, France. AB We review various aspects of the notion of scale applied to natural systems, in particular complex adaptive systems. We argue that scaling issues are not only crucial from the standpoint of basic science, but also in many applied issues, and discuss tools for detecting and dealing with multiple scales, both spatial and temporal. We also suggest that the techniques of statistical mechanics, which have been successful in describing many emergent patterns in physical systems, can also prove useful in the study of complex adaptive systems. 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AB The future of most landscapes is increasingly being determined by human activities. These activities modify existing landscape patterns and processes either deliberately or inadvertently. It is becoming increasingly apparent that an understanding of these landscape level patterns and processes is essential for rational land use planning and management both for production and biodiversity conservation. The science of landscape ecology aims to provide this understanding. I argue that landscape ecology has so far failed to integrate the various disciplines it brings together and lacks a coherent theoretical structure and principles of relevance in practical terms. While advances have been made in the study of landscape structure and change, landscape function is often still poorly understood. Flows of biota, water, nutrients and materials across landscapes are determined, in large part, by landscape patterns, but an appreciation of the functional links between patterns and processes has been slow to evolve. If landscape ecology is to provide useful input into land use and conservation issues, greater effort needs to be expended in understanding the functional aspects of landscapes. I suggest that the future of landscape ecology depends on whether landscape ecologists make the decision to take an active part in determining the future of our landscapes. This involves active efforts to produce a truly integrated science, the development of sound landscape design principles and increased interaction with policy, planning and management. Failure to meet this challenge will relegate landscape ecology to being a pleasant academic pastime with little relevance to today's pressing environmental and social problems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Cash, DW, Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Belfer Ctr Sci & Int Affairs, 79 John F Kennedy St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CR *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 1996, CLIM CHANG 1995 *NAT RES COUNC, 1996, COLL AGR LAND GRANT *NOAA OFF GLOB PRO, 1999, EXP APPL CLIM FOR NO *WORLD MET ORG, 1985, ATM OZ 1985 ASS UND AYENSU E, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P685 CASH DW, 1998, ASSESSING ADDRESSING CASH DW, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P109 COHEN SJ, 1997, ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS, V2, P281 EASTERLING WE, 1997, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V7, P337 FOLKE C, 1998, PROBLEMS FIT ECOSYST GIBBONS M, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C81 GIBSON C, 1997, SCALING ISSUES SOCIA GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARVEY LDD, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V44, P225 JASANOFF S, 1998, HUMAN CHOICES CLIMAT JASANOFF SS, 1987, SOC STUD SCI, V17, P195 LINS HF, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P63 OSTROM E, 1998, PROTECTION BIODIVERS, P149 RASMUSSEN WD, 1989, TAKING U PEOPLE 75 Y TUINSTRA W, 1999, ENVIRONMENT, V41, P33 WILBANKS TJ, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V43, P601 NR 21 TC 4 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 241 EP 244 PY 2000 PD DEC VL 10 IS 4 GA 382JT UT ISI:000165819700001 ER PT J AU Young, OR Berkhout, F Gallopin, GC Janssen, MA Ostrom, E Leeuw, SVD TI The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientific research SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Sch Comp & Informat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Indiana Univ, Workship Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bern Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, IVM, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. UN, ECLAC, Santiago, Chile. RP Janssen, MA, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB We argue that globalization is a central feature of coupled human-environment systems or, as we call them, socio-ecological systems (SESs). In this article, we focus on the effects of globalization on the resilience, vulnerability, and adaptability of these systems. We begin with a brief discussion of key terms, arguing that socio-economic resilience regularly substitutes for biophysical resilience in SESs with consequences that are often unforeseen. A discussion of several mega-trends (e.g. the rise of mega-cities, the demand for hydrocarbons, the revolution in information technologies) underpins our argument. We then proceed to identify key analytical dimensions of globalization, including rising connectedness, increased speed, spatial stretching, and declining diversity. We show how each of these phenomena can cut both ways in terms of impacts on the resilience and vulnerability of SESs. A particularly important insight flowing from this analysis centers on the reversal of the usual conditions in which large-scale things are slow and durable while small-scale things are fast and ephemeral. The fact that SESs are reflexive can lead either to initiatives aimed at avoiding or mitigating the dangers of globalization or to positive feedback processes that intensify the impacts of globalization. In the concluding section, we argue for sustained empirical research regarding these concerns and make suggestions about ways to enhance the incentives for individual researchers to work on these matters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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P749 SMITH VL, 2000, ESSAYS EXPT EC TRUMAN DB, 1951, GOV PROCESS TSEBELIS G, 2002, VETO PLAYERS POLIT I TUCKER C, 2005, SEEING FOREST TREES, P81 VARUGHESE G, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P747 VICTOR DG, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1820 NR 134 TC 0 J9 PS-POLIT SCI POLIT BP 3 EP 12 PY 2006 PD JAN VL 39 IS 1 GA 009VC UT ISI:000235140500003 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL Sims, PL TI Stocking rate and weather impacts on sand sagebrush and grasses: A 20-year record SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Gillen, RL, USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. AB Understanding how stocking rate or grazing intensity affects the abundance of common plant species is fundamental to the sustainable management of rangelands. We had the unique opportunity to determine the impact of stocking rate on shrub canopy cover and grass basal cover in a sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia Tort.) grassland of the Southern Plains, United States. Treatments were imposed over a 20-year time span that included an entire precipitation cycle from wet to dry and back to wet conditions. From 1941 until 1951, continuous stocking treatments of 41, 53, and 82 animal-unit-days ha(-1) (AUD (.) ha(-1)) were imposed with straight-bred Hereford steers (initial weight of 213 kg +/- 11 SE) for about 320 days from mid-November to late September of the next year. From 1952 through 1961, the experimental pastures were grazed yearlong by cow-calf pairs at 45, 60, and 87 AUD (.) ha(-1). Canopy cover of shrubs and basal cover of grasses were measured by the line-intercept method in 1940, 1942, 1949, 1955, 1958, and 1961. Canopy cover of sand sagebrush was not affected by stocking rate. Individual grass species exhibited positive and negative responses to stocking rate in some years, but no grass species responded to stocking rate in a single direction over the entire length of this long-term study. Stocking rate effects were most obvious under favorable conditions of high precipitation, but these effects were absent during drought. Climatic variability and slope gradient exerted the primary controlling influences on sand sagebrush-grasslands in the Southern Great Plains when stocking rates were within the bounds tested in this study. 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SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] used a simple phytoplanktonzooplankton-nutrient model and a genetic algorithm to determine the parameter values that would maximize the value of certain goal functions. These goal functions were to maximize biomass, maximize flux, maximize flux to biomass ratio, and maximize resilience. It was found that maximizing goal functions maximized resilience. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] result was indicative of a general ecosystem principle, or peculiar to the model and parameter ranges used. This study successfully replicated the Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] experiment for a number of different model types, however, a different interpretation of the results is made. A new metric, concordance, was devised to describe the agreement between goal functions. It was found that resilience has the highest concordance of all goal functions trialled. for most model types. This implies that resilience offers a compromise between the established ecological goal functions. The parameter value range used is found to affect the parameter versus goal function relationships. Local maxima and minima affected the relationship between parameters and goal functions, and between goal functions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Barange, M, Plymouth Marine Lab, GLOBEC Int Project Off, Prospect Pl, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. AB At the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, nations were asked to adopt new approaches for the protection and sustainable development of marine environments and resources. A decade later, overexploitation continues unabated. Scientists advocate the adoption of ecosystem-based management systems to curtail overexploitation, but we first need to improve our understanding of the functioning of marine ecosystems. If research in the past decade was successful in identifying ocean structures and patterns, particularly at the species level, in the coming years we should concentrate on understanding the functioning of entire ecosystems, moving from an age of exploitation to a new era of sustainability. 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Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Pelkey, NW, Univ South, Landscape Anal Lab, Sewanee, TN 37383 USA. AB Studies assessing temporal changes in vegetation using satellite imagery are complicated by: (1) high interseasonal and interannual variation in phenology that make vegetation comparisons difficult; (2) anthropogenic pressures on the habitats that vary by geographic region and habitat type; and (3) spatial resolution and processing characteristics of available satellite data that differ substantially. This paper addresses these concerns while examining the effects of various forms of protection on different habitat types in Tanzania. First, a long-term (1982-94) vegetation trend was calculated from monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites to reduce the effect of seasonal fluctuations. Second, we controlled for confounding variables such as habitat type, elevation, aspect and location as well as anthropogenic factors such as fires, roads and refugee camps. Finally, vegetation changes in protected areas and habitat types were examined in order to compare results produced by the different spatial and temporal data (8 km, 7.6 km and 1.1 km). While some results were consistent across spatial and temporal scales, many were not. We therefore recommend that, if possible, analyses of changes in vegetative health be conducted at more than one temporal and spatial scale before management recommendations are put forward. 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Special emphasis is focused on two dimensions in the ecosystem health concept: a geocentric approach (i.e., considering any impacts or interactions in terms of their effects on natural geosystems or ecosystems) which deals with assessment of natural ecosystems and their disturbance; and an anthropocentric approach, which concerns effects on human beings and human environment. Analysis of the relevant terminology leads to the development of a conceptual framework for ecosystem health. A suggested method of environmental risk assessment is based on ranking and merging into one criterion a series of individual estimates: bioresources abundance, biodiversity, ecosystem stability and resilience, and feedback effects of a disturbed environment on human beings and their activities. 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RP WAY, MJ, UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT BIOL,SILWOOD PK,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND. AB Biodiversity relevant to pest management of tropical irrigated rice pests is discussed in terms of variation within rice plants, rice fields, groups of rice fields and rice associated ecosystems. It is concluded that, in the unique cropping conditions and stable water supply of tropical irrigated rice, the manipulation of a relatively few manageable components of diversity can confer stability such that pests are mostly kept at levels which do not justify the use of insecticides. Durable rice plant resistance, including moderate resistance, together with ability to compensate for damage by certain key pests, are regarded as fundamental to successful biological control by the natural enemy complex. Reliable natural enemy action is also considered to depend on all-year-round continuity of prey or hosts made possible by the relatively short fallow periods between staggered two to three rice crops per year and by proximity of certain non-rice habitats, notably the vegetation-covered bunds (levees) surrounding each field. In contrast, synchronous cropping could upset stability by destroying the continuity needed for natural enemy success. Such conclusions are supported by the experience of farmers who use little or no insecticide. Much evidence on destruction of natural enemies by certain insecticides supports the contention that insecticide use, especially early in the crop season, upsets natural enemy control of insects such as Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and also creates heavy selection pressure for strains of pests that can overcome previously resistant rice cultivars. Such circumstances create outbreaks of secondary pests and impair biological control of some key primary pests such as stem borers. It is concluded that pest management of much tropical irrigated rice must be based on natural controls rarely supplemented by insecticides. The success of this approach depends in particular on further research on dynamics of natural enemy and pest communities in rice ecosystems, especially where climatic conditions and water supply are marginally stable. Much more needs to be known about the nature and utilization of rice plant compensation for damage, particularly by defoliators and stem borers. The justification for, and supplementary use of, insecticides needs to be radically reassessed. There is no evidence that a natural control-based approach, as recommended in this review, is incompatible with farmer practicability or with future developments in rice production technology, except perhaps the possible mechanization-driven increase in field size which would decrease bund area. In contrast, the insecticide-based approach is not only harmful to natural controls but is costly and mostly demands impracticable decision making by farmers on need-based use. 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P431 YASUMATSU K, 1968, ANN REV ENTOMOLOGY, V13, P295 NR 172 TC 31 J9 BULL ENTOMOL RES BP 567 EP 587 PY 1994 PD DEC VL 84 IS 4 GA QU933 UT ISI:A1994QU93300018 ER PT J AU LOEHLE, C TI OPTIMAL STOCKING FOR SEMI-DESERT RANGE - A CATASTROPHE-THEORY MODEL SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article RP LOEHLE, C, SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,AIKEN,SC 29801. CR ALLDEN WG, 1962, P AUSTR SOC ANIMAL P, V4, P163 BEYER WH, 1973, STANDARD MATH TABLES DUBOIS DM, 1979, ENV SCI APPLICATIONS, V7, P751 JONES DD, 1977, SIMULATION, V29, P1 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MAY RM, 1974, STABILITY COMPLEXITY NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 NOYMEIR I, 1976, AGR SYST, V1, P87 POSTON T, 1978, CATASTROPHE THEORY I ROSENZWEIG ML, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P385 ZANGWILL WI, 1981, PATHWAYS SOLUTIONS F ZEEMAN EC, 1977, CATASTROPHE THEORY S NR 13 TC 8 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 285 EP 297 PY 1985 VL 27 IS 3-4 GA AHY54 UT ISI:A1985AHY5400008 ER PT J AU Kummerer, K TI The ecological impact of time SO TIME & SOCIETY LA English DT Article RP Kummerer, K, UNIV KLINIKUM FREIBURG,INST UMWELTMED & KRANKENHAUSHYG,HUGSTETTERST 55,D-79106 FREIBURG,GERMANY. AB The increasingly technical nature of the industrial way of life has brought about dramatic changes in the temporality of socio-environmental problems. Local, shortterm, acute disturbances in the environment have turned into global, long-term, chronic perturbations, and yet both the scientific and socio-political solutions offered for environmental problems are usually of a distinctly short-term nature. Despite the centrality of the time factor, time in all of its multiple expressions - as tempo, temporality, timing and rhythm, and so forth - has not yet received the attention it deserves. This paper suggests that the failure to engage with time has hastened the environmental crisis to its present proportions. Inclusion of the time factor in ecological (as well as in social and economic) discussions thus has worldwide consequences not only for humanity's understanding of and relationship with nature, but also for proposed solutions to the environmental crisis. CR *ENQ KOMM DTSCH BU, 1990, SCHUTZ ERDATMOSPHARE *ENQ KOMM DTSCH BU, 1994, IND GEST PERSP EIN N ADAM B, 1992, TIME SOC, V1, P175 ADAM B, 1995, TIMEWATCH SOCIAL ANA ALTNER G, 1990, RISIKO WAGNIS HERAUS, P119 BERGSON H, 1912, SCHOPFERISCHE ENTWIC BLASER JP, 1990, Z DAUER AUGENLICK, P5 BONSS W, 1993, WISSENSCHAFT KONTEXT CONSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G DURR HP, 1988, NETZ PHYSIKERS NATUR GRASSL H, 1993, OKOLOGIE ZEIT FINDEN, P75 GUGGENBERGER R, 1994, UNIVERSITAS, V49, P343 HAKEN H, 1984, ERFOLGNISSE NATUR SY HELD M, 1993, UNPUB OKOLOGIE Z TUT HELD M, 1995, RHYTHMEN EIGENZEITEN HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, STUDIES CRISIS MANAG, P97 HONIGSBERGER H, 1990, IST TECHNISCH WISSEN, P159 KARR JR, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1521 KUMMERER K, 1993, OKOLOGIE Z FINDEN RE, P85 KUMMERER K, 1994, UWSF Z UMWELTCHEM OK, V6, P1 KUMMERT R, 1988, GEWASSE OHOSYSTEME MAGNUSON JJ, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P495 MOLINA MJ, 1974, NATURE, V249, P810 MOORE WJ, 1972, PHYSICAL CHEM MULLER AMK, 1972, PRAPARIERTE Z MENSCH MULLER AMK, 1987, UNBEKANNTE LAND KONF ODUM EP, 1973, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY PRIGOGINE I, 1993, UNPUB PARADOX Z ZEIT SHEEHAN PJ, 1984, EFFECTS POLLUTANTS E, P23 STEINBERG CEW, IN PRESS ARCH ENV PR STIGLIANI WM, 1988, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V10, P245 TRAVIS CC, 1990, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V24, P1464 UEBERHORST R, 1994, UNIVERSITAS, V49, P319 VONWEISACKER C, 1990, IST TECHNISCH WISSEN, P197 WIGGINS BA, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P2803 NR 36 TC 9 J9 TIME SOC BP 209 EP 235 PY 1996 PD JUN VL 5 IS 2 GA UT257 UT ISI:A1996UT25700005 ER PT J AU Beratan, KK Kabala, SJ Loveless, SM Martin, PJS Spyke, NP TI Sustainability indicators as a communicative tool: Building bridges in Pennsylvania SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duquesne Univ, Environm Sci & Management Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. Temple Univ, Ctr Sustainable Communities, Ambler, PA 19002 USA. Juniata Coll, Environm Sci & Studies Dept, Huntingdon, PA 16652 USA. Duquesne Univ, Sch Law, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RP Beratan, KK, Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. AB Sustainability is a laudable goal, but difficult to define and to implement because of the complexity of interlinked human and natural systems, and the uncertainty inherent in such complex systems. Resilience shows promise as a relevant and measurable attribute of sustainability, which itself defies measurement. Identification and assessment of conditions that are desirable, as well as those that are undesirable, are necessary in order to determine both the degree of progress toward sustainability and the removal of impediments to Such progress. Communications incident to the identification and selection of indicators of resilience and sustainability are of potentially greater value than the indicators themselves and so should be given explicit consideration in the design of the indicators development process. Moving towards sustainability requires an iterative, continuing (open-ended), collaborative process. Academic institutions can assist in this process through activities that connect across political, social and discipline boundaries. Boundary organizations are those that have achieved a level of trust among the relevant constituents to management of sustainability and can help convert academic findings that are objectively neutral into options and alternatives that may be politically and economically feasible. The Sustainable Pennsylvania Program is developing demonstration projects with both state and local governmental agencies with the objective of building both capacity and will for moving towards sustainability. CR ABEL N, 2003, SUSTAINABLE USE RANG ANDREWS CJ, 2002, HUMBLE ANAL PRACTICE BELL S, 2000, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC BERATAN KK, IN PRESS HDB GLOBALI BERKES R, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC BOOTHROYD P, 2000, FATAL CONSUMPTION RE, P130 CASH DW, 2000, 200010 HARV U KENN S CLARK WC, 1999, DESIGNING EFFECTIVE FAILING L, 2003, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V68, P121 FOLKE C, 2003, 2 INT HUM DIM PROGR GALLOPIN CG, 1997, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC, P13 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUSTON DH, 1999, SOC STUD SCI, V29, P87 MOLDAN B, 1997, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC PAEHLKE R, 2003, ENV POLICY NEW DIREC, P57 SELMAN P, 1996, LOCAL SUSTAINABILITY WALKER BH, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 NR 17 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS BP 179 EP 191 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 94 IS 1-3 GA 775UE UT ISI:000189078400013 ER PT J AU Sidle, RC Taylor, D Lu, XX Adger, WN Lowe, DJ de Lange, WP Newnham, RM Dodson, JR TI Interactions of natural hazards and society in Austral-Asia: evidence in past and recent records SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Review C1 Kyoto Univ, Geohazards Div, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll, Dept Geog, Dublin, Ireland. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Geog, Singapore, Singapore. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Waikato, Dept Earth Sci, Hamilton, New Zealand. Univ Plymouth, Dept Geog Sci, Plymouth, Devon, England. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geog, Perth, WA, Australia. RP Sidle, RC, Kyoto Univ, Geohazards Div, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. AB Interactions of some of the principal historical natural hazards with human populations in the Austral-Asian region are discussed both from the perspective of the impact of the hazard on humans as well as the effects of human activities and climate change on hazard magnitude and frequency. Basically, the former type of interaction is evident for most hazards, while the latter interaction is primarily confined to terrestrial and coastal flooding, erosion, landslides, sea level rise. drought, and fire. Social Vulnerability to natural hazards is related to the resources available to cope with the hazard, level of economic development, the ability to predict the occurrence of a hazard and to adjust and adapt to conditions posed by the hazard, and planning measures embraced by societies. Historical chronologies are presented for a range of hazards. Problems in reconstructing historical records of natural hazards include: interpretations of oral records; lack of supporting artifacts; obliteration of evidence of chronic hazards by higher magnitude events; and the inability to distinguish between the effects of different hazards in sediment records. Nevertheless, useful examples illustrate the effects and awareness of volcanic activity and associated hazards, Such as tsunami, by early Maori and subsequent development of avoidance strategies; the effects of widespread land use changes and increases in population on the occurrence of floods, landslides and gullies in China and New Zealand; and the effects of forest conversion and drought on fire hazards in Indonesia. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 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ZIERHOLZ C, 1995, AUSTR J SOIL WATER C, V8, P28 ZONG YQ, 2000, NAT HAZARDS, V22, P165 NR 192 TC 0 J9 QUATERN INT BP 181 EP 203 PY 2004 VL 118-19 GA 826VL UT ISI:000221857500012 ER PT J AU Cousins, SAO Lavorel, S Davies, I TI Modelling the effects of landscape pattern and grazing regimes on the persistence of plant species with high conservation value in grasslands in south-eastern Sweden SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Bot, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34033 Montpellier, France. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ecosyst Dynam Grp, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Cousins, SAO, Stockholm Univ, Dept Bot, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Semi-natural grasslands in Sweden are threatened by land-use change and lack of management with attendant risk to their biodiversity. We present a model to explore the effects of grazing frequency and intensity on plant species persistence, and the relative effects of grassland size and pattern. We used a landscape modelling platform, LAMOS (LAndscape MOdelling Shell), to design a landscape model of vegetation dynamics incorporating the effects of local succession, dispersal and grazing disturbance. Five plant functional groups (PFG), representing various combinations of persistence and dispersal character, light requirements and disturbance responses, were defined to model species dynamics. Based on old cadastral maps three different landscapes were designed representing specific time-layers, i.e., a historical (17th to 18th century), a pre-modern (1940s) and a present-day landscape. Simulations showed that a threshold was crossed when grasslands decreased in area to about 10 - 30% of the modelled area, and as a consequence the biomass of grassland-specific PFGs was strongly reduced. These competition sensitive groups did not persist in the model even with intense grazing in the present-day landscape, where grasslands occupy 11% of the total area. However, all grassland species would have been able to persist in the historical landscape, where grasslands occupied 59% of the total area, even without grazing. Our results suggest that continuous but low-intensity grazing is more positive for grassland PFGs than discontinuous but highly intensive grazing. This effect was particularly strong when the frequency and/or intensity of grazing dropped below a threshold of 20%. Simulations using three landscape maps designed to explore effects of further fragmentation and habitat loss showed that the spatial pattern of remaining grasslands is important for the persistence of grassland-specific PFG. The model presented here is an advance towards more realistic grazing models to explore the effects of prescribed grazing and landscape fragmentation on the persistence species or plant functional groups. 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RP LEVIN, SA, CORNELL UNIV,ECOL & SYST SECT,ITHACA,NY 14850. 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RP Farmer, MC, Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB There is growing endorsement of local stake-holder conventions to resolve unusual environmental disputes. The conventions are separate decision-making bodies designed to by-pass conventional institutions. The hazards of a stake-holder convention which is overly-detached from conventional decision-making leads to a discourse that never successfully confronts the value controversies which the stake-holder convention is charged to resolve. A case study uncovers obvious and robust strategic manipulations of stake-holder conventions that intrude on value dialogue. An appeal to the safe minimum standard rules of Ciriacy-Wantrup, updated to engage this question, successfully corrects some of the more egregious stumbling blocks to good faith dialogue in local discourse. The proposed constraints on the stake-holder convention can be quite directive, authoritative and bureaucratic, yet the constraints are necessary to preserve good faith conduct within the dialogue. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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1972, TAXON, V21, P213 WHITTAKER RH, 1975, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, P55 WORBETS BW, 1979, SHORELINE OIL SPILL WRIGHT DF, 1977, BIOL CONSERV, V11, P293 NR 181 TC 55 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 715 EP 734 PY 1986 PD NOV VL 10 IS 6 GA F0885 UT ISI:A1986F088500002 ER PT J AU Alley, RB Marotzke, J Nordhaus, WD Overpeck, JT Peteet, DM Pielke, RA Pierrehumbert, RT Rhines, PB Stocker, TF Talley, LD Wallace, JM TI Abrupt climate change SO SCIENCE AB Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when the Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt climate changes can occur for many reasons, it is conceivable that human forcing of climate change is increasing the probability of large, abrupt events. Were such an event to recur, the economic and ecological impacts could be large and potentially serious. Unpredictability exhibited near climate thresholds in simple models shows that some uncertainty will always be associated with projections. In light of these uncertainties, policy-makers should consider expanding research into abrupt climate change, improving monitoring systems, and taking actions designed to enhance the adaptability and resilience of ecosystems and economies. 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ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,RES SECT,FISHERIES BRANCH,THUNDER BAY P7B 5E7,ONTARIO,CANADA. ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,LAKE ONTARIO RES STN,PICTON K0K 2T0,ONTARIO,CANADA. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP EVANS, DO, ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,RES SECT,BOX 50,MAPLE L0J 1E0,ONTARIO,CANADA. 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230 TC 29 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 448 EP 470 PY 1987 VL 44 GA M6760 UT ISI:A1987M676000046 ER PT J AU Marques, JC Nielsen, SN Pardal, MA Jorgensen, SE TI Impact of eutrophication and river management within a framework of ecosystem theories SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Coimbra, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, Inst Marine Res,IMAR, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. Inst A, Environm Chem Sect, Royal Danish Sch Pharm, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Marques, JC, Univ Coimbra, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, Inst Marine Res,IMAR, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. AB Eutrophication became a dominant process in the Mondego estuarine system in the 1980s, presumably as a result of excessive nutrient release into coastal waters. The main symptoms were the occurrence of seasonal blooms of Enteromorpha spp., green macroalgae, and a drastic reduction of the Zostera noltii meadows. Previous results suggest that this process will determine changes in species composition at other trophic levels. This paper aims at integrating the available information to provide a theoretical interpretation of the recent physicochemical and biological changes in the Mondego estuarine ecosystem, which will be further used as basic framework for the development of a structurally dynamic model. Exergy-based indices, the Exergy Index and Specific Exergy, were applied as ecological indicators (orientors) to describe the state of the ecosystem, taking into account different scenarios along a spatial gradient of eutrophication symptoms. This allowed elucidating the present conditions along the spatial gradient as representing various stages in the temporal evolution of the system, within the framework of bifurcation, Chaos, and Catastrophe theories. Eutrophication appeared as the major driving force behind the gradual shift in primary producers from a community dominated by rooted macrophytes (Z. noltii) to a community dominated by green macroalgae. Through time, concomitant changes at other trophic levels will most probably give origin to a new trophic structure. Moreover, river management emerged as a key question in establishing scenarios in order to determine secondary effects in eutrophied systems. Results suggest that a more conservative river management may be used as a powerful tool to remedy affected areas, including the implementation of ecological engineering principles in different possible management practices. The recent biological changes in the Mondego estuarine ecosystem were found to comply with the framework of the theories considered, while both Exergy-based indices were able to capture the state of the system and distinguish between different scenarios. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Evidence from El Salvador; Goa, India; and the Solomon Islands demonstrates how the social structures and institutions stemming from patterns of human migration variably influence environmental out-comes through their effects on common property resource institutions. In each of the case studies, the demographic phenomenon is not population growth or a change in numbers, but an underlying process that affects population size and growth rates: i.e. migration and associated social relations that result from or cause more migration. The following 3 case studies provide the respective historical and cultural context to show that there is a nonlinear link between population and environment, which when explored reveals the importance of understanding how individuals and communities are embedded in sets of social relations that must be considered when evaluating environmental policies or when determining the causes of environmental degradation. 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CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Allen, CR, Univ Nebraska, US Geol Survey, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. AB Nomadism has received surprisingly little attention in the ecological literature, and further work in this area is needed. The results of Womarski's reanalysis of our research findings are broadly similar to our own, and they support our original interpretation. However, his presentation is confusing and difficult to interpret. We used an information-theoretic approach to multimodel selection. We a priori defined plausible candidate models relating the variables described in our original paper or Woinarski's reanalysis to the phenomenon of nomadism. We tested models that investigate nomadism as a function of nectivory, granivory, diet diversity, mixed diet, distance to body mass aggregation edge, mass, interactions between distance to edge and nectivory, distance to edge and mass, mass and nectivory, or mass and the interaction of edge and nectivory. There is consistency in our results across all sets of models, suggesting that mass, distance to body mass aggregation (scale breaks), and diet (nectivory) are all important factors in determining nomadism. in no case was nectivory or any other diet variable supported in a single-variable model. Given the same data and similar results, we and Woinarski reach fundamentally different conclusions. Woinarski views nomadism as an easily understandable result given knowledge of the proper single mechanistic variable, and he discounts interactions with structural features of the landscape and scaling. We conclude that nomadism is a fundamentally complex phenomenon without a single source of causation, and that it is the interaction of species, species attributes, and landscapes that is responsible for nomadic behavior. CR ALLEN CR, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P114 ALLEN CR, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P348 ANDERSON DR, 2000, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V64, P912 BLAKERS M, 1984, ATLAS AUSTR BIRDS BURNHAM KP, 2002, MODEL SELECTION MULT GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P319 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 MILNE BT, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P449 SAUNDERS DA, 1995, BIRDS SW AUSTR ATLAS SCHODDE R, 1981, MEDITERRANEAN TYPE S, P387 NR 11 TC 0 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 694 EP 699 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 9 IS 5 GA 088TA UT ISI:000240832800002 ER PT J AU BERNSTEIN, BB TI ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS - COMPLEX-SYSTEMS IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review RP BERNSTEIN, BB, WELSFORD RES GRP,1869 UPPER WATER ST,HALIFAX B3J 159,NS,CANADA. 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RP Smith, CL, Oregon State Univ, Dept Anthropol, 238 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB Oregon watershed council leaders, members, and government supporters are working to improve watershed health. To identify the institutional assets that are most helpful in taking action, we assemble the lessons learned from several synthesis studies. The institutional assets fall into seven categories - leadership, vision, trust, social networks, capital, power, and local and technical knowledge. Scientific knowledge, leadership, vision, and social networks are the assets most widely recognized and available. Power, trust, and capital are challenges that must be met for actions to be successful, Most people affected by watershed council actions can appeal to more powerful interests to get these actions changed, Trust, particularly of scientific recommendations and government, is lacking. This distrust limits opportunities for watershed council actions. CR *FEMAT, 1993, FOR EC MAN EC EC SOC *NRC, 1996, UPSTR SALM SOC PAC N *OPSW, 1998, COAST SALM REST IN F, CH6 *OWEB, 2000, OR WAT ASS MAN *OWOW US EPA, 2001, TOP 10 WAT LESS LEAR *SEARCH I, 2001, INTRO ASS BUILD *SOS, 2001, WAT GROUPS CA OR WA *TBNEP, 1999, TILL BAY COMPR CONS *WASH FOR PRACT BO, 1993, BOARD MAN STAND METH ANDERSON L, 2000, PROVIDING LONG TERM BENSON PL, 1998, KIDS NEED SUCCEED BRICK P, 2001, ACROSS GREAT DIVIDE BRUNSON MW, 1994, RANGELANDS, V16, P77 CAMPBELL A, 1994, LANDCARE COMMUNITIES CHAMALA S, 1995, PARTICIPATIVE APPROA CHENG AS, 2000, THESIS OREGON STATE CUMMING GA, 2001, UNPUB ASSESSING DECI CURTIS A, 1999, LANDCARE AUSTR, P63 DANIELS SE, 2001, WORKING ENV CONFLICT DUNCAN A, 1998, HIST SCI LAW WATERSH GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HABRON G, 1999, THESIS OREGON STATE JOHNSON BR, 1999, POLICY STUD J, V27, P502 JOHNSON NK, 1999, BIOREGIONAL ASSESSME JOHNSON NK, 1999, BIOREGIONAL ASSESSME, P341 KENNEY DA, 2000, NEW WATERSHED SOURCE KITZHABER J, 1999, EO9901 KITZHABER J, 2000, PRESS RELEASE INCREA LEACH WD, 2001, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V127, P378 MARRIOT S, 1999, LANDCARE AUSTR FOUND MCGINNIS MV, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P1 MCGINNIS MVJ, 2000, CHANGING CALIFORNIA MCGURRIN J, 1997, WATERSHED RESTORATIO, P459 MICHAELS S, 1999, POLICY STUD J, V27, P656 PRESS D, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P289 PRIMOZICH D, 2001, THESIS OREGON STATE RHOADS BL, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P297 RICKENBACH MG, 1999, THESIS OREGON STATE ROEHLKEPARTAIN JL, 2000, YOUNG CHILDREN NEED SEYMOUR FJ, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS, P494 SKELTON K, 2000, OPTIMAL ALLOCATION W SMITH CL, 2000, FISHERIES, V25, P6 SMITH CL, 2002, ORESUS02001 SOMMARSTROM S, 2000, EVALUATION SELECTED WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS WILLIAMS JE, 1997, WATERSHED RESTORATIO WONDOLLECK JM, 2000, MAKING COLLABORATION WRIGHT AS, 2000, THESIS OREGON STATE NR 48 TC 0 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR ASSOC BP 653 EP 662 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 38 IS 3 GA 572HW UT ISI:000176769300005 ER PT J AU Conner, WH Mixon, WD Wood, GW TI Maritime forest habitat dynamics on Bulls Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, following Hurricane Hugo SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Baruch Inst Coastal Ecol & Forest Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Georgia Dept Nat Resouces, Social Circle, GA 30025 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Conner, WH, Baruch Inst Coastal Ecol & Forest Sci, Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. AB Bulls Island is a 2180 ha barrier island located within the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near Awendaw, SC. Maritime forest covers 777 ha, much of which was considered as old-growth prior to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Vegetation surveys done in 1991 revealed that Pinus taeda was almost eliminated by the hurricane (reduced to 1.7 stems/ha and < 0.1 m(2)/ha basal area), while live oak density and basal area declined only 33.3 and 28.6%, respectively, after the hurricane. Sabal palmetto was the most resistant species in the maritime forest, declining by only 26.3 and 21.8% in density and basal area, respectively. By 1998, P. taeda trees (>= 1.4 m tall) were 10 times greater in density and 77.3% of pre-storm basal area, indicative of its resilience in these coastal forests. S. palmetto density and basal area in 1998 were almost double pre-storm stocking values. Quercus virginiana density and basal area were similar to 1991 levels, but 38% of the tree crowns suffered from moderate to complete dieback by 1998. Q. virginiana decline appeared to be due to increases in exposure to ocean-strength salt spray and raised levels of the ground water table. Sapium sebiferun? accounted for 9.8,4.1 and 22.6% of the tree density-frequency-dominance index in the pre-storm, 1991 and 1998 forest, respectively. Increased sunlight to the forest floor and the raised water table that increased moist mesic, sites conducive to reproduction and growth of this species were probably responsible for its rapid spread. The nature of the maritime forest on Bulls Island appears to be on the verge of rapid change during the next several decades due to water drainage problems that appear to be adversely affecting live oak health in the interior of the island and S. sebiferum expansion. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *US DEP COMM, 1997, BULL, V2 BAKER S, 1978, SEA GRANT PUBLICATIO BELLIS VJ, 1995, 30 US DEP INT NAT BI BRUCE KA, 1997, NAT AREA J, V17, P255 CONNER WH, 1989, WETLANDS ECOLOGY MAN, V1, P45 CONNER WH, 1993, P 7 BIENN SO SILV RE, P185 CONNER WH, 1998, COASTALLY RESTRICTED, P271 CONWAY WC, 1997, B ECOL SOC AM, V78, P72 DOYLE TW, 1995, J COASTAL RES, P354 DUKES EK, 1984, SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT GARDNER LR, 1991, J COASTAL RES, V8, P301 GODFREY PJ, 1976, SCI MONOGRAPH SERIES, V9 GRESHAM CA, 1991, BIOTROPICA, V23, P420 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOOK DD, 1991, J COASTAL RES, V8, P291 JONES RH, 1989, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V116, P371 LITTLE S, 1958, J FOREST, V56, P27 NEYLAND R, 1997, J TORREY BOT SOC, V124, P254 PEZESHKI SR, 1992, ANN SCI FOREST, V49, P149 PORCHER RD, 2001, GUIDE WILDFLOWERS S PUTZ FE, 1991, CAN J FOREST RES, V21, P1765 RANDALL JM, 1996, HANDBOOK, V149 STALTER R, 1993, BIODIVERSITY SE US L, P117 STARKEY DA, 1989, EVALUATION OAK DECLI STONEBURNER DL, 1978, AM MIDL NAT, V99, P234 TOLLIVER KS, 1997, WETLANDS, V17, P10 WALL DP, 1999, AM MIDL NAT, V142, P17 WARRICK RA, 1993, CLIMATE SEA LEVEL CH WELLS BW, 1938, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V65, P485 WELLS BW, 1939, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V66, P629 NR 30 TC 0 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 127 EP 134 PY 2005 PD JUL 1 VL 212 IS 1-3 GA 936SS UT ISI:000229876300012 ER PT J AU Brang, P TI Resistance and elasticity: promising concepts for the management of protection forests in the European Alps SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, Sect Forest Ecosyst & Ecol Risks, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. RP Brang, P, Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, Sect Forest Ecosyst & Ecol Risks, Zurcherstr 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. AB Many mountain forests in the European Alps protect people and assets against natural hazards such as snow avalanches. These forests are mainly managed to ensure continuous and effective protection. Silvicultural operations should make protection forests as resistant as possible to natural disturbing agents such as wind that have the potential to impair effective protection, and they should increase their elasticity, i.e. speed of recovery once disturbances have impaired the protective effect. However, current management approaches do not yet consistently focus on enhancing resistance and elasticity in the face of multiple disturbances. Moreover, they use a stand level approach instead of an ecosystem-based approach. These shortcomings can be overcome by explicitly integrating resistance and elasticity into forest management. In this paper, the meaning of resistance and elasticity is clarified and illustrated with examples. A procedure to integrate resistance and elasticity into forest management is presented, with the five steps: Identification of disturbances and slow undesirable changes, identification of characteristics relevant to the resistance and elasticity of a forest to disturbances, identification of variables for monitoring these characteristics, establishment of target values for each variable, and implementation including monitoring. Suggestions to quantify resistance and elasticity are made. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Munasinghe, M, Munasinghe Inst Dev, MIND, 10-1 Fonseka Pl, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka. AB In recent years, both sustainable development and climate change have become well known worldwide, and the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has also focused on the nexus of these two key topics. The IPCC third assessment report confirms that global mean temperatures will rise 1.5-6 degrees Celsius during the next century. Furthermore, climate change will significantly affect the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as key issues like poverty and equity. Therefore, the IPCC is seeking answers to important questions: how future development patterns will affect climate change; how climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation will affect future sustainable development prospects; and how climate change responses might be better integrated into emerging sustainable development strategies. Some key lessons have emerged from these efforts. The IPCC intellectual community has already proved to be quite cohesive and resilient in the face of determined attacks by powerful and well-financed "anti-climate change" lobbies. While addressing sustainable development issues, adaptation and learning within the IPCC have further strengthened the network. First, fresh ideas have been brought in to catalyze change. Transdisciplinary approaches are essential to deal with large-scale, long-term, complex, and interlinked issues like sustainable development and climate change. Second, the disciplinary mix has continued to evolve to meet the challenge. However, crossing disciplinary and cultural boundaries requires sound knowledge of one's own discipline (especially its limitations), open-mindedness, great patience, and sincere effort on all sides. Third, IPCC internal processes have adjusted to facilitate beneficial changes, while limiting harmful dissension. E-mail has proved to be a powerful, but potentially risky tool. How something is said could be as important as what is said, to ensure effective communication. Despite some difficult moments, fair-mindedness and good will have prevailed. The IPCC has been able to accommodate different ways of thinking about the problem, as well as new modes of communication, while reinforcing desirable codes of conduct and behavioral norms. CR GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1998, CONSERV ECOL, V2, P1 MUNASINGHE M, 1993, ENV EC SUSTAINABLE D MUNASINGHE M, 2000, DEV EQUITY SUSTAINAB MUNASINGHE M, 2001, INT J SUSTAINABLE DE, V4 NR 5 TC 3 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 EP 14 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 5 IS 1 GA 458XV UT ISI:000170221500020 ER PT J AU Prato, T TI Multiple attribute decision analysis for ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Missouri, Ctr Agr Resource & Environm Syst, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Prato, T, Univ Missouri, Ctr Agr Resource & Environm Syst, 200 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. AB Implementation of an ecosystem approach to natural resource management requires evaluation of a broad array of ecological services in a multidimensional, community-based watershed approach that empowers people to make informed management decisions. Conventional economic approaches that assign values to ecological services (contingent valuation) or that evaluate the efficiency of preserving and restoring those services (cost-benefit analysis) are quite limited for this purpose. In addition to the methodological difficulties encountered in applying contingent valuation and cost-benefit analysis, several problems occur when nonmarket values of ecological services are estimated independently of ecosystem planning and management. Multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) is an alternative conceptual framework for evaluating and selecting land and water resource management systems (LWRMS). Advantages of MADM are that it facilitates community-based collaborative decision-making, avoids some of the ethical, theoretical and practical shortcomings of conventional economic approaches, does not require assigning monetary Values to ecological services, allows consideration of multiple attributes and is not culturally biased. The MADM model described in this paper explains how a property manager selects the most preferred LWRMS for a property based on their multiple stochastic attributes. Application of the model requires determination of the technically feasible LWRMS for a property and specification of the socially acceptable ranges of attributes. This information is combined with economic/biophysical simulations to derive the efficient combination of attributes and LWRMS for a property. The property manager then selects the most preferred combination of attributes from the efficient combinations of attributes for a property using utility maximization, surrogate worth tradeoff, free iterative search, analytical hierarchy process, Aspiration-Reservation Based Decision Support System or stochastic dominance, A watershed alliance can evaluate the sustainability of the most preferred LWRMS for properties in a watershed based on a weak or strong sustainability criterion. If the alliance determines that the most preferred LWRMS are not sustainable, then an index of attributes is used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of alternative public policies for stimulating the adoption of more sustainable LWRMS. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB Reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability criteria are formulated as risk-based performance measures for the evaluation of a real-time reservoir operation model. The reservoir operation model includes a multi-objective compromise programming algorithm to select, in real time, an optimal operating horizon for the reservoir operation. The utility of the risk-based performance criteria for comparing operational strategies resulting from the selection of different parameters for the compromise programming algorithm is demonstrated. Although trade-offs exist between the performance evaluators, it is shown that appropriate compromises can be reached between the conflicting modeling goals. 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AB We investigated how information on biotope patterns over time and spatio-temporal distribution patterns of focal species (amphibians) in Stockholm, can assist in identifying landscape-ecological zones and give support to urban planning. Species data were combined with biotope patterns interpreted from aerial photographs (1998 and 1945/1950). These were then compared with information on roads with heavy traffic (1998 and 1950), with anticipated serious isolation effects. Spatial analyses were conducted using GIS (ArcView). We found that temporal distribution of amphibians is negatively related to increased fragmentation of valuable biotope configurations. Our use of context sensitive data on biotopes and species, provided insight into the ability of ecosystems to buffer land cover changes. We identified a time-lag of several decades between changes in urban land and road traffic intensity, and the response in species occurrence. This time-lag is not recognised in present-day planning and, therefore, the view of the status of wetland biodiversity in Stockholm's natural and semi-natural areas remains too optimistic. To maintain the resilience of biotopes in urban areas, we argue that organisations responsible for implementing any active plan regarding biodiversity should more fully consider comprehensive reference data in their analysis programme, i.e. biotope and species data with a time-span that covers all land and waters in the given municipality. This is to develop a greater capacity to adapt physical planning work to the different risk of biodiversity loss in specifically chosen areas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Remote Sensing, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Res, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Rural Sociol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB The hypothesis that economic damage due to nonpoint pollution exceeds costs of mitigation can be tested by ecologists, economists, and resource managers working at the spatial scale of watersheds for periods of years to decades. We present a framework for combining ecological and economic information to compare management scenarios for nonpoint pollution. Eutrophication of lakes caused by nonpoint phosphorus pollution, a common environmental problem, is the focus of our approach. Economic advantages of mitigating nonpoint pollution increase as the uncertainty of ecological predictions decreases. Uncertainty is measured by the prediction variance of nonpoint pollution models. 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1982, OECOLOGIA BERL, V54, P281 WESTERN D, 1983, OECOLOGIA, V59, P269 WHITE SE, 1915, REDISCOVERED COUNTRY WIEGERT RG, 1967, SECONDARY PRODUCTIVI, P499 WILSON DE, 1977, WILDL MONOGR, V54 WILSON LL, 1981, TROP AGR TRINIDAD, V58, P53 WOODMANSEE RG, 1978, BIOSCIENCE, V28, P448 WRIGHT BS, 1960, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V24, P1 ZUMPT IF, 1978, S AFR J WILDL RES, V8, P131 NR 231 TC 82 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST BP 39 EP 65 PY 1986 VL 17 GA F0143 UT ISI:A1986F014300003 ER PT J AU Ludwig, JA Smith, MDS TI Interpreting and correcting cross-scale mismatches in resilience analysis: a procedure and examples from Australia's rangelands SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Many rangelands around the globe are degraded because of mismatches between the goals and actions of managers operating at different spatial scales. In this paper, we focus on identifying, interpreting, and correcting cross-scale mismatches in rangeland management by building on an existing four-step resilience analysis procedure. Resilience analysis is an evaluation of the capacity of a system to persist in the face of disturbances. We provide three examples of cross-scale resilience analysis using a rangeland system located in northern Australia. The system was summarized in a diagram showing key interactions between three attributes (water quality, regional biodiversity, and beef quality), which can be used to indicate the degree of resilience of the system, and other components that affect these attributes at different scales. The strengths of cross-scale interactions were rated as strong or weak, and the likely causes of mismatches in strength were interpreted. Possible actions to correct cross-scale mismatches were suggested and evaluated. We found this four-step, cross-scale resilience analysis procedure very helpful because it reduced a complex problem down to manageable parts without losing sight of the larger-scale whole. To build rangeland resilience, many such cross-scale mismatches in management will need to be corrected, especially as the global use of rangelands increases over the coming decades. 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UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. 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SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Anderson, PJ, Fairchild Trop Garden, 10901 Old Culter Rd, Miami, FL 33156 USA. AB We consider the mechanism of certification to encourage sustainable harvesting and best management practices of Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz and Pavon, in the context of current land use and agricultural management in Amazonian Ecuador. Interviews and observations with harvesters, storeowners, and furniture-makers provided information about current and potential markets for goods made from the palm. To understand the demographic variables that are critical for population stability, data from five plots in each of three different forest types (mature, secondary, and dissected) were collected. Matrix models were used to develop harvesting simulations through which biological constraints on sustainable harvesting were explored. These simulations suggest that sparing individuals 5-15 m tall when pastures are cleared and adding this palm to current agroforestry polycultures can improve the likelihood of sustainable harvesting for this species. Results showed that harvesting Iriartea could fit within current land use. Some forest colonists clear pastures to graze cattle, while others devote land to agriculture, including polycultures of annuals and perennials. In either case, palms can be left standing when forests are cleared. Swidden agriculture (slash and burn or slash and mulch) depends on a fallow period during which secondary forest may begin to regenerate. These secondary forests are ideal locations for extraction of forest products that fit within the cycle of fallow regeneration in areas near human settlements. Sparing Iriartea individuals 5-15 m tall could benefit agriculture, encourage the sustainability of future harvests, and help ensure the future of this palm as a part of the Amazonian landscape. Interviews with staff of governmental and non-governmental conservation organizations investigated the policy context for certification as a mechanism for conservation. Establishing guidelines for harvesting requires input from all stakeholders in the decision, not simply an ecological analysis. Such guidelines for certifying good management practices, if they are developed, should include provisions for monitoring unanticipated consequences of harvesting or changes in future environmental conditions. Transportation issues and stem drying processes need to be addressed if efforts to expand markets are to succeed. More generally, guidelines for management of forest resources can be improved by combining ecological and social research perspectives; the potential for carrying out such guidelines can be improved by incorporating the knowledge of local forest dwellers and NGOs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Walker, BH, CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,POB 84,LYNEHAM,ACT 2602,AUSTRALIA. AB Using a randomized experimental design, plots of a savanna grassland were subjected to two levels of grass tuft removal (50% and 90%) in two ways; non-selective (all species removed in proportion to abundance) and selective (tufts of the most palatable species removed first, then the next most palatable, etc.). The plots were maintained in their cleared states for three years, then monitored for the next five. In general, the sward was resilient to the disturbance except for the 90% selectively cleared treatment, in which a dominant, palatable species (Themeda triandra) failed to recover (though the most palatable species, Sorghum plumosum, did recover). The recovery patterns vc ere dependent on post-disturbance conditions, and markedly influenced by a particular rainy season and a fire during one of the dry seasons. In addition to species effects, the treatments induced changes in spatial patterning and associated micro-scale hydrology. These effects persisted in the 90% removal treatment. In this regard the results are scale-dependent, and the same percentage removals at different scales (e.g. 5 x 5 m patches rather than tuft x tuft scale) would lead to differences in ability to recover. In terms of value to livestock the selective 90% removal treatment was in a poor state at the end of the experiment. In all treatments the trajectory of species changes was back towards the controls, but the selective 90% plots were fully re-vegetated before this could be achieved. In these plots, the final steps to complete recovery will occur only after death of established new tufts. CR ANDERSON VJ, 1996, RANGEL J, V18, P3 ANDREW MH, 1986, TROP GRASSLANDS, V20, P120 ARNDT W, 1959, 3 CSIRO DIV LAND RES ASH AJ, 1994, TROP GRASSLANDS, V28, P223 BELLAMY JA, 1994, TROP GRASSLANDS, V28, P247 BELSKY AJ, 1986, J ECOL, V74, P937 DYE PJ, 1987, J APPL ECOL, V24, P633 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JONES RM, 1992, TROP GRASSLANDS, V26, P97 LAZARIDES M, 1965, NT DIVISION LAND RES, V26, P3 LUDWIG JA, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P51 MONTANA C, 1992, J ECOL, V80, P315 MOTT J, 1979, AUST J SOIL RES, V7, P483 MOTT JJ, 1978, AUSTR J BOTANY, V26, P621 MOTT JJ, 1985, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT W, P56 NORMAN MJT, 1963, AUST J EXP AGR ANIM, V3, P26 NORMAN MJT, 1969, AUSTR J EXPT AGR ANI, V9, P295 NOYMEIR I, 1989, J ECOL, V77, P290 PETHERAM RJ, 1983, PLANTS KIMBERLEY REG PICKUP G, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P114 ROBERTS BR, 1982, W GRASSLAND GRAZIERS TONGWAY DJ, 1989, AUST J ECOL, V14, P263 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 23 TC 16 J9 AUST J ECOL BP 125 EP 135 PY 1997 PD JUN VL 22 IS 2 GA XE938 UT ISI:A1997XE93800001 ER PT J AU Dorren, LKA Berger, F Imeson, AC Maier, B Rey, F TI Integrity, stability and management of protection forests in the European Alps SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Cemagref Grenoble, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam Phys Geog, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Stand Montafon Forstfonds, A-6780 Schruns, Austria. RP Dorren, LKA, Cemagref Grenoble, 2 Rue de la Papeterie,BP 76, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. AB Ecosystem management of protection forests aims at maintaining forests near a state during which effective protection is secured. As the evolution of a dynamic forest ecosystem cannot be stopped, silvicultural measures are required which aim at maintaining both the ecosystem integrity and the protective function of mountain forests. Ecosystem integrity is defined as the system's capacity to maintain structure and ecosystem functions using processes and elements characteristic for its ecoregion. Here, ecosystem functions also reflect the capability of the ecosystem to provide functions of value to humans. Ecosystem integrity of a protection forest implies that the stability (mainly the property resilience is addressed) of the forest is high, because that is required to provide a high level of protection in the long term. The main conditions promoting natural evolutionary processes and ecological stability in protection forests are: (1) a diverse composition of species; (2) sufficient natural regeneration; (3) an optimal forest structure. The first example in this chapter explains how these conditions might be achieved by silvicultural interventions in a forest that mainly protects against rockfall in the Austrian Alps. The second example deals with socio-economic aspects of ecosystem integrity of a forest that also protects against rockfall, but then in the French Alps. Both examples show that forest authorities are aware of techniques to improve the stand stability of protection forests, but the problem is that current forest management is often a kind of trial and error, because the exact consequences of interventions for forest ecosystem dynamics are not known. Therefore, it is proposed that forest ecosystem research should shift focus from protection forest dynamics to the geo-ecosystem functioning of protection forests, including the effects of natural and human disturbances. For this, the concept of panarchy may be a promising way forward. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP van Noordwijk, M, ICRAF SE Asia, Int Ctr Res Agroforestry, POB 161, Bogor, Indonesia. AB Natural resource management research has to evolve from a focus on plans, maps, and regulations to an acknowledgment of the complex, sometimes chaotic, reality in the field, with a large number of actors making their own decisions. As outside actors, we can only try to facilitate and support a process of negotiation among the stakeholders. Such negotiation involves understanding the perspectives of all stakeholders, analyzing complementarities in views, identifying where differences may be settled by "science," where science and social action can bring innovative alternatives for reconciliation, and where compromises will be necessary to move ahead. We distinguish between natural resource management problems at village level, within country, or transboundary, and those that relate local stakeholder decisions to global issues such as biodiversity conservation. Tree-based systems at plot or landscape level can minimize conflicts between private and public interests in local environmental services, but spatial segregation of functions is an imperative for the core of global biodiversity values. The complex agroforests developed by farmers as alternatives to food-crop-based agriculture integrate local and global environmental functions, but intensification and specialization may diminish these non-local values. For local biodiversity functions, a medium-intensity "integrate" option such as agroforests may be superior in terms of resilience and risk management, Major options exist for increasing carbon stocks by expanding tree-based production systems on grasslands and in degraded watersheds through a coherent approach to the market, policy, and institutional bottlenecks to application of existing rehabilitation technologies. Agroforestry mosaics may be an acceptable replacement of forests in upper watersheds, provided they evolve into multistrata systems with a protective litter layer. Challenges to INRM research remain: how should the opportunities for adaptive response among diverse interest groups, at a number of hierarchical levels, be included in the assessment of impacts on the livelihoods of rural people? CR CALDER IR, 1999, BLUE REVOLUTION LAND DEKOK JL, 1999, METHODOLOGY SUSTAINA DOUGLAS S, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P851 IZAC AMN, 1998, ASSESSING IMPACT RES IZAC AMN, 2001, AGR SYST, V69, P5 JEPMA CJ, 1995, TROPICAL DEFORESTATI KAIMOWITZ D, 1998, EC MODELS TROPICAL D LEFROY EC, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V45, P277 LOVELL C, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 MISER HJ, 1985, HDB SYSTEMS ANAL OVE NYHUS P, IN PRESS AGR ECOSYST RANDERS J, 1980, ELEMENTS SYSTEM DYNA SANCHEZ PA, 1995, AGROFOREST SYST, V30, P5 SINCLAIR FL, 1998, AGR SYST, V56, P341 TOMICH TP, 1992, WORLD DEV, V20, P261 TOMICH TP, 1995, TRANSFORMING AGRARIA TOMICH TP, 1998, AGR ECON, V19, P159 TOMICH TP, 1998, ALTERNATIVES SLASH B TOMICH TP, 1999, 10 ICRAF TOMICH TP, 2001, TRADEOFFS SYNERGIES, P221 VANCLAY JK, 1995, P INT C MOD SIM MODS, P113 VANDEGIESEN NC, 2000, HYDROL PROCESS, V14, P165 VANNOORDWIJK M, IN PRESS AGR ECOSYST VANNOORDWIJK M, IN PRESS ECOLOGICAL VANNOORDWIJK M, 1994, P PAN DISC MAN IMP C, P2 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1995, ALTENATIVES SLASH BU VANNOORDWIJK M, 1997, AGROFORESTRY TODAY, V9, P6 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1997, GEODERMA, V79, P187 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1998, SOIL EROSION MULTIPL, P223 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1998, SOILS TROPICAL FORES, P175 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V45, P131 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V47, P223 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V47, P239 VANNOORDWIJK M, 1999, NUTR DISEQUILIBRIA A, P1 WALKER DH, 1998, AGR SYST, V56, P365 WALKER DH, 1999, AGR SYST, V62, P87 NR 36 TC 0 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JAN VL 5 IS 2 GA 521NX UT ISI:000173848000016 ER PT J AU Jensen, ME Bourgeron, P Everett, R Goodman, I TI Ecosystem management: A landscape ecology perspective SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 NATURE CONSERVANCY,WESTERN CONSERVAT SCI DEPT,BOULDER,CO 80302. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW EXPT STN,WENATCHEE,WA. US EPA,OFF LANDSCAPE CHARACTERIZAT RES & DEV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Jensen, ME, US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW EXPT STN,NO REG,FED BLDG,MISSOULA,MT 59807. AB Ecosystem management is an evolving philosophy that many government agencies have adopted in the multiple-use, sustained-yield management of federal lands. The primary objective of this philosophy is to sustain the integrity of ecosystems (i.e., their function, composition, and structure) for future generations while providing immediate goods and services to an increasingly diverse public. This objective can be achieved through integrated land evaluation and optimal land use planning that promotes the maintenance or development of landscape patterns and processes that meet societal expectations within the limits of the land's ecological potentials. Landscape ecology and conservation biology principles are critical components of this philosophy. This paper describes how some of these principles can be efficiently used in formulating a framework for ecosystem management on federal lands. The role of landscape ecology in ecosystem characterization and description is stressed, and the appropriateness of integrated ecological assessments to ecosystem management is discussed. 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Santa Fe Inst, F-92023 Nanterre, France. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP van der Leeuw, S, Univ Paris 01, 21,Allee Univ, F-92023 Nanterre, France. AB Changing patterns of university and government research and training in this country and abroad force us, as archaeologists, to regularly reevaluate our disciplinary methods and goals. In the absence of careful consideration of these issues, the relative prominence of archaeology may stagnate or even diminish. From our own experience directing large multidisciplinary research projects, we believe that one particularly productive avenue for future archaeological research will be as collaborators in seeking to better understand contemporary socioenviromnental problems. We argue that current environmental research based in life, earth, and social sciences pays inadequate attention to the long time span and slow-moving processes that often underlie environmental crises. Archaeologists, as purveyors of the past, are well equipped to bring this long-term perspective to bear on contemporary issues. Moreover, we are also trained to work in multiple scales of time and space as well as with scientists from various disciplines. The primary obstacles to achieving the type of transdisciplinary research recommended here emanate from distinct vocabulary, concepts, and practices of each disciplinary tradition. We believe that the time is right and our colleagues are willing to see an enhanced role for archaeologists in the study of contemporary environmental issues. 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AB The central assumption underlying Agenda 21 (adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development) is that sustainable development is divisible, and that programmes can appropriately be devised for the sustainability of component parts - sectors, resource categories and levels of society. The author addresses two key concepts - ''sustainable livelihoods'' and ''environmentally sound technology'' - and demonstrates the pitfalls in a disaggregated approach to operationalizing sustainability, both technical and in terms of equity. Stressing the fundamental need to maintain the resilience of ecological and economic systems over time, he highlights the importance of incentives, the level of activity and the distribution of income for the achievement and maintenance of that resilience. 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SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Inst Conservac Lago Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lopez-Hoffman, L, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. AB To harvest biological resources sustainably, it is first necessary to understand what "sustainability" means in an ecological context, and what it means to the people who use the resources. As a case study, we examined the extractive logging of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle in the Rio Limon area of Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela. The ecological definition of sustainable harvesting is harvesting that allows population numbers to be maintained or to increase over time. In interviews, the harvesters defined sustainable harvesting as levels permitting the maintenance of the mangrove population over two human generations, about 50 yr. In Rio Limon, harvesters extract a combination of small adult and juvenile trees. Harvesting rates ranged from 7-35% of small adult trees. These harvesting levels would be sustainable according to the harvester's definition as long as juvenile harvesting was less than 40%. However, some harvesting levels that would be sustainable according to the harvesters were ecologically unsustainable, i.e., eventually causing declines in mangrove population numbers. It was also determined that the structure of mangrove forests was significantly affected by harvesting; even areas harvested at low, ecologically sustainable intensities had significantly fewer adult trees than undisturbed sites. Western Venezuela has no organized timber industry, so mangrove logs are used in many types of construction. A lagging economy and a lack of alternative construction materials make mangrove harvesting inevitable, and for local people, an economic necessity. This creates a trade-off between preserving the ecological characteristics of the mangrove population and responding to human needs. In order to resolve this situation, we recommended a limited and adaptive mangrove harvesting regime. We also suggest that harvesters could participate in community-based management programs as harvesting monitors. 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INT INST APPL SYST ANAL,A-2361 LAXENBURG,AUSTRIA. RP Rinaldi, S, POLITECN MILAN,RES CTR ENVIRONM & COMP SCI,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. AB Policies for the management of natural resources and the resources themselves interact to form complex systems. In this paper, we present a highly simplified model that can be used to study the general features of those systems. The model has three state variables, the abundance of the resource, environmental pollution, and the capital devoted to pollution control. We analyse it graphically using the singular perturbation approach. Two modes of behavior are possible; stationary and cyclic. When the abundance of the resources varies cyclically, the length of the period of resource scarcity depends on population size, economic activity, pollution per unit of output, and policy constraints. We distinguish between two classes of policies, one in which decision-makers base their investments in pollution control capital on the abundance of the resource, and another in which those decisions depend on the amount of pollution. We show that policies based on the observation of pollution are safer than those based on resource abundance, because in the latter case, small changes in policy variables can lead much more easily to a collapse of the resource. Increases in population size, even when accompanied by an equiproportional increase in the pollution control budget can lead to a change from stationary to cyclic behavior, especially where policies are based on resource abundance. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited CR *INT I APPL SYST A, 1993, OPTIONS WIN *UN EC COMM EUR, 1994, PROT 1979 CONV LONG BERRYMAN AA, 1984, BEHAV SCI, V29, P127 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS FISHER AC, 1991, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V20, P234 GATTO M, 1987, VEGETATIO, V69, P213 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOPPENSTEADT F, 1974, J DIFFER EQUATIONS, V15, P510 KISHI MJ, 1994, ECOL MODEL, V72, P21 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MURATORI S, 1991, APPL MATH MODEL, V15, P312 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 RINALDI S, 1979, MODELING CONTROL RIV RINALDI S, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V61, P287 RINALDI S, 1992, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V41, P26 STROGATZ SH, 1994, NONLINEAR DYNAMICS C WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 18 TC 7 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 357 EP 373 PY 1996 PD DEC VL 48 IS 4 GA VX300 UT ISI:A1996VX30000004 ER PT J AU Trenbath, BR TI Multispecies cropping systems in India - Predictions of their productivity, stability, resilience and ecological sustainability SO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Legumes Mediterranean Agr, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. RP Trenbath, BR, Univ Western Australia, Ctr Legumes Mediterranean Agr, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. AB Several traditional Indian cropping systems are used as examples of agriculture imitating the multispecies character of natural ecosystems. Modelling of their productivity and dynamics suggests they have potential advantages in production, stability of output, resilience to perturbation, and ecological sustainability, although they are harder to manage. Extra diversity in a cropping system can increase the production of a subsistence diet through either biochemical or ecological complementation. Stability of a cropping system may be improved through the incorporation of more crop species. Within a mixed crop, compensatory growth by the stronger component will tend to increase stability of final total yield. Where a two component intercrop has a regular production advantage, the land area required to produce a person s subsistence with a certain low level of risk of failure may be much less than if the crops are grown separately. Where a crop mixture contains contrasting components, the production penalty due to a disaster may be helpfully spread over time so that resilience of the system is increased. The compensatory growth of less-damaged components makes mixtures more resilient. Multi-species systems under intensification stress may be much less resilient than unstressed ones. Unless they are well managed, they can collapse. Where high output is desired, sustainability can only be attained through an understanding of the underlying processes. Intensification can lead to increased production up to a certain level, but such an increase is usually at the expense of subsequent production. 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RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB The paper reviews the limitations of decentralized economic indicators (market prices) of the effect of land-ocean interactions on marine capture fisheries, considers the potential for improvement of those indicators, and identifies alternative indicators that can inform remedial policy where there is market failure. The primary indicators of the impact of land-ocean interactions on marine capture fisheries are decentralized prices net of the effect of taxes and subsidies; these are the indicators that guide private use of watersheds, and estuarine and coastal systems. 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CR DARGE R, 1975, MONOGRAPH DEP TRANSP, V6 DOUGLAS M, 1978, 34 ROYAL ANTHR I OCC GARCIA R, 1981, NATURE PLEADS NOT GU, V1, P169 MASON J, 1979, WORLD CLIMATE C MEYERABICH K, 1980, CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS ROBINSON JB, 1981, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI ROBINSON JB, 1981, WP8134 IIASA ROSENBERG NJ, 1981, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V3, P265 SMITH VK, UNPUB SMITH VK, 1982, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V4, P5 SPITZ P, 1980, CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS THOMPSON M, 1982, WP8259 IIASA TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 NR 13 TC 6 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 7 EP 14 PY 1983 VL 5 IS 1 GA QF554 UT ISI:A1983QF55400002 ER PT J AU RIEBSAME, WE TI ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE AND A NEW PARADIGM OF NATURAL-RESOURCE PLANNING SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article RP RIEBSAME, WE, UNIV COLORADO,NAT HAZARDS RES & APPLICAT INFORMAT CTR,BOULDER,CO 80309. 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Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med & Dent, Dept Toxicol & Pharmacol, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. RP Rapport, DJ, Univ Guelph, Coll Fac Environm Design & Rural Dev, Sch Rural Planning & Dev, Room 107,Johnston Hall, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. 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Sodertorn Univ Coll, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden. RP Hammer, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-14189 Stockholm, Sweden. AB In this paper, we address the implications of changing social-ecological feedback links for a sustainable management of coastal regions applying an ecosystem management perspective. This case study focuses on user patterns of fish resources in the Central Baltic Sea archipelago consisting of three sub-regions: Stockholm archipelago, Sweden, the Angstromland islands and the archipelago of SW Finland. The transition from a region, mainly relying on a mixture of local natural resources towards a region more dominated by the recreational demands of nearby large urban areas, has altered user patterns of fish resources. This transition has partly followed different pathways in the three sub-regions depending on how socio-economic driving forces have been manifested in management actions. Nevertheless, functioning ecosystems are still the basis for the delivery of ecosystem services and a living archipelago system. The significance of capturing and (re)building feedback links into management regarding knowledge on ecosystem services for a sustainable ecosystem management is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Trosper, RL, No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Box 15020, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. AB Indians of the Northwest Coast of North America had cultural continuity for at least two millennia before contact with people from the old world. This archeological fact suggests that their societies had achieved sustainability and resilience in relationships to their ecosystems and the salmon runs. The governance principles used by Northwest Indians in managing fisheries and other resources provided resilience. In addition to a land ethic, these principles included exchange systems based on public reciprocity. Property rights were clear and trespass was a capital offense. Chiefs and titleholders had to be generous facilitators. Leadership authority over land was contingent upon adherence to ethical and generous behavior as well as good management. These indigenous institutions were quite different from the rules currently governing the management of most ecosystems. In critiquing current institutions, many ideas similar to those in the indigenous systems have been proposed in isolation; the example described in this paper suggests the importance of combining them. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP McLeman, R, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB This article presents a conceptual model to investigate population migration as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change. The model reflects established theories of human migration behaviour, and is based upon the concepts of vulnerability, exposure to risk and adaptive capacity, as developed in the climate change research community. The application of the model is illustrated using the case of 1930s migration patterns in rural Eastern Oklahoma, which took place during a period of repeated crop failures due to drought and flooding. 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RP Barnett, J, Univ Canterbury, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. AB This paper investigates the problem of scientific uncertainty and the way it impedes planning for climate change and accelerated sea-level rise (CC & ASLR) in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). The paper begins by discussing the problems CC & ASLR poses for PICs, and it explores the limitations of the dominant approach to vulnerability and adaptation. Next, the paper considers the way scientific uncertainty problematizes policies aimed at adaptation to CC & ASLR. It argues that the prevailing approach, which requires anticipation of impacts, is unsuccessful, and the paper proposes a complementary strategy aimed to enhance the resilience of whole island social-ecological systems. Recent developments in the theory and practice of resilience are discussed and then applied to formulate goals for adaptation policy in PICs. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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CR 1985, ECONOMIST LONDO 0601, P5 ASCHER W, 1978, FORECASTING APPRAISA BRAUDEL F, 1984, CIVILIZATION CAPITAL, V3 CARTER VG, 1974, TOPSOIL CIVILIZATION GOLDSTEIN JS, 1988, LONG CYCLES PROSPERI HALL P, 1982, GREAT PLANNING DISAS HIRSCH RL, 1987, SCIENCE, V235, P1467 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HYAMS ES, 1952, SOIL CIVILIZATION JACKS GV, 1972, VANISHING LANDS WORL MARSH GP, 1864, MAN NATURE MARTINEZALIER J, 1987, ECOLOGICAL EC ENERGY MYHRA D, 1984, WHOOPS WPPSS WASHING NELDER JA, 1965, COMPUT J, V7, P308 ODUM HT, 1988, SCIENCE, V242, P1132 SCHRACK G, 1972, NUMERICAL METHODS NO SMOTHERS NP, 1989, SYST RES, V6, P153 SPENGLER O, 1928, DECLINE OF WEST, V2 TEMIN P, 1976, DID MONETARY FORCES WATT K, 1989, ECOLOGICAL EC, V1, P181 WATT KEF, 1990, TAMING FUTURE NECESS NR 21 TC 0 J9 SYST RES BP 57 EP 64 PY 1990 VL 7 IS 1 GA CW663 UT ISI:A1990CW66300005 ER PT J AU Perrings, C TI Resilience in the dynamics of economy-environment systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB The ecological concept of resilience has begun to inform analysis of change in economy-environment systems. The linkages between resilience and the stability of dynamical systems are discussed, along with its role in understanding of the evolution of such systems. Particular linkages discussed include those between resilience, biodiversity and the sustainability of alternative states. Recent developments in modelling the resilience of joint economy-environment systems suggest the advantages of analysing change in the system as a Markov process, the transition probabilities between states offering a natural measure of the resilience of the system in such states. It is argued that this 'emergent property' of the collaboration between ecology and economics has far-reaching implications for the way we think about, model and manage the environmental sustainability of economic development. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV AMIR S, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P125 ANDERSON PK, 1988, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX, V5 AOKI M, 1995, JAPANESE EC REV, V462, P148 AOKI M, 1996, NEW APPROACHES MACRO ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 ARTHUR B, 1992, LEARNING ADAPTATION AYRES RU, 1969, AM ECON REV, V59, P282 AYRES RU, 1994, INFORMATION ENTROPY BALDWIN R, 1995, EC SUSTAINABLE DEV, P51 BARNETT WA, 1996, DYNAMIC DISEQUILIBRI BATABAYAL AA, 1997, SOME ASPECTS RESILIE BATABAYAL AA, 1997, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL EC BATEMAN I, 1997, IN PRESS Q J EC BENHABIB J, 1992, CYCLES CHAOS EC EQUI BROCK WA, 1989, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 CONWAY GR, 1988, FUTURES DEC, P651 CONWAY GR, 1993, EC ECOLOGY NEW FRONT DASGUPTA P, 1993, INQUIRY WELLBEING PO GERSICK CJG, 1991, ACAD MANAGE REV, V16, P10 HANNA SS, 1997, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG HEYWOOD V, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC KINGMAN JFC, 1978, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V361, P1 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LEVIN SA, 1998, IN PRESS ENV DEV EC, V3 LIEBENSTEIN H, 1957, EC BACKWARDNESS EC G LIPNOWSKI IF, 1976, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V3, P205 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MALER KG, 1974, ENV EC THEORETICAL E MAY RM, 1972, NATURE, V238, P413 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MEADOWS DH, 1992, LIMITS CONFRONTING G MUNRO A, 1997, THEORY GEN EQUILIBRI MYRDAL G, 1957, EC THEORY UNDERDEVEL NORTON BG, 1990, ECOL ECON, V2, P119 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 PERRINGS C, 1987, EC ENV THEORETICAL E PERRINGS C, 1994, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV PERRINGS C, 1995, BIOL DIVERSITY EC EC PERRINGS C, 1995, ECON APPL, V48, P121 PERRINGS C, 1997, 9701 U YORK PERRINGS C, 1997, 9704 U YORK PERRINGS CA, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PETHIG R, 1994, VALUING ENV METHODOL PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 REED WJ, 1979, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V6, P350 REED WJ, 1988, IMA J MATH APPL MED, V5, P215 REED WJ, 1989, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V3, P463 ROSSER JB, 1991, CATASTROPHE CHAOS GE ROSSER JB, 1994, SYST RES, V11, P77 RUTH M, 1993, INTEGRATING EC ECOLO SCHINDLER DW, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION PAT, P425 STARFIELD AM, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P601 STARFIELD AM, 1993, AI APPLICATIONS, V7, P1 TINCH R, 1998, RISK RESILIENCE RESO TVERSKY A, 1991, Q J ECON, V106, P1039 VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1991, TINBERGEN I RES SERI, V21 VICTOR PA, 1972, POLLUTION EC ENV WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P577 WALKER BH, 1988, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V10, P69 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WATTERSON GA, 1977, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V11, P141 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 NR 70 TC 19 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 503 EP 520 PY 1998 PD APR-JUN VL 11 IS 3-4 GA 111XA UT ISI:000075462700018 ER PT J AU Okey, BW TI Systems approaches and properties, and agroecosystem health SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP Okey, BW, UNIV GUELPH,DEPT GEOG,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. AB The emergence of the ecosystem health paradigm coincides with calls for more holistic, systems-based approaches to agricultural management. Ecosystem health incorporates medical analogies and procedural steps to evaluate and ''treat'' natural and controlled ecosystems, including agroecosystems. The conceptual basis for determining ''health'' in an agroecosystem context is still in the early stages, and hence, may benefit from other systems-based agricultural and ecological research approaches. Bodies of scholarship pertaining to ecological integrity, agroecology, agricultural systems and farming systems research, reviewed here, vary in terms of their application scale, dimension and potential utility in assessing the health of agroecosystems. Seven system properties are revealed among these approaches which lend themselves to a health interpretation. Five of these-stability, resilience, diversity/complexity, efficiency and equitability-are useful as a basis for defining agroecosystem health. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1989, ALT AGR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY ALTIERI MA, 1987, AGROECOLOGY SCI BASI ANGERMEIER PL, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P690 BARRETT GW, 1990, SUSTAINABLE AGR SYST, P624 BAYLISSSMITH TP, 1982, ECOLOGY AGR SYSTEMS CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADMIN, V20, P31 CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P239 DALTON GE, 1982, MANAGING AGR SYSTEMS DEANGELIS DL, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P71 DENT JB, 1975, STUDY AGR SYSTEMS, P107 EDWARDS CA, 1990, SUSTAINABLE AGR SYST EHRENFELD D, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P135 FRISSEL MJ, 1978, CYCLING MINERAL NUTR GALLOPIN GC, 1994, AGROECOSYSTEM HLTH, P51 GIRT J, 1990, COMMON GROUND GLIESSMAN SR, 1990, AGROECOLOGY RES ECOL, P3 HARRIS HJ, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P619 HARRISON P, 1992, PLATELETS, V3, P1 HASKELL BD, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P3 HECHT SB, 1987, AGROECOLOGY SCI BASI, P1 HILDEBRAND PE, 1986, PERPSECTIVES FARMING, P52 HILDEBRAND PE, 1986, PERSPECTIVES FARMING, P12 HILDEBRAND PE, 1986, PERSPECTIVES FARMING, P57 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 IKERD JE, 1993, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V46, P147 JONES JR, 1986, SOCIAL SCI FARMING S, P1 KARR JR, 1986, ILLINOIS NATURAL HIS, V5, P28 KARR JR, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P223 KAY J, 1991, CANADIAN ENV ADVISOR, P23 KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KAY JJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P201 KEDDY PA, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P61 KING AW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P19 LETOURNEAU DK, 1990, AGROECOLOGY RES ECOL, P11 LIGHTFOOT C, 1993, J FARMING SYSTEMS RE, V4, P11 MARSHALL IB, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P117 MARTEN GG, 1988, AGR SYST, V26, P291 MERRIAM G, 1994, 1 INT S EC HLTH MED MITCHELL R, 1984, AGR ECOSYSTEMS UNIFY, P13 MUNN RE, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P105 NIELSEN NO, 1991, ECOSYSTEM HLTH SUSTA NORMAN DW, 1980, 5 MICH STAT U DEP AG NORMAN DW, 1986, PERSPECTIVES FARMING, P32 NORTON BG, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P102 NORTON BG, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P23 ODUM EP, 1984, AGR ECOSYSTEMS UNIFY, P5 ODUM EP, 1989, ECOLOGY OUR ENDANGER ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PLUCKNETT DL, 1980, P AID USDA FARM SYST RAPPORT DJ, 1981, STRESS EFFECTS NATUR, P269 RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 RAPPORT DJ, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P144 RAPPORT DJ, 1994, AGR HLTH P INT WORKS, P25 REGIER HA, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P3 RICKLEFS RE, 1983, EC NATURE SEYLE H, 1956, STRESS LIFE SHACKELL NL, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P131 SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1994, 1 INT S EC HLTH MED SMIT B, 1994, AGROECOSYSTEM HLTH P, P31 SPEDDING CRW, 1975, STUDY AGR SYSTEMS, P3 SPEDDING CRW, 1988, INTRO AGR SYSTEMS SUTER GW, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1533 TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 TIVY J, 1990, AGR ECOLOGY TROUGHTON M, 1992, CONT RURAL SYSTEM TR, V1, P29 VANDERMEER J, 1990, AGROECOLOGY RES ECOL, P205 VANDYNE GM, 1975, STUDY AGR SYSTEMS, P23 VIGLIZZO EF, 1989, AGR SYST, V31, P279 WALTNERTOEWS D, 1994, AGR HLTH P INT WORKS, P39 WALTNERTOEWS D, 1994, AGROECOSYSTEM HLTH P, P8 WICKLUM D, 1995, CAN J BOT, V73, P997 WOODLEY S, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P155 NR 79 TC 5 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 187 EP 199 PY 1996 PD OCT VL 48 IS 2 GA VM294 UT ISI:A1996VM29400007 ER PT J AU Moller, H Berkes, F Lyver, PO Kislalioglu, M TI Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: Monitoring Populations for co-management SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Moller, H, Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. AB Using a combination of traditional ecological knowledge and science to monitor populations can greatly assist co-management for sustainable customary wildlife harvests by indigenous peoples. Case studies from Canada and New Zealand emphasize that, although traditional monitoring methods may often be imprecise and qualitative, they are nevertheless valuable because they are based on observations over long time periods, incorporate large sample sizes, are inexpensive, invite the participation of harvesters as researchers, and sometimes incorporate subtle multivariate cross checks for environmental change. A few simple rules suggested by traditional knowledge may produce good management outcomes consistent with fuzzy logic thinking. Science can sometimes offer better tests of potential causes of population change by research on larger spatial scales, precise quantification, and evaluation of population change where no harvest occurs. However, science is expensive and may not always be trusted or welcomed by customary users of wildlife. Short scientific studies in which traditional monitoring methods are calibrated against population abundance could make it possible to mesh traditional ecological knowledge with scientific inferences of prey population dynamics. This paper analyzes the traditional monitoring techniques of catch per unit effort and body condition. Combining scientific and traditional monitoring methods can not only build partnership and community consensus, but also, and more importantly, allow indigenous wildlife users to critically evaluate scientific predictions on their own terms and test sustainability using their own forms of adaptive management. CR *INT I ENV DEV, 1994, WHOS ED OV COMM APPR *IUCN INT TASK FOR, 1997, IND PEOPL SUST *NZ CONS AUTH, 1997, MAOR CUST US NAT BIR *PORC CAR MAN BOAR, 2001, 16 PORC CAR MAN BOAR ALCORN JB, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P424 BERKES F, 1982, MUSK OX, V30, P23 BERKES F, 1989, NATURE, V340, P91 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2004, IN PRESS CONSERVATIO, V18 BOMFORD M, 1996, SUSTAINABLE USE WILD COLDING J, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P584 DAVIS J, 2001, HE MINENGA WHAKATU H DIAMOND JM, 1992, RISE FALL 3 CHIMPANZ FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 FRANCIS D, 1983, PARTNERS FURS HIST F GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HACKEL JD, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P726 HAMILTON SA, 2000, J MARINE ORNITHOLOGY, V28, P1 HEASLIP T, 2002, TITI TIMES, V11, P15 HUNTER CM, 2000, NEW ZEAL J ZOOL, V27, P395 JOHANNES RE, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P243 KENDRICK A, 2000, CANADIAN J NATIVE ST, V20, P1 KIRIKIRI R, 1995, CONSERVATION SUSTAIN, P54 KITSON JC, 2004, IN PRESS WILDLIFE RE, V31 KLEIN DR, 1999, WILDLIFE SOC B, V27, P488 KOFINAS GP, 2002, EARTH IS FASTER NOW, P54 KOFINAS GP, 2004, RANGIFER, P43 KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH IS FASTER NOW LUDWIG D, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P758 LYVER P, 1998, CONSERVATION ADVISOR, V209, P1 LYVER P, 2004, IN PRESS ARCTIC, V57 LYVER PO, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V188, P237 LYVER POB, 2002, WILDLIFE SOC B, V30, P29 MACKINSON S, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V27, P533 MANSEAU M, 1996, J ECOL, V84, P503 MARTIN PS, 1984, QUATERNARY EXTINCTIO MOLLER H, 1996, BIODIVERSITY PAPERS, P89 MOLLER H, 2001, HE MINENGA WHAKATU H MOLLER H, 2004, IN PRESS ACTA ZOOLOG, V50 NEWMAN J, 2004, IN PRESS SENRI ETHNO, V20 POSEY DA, 1996, TRADITIONAL RESOURCE RAFFAELLI D, 2000, ADV ECOL RES, V30, P300 REDFORD KH, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P412 REIDLINGER D, 2001, POLAR REC, V37, P315 SIMPSON P, 2000, DANCING LEAVES STORY SWEZEY SL, 1977, J CALIFORNIA ANTHR, V4, P6 TAIEPA T, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P236 TRESEDER L, 1999, NO EDEN COMMUNITY BA WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 NR 51 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 2 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 3 GA 912OB UT ISI:000228087500005 ER PT J AU Marschke, MJ Berkes, F TI Exploring strategies that build livelihood resilience: a case from Cambodia SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Marschke, MJ, York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. AB Livelihoods in Cambodian fishing communities are complex and dynamic. Fluctuations in resource abundance, seasonal cycles of resource use, and changes in access create conditions that bring challenges for rural households, as do economic and policy drivers. Nonetheless, people are continuously "doing something" in response to these stresses and shocks. This paper sets out to explore how households and community members attempt to mitigate against such challenges. The analysis of livelihood stresses and shocks in two Cambodian fishing villages shows that diversification is a commonly used strategy for coping and adapting. Analyzing responses at multiple scales, with emphasis on resilience-building strategies at household and community levels, illuminates aspects of livelihoods. To study local-level perspectives of resilience, well-being was used as the surrogate of resilience, producing three clusters of responses related to economic conditions, resources, and relationships. CR *HUM DEV REP, 2002, CAMB HUM DEV REP UND *INT FED RED CROSS, 2004, WORLD DIS REP FOC CO *MILL EC ASS, 2005, MULT SCAL ASS FIND S, V4 *WORLD BANK, 2004, WORLD DEV IND DAT ADGER WN, 2001, LIVING ENV CHANGE SO ADGER WN, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1036 ALLISON EH, 2001, MAR POLICY, V25, P377 ARMITAGE D, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P2 BARRETT CB, 2006, WORLD DEV, V34, P1 BERKES F, 1998, MT RES DEV, V18, P19 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS, V8, P967 BERKES F, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P1557 BIRD K, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P591 BLAIKIE PM, 1995, PEOPLE ENV, P1 BLUNT P, 2005, PUBLIC ADMIN DEVELOP, V25, P75 CARPENTER SR, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS, V8, P941 CHAMBERS R, 1992, 296 IDS CHAMBERS R, 2004, 238 IDS DAVID G, 1996, CARDIOLOGY CLIN, V14, P1 DEHAAN L, 2003, TIJDSCHR ECON SOC GE, V94, P350 DEHAAN L, 2005, DEV CHANGE, V36, P27 DEHAAN LJ, 2000, SOCIOL RURALIS, V40, P339 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 ELLIS F, 2000, RURAL LIVELIHOODS DI FOLKE C, 2002, RAINBOW SERIES ICSU, V3 FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 GARDNER JS, 2002, TOURISM RECREATION R, V27, P9 GOUGH I, 2004, GLOBAL SOCIAL POLICY, V4, P289 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HORTLE K, 2004, MEKONG DEV SERIES ME, V4 KIRKBY J, 2001, LAND DEGRAD DEV, V12, P195 LEGERWOOD J, 2002, CAMBODIA EMERGES PAS, P109 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM MARSCHKE M, 2005, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V12, P21 MARSCHKE M, 2005, THESIS U MANITOBA WI NARAYAN D, 2000, VOICES POOR CRYING O RATNER BD, 2006, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V19, P79 REARDON T, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P395 REDMAN C, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 SCOONES I, 1998, 72 IDS SINGH N, 1999, INT SOC SCI J, V51, P539 START D, 2004, 233 ODI TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WOOD G, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P455 NR 47 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 42 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300021 ER PT J AU Boo, RM Pelaez, DV Bunting, SC Mayor, MD Elia, OR TI Effect of fire on woody species in central semi-arid Argentina SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 UNIV NACL SUR,DEPT AGRON,RA-8000 BAHIA BLANCA,ARGENTINA. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT RANGE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83843. CONSEJO NACL INVEST CIENT & TECN,RA-8000 BAHIA BLANCA,ARGENTINA. RP Boo, RM, COMIS INVEST CIENT PROV BUENOS AIRES,CTR RECURSOS NAT RENOVABLE ZONA SEMIARIDA,RA-8000 BAHIA BLANCA,ARGENTINA. AB The objective of this work was to study the effects of different fire intensities and season of burning on five important woody species in the central semiarid rangelands of Argentina. Overall results in this experiment indicate that a single fire reduces woody species abundance. This effect persists for several growing seasons after the fire and is related to fire intensity. Mortality rates, with the exception of Larrea divaricata, were low and air the species produced new sprouts after the fire. This sprouting capacity may be the key to the abundance and persistence of woody species in these communities. A single fire does not start a replacement sequence and the plant community persists with some variation in the abundance of the principal woody species. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited CR BOO RM, 1991, B SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA, V27, P135 BOO RM, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P479 BOO RM, 1996, J ARID ENVIRON, V32, P259 BRAUN RH, 1976, REV INVESTIGACIONES, V11, P11 BUSBY FE, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P573 BUSSO CA, 1993, ANN BOT-LONDON, V71, P377 CANFIELD RH, 1941, J FOREST, V39, P388 CANO E, 1975, IDIA, V331, P1 CANO E, 1985, REV FAC AGRONOMIA U, V1, P81 FERNANDEZ OA, 1989, BIOL UTILIZATION SHR, P25 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LELL JD, 1990, REV FACULTAD AGRONOM, V5, P29 MAQUIEYRA C, 1985, REV FACULTAD AGRONOM, V1, P97 PELAEZ DV, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P564 PELAEZ DV, 1994, J ARID ENVIRON, V27, P71 PELAEZ DV, 1996, J ARID ENVIRON, V32, P173 STEEL RGD, 1960, PRINCIPLES PROCEDURE WILLARD EE, 1973, J RANGE MANAGE, V26, P97 WRIGHT HA, 1982, FIRE ECOLOGY NR 19 TC 16 J9 J ARID ENVIRON BP 87 EP 94 PY 1997 PD JAN VL 35 IS 1 GA WC074 UT ISI:A1997WC07400008 ER PT J AU Mooij, WM Hulsmann, S Domis, LND Nolet, BA Bodelier, PLE Boers, PCM Pires, LMD Gons, HJ Ibelings, BW Noordhuis, R Portielje, R Wolfstein, K Lammens, EHRR TI The impact of climate change on lakes in the Netherlands: a review SO AQUATIC ECOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 NIOO, KNAW, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. RIZA, NL-8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands. Dresden Univ Technol, Inst Hydrobiol, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Mooij, WM, NIOO, KNAW, Ctr Limnol, Rijksstraatweg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. AB Climate change will alter freshwater ecosystems but specific effects will vary among regions and the type of water body. Here, we give an integrative review of the observed and predicted impacts of climate change on shallow lakes in the Netherlands and put these impacts in an international perspective. Most of these lakes are man-made and have preset water levels and poorly developed littoral zones. Relevant climatic factors for these ecosystems are temperature, ice-cover and wind. Secondary factors affected by climate include nutrient loading, residence time and water levels. We reviewed the relevant literature in order to assess the impact of climate change on these lakes. We focussed on six management objectives as bioindicators for the functioning of these ecosystems: target species, nuisance species, invading species, transparency, carrying capacity and biodiversity. We conclude that climate change will likely (i) reduce the numbers of several target species of birds; (ii) favour and stabilize cyanobacterial dominance in phytoplankton communities; (iii) cause more serious incidents of botulism among waterfowl and enhance the spreading of mosquito borne diseases; (iv) benefit invaders originating from the Ponto-Caspian region; (v) stabilize turbid, phytoplankton-dominated systems, thus counteracting restoration measures; (vi) destabilize macrophyte-dominated clear-water lakes; (vii) increase the carrying capacity of primary producers, especially phytoplankton, thus mimicking eutrophication; (viii) affect higher trophic levels as a result of enhanced primary production; (ix) have a negative impact on biodiversity which is linked to the clear water state; (x) affect biodiversity by changing the disturbance regime. Water managers can counteract these developments by reduction of nutrient loading, development of the littoral zone, compartmentalization of lakes and fisheries management. 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Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, New York, NY 10027 USA. Montclair State Univ, Montclair, NJ USA. RP Rosenzweig, C, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Climate Impacts Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. 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CR ANDERSON JE, 1981, J RANGE MANAGE, V34, P25 BLAISDELL JP, 1982, USDA INT134 INT FOR CHRISTENSEN EM, 1964, BRIGH YOUNG U SCI, V4, P1 COOK CW, 1966, UTAH AGR EXP STA B, V461 CURRIE PO, 1966, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V30, P304 HANLEY TA, 1979, J RANGE MANAGE, V32, P115 HULL JAC, 1976, S AGR FOOD MAN CENTU MILES J, 1979, VEGETATION DYNAMICS NOBLE IR, 1981, P C FIR REG EC PROP, P278 PICKETT STA, 1980, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V107, P238 SNEVA FA, 1980, OREGON AGR EXP STA S, V586, P10 SNEVA FA, 1983, OREGON AGR EXP STA B, V659 SUTHERLAND JP, 1974, AM NAT, V108, P859 TISDALE EW, 1981, FOREST WILDLIFE RANG, V33 VANHULST R, 1979, VEGETATIO, V40, P3 WALKER BH, 1981, FOREST SUCCESSION CO, P431 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WEST NE, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P376 WEST NE, 1983, TEMPERATE DESERT SEM, V5, P331 WEST NE, 1983, TEMPERATE DESERTS SE, V5, P351 WESTMAN WE, 1978, BIOSCIENCE, V28, P705 WRIGHT HA, 1979, USDA INT58 INT FOR R NR 22 TC 25 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 262 EP 264 PY 1984 VL 37 IS 3 GA TA847 UT ISI:A1984TA84700018 ER PT J AU Leuven, RSEW Poudevigne, I TI Riverine landscape dynamics and ecological risk assessment SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci Math & Comp Sci, Dept Environm Studies, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. Univ Rouen, UPRES EA 1293, Ecol Lab, F-76281 Mont St Aignan, France. RP Leuven, RSEW, Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci Math & Comp Sci, Dept Environm Studies, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. AB 1. The aim of ecological risk assessments is to evaluate the likelihood that ecosystems are adversely affected by human-induced disturbance that brings the ecosystem into a new dynamic equilibrium with a simpler structure and lower potential energy. The risk probability depends on the threshold capacity of the system (resistance) and on the capacity of the system to return to a state of equilibrium (resilience). 2. There are two complementary approaches to assessing ecological risks of riverine landscape dynamics. The reductionist approach aims at identifying risk to the ecosystem on the basis of accumulated data on simple stressor-effect relationships. The holistic approach aims at taking the whole ecosystem performance into account, which implies meso-scale analysis. 3. Landscape patterns and their dynamics represent the physical framework of processes determining the ecosystem's equilibrium. Assessing risks of landscape dynamics to riverine ecosystems implies addressing complex interactions of system components (e.g. population dynamics and biogeochemical cycles) occurring at multiple scales of space and time. 4. One of the most important steps in ecological risk assessment is to establish clear assessment endpoints (e.g. vital ecosystem and landscape attributes). Their formulation must recognise that riverine ecosystems are dynamic, structurally complex and composed of both deterministic and stochastic components. 5. Remote sensing (geo)statistics and geographical information systems are primary tools for quantifying spatial and temporal components of riverine ecosystem and landscape attributes. 6. The difficulty to experiment at the riverine landscape level means that ecological risk management is heavily dependent on models. Current models are targeted towards simulating ecological risk at levels ranging from single species to habitats, food webs and meta-populations to ecosystems and entire riverine landscapes, with some including socioeconomic considerations. 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Michigan State Univ, Environm Sci & Policy Program, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Sociol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Indiana Univ, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Stern, PC, Natl Acad, Div Social & Behav Sci & Educ, Washington, DC 20001 USA. AB Human institutions-ways of organizing activities-affect the resilience of the environment. Locally evolved institutional arrangements governed by stable communities and buffered from outside forces have sustained resources successfully for centuries, although they often fail when rapid change occurs. Ideal conditions for governance are increasingly rare. Critical problems, such as transboundary pollution, tropical deforestation, and climate change, are at larger scales and involve nonlocal influences. Promising strategies for addressing these problems include dialogue among interested parties, officials, and scientists; complex, redundant, and layered institutions; a mix of institutional types; and designs that facilitate experimentation, learning, and change. 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Nevada SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Stave, KA, Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Studies, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 454030, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. AB This paper examines the co-evolution of the Las Vegas, Nevada metropolitan area, Las Vegas Wash ecosystem - a downstream riparian wetland - and Wash management as a case of urban-environment dynamics. Since Las Vegas Wash provides the primary drainage for Las Vegas, changes in the urban system lead to changes in the Wash and its ecosystem. The population of the drainage area has grown from approximately 1,000 people in 1900 to more than 1.3 million in 2000. This phenomenal population growth led to increased Wash flow, from less than .03 m(3)/sec (1 ft(3)/sec) to over 7.4 m(3)/sec (260 ft(3)/sec), and consequent ecological changes from a nearly dry wash to a rich wetland, and now to an eroded system. As the Wash ecosystem changed, valuation of Wash characteristics by residents and resource managers also changed, shifting the focus of management and use, which ultimately led to further ecosystem changes. Reciprocal relationships among human activity, environmental change, and management in this urban area highlight the need for a comprehensive and dynamic systems perspective and adaptive approaches in urban environmental management and make this a particularly compelling case study. This paper describes a conceptual systems framework for adaptive urban-environment management derived from this case. 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Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ USA. Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustaniabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Cooperat Res Ctr Water Qual & Treatment, Salisbury, SA 5108, Australia. RP Ptacnik, R, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, DE-24105 Kiel, Germany. AB Human activities have differentially altered biogeochemical cycling at local, regional and global scales. We propose that a stoichiometric approach, examining the fluxes of multiple elements and the ratio between them, may be a useful tool for better understanding human effects on ecosystem processes and services. The different scale of impacts of the elements carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the different nature of their biogeochemical cycles, imply a large variation of their stoichiometric ratios in space and time and thus divergent impacts on biota. In this paper, we examine the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on nutrient ratios in ecosystems in two examples and one case study. Altered stoichiometry in agricultural systems (example 1) can affect not only crop yield and quality but also the interactions between plants and their pollinators, pests and pathogens. Human activities have also altered stoichiometry in coastal ecosystems (example 2). Increased N loading has especially lead to increased N: P and reduced Si: N ratios, with detrimental effects on ecosystem services derived from coastal pelagic food webs, such as fish yield and water quality. The terrestrial-aquatic linkage in stoichiometric alterations is illustrated with a case study, the Mississippi River watershed, where anthropogenic activities have caused stoichiometric changes that have propagated through the watershed into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Coupled with altered stoichiometric nutrient inputs are the inherent differences in variation and sensitivity of different ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, the connections among the components of a watershed may result in downstream cascades of disrupted functioning. Applying a multiple element perspective to understanding and addressing societal needs is a new direction for both ecological stoichiometry and sustainability. 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UNAM, Inst Ecol, Dept Ecol Recursos Nat, Patzcuaro 61609, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Klooster, DJ, Florida State Univ, Dept Geog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. AB Forest management is an important carbon mitigation strategy for developing countries. As demonstrated by the case of Mexico, community forest management is especially effective because it offers tangible local benefits while conserving forests and sequestering carbon. Community forestry receives minimal government support now, but the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol could leverage additional resources to promote the approach in Mexico and elsewhere. We argue that adequately designed and implemented, community forestry management projects can avoid deforestation and restore forest cover and forest density. They comprise promising options for providing both carbon mitigation and sustainable rural development. These kinds of projects should be included in the CDM. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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AB Recovery of the macroinvertebrate community inhabiting a headwater stream (catchment 54; C54) that received 3 years of seasonal insecticide treatment was investigated. Estimates of abundance, biomass, and production in C54 during 1989 and 1990 were compared with those of a nearby undisturbed reference stream (catchment 55; C55), and those of C54 during a pretreatment year (1985). Total macroinvertebrate abundance was similar throughout pretreatment, treatment, and recovery periods of C54. In contrast, biomass and production, which decreased during treatment, increased to levels similar to those of C54 in the pretreatment year and those of the reference stream during recovery. By 1990, the functional structure of C54 was similar to that of C55 and that of C54 before the treatment. However, taxonomic and developmental stage differences within some functional groups, particularly shredders, persisted. Despite poor recovery of some larger shredder taxa, rapid recovery of a relatively small trichopteran shredder, Lepidostoma spp., contributed significantly to recovery of ecosystem processes associated with shredders. Relationships between shredder biomass and coarse particulate organic matter differed during treatment and recovery periods. Invertebrate taxa with shorter life cycles recolonized rapidly, while those with life cycles > 1 year generally displayed limited recovery. Hydrologic extremes during treatment (drought) and recovery (wet) periods affected organic matter and macroinvertebrate community dynamics in both streams, and may have influenced observed recovery patterns. CR BENDER EA, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1 BENKE AC, 1979, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V24, P168 BENKE AC, 1984, ECOLOGY AQUATIC INSE, P289 BENKE AC, 1993, VERH INT VEREIN LIMN, V25, P15 CHUNG K, 1992, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH CHUNG K, 1993, LIMNOLOGICA, V28, P93 CONNELL JH, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P1119 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 CUFFNEY TF, 1984, FRESHWATER INVERT BI, V3, P153 CUFFNEY TF, 1990, FRESHWATER BIOL, V23, P281 CUSHING CE, 1989, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V8, P277 DOBSON M, 1992, J ANIM ECOL, V61, P69 FISHER SG, 1982, ECOL MONOGR, V52, P93 GAINES WL, 1992, GREAT BASIN NAT, V52, P11 GORE JA, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P755 GRAY LJ, 1981, AM MIDL NAT, V106, P229 GURTZ ME, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1556 HAMILTON AL, 1969, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V14, P771 HECKMAN CW, 1981, ARCH ENV CONTAM TOXI, V10, P393 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HURYN AD, 1986, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH HURYN AD, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1932 HURYN AD, 1987, FRESHWATER BIOL, V18, P277 HURYN AD, 1990, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V35, P339 IDE FP, 1967, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V24, P769 IVERSEN TM, 1988, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V33, P582 KELLY JR, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P517 KRUEGER CC, 1983, ECOLOGY, V64, P840 LENAT DR, 1993, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V12, P279 LUDWIG JA, 1988, STATISTICAL ECOLOGY LUGTHART GJ, 1992, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V11, P138 MACKAY RJ, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P617 MCDIFFETT WF, 1970, ECOLOGY, V51, P975 MERRITT RW, 1984, INTRO AQUATIC INSECT MOLLES MC, 1985, SOUTHWEST NAT, V30, P279 NIEMI GJ, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P571 NIEMI GJ, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1541 ODOHERTY EC, 1988, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH OHOP J, 1984, FRESHWATER BIOL, V14, P13 PERRY WB, 1987, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V6, P12 RESH VH, 1988, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V7, P433 RICHARDSON JS, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P873 ROBINSON CT, 1993, GREAT BASIN NAT, V53, P321 SHELDON AL, 1984, ECOLOGY AQUATIC INSE, P401 SMOCK LA, 1980, FRESHWATER BIOL, V10, P375 SWANK WT, 1988, FOREST HYDROLOGY ECO VANNOTE RL, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P130 VOSHELL JR, 1985, TROPHIC BASIS PRODUC WALLACE JB, 1982, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V53, P197 WALLACE JB, 1986, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V5, P115 WALLACE JB, 1987, CAN J ZOOL, V65, P35 WALLACE JB, 1989, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V179, P135 WALLACE JB, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P605 WALLACE JB, 1991, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V211, P65 WALLACE JB, 1991, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V36, P670 WALLACE JB, 1995, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V14, P217 WALLACE JB, 1996, IN PRESS ECOL APPL WATERS TF, 1969, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V14, P813 WATERS TF, 1977, ADV ECOL RES, V10, P91 WHILES MR, 1992, FRESHWATER BIOL, V28, P81 WHILES MR, 1993, AM MIDL NAT, V130, P356 YOUNT JD, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P547 ZAR JH, 1984, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 63 TC 17 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 2402 EP 2422 PY 1995 PD NOV VL 52 IS 11 GA TV246 UT ISI:A1995TV24600011 ER PT J AU Leak, WB Smith, ML TI Sixty years of management and natural disturbance in a New England forested landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP Leak, WB, US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824. AB Changes in species composition of overstory trees (percent of basal area) and size class were monitored over 60 years on 441 cruise plots located on the Bartlett Experimental Forest, a 1052 ha experimental forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The plots were analyzed by elevation class, landtype (deciduous and coniferous), and year (1931-32, 1939-40, and 1991-92) within managed and unmanaged stands. The primary changes in species composition over the 60-year period were due to natural succession, which resulted in marked increases (doubling) of the eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) component, and consistent decreases in paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britton) (at medium or low elevations), and aspen (Populus spp.). Timber management resulted in small decreases in the beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) component and slight increases in sugar maple( Acer saccharum Marsh,), Natural disturbances (beech-bark disease and hurricane damage) had only minor effects on species occurrence, No consistent evidence of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline was detected. Eastern hemlock, a climatically sensitive species in northern New England with a limited elevational range, increased dramatically at moderate to low elevations, but showed little tendency to invade the highest elevation class; apparently, the warming trend reported elsewhere in New Hampshire is not occurring, or the species are not responding in terms of changes in elevational distribution. The results emphasize the resilience of New England forests and their resistance to exogenous disturbance. CR AVERS PE, 1994, NATL HIERARCHICAL FR BARNES BV, 1982, J FOREST, V80, P493 BJORKBOM JC, 1959, UNPUB OFFICE REPORT COGBILL CV, 1991, VEGETATIO, V94, P153 FEDERER CA, 1990, NE141 USDA FOR SERV FILIP SM, 1978, NE45 USDA GTR FOR SE FINCHER J, 1994, NE686 USDA FOR SERV HAMBURG SP, 1988, NATURE, V331, P428 HILL JD, 1989, THESIS U HAMPSHIRE HORNBECK JW, 1988, CAN J FOREST RES, V18, P1337 HOUSTON DR, 1983, P IUFRO BEECH BARK D LEAK WB, 1958, 103 USDA FOR SERV NE LEAK WB, 1974, NE229 USDA LEAK WB, 1977, J FOREST, V75, P641 LEAK WB, 1982, NE496 USDA FOR SERV LEAK WB, 1987, CAN J FOREST RES, V17, P388 LEAK WB, 1991, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V43, P69 LEAK WB, 1994, NAT AREA J, V14, P300 LIKENS GE, 1984, ATMOS ENVIRON, V18, P2641 MILLERWEEKS M, 1983, P IUFRO BEECH BARK D, P21 SHORTLE WC, 1988, SCIENCE, V240, P1017 SOLOMON DS, 1994, NE688 USDA FOR SERV TWERY MJ, 1984, CAN J FOREST RES, V14, P565 NR 23 TC 10 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 63 EP 73 PY 1996 PD FEB VL 81 IS 1-3 GA UF885 UT ISI:A1996UF88500006 ER PT J AU REGIER, HA TUUNAINEN, P RUSSEK, Z PERSSON, LE TI REHABILITATIVE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE FISH AND FISHERIES OF THE BALTIC SEA AND THE GREAT-LAKES SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 KALMAR UNIV COLL,DEPT NAT SCI & TECHNOL,S-39129 KALMAR,SWEDEN. UNIV LUND,HANO BAY PROJECT,S-22101 LUND,SWEDEN. FINNISH GAME & FISHERIES RES INST,DIV FISHERIES,SF-00131 HELSINKI 13,FINLAND. RP REGIER, HA, UNIV TORONTO,DEPT ZOOL,TORONTO M5S 1A1,ONTARIO,CANADA. CR 1982, ONTARIO FISHERIES TE, V4 1985, REPORT GREAT LAKES R, P212 1987, ONTARIO FISHERIES TE, V23 BARICA J, 1982, J GREAT LAKES RES, V8, P719 DJAVEER E, 1981, BALTIC SEA, P275 ERM VA, 1981, RYBOKHOZ ISSLED BASS, V16, P44 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JUHLIN AB, 1987, SMHI OCEANOGRAFI, V12, P79 JUTILA E, 1985, HABITAT MODIFICATION, P104 KAUTSKY N, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V28, P1 KOLI L, 1986, AQUA, V86, P30 LARSSON U, 1985, AMBIO, V14, P9 LEHTONEN H, 1985, FINN FISH RES, V6, P61 LEPPAKOSKI E, 1984, OPHELIA S, V3, P123 LOFTUS KH, 1972, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V29, P611 MEISNER JD, 1987, J GREAT LAKES RES, V13, P340 ODUM EP, 1979, BIOSCIENCE, V29, P349 ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY PERSSON LE, 1981, OPHELIA, V20, P137 RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 REGIER HA, 1973, SCIENCE, V180, P1248 REGIER HA, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P75 RONNER U, 1985, AMBIO, V14, P134 RYDER RA, 1985, CONCEPTUAL APPROACH, P169 SCHNEIDER JC, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P1878 SJOBLOM V, 1978, SUOMEN LUONTO, V3, P120 STEEDMAN RJ, 1988, IN PRESS CAN J FISH, V44 VOLLENWEIDER RA, 1982, EUTROPHICATION WATER, P154 NR 29 TC 9 J9 AMBIO BP 121 EP 130 PY 1988 VL 17 IS 2 GA N2866 UT ISI:A1988N286600007 ER PT J AU MacDougall, AS TI Responses of diversity and invasibility to burning in a northern oak savanna SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP MacDougall, AS, Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. AB The role of diversity in buffering environmental change remains poorly tested in natural systems. Diversity might enhance stability if different species have different disturbance susceptibilities (i.e., functional complementarity). Alternatively, diversity might decrease stability because, at high diversity, populations are predicted to be more temporally variable and therefore more vulnerable to extinction following perturbation. There is theoretical support for both hypotheses but limited empirical evidence. I examine these issues with experimental burning along a natural diversity gradient in a savanna where fire has been suppressed for 150 years. I examined how two components of stability, resistance (invasion by added and naturally recruiting species) and resilience (recovery of the predisturbance light levels, the primary limiting resource in this system), varied with diversity. I also examined how the abundance of dominant species and soil depth affected stability, as both are negatively correlated with diversity and could have hidden impacts (e.g., invasion resistance on shallow soils correlated with diversity but caused by moisture stress). Species-rich communities were stable because they contained fire-tolerant species that, despite their rarity, significantly increased in cover after fire, reduced light availability, and limited seedling survival. Species-poor communities were rapidly invaded, apparently due to the combined effects of (1) trade-offs between competitive ability and disturbance tolerance (dominants in species-poor areas were competitive but fire sensitive), and (2) low functional complementarity. Colonization by woody plants was also significantly higher in low-diversity plots; these species are known to form a new stable state that excludes all savanna taxa. The abundance of dominants and soil depth were negatively correlated with diversity because they appear to determine its spatial variation in the absence of fire, but diversity alone accounted for variation in stability. Without burning, most subordinates are confined to shallower soils where they play a minor role in controlling resource flows and production. Diversity, therefore, was more important for buffering the effects of change than controlling ecosystem function under undisturbed conditions. If applicable to other systems, the results indicate that species loss will compound the negative effects of environmental change on ecosystem function by limiting the ability of ecosystems to respond. 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SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Liu Inst Global Issues, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Fraser, EDG, Univ British Columbia, Liu Inst Global Issues, 6476 NW Marine Dr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB Human society affects environmental change but is also vulnerable to these changes. This relation has generated a number of theories that either focus on how we affect the environment or how the environment affects us. Few theories explicitly focus on the interaction. This paper will establish the range of data required to give an assessment of how likely an ecosystem is to change (which we label environmental sensitivity) and the ability of communities to adapt (social resilience). These findings allow us to generate a new method for assessing the reflexive relation between society and the environment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 2002, GENUINE PROGR INDICA *AFR RIGHTS, 1994, RWAND DEATH DESP DEF *GLOB LEAD TOM ENV, 2002, ENV SUST IND WORLD E *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 6 C *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 2001, WG 1 CLIM CHANG 2001 ADGER WN, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P249 ALCAMO J, 1992, PROJECT SECURITY DIA ALCAMO J, 1999, NATO ADV RES WORKSH BARNETT J, 2001, 9 TYND CTR CLIM CHAN BARYAM Y, 1992, DYNAMICS COMPLEX SYS BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOGGS C, 2001, THEOR SOC, V30, P281 BOSERUP E, 1981, POPULATION TECHNOLOG CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CASH DW, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P109 CHISHOLM A, 1982, FOOD SECURITY THEORY DALBY S, 1999, CONTESTED GROUNDS SE DALY H, 1989, COMMON GOOD REDIRECT DEUDNEY D, 1999, CONTESTED GROUNDS SE GASANA J, 2002, IUCN COMM ENV EC SOC, P27 GEERTZ C, 1973, INTERPRETATION CULTU GLEICK J, 1987, CHAOS MAKING NEW SCI GRIFFEN DW, 2001, GLOBAL CHANGE HUMAN, V2, P20 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GRUMBINE RE, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P41 HADDAD L, 1997, INTRAHOUSEHOLD RESOU HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HOMERDIXON T, 1995, STRATEGIES STUDYING HOMERDIXON T, 1999, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENC HOMERDIXON T, 2000, INGENUITY GAP KASPERSON JX, 1995, REGIONS RISK, V1, P1 KASPERSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK KASPERSON RE, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK, P1 KAUFFMAN S, 1995, HOME UNIVERSE SEARCH KEOPMAN J, 1997, WOMEN GENDER DEV REA LAMBIN EF, 2001, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V11, P261 LEMARCHAND R, 1995, J OPINION, V23, P8 LEMARCHAND R, 2000, TRANSITION, V9, P114 LOH J, 2000, LIVING PLANET REPORT MACKAY D, 1991, MULTIMEDIA ENV MODEL MALTHUS T, 1976, ESSAY POPULATION MEADOWS DH, 1974, LIMITS GROWTH REPORT MUSCARA L, 2000, GEOJOURNAL, V52, P285 NEWBURY D, 1998, AFRICAN STUDIES REV, V41, P73 NOWAK R, 2002, AFRICAN DROUGHTS TRI OFF C, 2001, LION FOX EAGLE STORY OHLSSON L, 2000, LIVELIHOOD CONFLICTS, P1 PATTERSON J, 1995, NATURE, V373, P185 PESTEL E, 1989, LIMITS GROWTH REPORT PRESCOTTALLEN R, 2001, WELLBEING NATIONS PUTNAM RD, 2000, BOWLING ALONE COLLAP ROOTS B, 1999, SPECIAL PLACES CHANG ROSENZWEIG C, 2001, GLOBAL CHANGE HUMAN, V2, P90 SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 SEN AK, 1988, SCI ETHICS FOOD FOOD SIMON J, 1981, ULTIMATE RESOURCE SMITH JB, 1997, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V7, P251 SMITHERS J, 1997, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V7, P129 TAYLOR PJ, 1992, GEOFORUM, V23, P405 WATTS MJ, 1993, PROG HUM GEOG, V17, P43 YOHE GW, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P25 NR 62 TC 0 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 137 EP 144 PY 2003 PD JUL VL 13 IS 2 GA 709QG UT ISI:000184635400006 ER PT J AU Brodie, JE Mitchell, AW TI Nutrients in Australian tropical rivers: changes with agricultural development and implications for receiving environments SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 CRC Reef Res Ctr, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Australian Ctr Trop Freshwater Res, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Brodie, JE, CRC Reef Res Ctr, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. AB In tropical Australia, intensive studies of river suspended sediment ( SS) and nutrient dynamics have been restricted to streams on the north-east coast between the Fitzroy and Normanby Rivers ( Queensland), Magela Creek/East Alligator River ( Northern Territory) and the Ord River ( Western Australia). Historical conditions in these rivers were probably characterised by low-moderate SS concentrations and low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in flow events. Introduction of agriculture has transformed SS and nutrient dynamics. Grazing has led to soil erosion and increased SS and particulate nutrient concentrations and fluxes in event flows. Fertilised cropping has increased nutrient inputs to catchments, where it forms a substantial proportion of the catchment area. Consequently, both particulate and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and fluxes have increased. Australian tropical rivers have episodic flows, with most material transport occurring during large flow events. The restricted period of these highly energetic flows means little trapping of materials in waterways occurs. Loads are transported efficiently downstream and processes such as denitrification and in-channel sedimentation may be of limited importance. Owing to excessive nutrient inputs associated with agriculture, a number of northern freshwater, estuarine and coastal ecosystems are now eutrophic. Continued development, especially fertilised cropping, without adequate management of nutrient losses is likely to exacerbate these problems. 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WAT ZAITSEV YP, 1991, MER, V29, P1 NR 260 TC 4 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES BP 279 EP 302 PY 2005 VL 56 IS 3 GA 931VG UT ISI:000229513000005 ER PT J AU Romme, WH Everham, EH Frelich, LE Moritz, MA Sparks, RE TI Are large, infrequent disturbances qualitatively different from small, frequent disturbances? SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Ft Lewis Coll, Dept Biol, Durango, CO 81301 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Ft Myers, FL 33908 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Illinois, Water Resources Ctr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Romme, WH, Ft Lewis Coll, Dept Biol, Durango, CO 81301 USA. AB Ln this article, we develop a heuristic model of ecosystem-disturbance dynamics that illustrates a range of responses of disturbance impact to gradients of increasing disturbance extent, intensity or duration. Three general kinds of response are identified and illustrated (a) threshold response, (b) scale-independent response, and (c) continuous response. Threshold responses are those in which the response curve shows a discontinuity or a sudden change in slope along the axis of increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration. The response threshold occurs at a point where the force of the disturbance exceeds the capacity of internal mechanisms to resist disturbance, or where new mechanisms of recovery become involved. Within this conceptual framework, we find that some unusually large or intense disturbances, but not all, produce qualitatively different responses compared with similar disturbances of lesser magnitude. If disturbance impact does not increase with increasing disturbance extent, intensity or duration, or if the response curve changes monotonically: then large disturbances are Mat qualitatively different from small ones. For example, jack pine tends to become reestablished after stand-replacing fire in boreal forests, regardless of fire size, because its serotinous cones provide an adequate seed source throughout the burned area. Thus, large fires are not qualitatively different from small fires in terms of jack pine reproduction. However, if disturbance impact does increase abruptly at some point with increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration, often because of thresholds in the capacity of internal mechanisms to resist or respond to disturbance impact, then large disturbances are qualitatively different from small ones, at least for some parameters of ecological response. For example, balsam fir and white cedar can recolonize a small burned patch of boreal forest in close proximity to surviving individuals of these species, but they will be eliminated from a large burn because of their susceptibility to fire-caused mortality and their inability to disperse their seeds over long distances. The conceptual framework presented here permits some new insights into the dynamics of natural systems and may provide a useful tool with which managers can assess the potential for catastrophic damages resulting from large, infrequent disturbances. 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RP Vogel, C, Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geog Archaeol & Environm Studies, P Bag 3, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. NR 0 TC 0 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 235 EP 236 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 16 IS 3 GA 073OJ UT ISI:000239752200001 ER PT J AU Vugteveen, P Leuven, RSEW Huijbregts, MAJ Lenders, HJR TI Redefinition and elaboration of river ecosystem health: perspective for river management SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Environm Studies, Inst Wetland & Water Res, Fac Sci, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP Vugteveen, P, Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Environm Studies, Inst Wetland & Water Res, Fac Sci, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. AB This paper critically reviews developments in the conceptualization and elaboration of the River Ecosystem Health (REH) concept. Analysis of literature shows there is still no consistent meaning of the central concept Ecosystem Health, resulting in models (i.e. elaborations) that have unclear and insufficient conceptual grounds. Furthermore, a diverse terminology is associated with describing REH, resulting in confusion with other concepts. However, if the concept is to have merit and longevity in the field of river research and management, unambiguous definition of the conceptual meaning and operational domain are required. Therefore a redefinition is proposed, based on identified characteristics of health and derived from considering semantic and conceptual definitions. Based on this definition, REH has merit in a broader context of river system health that considers societal functioning next to ecological functioning. Assessment of health needs integration of measures of multiple, complementary attributes and analysis in a synthesized way. An assessment framework is proposed that assesses REH top-down as well as bottom up by combining indicators of system stress responses (i.e. condition) with indicators identifying the causative stress (i.e. stressor). The scope of REH is covered by using indicators of system activity, metabolism (vigour), resilience, structure and interactions between system components (organization). The variety of stress effects that the system may endure are covered by using biotic, chemical as well as physical stressors. Besides having a unique meaning, the REH metaphor has added value to river management by being able to mobilize scientists, practitioners and publics and seeing relationships at the level of values. It places humans at the centre of the river ecosystem, while seeking to ensure the durability of the ecosystem of which they are an integral part. Optimization of the indicator set, development of aggregation and classification methodologies, and implementation of the concept within differing international frames are considered main aims for future research. 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CR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JONES DD, 1975, IIASA7515 RES REP MORELLO J, 1959, REV AGRON NO ARGENTI, V3 SACHS I, 1977, ENV DEV NOUVEAUX CON THOM R, 1969, TOPOLOGY, V8, P313 THOM R, 1972, STABILITE STRUCTUREL NR 7 TC 0 J9 J POLICY MODELING BP 239 EP 254 PY 1980 VL 2 IS 2 GA KC181 UT ISI:A1980KC18100005 ER PT J AU Manley, PN Zielinski, WJ Stuart, CM Keane, JJ Lind, AJ Brown, C Plymale, BL Napper, CO TI Monitoring ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada: The conceptual model foundation SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Reg & Stn, So Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 USA. RP Manley, PN, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Reg & Stn, 1870 Emerald Bay Rd, So Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 USA. AB Monitoring at large geographic scales requires a framework for understanding relationships between components and processes of an ecosystem and the human activities that affect them. We created a conceptual model that is centered on ecosystem processes, considers humans as part of ecosystems, and serves as a framework for selecting attributes for monitoring ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada. The model has three levels: 1) an ecosystem model that identifies five spheres (Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Sociocultural), 2) sphere: models that identify key ecosystem processes (e.g., photosynthesis), and 3) key process models that identify the "essential elements" that are required for the process to operate (e.g., solar radiation), the human activities ("affectors") that have negative and positive effects on the elements (e.g., air pollution), and the "consequences" of affectors acting on essential elements (e.g., change in primary productivity). We discuss use of the model to select attributes that best reflect the operation and integrity of the ecosystem processes. Model details can be viewed on the web at http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sncf/spam_report/index.htm (Appendix section). 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RP Smit, B, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB This paper reviews the concept of adaptation of human communities to global changes, especially climate change, in the context of adaptive capacity and vulnerability. It focuses on scholarship that contributes to practical implementation of adaptations at the community scale. In numerous social science fields, adaptations are considered as responses to risks associated with the interaction of environmental hazards and human vulnerability or adaptive capacity. In the climate change field, adaptation analyses have been undertaken for several distinct purposes. Impact assessments assume adaptations to estimate damages to longer term climate scenarios with and without adjustments. Evaluations of specified adaptation options aim to identify preferred measures. Vulnerability indices seek to provide relative vulnerability scores for countries, regions or communities. The main purpose of participatory vulnerability assessments is to identify adaptation strategies that are feasible and practical in communities. The distinctive features of adaptation analyses with this purpose are outlined, and common elements of this approach are described. Practical adaptation initiatives tend to focus on risks that are already problematic, climate is considered together with other environmental and social stresses, and adaptations are mostly integrated or mainstreamed into other resource management, disaster preparedness and sustainable development programs. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Monash Univ, Cooperat Res Ctr Catchment Hydrol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Dept Nat Resources & Environm, E Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia. Monash Univ, Water Studies Ctr, Caulfield E, Vic 3145, Australia. Monash Univ, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Caulfield E, Vic 3145, Australia. Monash Univ, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Cooperat Res Ctr Catchment Hydrol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RP Ladson, AR, Univ Melbourne, Ctr Environm Appl Hydrol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. AB 1. An Index of Stream Condition (ISC) has been developed to assist broad scale management of waterways by providing an integrated measure of their environmental condition. 2. The ISC provides scores for five components of stream condition: (i) hydrology (based on change in volume and seasonality of flow from natural conditions); (ii) physical form (based on bank stability, bed erosion or aggradation, influence of artificial barriers, and abundance and origin of coarse woody debris); (iii) streamside zone (based on types of plants; spatial extent, width, and intactness of riparian vegetation; regeneration of overstorey species, and condition of wetlands and billabongs); (iv) water quality (based on an assessment of phosphorus, turbidity, electrical conductivity and pH); and (v) aquatic life (based on number of families of macroinvertebrates). 3. The ISC is intended for use by managers at state and regional levels and can be used to report on stream condition, assist with priority setting, judge the long-term effectiveness of rehabilitation programs and assist with adaptive management. The best available scientific information was used by a multidisciplinary group of scientists and managers to create a stream assessment procedure that can be used routinely by people with limited scientific training. 4. ISC development included trials in four catchments in Victoria, Australia. Over 80 stream reaches were assessed and the results were used to refine the ISC to improve the ease of measurement and ensure that outcomes met the expectations of users. The ISC is now available to be used more widely for reporting on stream condition. 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RP Perelman, M, Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Chico, CA 95929 USA. AB Adam Smith's farmworker paradox reflects the fact that those who do the most essential work in society earn the least, just as his diamonds and waterparadox revolves around the low valuation that markets place on essential resources. This article explores the perverse economic logic that leaves markets to run roughshod over both humanity and nature. It also explores how economists either attempted to come to grips with or more commonly, sought to either avoid or justify this phenomenon. 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SMITH VL, 1969, J POLIT ECON, V77, P181 SMITHS A, 1978, LECT JURISPRUDENCE STEINBERG T, 2002, EARTH NATURES ROLE A TEMPLE W, 1770, ESSAY TRADE COMMERCE TOBE RJA, 1981, WHO OWNS WILDLIFE PO TOBIAS JJ, 1967, CRIME IND SOC 19 CEN TOWNSEND J, 1966, SELECT COLLECTED SCA, P395 TUCKER J, 1758, ELEMENTS COMMERCE TH VANDERLINT J, 1734, MONEY ANSWERS THINGS WACKERNAGEL M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P9266 WELD I, 1799, TRAVELS STATES N AM WHITNEY L, 1924, MOD PHILOLOGY, V21, P337 WILSON A, 1832, AM ORNITHOLOGY, V1, P201 WILSON D, 2001, FATEFUL HARVEST TRUE WINCH D, 1965, CLASSICAL POLITICAL WRIGHT G, 1990, AM ECON REV, V80, P651 WRISTON WB, 1986, RISK OTHER 4 LETTER NR 145 TC 0 J9 ORGAN ENVIRON BP 168 EP 226 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 16 IS 2 GA 679ML UT ISI:000182926200002 ER PT J AU Christensen, L Coughenour, MB Ellis, JE Chen, ZZ TI Sustainability of inner Mongolian grasslands: Application of the Savanna model SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Ecol Res Ctr, Inst Bot, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. AB The sustainability and resilience of an Asian typical steppe grazing ecosystem was assessed by determining thresholds and stable states with an ecosystem simulation model. This analysis used the Savanna model to simulate spatial climate, vegetation, and livestock grazing dynamics, at 14 different stocking rates (5.5-59.8 AUY km(-2)). Grazing effects on vegetation were assessed, including effects on primary production, vegetation composition, and root biomass. Simulations were run for 100 years: 50 years to examine sustainability and 50 years to examine resilience of the system. Results showed that a grazing intensity (1-g/u; g = biomass in grazed area, u = biomass in ungrazed area) of 0.49 was sustainable for this particular system. This region was resilient to grazing up to the intensity of 0.49, where the system remained dominated by herbaceous production. Grazing intensities higher than 0.49, in combination with low precipitation events, resulted in decreased herbaceous net primary production and root biomass, and increased shrub net primary production and root biomass. Herbaceous vegetation was unable to gain a competitive advantage over shrubs in areas where grazing intensities were above 0.49; consequently, the system shifted to a stable shrub-dominated state that could not return its original composition even without further grazing. 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Univ Tromso, Norwegian Coll Fishery Sci, Dept Econ, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. Univ Heidelberg, Interdisciplinary Inst Environm Econ, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Econ, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. ALTERRA Green World Res, Dept Landscape Ecol, Wageningen, Netherlands. UFZ, Environm Res Ctr, Dept Ecol Modelling, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. RP Watzold, F, UFZ, Dept Econ, Environm Res Ctr, Permoser Str 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. AB Ecologists and economists both use models to help develop strategies for biodiversity management. The practical use of disciplinary models, however, can be limited because ecological models tend not to address the socioeconomic dimension of biodiversity management, whereas economic models tend to neglect the ecological dimension. Given these shortcomings of disciplinary models, there is a necessity to combine ecological and economic knowledge into ecological-economic models. It is insufficient if scientists work separately in their own disciplines and combine their knowledge only when it comes to formulating management recommendations. Such an approach does not capture feedback loops between the ecological and the socioeconomic systems. Furthermore, each discipline poses the management problem in its own way and comes up with its own most appropriate solution. These disciplinary solutions, however are likely to be so different that a combined solution considering aspects of both disciplines cannot be found. Preconditions for a successful model-based integration of ecology and economics include (1) an in-depth knowledge of the two disciplines, (2) the adequate identification and framing of the problem to be investigated, and (3) a common understanding between economists and ecologists of modeling and scale. To further advance ecological-economic modeling the development of common benchmarks, quality controls, and refereeing standards for ecological-economic models is desirable. 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San Jose State Univ, Dept Geog, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Butzer, KW, Univ Texas, Dept Geog & Environm, Austin, TX 78712 USA. AB For southeastern Australia, arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 raises similar issues in environmental history as the 1492 landing of Columbus in the Americas. But Anglo-Australian settlement is younger and better documented, both in terms of scientific proxy data and historical sources, which include data on stocking rates that generally were light. Environmental concerns were voiced early, and a lively debate continues both among professionals and the lay public, with Australian geographers playing a major academic and applied role. This article addresses environmental degradation often attributed to early pastoralism (and implicit clearance) in the Tablelands of New South Wales. Methods include: (1) comparison of well-reported travel itineraries of 1817-1833 with modern land cover and stream channels; (2) critical reviews of high-resolution pollen profiles and the issues of Aboriginal vs. Anglo-Australian fire ecology; and (3) identification of soil erosion and gullying both before and after Anglo-Australian intrusion. The results indicate that (a) land cover of the Tablelands is little changed since prior to Contact, although some species are less common, while invasive genera of legumes have modified the ground cover; (b) the charcoal trace in pollen profiles prior to Contact supports an ecological impact of regular Aboriginal burning and rare, catastrophic fires; and (c) most stream channels were already entrenched ("gullied") well before 1840, with repeated cut-and-fill cycles during the late Holocene, but before Contact. Land impairment has not been a major problem on the Tablelands, although the last two centuries have experienced cumulative and complex environmental change. This unexpected empirical picture suggests that, until high-technology intervention, increasing periodicity/magnitude of extreme drought/precipitation events had been the overriding trend in interior New South Wales, perhaps reinforced by burning. There is no support for an apocalyptic model of colonial environmental history. 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STOCKING M, 1996, LIE LAND CHALLENGING, P140 STURT C, 1834, 2 EXPEDITIONS INTERI TAYLOR SG, 1990, AUSTR ECOSYSTEMS 200, P411 TRIMBLE SW, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P248 VALE TR, 2002, FIRE NATIVE PEOPLES VIGILANTE T, 2001, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V3, P135 VONHUGELBARON C, 1994, NEW HOLLAND J NOV 18 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WASSON RJ, 1994, IAHS PUBL, V224, P269 WASSON RJ, 1996, PUBLICATION INT ASS, V239, P139 WASSON RJ, 1998, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V24, P291 WHEELER DJB, 1982, GRASSES NEW S WALES WHITE ME, 1997, LISTEN OUR LAND IS C WILLIAMS M, 1995, AUST GEOGR, V26, P23 WILLIAMS OB, 1962, SIMPLE FLEECE STUDIE, P411 WORSTER D, 1979, DUST BOWL SO PLAINS WRAY RAL, 1993, AUSTR GEOGRAPHER, V24, P45 YOUNG ARM, 1996, ENV CHANGE AUSTR 178 NR 162 TC 0 J9 ANN ASSN AMER GEOGR BP 80 EP 111 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 95 IS 1 GA 896UR UT ISI:000226959900005 ER PT J AU Steele, JH Beet, AR TI Marine protected areas in 'nonlinear' ecosystems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Steele, JH, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. AB The very large changes observed within marine communities, owing to excessive harvesting, have been attributed to switches between alternative stable states. Correspondingly large reductions in overall fishing effort are usually difficult to implement. For such 'nonlinear' ecosystems, introducing large marine protected areas, with low to zero harvesting, but without reduction in overall fishing effort, can give a marked increase in total yield of the depleted stocks. These increases, however, are still less than can be achieved by reducing fishing effort. CR *NRC, 2001, MAR PROT AR *NRC, 2002, EFF TRAWL DREDG SEAF BEATTIE A, 2002, NAT RESOURCE MODELIN, V15, P413 COLLIE JS, 1999, AKSG9901 U AL, P187 HASTINGS A, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1537 HOLLING CS, 1965, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V45, P1 KNOWLTON N, 1992, AM ZOOL, V32, P674 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 ROTHSCHILD BJ, 1986, DYNAMICS MARINE FISH SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SPENCER PD, 1996, ICES J MAR SCI, V53, P615 SPENCER PD, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P2920 SPENCER PD, 1997, FISH OCEANOGR, V6, P188 STEELE JH, 1981, AM NAT, V117, P676 STEELE JH, 1984, SCIENCE, V224, P985 THOMPSON G, 1991, NOAATMNMFSFNWC198 NR 17 TC 2 J9 PROC ROY SOC LONDON SER B BP S230 EP S233 PY 2003 PD NOV 7 VL 270 GA 744ZL UT ISI:000186662700032 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, D ARONSON, DG WEINBERGER, HF TI SPATIAL PATTERNING OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MATH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP LUDWIG, D, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MATH,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. CR ARONSON DG, 1975, LECTURE NOTES MATH, V446 ARONSON DG, 1978, ADV MATH, V30, P33 KIERSTEAD H, 1953, J MARKETING RES, V12, P141 LEVIN SA, 1976, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V7, P287 LEVIN SA, 1978, MAA STUDIES MATH, V16, P476 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MCMURTRIE R, 1978, MATH BIOSCI, V39, P11 OKUBO A, 1975, ECOLOGY DIFFUSION PROTTER MH, 1967, MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES D SKELLAM JG, 1951, BIOMETRIKA, V38, P196 NR 10 TC 60 J9 J MATH BIOL BP 217 EP 258 PY 1979 VL 8 IS 3 GA HV334 UT ISI:A1979HV33400001 ER PT J AU Giangrande, A TI Biodiversity, conservation, and the 'Taxonomic impediment' SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, Lab Biol Marina, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. RP Giangrande, A, Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biol & Ambientali, Lab Biol Marina, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB 1. This paper highlights the poor esteem in which taxonomy, as autonomous science, is held and the relative implications of this for conservation biology. 2. In recent times, taxonomy at the species level has tended to be neglected not just within ecological researches, but also in the identification and justification for the selection of the marine protected areas (MPA). A traditional criterion for choosing an MPA is the conservation of biodiversity, but most of the Italian MPA were chosen without initial detailed studies on their biodiversity, so that lists of species of the main invertebrate groups are not available. 3. The identification of organisms within communities to species level is one of the greatest constraints in terms of time and costs in ecological studies. Some studies have suggested that working at a taxonomic level higher than species does not result in an important loss of information (Taxonomic sufficiency). It does, however, lead to an inaccuracy of biodiversity evaluation which is, especially important when comparing different areas, and can lead to an 'a priori' exclusion of some entities before understanding their role in ecology. 4. Taxonomy has always been considered a marginal science even during the pioneer descriptive period of ecology, and traditionally has received little financial support. The result was the production of many misidentifications and erroneous records. During recent years, the developing experimental ecological approach has led to an improvement in scientific methods, but concurrently to a reduction in the number of expert taxonomists for many invertebrate groups. Descriptive works, historically so common in the Mediterranean area, are now considered obsolete, despite having an intrinsic value. 5. Biodiversity, particularly 'species richness' has long been thought to influence temporal variability and it seems that efforts to clarify the biodiversity/temporal variability relationship or to demonstrate the lack of such a relationship should continue. Such information is essential in order to maintain the ecological function despite the loss of component species, an important topic not only to ecologists but also to policy makers. Many species appear to have overlapping niches, and as such it could be argued that it is not essential for all species to be present. In contrast the crucial role of keystone species has been embraced in conservation biology as a tool to help highlight species requiring priority for protection. 6. Present knowledge of marine systems has led to the conclusion that, before developing theories and experimental design, we need an appropriate description of the system under investigation. A basic knowledge of the general biodiversity in term of species richness of a proposed MPA for example is essential, with a detailed survey providing the taxonomic lists necessary for biotope characterization and a reference data set for future comparisons. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. CR BALMFORD A, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P1267 BALMFORD A, 1996, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V263, P1571 BALMFORD A, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V93, P209 BIANCHI CN, 2000, MAR POLLUT BULL, V40, P367 BISBY FA, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P25 BOERO F, 1996, BIOL MARINA MED, V3, P13 BOERO F, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P266 BROOKS DR, 1991, PHYLOGENY ECOLOGY BE CABEZA M, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P242 CASTILLA JC, 2000, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V250, P3 CHAPIN FS, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P289 CHAPIN FS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P234 CHAPMAN MG, 1995, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V189, P103 CHEMELLO R, 1999, BIOL MARINA MEDITERR, V6, P247 CLARKE KR, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P117 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 COTTINGHAM KL, 2001, ECOL LETT, V4, P72 COUSINS SH, 1994, SYSTEMATICS CONSERVA, P397 DEANGELIS DLS, 1992, DYNAMICS NUTR CYCLIN EATON L, 2001, MAR POLLUT BULL, V42, P23 ELLIS D, 1985, MAR POLLUT BULL, V16, P459 FAITH DP, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V345, P45 FRASCHETTI S, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V212, P1 FRASCHETTI S, 2002, PSZN I MARINE ECOLOG, V23, P190 GAINES S, 1985, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V82, P3707 GASTON KJ, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V67, P37 GASTON KJ, 1998, BIODIVERSITY INTRO GIANGRANDE A, UNPUB MARINE BIOL GIANGRANDE A, 1988, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V120, P263 GOODMAN D, 1975, Q REV BIOL, V50, P237 GRASSLE JF, 1992, AM NAT, V139, P313 GROVER JP, 1994, AM NAT, V143, P258 HAMMOND PM, 1992, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P17 HAYDON D, 1994, AM NAT, V144, P14 HEYWOOD VH, 1994, SYSTEMATICS CONSERVA, P15 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOOPER DU, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P121 HUTCHINSON GE, 1959, AM NAT, V18, P342 JOHNSON KH, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P372 KELAHER BP, 2001, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V81, P917 LAWTON JH, 1995, LINKING SPECIES ECOS, P367 LICCIANO M, 1995, PROGRAMMA INIZIATIVA, V2, P31 LOREAU M, 1995, AM NAT, V145, P22 MAY RM, 1974, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MCCANN KS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P228 MENGE BA, 1986, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V100, P225 MENGE BA, 1994, ECOL MONOGR, V64, P249 MILLS LS, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P219 MISTRI M, 2000, ITAL J ZOOL, V67, P163 MISTRI M, 2001, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V81, P339 MISTRI M, 2002, BIOL MARINA MEDITERR, V9, P508 MOORE PG, 1972, EXPT J MARINE BIOL E, V13, P127 NEW TR, 1995, INTRO INVERTEBRATE C NIELSEN ES, 1994, SYSTEMATICS CONSERVA, P102 OLSGARD F, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V172, P25 OLSGARD F, 2000, J AQUAT ECOSYST STRE, V7, P25 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PINNEGAR JK, 2000, ENVIRON CONSERV, V27, P179 PIRAINO S, 2002, MAR BIOL, V140, P1067 PLEIJEL F, 2000, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V267, P627 SCHOENER TW, 1993, MUTUALISM COMMUNITY, P365 STORK NE, 1994, SYSTEMATICS CONSERVA, P82 TAYLOR RW, 1983, AUSTR SYSTEMATIC ENT, P93 TERLIZZI A, 2003, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V83, P165 TILMAN D, 1996, NATURE, V379, P718 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P99 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1996, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V200, P1 UNDERWOOD AJ, 2000, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V250, P51 VANDERKLIFT MA, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V86, P307 VANEWRIGHT RI, 1994, SYSTEMATICS CONSERVA, P310 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WARWICK RM, 1988, MAR POLLUT BULL, V19, P259 WARWICK RM, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V129, P301 WILSON OW, 1993, DIVERSITY LIFE WOOTTON JT, 1993, AM NAT, V141, P71 NR 75 TC 1 J9 AQUAT CONSERV BP 451 EP 459 PY 2003 PD SEP-OCT VL 13 IS 5 GA 727VW UT ISI:000185682400007 ER PT J AU Hein, L TI Cost-efficient eutrophication control in a shallow lake ecosystem subject to two steady states SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Hein, L, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Eutrophication of water bodies is a common problem in many countries. Eutrophication processes are guided by thresholds, which must be taken into account in the formulation of optimal policies for eutrophication control. Whereas a range of general models have been developed to determine the point of optimum eutrophication control, there are few studies that determine optimum control policies for a specific lake. This paper analyses optimum eutrophication control for a Dutch shallow lake ecosystem. The shallow lake can be in either of two states, a turbid water state and a clear water state, each with specific plant and fish communities. Transitions from one state to the next are subject to a threshold related to the nutrient concentrations in the lake. The paper examines how long-term water quality data can be used to model this threshold effect and how costs and benefits of potential eutrophication control measures can be compared. The paper shows that the presence of a threshold causes there to be two points of local maximum efficiency in eutrophication control, one corresponding to the maintenance of a turbid water state and one to the transition to a clear water state. Ecological-economic modeling of eutrophication in the lake yields concrete information on the cost-effectiveness of different policy options for the lake ecosystem. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *NAT, 2000, NAT VIS WIED NAT WIE *RIZA, 1997, 97084 RIZA *WAT GROOT SALL, 2000, WAT AN NW OV STROOMG *WAT REEST, 2003, DAT WAT QUAL SAMPL P BLALOCK HM, 1987, SOCIAL STAT BOERS PCM, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V37, P31 BROCK WA, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P575 CARPENTER SR, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CLEVERING OA, 1998, AQUAT BOT, V60, P11 DILLON PJ, 1974, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V19, P767 HEIN L, IN PRESS ECOLOGICAL HOSPER H, 1997, THESIS WAGENINGEN U HOSPER SH, 1992, HDB BIOMANIPULATION JEPPESEN E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P219 KIRK JTO, 1994, LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS KLINE M, 1999, FISH MANGEMENT PLAN KLINGE M, 1995, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V31, P207 LIMBURG KE, 2002, ECOL ECON, V41, P409 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 MALER KG, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P603 MEIJER KG, 2000, THESIS WAGENINGEN U NAEVDAL E, 2001, J AGR ECON, V83, P972 NAEVDAL E, 2003, NATURAL RESOURE MODE, V16, P305 NUNES PALD, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P203 PERROW MR, 1997, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V342, P355 ROMERO JA, 1999, AQUAT BOT, V64, P369 ROTMANS J, 2001, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V69, P101 SCHEFFER M, 1994, AQUAT BOT, V49, P193 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SPASH CL, 1995, ECOL ECON, V12, P191 SVEDANG H, 1996, J FISH BIOL, V48, P342 TIMMS RM, 1984, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V29, P472 TSUR Y, 1995, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V29, P149 VANBERKUM JA, 2000, WATERPLANTS WIEDEN R VANDERMOLEN DT, 1998, WATER RES, V32, P3281 VANDERVEEREN RJH, 2002, THESIS FREE U AMSTER VANKONIJNENBURG PG, 1996, RECREATION WIEDEN RE VANNES EH, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V72, P275 VOLLENWEIDER RA, 1968, DASCS168 OECD WULFF F, 2001, AMBIO, V30, P254 NR 42 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 429 EP 439 PY 2006 PD OCT 15 VL 59 IS 4 GA 100DM UT ISI:000241647600004 ER PT J AU Adams, WM TI Rationalization and conservation: ecology and the management of nature in the United Kingdom SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF BRITISH GEOGRAPHERS LA English DT Article RP Adams, WM, UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT GEOG,DOWNING PL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EN,ENGLAND. AB Nature conservation in the UK comprises not only a response to the perceived impacts of rationalization on nature but is itself a dimension of that process of rationalization. The paper describes the development of conservation institutions and ideologies in the UK and considers the ways in which ecology (and particularly ideas of nature as equilibrium) have provided the intellectual framework for conservation. Ecology underpinned the establishment of government conservation institutions, provided intellectual strategies for classifying and objectifying nature, and provided the knowledge base for the control and management of nature. The paper discusses the implications of non-equilibrial ideas in ecology for ideas and practice in conservation and the implications of responses to them in the form of re-rationalization. CR 1996, NATURAL WORLD AUT, P11 *NAT CONS COUNC, 1989, GUID SEL BIOL SSSIS ADAMS WM, 1986, NATURES PLACE CONSER ADAMS WM, 1993, CONSERVATION PROGR ADAMS WM, 1996, FUTURE NATURE VISION ADAMS WM, 1996, LANDSCAPE RES, V21, P265 ALLEN DE, 1976, NATURALIST BRITAIN AUSDEN M, 1995, MANAGING HABITATS CO, P197 BAYLEY PB, 1991, REGUL RIVER, V6, P75 BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI BISHOP KD, 1995, REG STUD, V290, P92 BOCKING S, 1993, SCI NATURE ESSAYS HI, P89 BOTKIN DB, 1990, DISCORDANT HARMONIES BROOKES A, 1989, RIVER CONSERVATION M, P337 BROOKES A, 1996, FLOODPLAIN PROCESSES, P553 BUCKELY GP, 1989, BIOL HABITAT RECONST BUNCE M, 1994, COUNTRYSIDE IDEAL AN CLEMENTS FE, 1905, RES METHODS ECOLOGY CLEMENTS FE, 1916, PUBLICATION CARNEGIE, V290 CLIFFORD S, 1993, LOCAL DISTINCTIVENES COTGROVE S, 1980, SOCIOL REV, V28, P333 COWELL R, 1997, T I BRIT GEOGR, V22, P292 DANIELS S, 1988, ICONOGRAPHY LANDSCAP, P1 DEMERITT D, 1994, J HIST GEOGR, V20, P22 DEMERITT D, 1996, T I BRIT GEOGR, V21, P484 DIAMOND JM, 1975, BIOL CONSERV, V7, P129 DISILVESTRO RL, 1993, RECLAIMING LAST WILD DUFF AG, 1981, HDB CONT DEV WORLD E DUFFEY E, 1971, SCI MANAGEMENT ANIMA DUFFEY E, 1971, SCI MANAGEMENT ANIMA, P581 EVANS D, 1992, HIST NATURE CONSERVA EVERNDEN N, 1992, SOCIAL CREATION NATU FITZSIMMONS M, 1989, ANTIPODE, V21, P106 FULLER RJ, 1995, MANAGING HABITATS CO, P327 GOODMAN D, 1991, REFASHIONING NATURE GREEN B, 1981, COUNTRYSIDE CONSERVA GREEN B, 1995, ECOS, V16, P3 GREGORY RS, 1975, POLITICS PHYSICAL RE, P14 GROVE RH, 1995, GREEN IMPERIALISM CO HARVEY HJ, 1995, BIOL J LINN SOC A, V56, P231 HAYS SP, 1959, CONSERVATION GOSPEL HAYS SP, 1987, BEAUTY HLTH PERMANEN HENDERSON N, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P394 HOLLAND A, 1993, ECOS REV CONSERVATIO, V14, P14 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUXLEY J, 1947, CMD7122 JARMAN R, 1995, ECOS, V16, P29 JENKINS J, 1994, ACORN OAK TREE GROWT JORDAN WR, 1987, RESTORATION ECOLOGY KATZ C, 1991, T I BRIT GEOGR, V16, P259 LANKESTER ER, 1914, NATURE, V93, P33 LEACH M, 1996, LIE LAND CHALLENGING LINDEMAN RL, 1942, ECOLOGY, V23, P399 LIVINGSTONE D, 1995, ECUMENE, V2, P353 LOWE P, 1983, ENV GROUPS POLITICS MACEWEN A, 1982, NATL PARKS CONSERVAT MARGULES CR, 1982, BIOL CONSERV, V24, P115 MAY RM, 1974, SCIENCE, V186, P645 MAY RM, 1976, NATURE, V261, P459 MCINTOSH RP, 1985, BACKGROUND ECOLOGY C MILLER GR, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P101 MOORE NW, 1987, BIRD TIME SCI POLITI MURPHY R, 1994, RATIONALITY NATURE S NASH R, 1973, WILDERNESS AM MIND NICHOLSON EM, 1957, BRIT NATURE RESERVES NICHOLSON EM, 1970, ENV REVOLUTION GUIDE NICHOLSON EM, 1974, CONSERVATION PRACTIC, R1 NORTON BC, 1991, UNITY ENV OWE P, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P329 PAHLWOSTL C, 1995, DYNAMIC NATURE ECOSY PEARSALL WH, 1964, J ECOL, V52, P1 PETERKEN GF, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P83 PETERKEN GF, 1996, NATURAL WOODLAND ECO PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST POTTER C, 1991, DIVERSION LAND CONSE PYE K, 1983, ENGLISH NATURE SCI, V13 RACKHAM O, 1975, HAYLEY WOOD ITS HIST RACKHAM O, 1986, HIST COUNTRYSIDE RATCLIFFE DA, 1971, ADV SCI, V27, P294 RATCLIFFE DA, 1977, NATURE CONSERVATION REED TM, 1983, BIOL CONSERV, V25, P263 RODWELL JS, 1991, BRIT PLANT COMMUNITI, V1 ROE EM, 1991, WORLD DEV, V19, P287 SALISBURY E, 1964, J ECOL, V52, P13 SCHEFFER M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P475 SHEAIL J, 1976, NATURE TRUST HIST NA SHEAIL J, 1980, 28 U COLL LOND EC CO SHEAIL J, 1981, RURAL CONSERVATION I SHEAIL J, 1987, 75 YEARS ECOLOGY BRI SHEAIL J, 1995, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V44, P267 SHEAIL J, 1995, LANDSCAPE RES, V21, P37 SHOARD M, 1980, THEFT COUNTRYSIDE SQUIRE SJ, 1993, AREA, V25, P5 STEWART TA, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P65 SUTHERLAND WJ, 1995, MANAGING HABITATS CO TANSLEY AG, 1911, TYPES BRIT VEGETATIO TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 TANSLEY AG, 1939, BRIT ISLANDS THEIR V TANSLEY AG, 1939, J ECOL, V27, P513 TANSLEY AG, 1945, OUR HERITAGE WILD NA TAYLOR K, 1971, SCI MANAGEMENT ANIMA, P153 THOMPSON DBA, 1995, MANAGING HABITATS CO, P292 VANZOEST J, 1992, COASTAL DUNES, P503 VELDMAN M, 1993, FANTASY BOMB GREENIN WARREN A, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P19 WARREN A, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P2 WARREN A, 1993, CONSERVATION PROGR, P15 WEBER M, 1922, EC SOC WELLS TCE, 1971, SCI MANAGEMENT ANIMA, P497 WILLIAMS R, 1993, COUNTRY AND CITY WILLIAMS WT, 1958, J I BIOL, V5, P86 WIMAN BLB, 1991, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V1, P235 WOOD JB, 1983, CONSERVATION PERSPEC, P247 WORSTER D, 1985, NATURES EC HIST ECOL WORSTER D, 1993, WEALTH NATURE ENV HI WORSTER D, 1994, ENV HIST REV, V18, P1 ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 NR 117 TC 11 J9 TRANS INST BRIT GEOGR BP 277 EP 291 PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 GA XW681 UT ISI:A1997XW68100002 ER PT J AU Otto, RD TI An evaluation of forest landscape spatial pattern and wildlife community structure SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP Otto, RD, UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK,FAC FOREST & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,BAG SERV 44555,FREDERICTON,NB E3B 6C2,CANADA. AB Spatial pattern is thought to influence ecological processes, yet there is little empirical evidence to support the relationship. This study evaluated empirical evidence for a relationship between landscape spatial pattern and ecological processes. Two landscapes were surveyed that differed in spatial pattern across five scales of both spatial resolution and extent, as measured by fractal dimension. Ecological processes were indexed by avian community structure. Bird species were censused along transects from 27 May to 5 July 1994. Community structure was compared between areas at the different spatial scales. Seventeen of 32 comparisons of spatial resolution and four of five comparisons of spatial extent showed differences in avian community structure. The evidence presented shows no clear relationship, indicating that differences in forest landscape spatial pattern are not reflected in avian body-mass distributions and that landscape spatial pattern does not influence ecological processes. CR ANDERSON BW, 1981, STUD AVIAN BIOL, V6, P186 BROWN JH, 1991, AM NAT, V138, P1478 CULLINAN VI, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P211 DUNNING JB, 1993, CRC HDB AVIAN BODY M ERSKINE AJ, 1992, ATLAS BREEDING BIRDS HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 KLINKENBERG B, 1994, MATH GEOL, V26, P23 KRUMMEL JR, 1987, OIKOS, V48, P321 LABARBERA M, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P97 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LOVEJOY S, 1982, SCIENCE, V216, P185 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT MCGARIGAL K, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P235 MENGE BA, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P52 MILNE BT, 1991, ECOL STUD, V86, P69 MLADENOFF DJ, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P294 ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P153 PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI RISSER PG, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P742 THOMPSON ID, 1993, FOREST CHRON, V69, P32 TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 WIENS JA, 1993, OIKOS, V66, P369 WITH KA, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V9, P25 ZAR JH, 1984, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 26 TC 6 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 139 EP 147 PY 1996 PD DEC VL 89 IS 1-3 GA WB334 UT ISI:A1996WB33400013 ER PT J AU Varghese, J Krogman, NT Beckley, TM Nadeau, S TI Critical analysis of the relationship between local ownership and community resiliency SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Rural Econ, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph Water Management Grp, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Fac Forestry & Environm, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. Canadian Forestry Serv, Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5, Canada. RP Krogman, NT, Univ Alberta, Dept Rural Econ, 5-15 Gen Serv Bldg, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada. AB Collectively, current resource-development literature has given little attention to organizational features of ownership as important variables in community resilience. By drawing from six local buyout cases in Canada's forest sector, we reveal the complexity and numerous constraints on local ownership and expose a more nuanced context than most sociologists tend to consider. Our findings suggest that the meaning of local ownership and community resilience varies depending upon the composition (e.g., private vs. public; mill vs. forest license vs. coupled mill & forest license), type (social, cooperative, trust and/or direct-share ownership), extent of ownership (percentage of local versus extra-local shares), and the level of control (e.g., proportion of locally held seats on the Board of Directors) associated with ownership. Future research on local ownership should more carefully differentiate between the nature of local ownership and its associated outcomes. CR *CORT CONS INC, 2001, QUICK REF BRIT COL T *CTR COMM ENT, 2003, COMM RES PROJ *RAINF ALL, 2004, 14 ANN RAINF ALL GAL ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 ADGER WN, 2004, NEW IDICATORS VULNER BEATTY CA, 2002, EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP N BECKLEY T, 2001, UNPUB MULTIPLE CAPAC BECKLEY TM, 2002, RURAL SOCIOL, V67, P183 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRUNELLE A, 1990, COMMUNITY FORESTRY C, P107 BURROWAY M, 1999, UNCERTAIN TRANSITION CRESWELL JW, 1998, QUALITATIVE INQUIRY CROOKS A, 1997, RURAL COOPERATIV JUL, P28 EISLER C, 2000, PROPERTY VALUES ALTE FLORA CB, 1993, ANN AM ACAD POLIT SS, V529, P48 GAVENTA J, 1984, LAND REFORM AM STYLE, P233 GEISLER C, 1993, RURAL SOCIOL, V58, P529 GEISLER C, 1993, RURAL SOCIOL, V58, P532 GIESIEKE JA, 1998, J COMMUNITY DEV SOC, V29, P256 GILBERT J, 1993, RURAL SOCIOL, V58, P569 GLASER BG, 1967, DISCOVERY GROUNDED T GODLSCHMIDT WR, 1947, AS YOU SW GREEN G, 1985, RURAL SOCIOL, V50, P262 GREENBERG ES, 1996, POLIT RES QUART, V49, P305 GRUNBERG L, 1991, INT HDB PARTICIPATIO, V2, P103 HALEY D, 1998, WEALTH FORESTS MARKE, P123 HAMERSLEYCHAMBE.F, 2003, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME, P113 HOCHNER A, 1988, JOB SAVING STRATEGIE, P1 KASPERSON JX, 1995, REGIONS RISK, V1, P1 KROGMAN N, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P109 KRUECKEBERG DA, 1995, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V61, P301 KUSEL J, 1991, WELL BEING FOREST DE, V1, P1 LOBAO L, 1990, LOCALITY INEQUALITY LOVEJOY SB, 1982, RURAL SOCIOL, V47, P475 LYSON T, 2004, CIVIC AGR RECONNECTI MACHLIS GE, 1990, COMMUNITY FORESTRY C, P259 MARCHAK P, 1983, GREEN GOLD FOREST IN NADEAU S, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V75, P747 NADEAU S, 2003, ANN M RUR SOC SOC JU OVERDEVEST C, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P111 PUTNAM RD, 1993, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR RHODES SR, 1981, HUM RELAT, V34, P1013 RIBOT JC, 2003, RURAL SOCIOL, V68, P153 RODGERS L, 2001, OWNERSHIP CULTURE RE, V1, P1 ROSE CM, 1994, PROPERTY PERSUASION RYDEN J, 2004, IRSA 11 WORLD C RUR SALAMON S, 1993, RURAL SOCIOL, V58, P580 SHUMAN M, 1998, GOING LOCAL CREATING STRAUSS A, 1990, BASICS QUALITATIVE R NR 49 TC 0 J9 RURAL SOCIOL BP 505 EP 527 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 71 IS 3 GA 083HT UT ISI:000240447700006 ER PT J AU Pauly, D Christensen, V Guenette, S Pitcher, TJ Sumaila, UR Walters, CJ Watson, R Zeller, D TI Towards sustainability in world fisheries SO NATURE LA English DT Review C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Pauly, D, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Fisheries have rarely been 'sustainable'. Rather, fishing has induced serial depletions, long masked by improved technology, geographic expansion and exploitation of previously spurned species lower in the food web. With global catches declining since the late 1980s, continuation of present trends will lead to supply shortfall, for which aquaculture cannot be expected to compensate, and may well exacerbate. Reducing fishing capacity to appropriate levels will require strong reductions of subsidies. Zoning the oceans into unfished marine reserves and areas with limited levels of fishing effort would allow sustainable fisheries, based on resources embedded in functional, diverse ecosystems. 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RP PIMM, SL, UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT ZOOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. 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RP Dearing, JA, Univ Liverpool, Dept Geog, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. AB The paper reviews how we can learn from the past about climate-human-environment interactions at the present time, and in the future. It focuses on data sources for environmental change at local/regional and regional/global spatial scales, and shows the scope and limitations of each. It reviews alternative methods for learning from the past, including the increasing use of simulation models. The use of multiple records (observational, palaeoenvironmental, archaeological, documentary) in local case-studies is exemplified in a study from China, where independent records help unravel the complexity of interactions and provide a basis for assessing the resilience and sustainability of the landscape system. Holocene global records for Natural Forcings (e.g. climate and tectonics), Human Society and Ecosystems are reviewed, and the problems of reconstructing global records of processes that are only recorded at local scales examined. Existing regional/global records are used to speculate about the veracity of anthropogenic forcing of global climate, with specific consideration of the Ruddiman theory. The paper concludes that a full understanding of causes of earth system change through ( at least) the Holocene can come only through the most rigorous reconstructions of climate, human activities and earth processes, and importantly their interactions, at all locations and at all scales. It follows that we need to promote inter-scale learning: regionalisation and generalisation of existing data would be useful first steps. There is now a need to develop long-term simulation models that can help anticipate complex ecosystem behaviour and environmental processes in the face of global environmental change - and resolving our past is an essential element in that endeavour. 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US Forest Serv, USDA, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR USA. RP Hann, WJ, US Forest Serv, USDA, 1015 N Poplar, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. AB To understand benefits of integrating management at landscape scales, we estimated cost and projected integrated outcomes for three alternatives for public land management in the interior Columbia River basin over 100 years, Effectiveness was measured in terms of costs and trends of long-term (100 years) land and fire management, landscape health, and reduction of risks across several broad aquatic, terrestrial, landscape, and socioeconomic indicators. Lowest costs with most positive cumulative trends for these variables occurred where alternatives "step down" assessment and planning from broader scales, focusing restoration efforts sufficiently to overcome opposite effects of traditional reserve protection or commodity management strategies. Integrated management implemented at interconnected scales appears to have multiple positive outcomes. Landscape health, conditions for native fish and wildlife species and jobs from restoration activities can improve, while risks to firefighters and property decline. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1998, FED REG, V63, P26846 *NAT INT FIR CTR, 1997, 1849 NFES NAT INT FI, P38 *USDA, 1987, REP FOR SERV ANN ACC *USDA, 1995, FED WILDL FIR MAN PO, P45 *USDA, 1997, EASTSIDE DRAFT ENV I, V2 *USDA, 1997, UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER, V2 *USDA, 1998, INT COL BAS EC MAN P *USDA, 2000, GAORCED9965 USDA FOR *USDA, 2000, INT COL BAS SUPPL DR AGEE JK, 1993, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC, P493 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY, P384 BAILEY DG, 1995, CAN J CLIN PHARM, V2, P10 BEUKEMA SJ, 1995, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, P76 BUNTING SC, 1999, P EC MAN PIN COMM IN, P76 CHAPIN FS, 1996, AM NAT, V148, P1016 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CISSEL JH, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1217 CRONE LK, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P147 DAUBENMIRE R, 1968, PLANT COMMUNITIES TX, P300 EVERETT RL, 1994, PNWGTR330 USDA FOR S, P123 FISCHER WC, 1988, P S WORKSH PROT PEOP, P213 FLATHER CH, 1994, RMGTR241 USDA FOR SE FORMAN RTT, 1995, LAND MOSAICS ECOLOGY, P632 FRANKLIN JF, 1973, PNW8 USDA FOR SERV, P417 FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P1 GRUMBINE RE, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P41 HANN WJ, 1997, ASSESSMENT ECOSYSTEM, V2, P337 HANN WJ, 1997, EVALUATION EIS ALTER, V1, P29 HANN WJ, 1998, J FOREST, V96, P10 HANN WJ, 2000, PROJECTING BROAD SCA HARDY CC, 2000, IN PRESS INT J WILDL HARTFORD R, 1994, DOCUMENTATION CRB 19 HAYNES RW, 1996, RNWGTR374 USDA FOR S HAYNES RW, 1997, ASSESSMENT ECOSYSTEM, V4, P1715 HAYNES RW, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P3 HEMSTROM MA, 2000, DRAFT LANDSCAPE EFFE HEMSTROM MA, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P105 HESSBURG PE, 1999, PNWGTR458 USDA FOR S HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KEANE RE, 1996, INTGTR340 USDA FOR S, P50 LANDRES PB, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P179 LEE DC, 1997, ASSESSMENT ECOSYSTEM, V3, P1057 MANGAN R, 1999, 99512808MTDC USDA FO, P14 MOORE MM, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1266 MUTCH RW, 1994, J FOREST, V92, P31 QUIGLEY TM, 1996, PNWGTR382 USDA FOR S, P303 QUIGLEY TM, 1997, PNWGTR406 USDA FOR S, V2 RAPHAEL MG, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P63 RAUSCHER HM, 1999, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V114, P173 RIEMAN BE, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P425 STEPHENSON NL, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1253 SWETNAM TW, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1189 TAUSCH RJ, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P439 WAGNER JE, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V40, P151 WALLIN DO, 1996, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V85, P291 WIMBERLY MC, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P167 WISDOM MJ, 2000, SOURCE HABITATS TERR, V1 NR 58 TC 4 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 127 EP 145 PY 2001 PD NOV 1 VL 153 IS 1-3 GA 485VG UT ISI:000171784200009 ER PT J AU BRAUER, F SOUDACK, AC TI CONSTANT-RATE STOCKING OF PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT ELECT ENGN,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. RP BRAUER, F, UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT MATH,MADISON,WI 53706. CR BAZYKIN AD, 1974, PROBLEMS MATH GENETI, P103 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V7, P319 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V8, P55 BRAUER F, 1979, THEORET POPULATION B, V15, P268 BULMER MG, 1976, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V9, P137 CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS HOLLING CS, 1965, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V45, P1 IVLEV VS, 1961, EXPT ECOLOGY FEEDING LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY OBRIEN WJ, 1974, ECOLOGY, V55, P135 SMITH JM, 1974, MODELS ECOLOGY NR 12 TC 10 J9 J MATH BIOL BP 1 EP 14 PY 1981 VL 11 IS 1 GA LC677 UT ISI:A1981LC67700001 ER PT J AU Kohn, J TI An approach to Baltic Sea sustainability SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article RP Kohn, J, Univ Rostock, Inst Econ, Pk Str 6, D-18051 Rostock, Germany. AB One may understand the Joint Comprehensive Programme to restore the ecological balance of the Baltic Sea, which was initiated and has been signed by the Baltic Littoral States and the European Community, as confirming the target of environmental sustainability. The paper seeks to answer three questions and proposes a program for participatory action. The first questions it broaches are: (a) is the target of environmental sustainability socially feasible; (b) how can ecological economics support decision making processes in complex systems such as the Baltic Sea and its watershed area, where uncertainty is an important process variable; and (c) how can a program be designed so as to combine environmentally and socially based targets. In other words, how should social processes be designed to make 'sustainability' into a regulatory principle for policy making. This paper proposes one conceivable way of organizing processes in which the social players can participate in the decision making process. It also supports the idea of designing input-output scenarios for economic sectors and subregions for supporting target setting on the local, subregional and watershed scales and to monitoring such processes. Finally, the paper suggests a system for applying the polluter-pay-principle in the Baltic Sea region. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1992, CONVENTION PROTECTIO, P41 1994, C MIN SPAT PLANN DEV, P96 *HELCOM STOCKH ENV, 1990, 7 HELCOM STOCKH ENV *HELCOM, 1992, BACKGR DOC BALT SEA, P15 *HELCOM, 1992, BALTIC SEA JOINT COM, CH1 *I DTSCH WIRTSCH, 1995, ZAHL WIRTSCH ENTW BU *SWED EPA, 1990, LARG SCAL ENV EFF EC *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT *WORLD RES I, 1994, WORLD RES 1994 1995 ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 AYRES RU, 1988, SELF ORG BIOL EC, P34 BERGSTROM JC, 1995, DEPT AGR APPL EC U G, P22 BERKES F, 1994, BEIJER DISCUSSION PA, V52, P15 BOHME H, 1988, INT VERKEHRSWESEN, V40, P383 COMMON M, 1992, BEIJER DISCUSSION PA, V2, P30 COSTANZA R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193 DALY HE, 1977, STEADY STATE EC EC B ELMGREN R, 1989, BALTIC SEA ENV P, V30, P12 FREEMAN AM, 1985, HDB NATURAL RESOURCE, P223 GOODLAND R, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KEOHANE RO, 1995, LOCAL COMMONS GLOBAL KOHN J, 1990, FRAMTIDER INT, V1, P24 KOHN J, 1995, WIRTSCHAFTSRAUM OSTS, P58 KOHN J, 1997, THESIS LOVELOCK J, 1995, AGES GAIA LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LUNDGREN A, 1995, FUTURE BALTIC SA, P131 MALTHUS TR, 1997, CLASSICS ENV STUDIES, P29 MILLS JS, 1965, PRINCIPLES POLITICAL SERAFIN R, 1988, AMBIO, V17, P99 SOLOW R, 1974, AM ECON REV, V15, P1 VONBERTALANFFY L, 1932, THEORETISCHE BIOL WULFF F, 1989, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICA, V3, P63 WULFF F, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P193 NR 35 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 13 EP 28 PY 1998 PD OCT VL 27 IS 1 GA 141CK UT ISI:000077124900003 ER PT J AU Wirl, F Withagen, C TI Complexities due to sluggish expansion of backstop technologies SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATIONALOKONOMIE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Vienna, Ctr Business Studies, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. Tilburg Univ, Fac Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. RP Wirl, F, Univ Vienna, Ctr Business Studies, Brunnerstr 72, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. AB This paper considers an economy using a technology that adds to a stuck of pollution. Examples that come to mind are SO-emissions from burning coal accumulating in the soil and CO2-emissions from fossil-energy use which art: retained in the atmosphere. The stock of pollutants is subject to natural decay. albeit not necessarily of the simple often assumed linear type. In addition, a clean or so-called backstop technology is available that requires costly investments but is: characterized by low variable costs (e.g., solar energy or wind power). The costly investments imply a slow build-up of the capacity of the backstop, On the modelling side. this is an essential extension of most of the literature that considers the: unrealistic case where a backstop is instantaneously available. The second extension the present paper makes is to consider not only the planning problem but also the competitive outcomes. One of the interesting results is that stable limit cycles may characterize the socially optimal long-run outcome as well as the competitive equilibrium. Ln a competitive equilibrium pollution-control policy is not necessarily optimal in the sense of corresponding with the social optimum. Although cycling can occur in a competitive equilibrium just as: in the social optimum, relaxation of the control increases the set of parameter values for which complex and unstable behavior arises. CR 1999, ECONOMIST 0724, P63 BROCK WA, 1989, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO COMOLLI P, 1977, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V4, P289 DASGUPTA P, 1982, CONTROL RESOURCES DOCKNER E, 1985, OPTIMAL CONTROL THEO, V2 FEICHTINGER G, 1994, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V18, P353 FOSTER B, 1975, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V2, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KHIBNIK A, 1992, INTERACTIVE LOCAL BI MALER KG, 1999, J SCHUMP LECT EUR EC PETHIG R, 1993, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL DYN TAHVONEN O, 1996, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V20, P1775 TOMAN MA, 1996, RESOURCE ENV EC, V22, P367 WIRL F, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P157 WIRL F, 1996, J OPTIMIZ THEORY APP, V91, P299 WIRL F, 1997, J EVOL ECON, V7, P73 NR 16 TC 1 J9 J ECON BP 153 EP 174 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 GA 391PL UT ISI:000166364300002 ER PT J AU Scholes, RJ TI Uncle Tony's computer: order-of-magnitude modelling as a screening tool in environmental analysis SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 CSIR Environmentek, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Scholes, RJ, CSIR Environmentek, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. AB This paper describes a simple, quick, non data-intensive quantitative approach for sorting certain types of environmental Issues into those that are unlikely to be problems; those likely to be problems; and those requiring further, more detailed investigation. It applies to situations where the Impact results from an altered Input to a system, for instance of a pollutant, or an altered output, for Instance a harvest. It is based on a rough (order-of-magnitude) estimation of the degree to which a proposed action is likely to perturb the throughput of a given system. If the perturbation is an order of magnitude or more smaller than the throughput, It Is deemed unlikely to affect the ecology of that system In a material way. If larger than the throughput, It Is very likely to have a substantial effect on the functioning of the system. If somewhere between the two limits, the problem requires further study. The method assumes a good, but not highly quantitative, knowledge of the system, and does not apply to cumulative effects. CR GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 LINACRE ET, 1977, AGR METEOROL, V18, P409 MIESSNER HH, 1982, S AFR J WILDL RES, V12, P41 SCHOLES RJ, 1987, THESIS U WITWATERSRA SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT SCOTT DF, 1992, 98068 CSIR ENVPR SHACKLETON C, 1998, THESIS U WITWATERSRA NR 7 TC 0 J9 S AFR J SCI BP 494 EP 496 PY 2002 PD SEP-OCT VL 98 IS 9-10 GA 629FM UT ISI:000180039800022 ER PT J AU Ebi, KL Kovats, RS Menne, B TI An approach for assessing human health vulnerability and public health interventions to adapt to climate change SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article C1 LLC, ESS, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Policy, London WC1, England. WHO, Reg Off Europe, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Rome, Italy. RP Ebi, KL, LLC, ESS, 5249 Tancreti Lane, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. AB Assessments of the potential human health impacts of climate change are needed to inform the development of adaptation strategies, policies, and measures to lessen projected adverse impacts. We developed methods for country-level assessments to help policy makers make evidence-based decisions to increase resilience to current and future climates, and to provide information for national communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The steps in an assessment should include the following: a) determine the scope of the assessment; b) describe the current distribution and burden of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes; c) identify and describe current strategies, policies, and measures designed to reduce the burden of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes; a) review the health implications of the potential impacts of climate variability and change in other sectors; e) estimate the future potential health impacts using scenarios of future changes in climate, socioeconomic, and other factors; f) synthesize the results; and g) identify additional adaptation policies and measures to reduce potential negative health impacts. Key issues for ensuring that an assessment is informative, timely, and useful include stakeholder involvement, an adequate management structure, and a communication strategy. CR *NRC, 1989, IMPR RISK COMM *UNFCCC, 2005, UN NAT FRAM CONV CLI ALBRITTON DL, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P21 ARNELL NW, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P3 BULTO PLO, 2006, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V114, P1942 CAMPBELLLENDRUM D, 2006, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V114, P1935 CASIMIRO E, 2006, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V114, P1950 EBI KL, 2004, B AM METEOROL SOC, V85, P1067 EBI KL, 2006, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V114, P1957 FURGAL C, 2006, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V114, P1964 HULME M, 2002, CLIMATE CHANGE SCENA KOVATS RS, 2003, CLIMATE CHANGE HUMAN, P181 KOVATS RS, 2003, ENV CHANGE SERIES, V1 KOVATS RS, 2003, LANCET, V361, P1481 LIM B, 2004, ADAPTATION POLICY FR MCMICHAEL AJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P451 MOSS RH, 2000, GUIDANCE PAPERS CROS, P33 NAKICENOVIC N, 2000, EMISSIONS SCENARIOS ONEILL MS, 2003, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V157, P1074 PATZ JA, 2005, NATURE, V438, P310 SCHERAGA JD, 2003, CLIMATE CHANG HUMAN, P237 SMIT B, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P877 WILLOWS RI, 2003, CLIMATE ADAPTATION R YOHE GW, 2005, INTEGRATION PUBLIC H, P18 NR 24 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT BP 1930 EP 1934 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 114 IS 12 GA 112BN UT ISI:000242500200043 ER PT J AU Milestad, R Darnhofer, K TI Building farm resilience: The prospects and challenges of organic farming SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Agr Sci, Inst Agr Econ, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Univ Agr Sci Uppsala, Res Sch Ecol Land Use, Dept Rural Dev Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. RP Darnhofer, K, Univ Agr Sci, Inst Agr Econ, Peter Jordan Str 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. AB The concept of socio-ecological resilience is applied to agricultural systems in general and to the farm level in particular. Resilience has three defining characteristics: the amount of change the system can undergo while maintaining its functions and structures, the degree of self-organization, and the capacity for learning and adaptation. To assess the resilience of a farming system, various elements that can build resilience are identified. Using these elements, the paper assesses organic agriculture using the IFOAM Basic Standard. The analysis shows that organic farming has a number of promising characteristics building resilience. However, when analyzing the current development of organic farming practice in light of the effects of government regulation and market dynamics, there is a danger that this quality is lost. Therefore, conversion alone may not be enough to ensure farm resilience. The ability of organic farming to realize its resilience building potential will depend on the ability of the organic movement to adapt and learn from the current experiences. (C) 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. CR *IFOAM, 2001, BAS STAND ORG PROD P ALLEN P, 2000, AGR HUM VALUES, V17, P221 ASSOULINE G, 2000, 7 EUR ROUNDT CLEAN P BERENTSEN PBM, 1998, BIOL AGRIC HORTIC, V16, P311 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BUCK D, 1997, SOCIOL RURALIS, V37, P3 CAMPBELL H, 2001, SOCIOL RURALIS, V41, P21 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 COOMBES B, 1998, SOCIOL RURALIS, V38, P127 DELIND LB, 2000, HUM ORGAN, V59, P198 EDWARDSJONES G, 2001, AGR SYST, V67, P31 ELLIS F, 2000, RURAL LIVELIHOODS DI FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, CH16 FOLKE C, 2002, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, CH14 GOODMAN D, 2000, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V17, P215 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUTHMAN J, 1998, ANTIPODE, V30, P135 GUTHMAN J, 2000, AGR HUM VALUES, V17, P257 HALL A, 2001, SOCIOL RURALIS, V41, P399 HANSEN B, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V83, P11 HINTERBERGER F, 2000, 3 BIENN C EUR SOC EC HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1994, POPULATION EC DEV EN, P79 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 IKERD J, 1999, C ORG AGR SPEC PROD IKERD J, 2001, IN NAT ORG C 2001 OR JANSEN K, 2000, BIOL AGRIC HORTIC, V17, P247 JIGGINS J, 2000, INT J AGR RESOURCES, V1, P28 KIRCHMANN H, 2000, EUR J AGRON, V12, P145 LEGUILLOU G, 2000, ORGANIC FARMING GUID LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM MEPPEM T, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P121 MICHELSEN J, 2001, SOCIOL RURALIS, V41, P62 MORGAN K, 2000, GEOFORUM, V31, P159 OPPERMANN R, 2001, OKOLOGISCHER LANDAU PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PRETTY J, 1997, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V21, P247 PRETTY J, 1998, LIVING LAND AGR FOOD RIGBY D, 2001, AGR SYST, V68, P21 ROLING NG, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN, P283 ROSSI R, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V77, P53 SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHNEEBERGER W, 2002, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V17, P24 STOLZE M, 2000, ECON POLICY, V6, A410 TOVEY H, 1997, SOCIOL RURALIS, V37, P21 VANDERLEEUW S, 2000, WORKSH SYST SHOCKS S VANDERLEEUW SE, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P357 VOGL C, 2001, C BUILD BRIDG TRAD K VONWIRENLEHR S, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V84, P115 WAGNER A, 1999, BIOL PHILOS, V14, P83 NR 53 TC 0 J9 J SUSTAINABLE AGR BP 81 EP 97 PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 GA 713HW UT ISI:000184852500008 ER PT J AU McCarthy, N Dutilly-Diane, C Drabo, B TI Cooperation, collective action and natural resources management in Burkina Faso SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Int Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. RP McCarthy, N, Int Food Policy Res Inst, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC 20006 USA. AB This paper presents a detailed description of the applied methodology used to study collective action in natural resource management. Data were collected in 48 villages in northeastern Burkina Faso, at the community, institutional, household and market levels. The paper first discusses the analytical framework underlying the study of collective action, and then describes in detail the methods used to measure collective action and community-level cooperative capacity, and the determinants of cooperative capacity. We also describe data collection methods as well as potential problems in eliciting unbiased information. The impact of cooperative capacity on a variety of outcomes observed at both the community and household level is then presented in order to highlight practical applications. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR BALAND JM, 1997, OXFORD ECON PAP, V49, P415 BARDHAN P, 1993, WORLD DEV, V21, P633 BEGOSSI A, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 DASGUPTA P, 1999, SOCIAL CAPITAL MULTI DEJANVRY A, 1998, AM J AGR ECON, V80, P658 DRABO B, 2001, GESTION CONCERTEE RE DUTILLYDIANE C, 2001, THESIS CERDI U AUVER DUTILLYDIANE C, 2003, J AFR ECON, V12, P343 GROOTAERT C, 1999, 7 WORLD BAN LOC LEV MCCARTHY N, 1998, J DEV ECON, V56, P239 MCCARTHY N, 1999, PROPERTY RIGHS RISK MCCARTHY N, 2002, COLLECTIVE ACTION NA OLSON M, 1965, LOGIC COLLECTIVE ACT OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OUEDRAOGO H, 1991, REGIME FONCIER SABEL OUEDRAOGO H, 2001, COMM WORKSH SUMM INT POTEETE A, 2001, STRATEGIES REGULATIN SEABRIGHT P, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS WADE R, 1987, VILLAGE REPUBLICS EC NR 20 TC 0 J9 AGR SYST BP 233 EP 255 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 82 IS 3 GA 871OK UT ISI:000225142800003 ER PT J AU Peterson, CH Lipcius, RN TI Conceptual progress towards predicting quantitative ecosystem benefits of ecological restorations SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Peterson, CH, Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. AB Satisfying the needs of mitigation for losses of habitat and biological resources demands further development of ecological theory to improve quantitative predictions of benefits of ecological restoration projects. Several limitations now exist in scaling compensatory restoration to match losses of ecosystem services. Scaling of restoration projects has historically been done by area of habitat, assuming that function follows. One recent development in compensatory mitigation uses a currency of secondary production, which has the important merit of specifying one measurable, functional goal against which to judge success. Future development of the fundamental basis for restoration ecology might profitably include: (1) identifying and quantifying important ecosystem services to serve as alternative goals of restoration; (2) discriminating among size classes in a population in estimating their contributions to ecosystem services; (3) re-evaluating the practice of restoring the populations of only a few representative or dominant species to replace a diversity of species losses; (4) contrasting the success of habitat restorations versus population enhancements; (5) incorporating more landscape-scale considerations into ecosystem-based restoration designs; (6) injecting more formal uncertainty analyses into scaling restoration projects; (7) enhancing the basic science of population, community, and ecosystem ecology to improve the capacity of the discipline to predict impacts of interventions; (8) integrating empirical and theoretical developments in food web dynamics to resolve contradictions in our models of how population changes propagate across trophic levels; and (9) incorporating the concept that populations, communities or ecosystems targeted for restoration may now be in alternative states and that restoration targets have been biased by shifting historical baselines. Forging partnerships between the practitioners of ecological restoration and basic ecologists holds a dual promise for testing ecological theory and for improving the effectiveness of environmental restoration. CR *NOAA, 1977, POL TECHN PAP SER *NRC, 1992, REST AQ EC ABLE KW, 2003, ESTUARIES, V26, P484 ALLEE WC, 1931, ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS ALLEN EB, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P275 ALLISON GW, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S8 ARNOLD WS, 1984, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V80, P207 BABCOCK RC, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V189, P125 BAIRD D, IN PRESS ECOL APPL BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 BOTSFORD LW, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P25 CAMMEN LM, 1976, AM MIDL NAT, V96, P244 CARPENTER SR, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V396, P19 CARPENTER SR, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P2069 COEN LD, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P1484 COURCHAMP F, 1999, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V14, P405 CROWDER LB, 2000, B MAR SCI, V66, P799 CURRIN CA, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V121, P99 DEEGAN LA, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V147, P31 DONLAN M, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P213 ECKMAN JE, 1987, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V106, P165 ELMGREN R, 1989, AMBIO, V18, P326 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 EWEL JJ, 1987, RESTORATION ECOLOGY, P31 FANSHAWE S, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P273 FONSECA MS, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V132, P141 FONSECA MS, 1998, DECISION ANAL SERIES, V12 FONSECA MS, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V171, P108 FONSECA MS, 2000, ECOL ENG, V15, P227 GASCOIGNE J, IN PRESS MAR ECOL PR GRABOWSKI JH, 2002, THESIS U N CAROLINA HAINES EB, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P48 HECK KL, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V253, P123 HOBBS RJ, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P239 HOVEL KA, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V243, P11 IRLANDI EA, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V110, P231 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JORDAN WR, 1987, RESTORATION ECOLOGY KINZIG AP, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P330 KNEIB RT, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P279 KRAEUTER JN, 2001, BIOL HARD CLAM, P441 LAWTON JH, 1996, OIKOS, V76, P3 LENIHAN HS, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P764 LIPCIUS RN, IN PRESS ECOL LETT A LIPCIUS RN, IN PRESS MARINE CO B LIPCIUS RN, 2001, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V52, P1589 LIPCIUS RN, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V226, P45 LUBCHENCO J, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 LUBCHENCO J, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S3 LUCKENBACH MA, 1998, OYSTER REEF RESTORAT MCCAY DPF, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P177 MCCAY DPF, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P197 MCCAY DPF, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P233 MICHELI F, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P869 NAEEM S, 1997, NATURE, V390, P507 NIXON SW, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P199 PAGE HM, 2003, MAR BIOL, V143, P519 PALMER MA, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P291 PALUMBI SR, 2001, MARINE COMMUNITY ECO, P509 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PETERSEN CW, 2001, CONSERVATION BIOL PETERSON CH, 1982, MAR BIOL, V66, P159 PETERSON CH, 1984, J MAR RES, V42, P123 PETERSON CH, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V29, P93 PETERSON CH, 2002, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V59, P96 PETERSON CH, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P173 PETERSON CH, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P249 PINCKNEY J, 1993, ESTUARIES, V16, P887 POLIS GA, 1997, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V28, P289 POWERS SP, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P265 QUINN JF, 1993, AM ZOOL, V33, P537 RECKHOW KH, 1999, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V56, P1150 RIERA P, 1996, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V42, P347 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SEITZ RD, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P2435 SILLIMAN BR, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P10500 SOULE M, 1987, CONSERVATION BIOL SPERDUTO MB, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V264, P221 STEPHENS PA, 1999, OIKOS, V87, P185 SULLIVAN MJ, 1990, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V62, P149 TEGNER MJ, 1977, SCIENCE, V196, P324 THAYER GW, 1992, RESTORING NATIONS MA TILMAN D, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1300 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALTERS CJ, 2000, B MAR SCI, V66, P745 WEISBERG SB, 1997, ESTUARIES, V20, P149 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE WILSON FS, 1990, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V139, P201 WOODHOUSE WW, 1974, PROPAGATION SPARTINA WORD JQ, 1978, INFAUNAL TROPHIC IND, P19 YODZIS P, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P78 YOUNG TP, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V92, P73 ZEDLER JB, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P402 ZIMMERMAN RJ, 2000, CONCEPTS CONTROVERSI, P293 NR 94 TC 1 J9 MAR ECOL-PROGR SER BP 297 EP 307 PY 2003 VL 264 GA 768QH UT ISI:000188586200024 ER PT J AU Bestelmeyer, BT Trujillo, DA Tugel, AJ Havstad, KM TI A multi-scale classification of vegetation dynamics in arid lands: What is the right scale for models, monitoring, and restoration? SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bestelmeyer, BT, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB Measurements of vegetation and soil dynamics used to anticipate (or reverse) catastrophic transitions in arid and semi-arid rangelands are often difficult to interpret. This situation is due, in part, to a lack of empirically based conceptual models that incorporate the effects of multiple processes, scale, spatio-temporal pattern, and soils. Using observations of multi-temporal data from the Chihuahuan Desert, we describe a new approach to classifying vegetation dynamics based on multiple scales of vegetation and soil pattern as well as cross-scale interactions. We propose the existence of six types of mechanisms driving vegetation change including (1) stability, (2) size oscillation of plants, (3) loss and reestablishment of plants within functional groups, (4) loss of one plant functional group and replacement by another, (5) spatial reorganization of vegetation patches, and (6) cascading transitions that spread from small to broad scales. We provide evidence for the existence of these mechanisms, the species involved, and the geomorphic components on which they are observed in the Chihuahuan Desert. These mechanisms highlight the kinds of multi-scale observations that are needed to detect or interpret change and emphasize the importance of soil surface properties for interpreting vegetation change. The classification is potentially general across arid and semi-arid ecosystems and links spatial and temporal patterns in vegetation with ecological and geomorphic processes, monitoring, and restoration strategies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Albaeco, SE-10324 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Moberg, F, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The tropical coastal "seascape" often includes a patchwork of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs that produces a variety of natural resources and ecosystem services. By looking into a limited number of attempts at substitution and restoration of ecosystem services (e.g. artificial reefs, aquaculture in mangroves, artificial seawalls), we address the questions: (1) To what degree can technologies substitute for ecosystem services in the seascape? (2) How can ecosystem restoration reestablish not only the functions of direct value to humans, but also the ability of the systems to cope with future disturbance? Substitutions often imply the replacement of a function provided free by a solar powered, self-repairing resilient ecosystem, with a fossil-fuel-powered, expensive, artificial substitute that needs maintenance. Further, restoration usually does not focus on large-scale processes such as the physical, biological and biogeochemical interactions between mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Nonetheless, restoration might be the only viable management alternative when the system is essentially locked into an undesired community state (stability domain) after a phase-shift. We conclude that ecosystem services cannot be readily replaced, restored or sustained without extensive knowledge of the dynamics, multifunctionality and interconnectedness of ecosystems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Button, K, George Mason Univ, Sch Publ Policy, Mail Stop 3C6, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. AB Cities are complex and dynamic entities. They are also nodes in spatial economic, social and political geographical networks. They are focal points for many of the concerns that underlay current debates about sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to focus on the local environmental effects of urbanization and to consider ways in which they may be effectively treated within the confines of an isolated city context and more generally when urban areas are seen as part of a wider economic system. Particular attention is focused on information systems of all types and on feedback mechanisms (including automatic mechanisms) which help, in particular, the integration of economic and environmental considerations at the urban level. The underlying question being posed is that of deciding on the role that urban indicators (both economic and environmental) can play in assisting to improve the management of cities. The points made are general and conceptual rather than being of a quantitative and empirical nature. There is no effort to try and provide comment on the existing indicators which various urban actors use in their efforts to manage urban affairs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *COMM EUR COMM, 1990, 12902 EUR COMM EUR C *ORG EC COOP DEV, 1993, ENV MON, V83 *ORG EC COOP DEV, 1999, ENVEPOCSE98 OECD *ORG EC COOP DEV, 2000, ENV POL CIT 1990S *WORLD COMM EC DEV, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ATKINSON A, 1999, CHALLENGE ENV MANAGE BARKIN D, 1997, CHALLENGE SUSTAINABL BLOWERS A, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV URBA BREHENY MJ, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV URBA BURGESS R, 1997, CHALLENGE SUSTAINABL BUTTON KJ, 1989, PROG PLANN, V32, P135 BUTTON KJ, 1989, URBAN STUD, V26, P559 BUTTON KJ, 1991, ENV MANAGEMENT HLTH, V2, P36 BUTTON KJ, 1991, MEMB SEM SUST DEV LO BUTTON KJ, 1992, MARKET GOVT FAILURES BUTTON KJ, 1992, UTILITIES POLICY, V2, P248 BUTTON KJ, 1993, TRANSPORT ENV EC POL CAPPELLO R, 1999, SUSTAINABLE CITIES E CROPPER ML, 1980, J URBAN ECON, V8, P209 FEITELSON E, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P299 HENDERSON V, 1996, REG SCI URBAN ECON, V26, P613 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MARTIN J, 2000, GREENSPAN NEWMAN P, 1989, CITIES AUTOMOBILE DE NIJKAMP P, 1996, TELEMATICS TRANSPORT POLESE M, 2000, SOCIAL SUSTAINABILIT REES WE, 1998, SUSTAINABLE DEV FUTU RICKABY PA, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV URBA RUJIGROK CJ, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV MOBI SALOMON I, 1993, BILLION TRIPS DAY TR SPIEKERMANN, 1992, VSB ANN STUD I TRANS STREN R, 2000, SOCIAL SUSTAINABILIT WHITE R, 1992, SUSTAINABLE CITIES U NR 33 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 217 EP 233 PY 2002 PD FEB VL 40 IS 2 GA 534NV UT ISI:000174593200007 ER PT J AU Komdeur, J Pels, MD TI Rescue of the Seychelles warbler on Cousin Island, Seychelles: The role of habitat restoration SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Groningen, Anim Ecol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolut Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Cent Meldpunt Zorg Stad Groningen, NL-9700 AK Groningen, Netherlands. RP Komdeur, J, Univ Groningen, Anim Ecol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolut Studies, POB 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. AB Management policies to save threatened species are not always successful, often due to the lack of a scientific basis and evaluation of the species response. We describe the ecological studies and the conservation actions taken between 1985 and 1992 on Cousin Island (29 ha, Seychelles) to safeguard the future of the highly threatened Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), which until 1988 only occurred on this island. A detailed field study was designed to (1) identify the key processes influencing warbler demography, (2) identify appropriate management techniques to increase the warbler population, and (3), assess the influence of the resulting habitat management. Since 1980 the island has been saturated with c. 115 territories and c. 320 birds. The warbler is purely insectivorous. Morinda (Morinda citrifolia), the most insect rich tree, is preferred for foraging. The higher the insect abundance (and Morinda cover) in territories the higher the reproductive success and survival of warblers. Insect numbers were highest in the central part of Cousin and decreased towards the coast. Coastal territories protected by a salt tolerant hedge of Scaevola (Scaevola taccada) had more insects and higher reproductive success than unprotected territories. Between 1990 and 1992 Morinda trees were planted on the island and Scaevola along the coast. Although these habitat restoration measures have not resulted in higher numbers of adult warblers and territories due to habitat saturation, they have been successful in terms of improving the quality of existing breeding territories and with that the reproductive success of breeding birds (including the number of territories producing recruits), and the exchange of individuals (genetic material) between territories. We provide evidence that the high reproductive potential of this species is likely to improve the resilience of the species to catastrophic events. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Naveh, Z, Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Civil & Environm Engn, Lowdermilk Div Agr Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. AB To bridge the gaps between restoration as a science and as a practice, restoration ecology has to broaden its scope toward transdisciplinarity in close cooperation with landscape ecologists and other holistic environmentally oriented scientists, professionals, practitioners, and stakeholders. For restoration, the ongoing transdisciplinary scientific revolution has opened new insights to cope with the complex bio-hydro- and human-ecological network relations. The Total Human Ecosystem (THE), integrating humans with all other organisms and their total environment at the highest level of the global hierarchy, should become the unifying holistic paradigm for all synthetic "eco-disciplines." These should link ecological knowledge, wisdom, and ethics with their scientific and professional expertise from the natural and social sciences and the humanities. As the tangible matrix for all organisms, including humans, our industrial Total Human Landscape is the concrete spatial and functional system of the THE. It forms a closely interlaced network of solar energy-powered natural and seminatural biosphere landscapes and fossil energy-powered urban and agro-industrial technosphere landscapes. The self-organizing and self-creative restoration capacities of biosphere landscapes are driven by mutually amplifying auto- and cross-catalytic feedback loops, but the rapidly expanding technosphere landscapes are driven by destabilizing "run-away" feedback loops. To prevent a global breakdown and to ensure the sustainable future for both humankind and nature, these positive feedbacks have to be counteracted by restraining, cultural feedbacks of environmental planning and management, conservation, and restoration. As the theme of this special issue alludes to, this template should become an integral part of an urgently needed sustainability revolution, to which the transdisciplinary landscape restoration could contribute its important share. 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AB Humans derive many utilitarian benefits from the environmental services of biotas and ecosystems. This is often advanced as a prime argument to support conservation of biodiversity, There is much to be said for this viewpoint, as is documented in this paper through a summary assessment of several categories of environmental services, including regulation of climate and biogeochemical cycles, hydrological functions, soil protection, crop pollination, pest control, recreation and ecotourism, and a number of miscellaneous services, It is shown that the services are indeed significant, whether in ecological or economic senses, Particularly important is the factor of ecosystem resilience, which appears to underpin many of the services, It should not be supposed, however, that environmental services stem necessarily and exclusively from biodiversity, While biodiversity often plays a key role, the services can also derive from biomass and other attributes of biotas, The paper concludes with a brief overview assessment of economic values at issue and an appraisal of the implications for conservation planning. 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RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB Biological invasions are recognised to be a problem of growing severity. Human pathogens, weeds or pests in terrestrial systems and dominant alien species in freshwater or marine aquatic systems all impose significant costs in terms of forgone output or costs of control in every major system. Like many of the other environmental consequences of globalisation, biological invasions require that decisions be taken under uncertainty. Decision-makers in such circumstances have to choose between two main strategies: mitigation and adaptation. This paper characterises invasive species problems in terms of the properties of the stochastic processes they induce. It considers how mitigation and adaptation strategies may be modelled, and identifies the conditions in which each approach may be efficient and effective. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR CLOUT M, 1996, DRAFT IUCN GUIDELINE DYNKIN E, 1979, CONTROLLED MARKOV PR ENSERINK M, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1834 HEYWOOD V, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KAREIVA P, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1670 KARLIN S, 1981, 2 COURSE STOCHASTIC LAW R, 2000, OIKOS, V88, P319 LAWTON JH, 1999, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P119 MACK RN, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P689 PARKER IM, 1999, BIOL INVASIONS, V1, P3 PERRINGS C, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V11, P503 PERRINGS C, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS PIMENTEL D, 1999, ENV EC COSTS ASS NON PIMENTEL D, 2005, ECOL ECON, V52, P273 REJMANEK M, 1989, SCOPE, V37, P369 SHOGREN J, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS, P56 SHOGREN JF, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V37, P44 SMITH CS, 1999, BIOL INVASIONS, V1, P89 VILAGISPERT A, 2002, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V65, P387 WATKINSON A, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS, P94 WILCOVE DS, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P607 WILLIAMSON M, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1661 WILLIAMSON M, 1998, PLANT INVASIONS ECOL, P57 WILLIAMSON M, 1999, ECOGRAPHY, V22, P5 WILLIAMSON M, 2000, P WORKSH PLANT HLTH NR 26 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 315 EP 325 PY 2005 PD FEB 15 VL 52 IS 3 GA 906QV UT ISI:000227658000005 ER PT J AU Sundkvist, A Milestad, R Jansson, AM TI On the importance of tightening feedback loops for sustainable development of food systems SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Royal Inst Technol, Ctr Environm Strategies Res, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Sustainable Agr, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Sundkvist, A, Royal Inst Technol, Ctr Environm Strategies Res, Drottning Kristinas Vag 30,3 Tr, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. AB In the process of searching for sustainable trajectories in the food system, this paper reviews and discusses the importance of tightening feedback loops between ecosystems, actors in the food production chain and consumers. Intensification, specialization, distancing, concentration and homogenization are trends identified as major constraints for tightened feedback loops. These trends can mask or make it possible to disregard feedback signals from unhealthy ecosystems and weaken communication in the food chain. We explore possibilities for improved feedback management on local to global scales and present examples where feedback loops have been tightened. Enhanced communication between the actors in the food system and consciousness of ecological feedback, through e.g., increased reliance on local resources, are possibilities for improvement. However, where distances between resource and resource user are too large, feedback has to be directed through institutions on an overarching level, e.g., policy measures or environmental and social labelling of products. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RP Mortimore, MJ, African Drylands Res, 17 Mkt Sq, Crewkerne TA18 7LG, Somerset, England. AB Perceptions of a continuing crisis in managing Sahelian resources are rooted in five dimensions of the Sahel Drought of 1972-1974 as it was understood at the time: crises in rainfall (drought), food supply, livestock management, environmental degradation, and household coping capabilities. A closer examination of household livelihood and farming systems shows that adaptive strategies have been evolved in response to each of these imperatives. Illustrations are provided from recent research in north-east Nigeria. A systematic understanding of indigenous adaptive capabilities can provide a basis for policies enabling a reduction of dependency on aid assistance in the Sahel. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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In order to get an understanding of what sustainable forest management means be side the huge variety of answers to this question and their sometimes contradictory meaning it seems reasonable to analyze the reasons why there are so many different interpretations in forestry science as well as in practical forestry. It is shown that it is not only conflicting interests but more often conflicting views of how reality works that produces different interpretations of Sustainable Forest Management. It is therefore concluded that the meanings of Sustainable Forest Management are negotiated in social processes and are not the results of a somehow accessible objective rationality. By picking up the ideas of ''Cultural Theory'' it is shown that all different interpretations over time and space can always be reduced to only 4 basic understandings of Sustainable Forest Management. As a conlusion it is discussed how the results can be applied to negotiation processes in society and thereby facilitate future implementations of Sustainable Forest Management. 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Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Bates Coll, Dept Anthropol, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studie, Resources Management Asia Pacific Program, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ctr Trop Paleoecol & Archeol, Unit 0948, APO, AA 34002 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Lotze, HK, Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. AB Estuarine and coastal transformation is as old as civilization yet has dramatically accelerated over the past 150 to 300 years. Reconstructed time lines, causes, and consequences of change in 12 once diverse and productive estuaries and coastal seas worldwide show similar patterns: Human impacts have depleted >90% of formerly important species, destroyed >65% of seagrass and wetland habitat, degraded water quality, and accelerated species invasions. Twentieth-century conservation efforts achieved partial recovery of upper trophic levels but have so far failed to restore former ecosystem structure and function. Our results provide detailed historical baselines and quantitative targets for ecosystem-based management and marine conservation. CR ADGER WN, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1036 BALMFORD A, 2005, SCIENCE, V307, P212 BROUGHTON JM, 2002, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V34, P60 BURNEY DA, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P395 CARLTON JT, 1999, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V30, P515 CLOERN JE, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V210, P223 DANIELSEN F, 2005, SCIENCE, V310, P643 DULVY NK, 2003, FISH FISH, V4, P25 GRIFFITHS CL, 2004, OCEANOGRAPHY MARINE, V42, P303 HARVELL CD, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P2158 JACKSON JBC, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5411 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 KIRBY MX, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P13096 LENIHAN HS, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P128 LOTZE HK, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P1428 LOTZE HK, 2005, HELGOLAND MAR RES, V59, P71 LOTZE HK, 2005, HELGOLAND MAR RES, V59, P84 PAHLOW M, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P831 PANDOLFI JM, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P955 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PAULY D, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1359 PETERSEN KS, 1992, NATURE, V359, P679 PIKITCH EK, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P346 RUIZ GM, 1997, AM ZOOL, V37, P621 STENECK RS, 2002, ENVIRON CONSERV, V29, P436 STOKSTAD E, 2005, SCIENCE, V310, P1264 WORM B, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1365 NR 27 TC 5 J9 SCIENCE BP 1806 EP 1809 PY 2006 PD JUN 23 VL 312 IS 5781 GA 055LS UT ISI:000238452800061 ER PT J AU CLARK, CW TI MATHEMATICAL-MODELS IN THE ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES SO SIAM REVIEW LA English DT Article RP CLARK, CW, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MATH,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. CR 1964, 14TH ANN REP INT WHA, V5, P32 ANDESON LG, 1975, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V32, P1825 BEDDINGTON JR, UNPUBLISHED BEDDINGTON JR, 1973, BIOMETRICS, V29, P801 BEDDINGTON JR, 1974, J THEOR BIOL, V47, P65 BEDDINGTON JR, 1975, ECONOMETRICA, V43, P789 BEDDINGTON JR, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P463 BEVERTON RJH, 1957, MINISTRY AGRIC FIS 2 BRAUER F, 1975, THEORET POPULATION B, V8, P12 BRAUER F, 1977, MATH BIOSCI, V33, P345 BROMLEY DW, 1977, EC IMPACTS EXTENDED, P281 CHRISTY F, 1977, EC IMPACTS EXTENDED, P141 CHRISTY FT, 1973, RES FUTURE CLARK CW, UNPUBLISHED CLARK CW, 1971, MATH BIOSCI, V12, P245 CLARK CW, 1973, J POLIT ECON, V81, P950 CLARK CW, 1973, SCIENCE, V181, P630 CLARK CW, 1974, J CONS INT EXPLOR ME, V36, P7 CLARK CW, 1975, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V2, P92 CLARK CW, 1975, NEW DIRECTIONS A 5 1, P111 CLARK CW, 1976, J MATH BIOL, V3, P381 CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS CLARK CW, 1978, 783 U BRIT COL I APP GOH BS, UNPUBLISHED GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 GULLAND JA, 1974, MANAGEMENT MARINE FI HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HERFINDAHL O, 1974, EC THEORY NATURAL RE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOTELLING H, 1931, J POLITICAL EC, V39, P137 HUBERMAN G, 1976, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB JAQUETTE DL, 1972, MATH BIOSCI, V15, P231 KUSHNER HJ, 1971, INTRO STOCHASTIC CON LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LESLIE PH, 1948, BIOMETRIKA, V35, P153 LEWIS TR, 1977, EC IMPACTS EXTENDED, P349 LUDWIG D, UNPUBLISHED LUDWIG D, 1974, LECTURE NOTES BIOMAT, V3 MAY RM, 1974, SCIENCE, V186, P645 MAY RM, 1974, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MAY RM, 1976, THEORETICAL ECOLOGY MUNRO GR, 1977, CANADA EXTENDED FISH MURPHY GI, 1966, P CALIF ACAD SCI 4, V34, P1 NASH J, 1951, ANN MATH, V54, P286 PAGE T, 1977, CONSERVATION EC EFFI PIELOU EC, 1977, MATH ECOLOGY PONTRYAGIN LS, 1962, MATH THEORY OPTIMAL REED WJ, 1974, MATH BIOSCI, V22, P313 RICKER WE, 1954, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V11, P559 SCHAEFER MB, 1957, B INTERAM TROP TUNA, V2, P247 SCHAEFER MB, 1967, B INTERAMER TROP TUN, V12, P89 SCHNUTE J, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P583 SILVERT W, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P121 SMITH VL, 1969, J POLIT ECON, V77, P181 SOLOW RM, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1 SPENCE M, 1975, INT ECON REV, V16, P388 THOM R, 1976, MORPHOGENESIS STRUCT NR 57 TC 13 J9 SIAM REV BP 81 EP 99 PY 1979 VL 21 IS 1 GA GF769 UT ISI:A1979GF76900006 ER PT J AU Anderies, JM Janssen, MA Ostrom, E TI A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Anderies, JM, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB What makes social-ecological systems (SESs) robust? In this paper, we look at the institutional configurations that affect the interactions among resources, resource users, public infrastructure providers, and public infrastructures. We propose a framework that helps identify potential vulnerabilities of SESs to disturbances. All the links between components of this framework can fail and thereby reduce the robustness of the system. We posit that the link between resource users and public infrastructure providers is a key variable affecting the robustness of SESs that has frequently been ignored in the past. We illustrate the problems caused by a disruption in this link. We then briefly describe the design principles originally developed for robust common-pool resource institutions, because they appear to be a good starting point for the development of design principles for more general SESs and do include the link between resource users and public infrastructure providers. CR 2004, MERRIAMWEBSTER ONLIN ABERNETHY CL, 2000, J APPL IRRIGATION SC, V35, P177 ACHESON JM, 2003, CAPTURING COMMONS DE ANDERIES JM, 2002, COMPLEXITY ECOSYSTEM, P13 ANDERIES JM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P23 ANDERIES JM, 2003, ENVIRON DEV ECON 2, V8, P219 ARROW KJ, 1951, SOCIAL CHOICE INDIVI AXELROD R, 1984, EVOLUTION COOPERATIO BAKER M, 2004, IN PRESS COMMUNITIES BAYMAN JM, 2001, J WORLD PREHIST, V15, P257 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOWLES S, 2003, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V65, P17 BROCK WA, 2004, RESOUR ENERGY ECON, V26, P137 BROWN K, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P479 CARLSON JM, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2538 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS COSTANZA R, 2001, I ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAIN COWARD EW, 1979, HUM ORGAN, V38, P28 COWARD EW, 1980, IRRIGATION AGR DEV A DEMOOR M, 2002, MANAGEMENT COMMON LA DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 EVANS P, 1997, STATE SOC SYNERGY GO FINLAYSON AC, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P311 FOX J, 1993, MT RES DEV, V13, P89 GLANTZ MH, 1999, CREEPING ENV PROBLEM GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 GUILLET DW, 1992, POLIGONOS, V2, P141 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 ISAAC R, 1991, CONSTITUTIONAL POLIT, V2, P329 JANSSEN MA, 2002, COMPLEXITY ECOSYSTEM, P35 JANSSEN MA, 2004, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V47, P140 KAIJSER A, 2002, TECHNOL CULT, V43, P521 LAM WF, 1996, WORLD DEV, V24, P1039 LAM WF, 1998, GOVERNING IRRIGATION LAM WF, 2004, IN PRESS ASIAN IRRIG LANSING JS, 1991, PRIESTS PROGRAMMERS LEACH M, 2000, POPUL DEV REV, V26, P17 LEBEL L, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P311 LEVINE G, 1977, AGR ADM, V4, P37 LIPE WD, 1995, J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V14, P143 MAASS A, 1986, DESERT SHALL REJOICE MALER KG, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P603 MALM T, 2001, SPC TRADIT MAR RES M, V13, P3 MCHUGH JL, 1972, WORLD FISHERIES POLI MCKELVEY RD, 1976, J ECON THEORY, V12, P472 MCKELVEY RD, 1979, ECONOMETRICA, V47, P1085 MILLS BJ, 2002, J ARCHAEOL RES, V10, P65 MOORE M, 1989, WORLD POLIT, V17, P733 MWANGI E, 2003, THESIS INDIANA U BLO NETTING R, 1976, HUM ECOL, V4, P135 NETTING RM, 1982, BEHAV SOCIAL SCI RES, P446 OLSON M, 1993, AM POLIT SCI REV, V87, P567 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P OSTROM E, 1998, AM POLIT SCI REV, V92, P1 OSTROM E, 1999, THEORIES POLICY PROC, P35 OSTROM E, 2003, FDN SOCIAL CAPITAL RACKHAM O, 1988, LAST FOREST FASCINAT SANDLER T, 1992, COLLECTIVE ACTION TH SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHEPSLE KA, 1979, AM J POLIT SCI, V23, P27 SHEPSLE KA, 1989, J THEORETICAL POLITI, V1, P131 SIY RY, 1982, COMMUNITY RESOURCE M SMITH RT, 1988, TRADING WATER EC LEG SPURGEON D, 1997, NATURE, V388, P106 TAINTER JA, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC TANG SY, 1992, I COLLECTIVE ACTION TIETENBERG T, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P197 UDEHN L, 1993, ACTA SOCIOL, V36, P239 WADE R, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P2041 WEBB P, 1991, J INT DEV, V3, P339 WESTBROEK P, 2002, MAPPAE MUNDI HUMANS, P379 NR 79 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 18 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 9 IS 1 GA 911SN UT ISI:000228025100014 ER PT J AU Tippett, J Searle, B Pahl-Wostl, C Rees, Y TI Social learning in public participation in river basin management - early findings from HarmoniCOP European case studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Article C1 WRc Plc, Swindon SN5 8YF, Wilts, England. Univ Manchester, Sch Environm & Dev, Ctr Urban & Reg Ecol, Oxford M3 9PL, England. Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. RP Rees, Y, WRc Plc, Frankland Rd, Swindon SN5 8YF, Wilts, England. AB Whilst the value of increased stakeholder involvement in river basin management planning (RBPM) has been recognised in recent years, there is a lack of in-depth research into the processes and factors that support fruitful involvement. The concept of social learning provides useful insights into such involvement. A framework for social learning applicable to RBPM has been developed within the HarmoniCOP project, and tested in ten case studies across Europe. An exploration of emergent themes: exploring different frames, managing boundaries, making innovative use of information and communication tools and promoting two-way integration of planning across different levels of scale, is followed by a summary of preliminary findings. Key factors that support social learning include: provision of sufficient time, involving stakeholders early and careful attention to process management. Techniques can be used to help participants recognise and respect different viewpoints. Making implicit assumptions visible to different stakeholders can enable the use of this understanding to craft solutions acceptable to the involved parties. Methods that develop participants' critical capacity enable adaptation to changing circumstances. Participatory processes were highly influenced by prior experience with participation and cultural and institutional contexts. These factors should be taken into account in the implementation of participatory planning and policy processes. Following finalisation of case studies and further analysis, the practical outcomes of HarmoniCOP (Harmonizing Collaborative Planning) will be developed into a handbook, which will feed into design of guidelines for implementation of the Water Framework Directive. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. CR *SLIM, 2004, SOC LEARN POL APPR S ARGYRIS C, 1978, ORG LEARNING THEORY ARNSTEIN S, 1969, J AM I PLANNERS JUL BARRAQUE B, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION BOROWSKI I, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION BOUWEN R, 2004, J COMMUNITY APPL SOC, V14, P137 CARLEY M, 2000, MANAGING SUSTAINABLE CRAPS M, 2003, SOCIAL LEARNING RIVE, P70 CRAPS M, 2003, WP2WP3, P65 CRAPS M, 2004, PARTICIPATION SOCAIL DAVIS M, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ENSERINK B, 2003, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V46, P315 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P197 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOWE JM, 2003, J ENV PLAN MANAGE, V46 IJJAS I, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION JOHNSON H, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P1891 JONES T, 2001, ELEMENTS GOOD PRACTI JONES T, 2001, IMPLEMENTING EU WATE, P31 JOSS S, 1999, SCI PUBL POLICY, V26, P321 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MASSARUTTO A, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MAUREL P, 2003, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, P91 MOSTERT E, 1999, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V24, P563 OTTER H, 2004, PARTICIPATION SOCIAL PAHLWOSTL C, 2002, AQUAT SCI, V64, P394 PAHLWOSTL C, 2004, J COMMUNITY APPL SOC, V14, P193 PAHLWOSTL C, 2004, T 2 BIENN M INT ENV, P25 PATEL M, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION RAVETZ JR, 1997, FUTURES, V29, P533 RILEY A, 1998, RESTORING STREAMS CI RILEY C, 2004, STAKEHOLDEER MAPPING ROBINSON JB, 2003, FUTURES, V35, P839 SIMEONI G, 2004, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION TABARA D, 2004, MUGA RIVER BASIN CAS TIPPETT J, 2005, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V20, P119 VANDEKERKHOF M, 2000, FUTURES, V32, P899 NR 39 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY BP 287 EP 299 PY 2005 VL 8 IS 3 GA 939LA UT ISI:000230073000013 ER PT J AU Grafton, RQ Kompas, T Ha, PV TI The economic payoffs from marine reserves: Resource rents in a stochastic environment SO ECONOMIC RECORD LA English DT Article C1 Australian Natl Univ, Crawford Sch Econ & Govt, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Australian Bur Agr & Resource Econ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Kompas, T, Australian Natl Univ, Crawford Sch Econ & Govt, JG Crawford Bldg 13, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB In this paper we analysed the economic payoffs from marine reserves using a stochastic optimal control model, with a jump-diffusion process. The results show that even if the reserve and harvested populations face the same negative shocks, harvesting is optimal, the population is persistent and there is no uncertainty over current stock size, a reserve can increase resource rents. Using fishery data we demonstrate that the payoffs from a reserve, and also optimum reserve size, increase the larger is the magnitude of the negative shock, the greater its frequency and the larger its relative impact on the harvested population. CR *INT PAC HAL COMM, 1986, ANN REP 1986 *NAT RES COUNC, 2001, MAR PROT AR TOOLS SU *UN, 2002, WORLD SUMM SUST DEV AGARDY MT, 2003, AQUAT CONSERV, V13, P353 ATAKAN AE, 2003, ECON THEOR, V22, P447 BEATTIE A, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P414 BHAT MG, 2003, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V67, P315 BOERSMA PD, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P287 BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 CADDY JF, 1983, MAR POLICY, V7, P267 CONRAD JM, 1999, J BIOECON, V1, P205 GAINES SD, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P32 GASPAR J, 1997, MACROECON DYN, V1, P45 GELL FR, 2002, FISHERY EFFECTS MARI GERBER LR, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S47 GONI R, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V40, P37 GRAFTON RQ, 2000, AM J AGR ECON, V82, P570 GRAFTON RQ, 2005, B MATH BIOL, V67, P957 GRAFTON RQ, 2005, J BIOECONOMICS, V7, P161 GUENETTE S, 1998, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V8, P251 HANNESSON R, 1998, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V13, P159 HANNESSON R, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P273 HASTINGS A, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S65 HILBORN R, 1992, QUANTITIATIVE FISHER HOFMANN EE, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S23 HOLLAND DS, 1996, MAR RESOURCE EC, V11, P157 HOLLAND DS, 2000, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V57, P1307 JENNINGS S, 2001, J ANIM ECOL, V70, P459 JUDD KL, 1997, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V21, P907 JUDD KL, 1999, NUMERICAL METHODS EC KRAMER DL, 1999, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V55, P65 LAUCK T, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P72 LI EAL, 2000, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V20, P882 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 MACCALL A, 1990, DYNAMIC GEOGRAPHY MA MANGEL M, 1998, ECOL LETT, V1, P87 MANGEL M, 2000, ECOL LETT, V3, P15 MANGEL M, 2000, EVOL ECOL RES, V2, P547 MCCLANAHAN TR, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1792 NEUBERT MG, 2003, ECOL LETT, V6, P843 NOWLIS JSS, 1998, FISH B, V97, P604 PALUMBI SR, 2004, NATURE, V430, P621 PEZZEY JCV, 2000, ECOL ECON, V33, P77 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POLACHECK T, 1990, NAT RESOUR MODEL, V4, P327 PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652 QUINN JT, 1985, 72 INT PAC HAL COMM ROBERTS CM, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P1920 ROBERTS CM, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P487 ROBERTS CM, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S215 SANCHIRICO JN, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V37, P129 SANCHIRICO JN, 2001, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V42, P257 SANCHIRICO JN, 2004, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V19, P41 SUMAILA UR, 1998, FISH RES, V37, P287 TRIPPEL EA, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P759 TURNER SJ, 1999, FISHERIES MANAG ECOL, V6, P401 WARD TJ, 2001, ROLE MARINE RESERVES NR 57 TC 0 J9 ECON REC BP 469 EP 480 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 82 IS 259 GA 094JK UT ISI:000241235500007 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, M TI FROM MYTHS AS FALSEHOODS TO MYTHS AS REPOSITORIES OF EXPERIENCE AND WISDOM SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material CR CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS DOUGLAS M, 1978, 35 ROY ANTHR I OCC P DOUGLAS M, 1982, RISK CULTURE DOUGLAS M, 1986, I THINK GRAUER M, 1985, LECTURE NOTES EC MAT, V248 GROSS S, 1985, MEASURING CULTURE HEINER RA, 1983, AM ECON REV, V73, P560 HOLLING CS, UNPUB MYTHS TIME SCA HOLLING CS, 1979, STUDIES CRISIS MANAG HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JAMES P, 1987, 6 UK CTR EC ENV DEV JAMES P, 1987, 9 U WARWICK SCH IND KEEPIN B, 1984, POLICY SCI, V17 SCHWARZ M, 1985, PLURAL RATIONALITY I SIMON HA, 1985, MODELS THOUGHT TAYLER P, 1986, 1 U WARWICK SCH IND THOMPSON M, 1979, RUBBISH THEORY CREAT THOMPSON M, 1986, J MANAGE STUD, V23, P273 THOMPSON M, 1986, POLICY SCI, V19, P163 THOMPSON M, 1987, DESIGN ZUKUNFT TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS NR 21 TC 2 J9 MT RES DEV BP 182 EP 185 PY 1989 PD MAY VL 9 IS 2 GA U9037 UT ISI:A1989U903700009 ER PT J AU Blanco, AVR TI Local initiatives and adaptation to climate change SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article C1 Both ENDS, Strateg Cooperat, NL-1018 VC Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Blanco, AVR, Both ENDS, Strateg Cooperat, Nieuwe Keizersgracht 45, NL-1018 VC Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in the number and strength of natural hazards produced by climatic events. This paper presents some examples of the experiences of community-based organisations (CBOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) of variations in climate, and looks at how they have incorporated their findings into the design and implementation of local adaptation strategies. Local organisations integrate climate change and climatic hazards into the design and development of their projects as a means of adapting to their new climatic situation. Projects designed to boost the resilience of local livelihoods are good examples of local adaptation strategies. To upscale these adaptation initiatives, there is a need to improve information exchange between CBOs, NGOs and academia. Moreover, there is a need to bridge the gap between scientific and local knowledge in order to create projects capable of withstanding stronger natural hazards. CR *IPCC, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 SCI MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 BLANCO RAV, 2004, COMPREHENSIVE EVN PR GUPTA J, 1997, INT ENVIRON AFFAIR, V9, P289 JASANOFF S, 1997, THIRD WORLD Q, V18, P579 PIELKE RA, 1998, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V8, P159 SMIT B, 1999, MITIGATION ADAPTATIO, V4, P199 NR 7 TC 0 J9 DISASTERS BP 140 EP 147 PY 2006 PD MAR VL 30 IS 1 GA 017LA UT ISI:000235693900010 ER PT J AU West, JM Salm, RV TI Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Nature Conservancy, Country Programs, Asia Pacific & Calif Div, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. RP West, JM, US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. AB The massive scale of the 1997-1998 EL Nino-associated coral bleaching event underscores the need for strategies to mitigate biodiversity losses resulting from temperature-induced coral mortality. As baseline sea surface temperatures continue to rise, climate change may represent the single greatest threat to coral reefs worldwide. In response, one strategy might be to identify (1) specific reef areas where natural environmental conditions are likely to result in low or negligible temperature-related bleaching and mortality (i.e., areas of natural "resistance" to bleaching) and (2) reef areas where environmental conditions are likely to result in maximum recovery of reef communities after bleaching mortality has occurred (i.e., areas of natural community "resilience"). These "target areas," where environmental conditions appear to boost resistance and resilience during and after large-scale bleaching events, could then be incorporated into strategic networks of marine protected areas designed to maximize conservation of global coral reef biodiversity. Based on evidence from the literature and systematically compiled observations from researchers in the field, this paper identifies likely environmental correlates of resistance and resilience to coral bleaching, including factors that reduce temperature stress, enhance water movement, decrease light stress, correlate with physiological tolerance, and provide physical or biological enhancement of recovery potential. As a tool for identifying reef areas that are likely to be most robust in the face of continuing climate change and for determining priority areas for reducing direct anthropogenic impacts, this information has important implications for coral reef conservation and management. 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RP Grootjans, AP, Lab Plant Ecol, POB 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. AB After almost 40 years of experience in wetland restoration in Central Europe in which vegetation changes have been monitored by means of permanent plots or vegetation maps, some light can be shed on the intrinsic dynamics of such ecosystems, showing the limits of restoration and constraints in its manipulation. Sometimes such constraints in the restoration process can be identified, mostly being constraints in nutrient availability or in the water regime, but unexpected changes can also be the result of intrinsic species fluctuations or invasive species. Unexpected vegetation developments are sometimes undesired, can be very persistent and may indicate that environmental conditions are not suitable for target communities. Unexpected developments also illustrate the limits in restoration ecology. Very often the restoration process simply proceeds along successional pathways we did not anticipate. Theories about such alternative pathways can be explored using prediction models, such as cellular automata, which can handle the results of biomonitoring very efficiently. Biomonitoring during 40 years, however, has also shown that a certain amount of unpredictability has to be taken for granted, both in natural wetlands and in areas under restoration. 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UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT GEOG,WATERLOO N2L 3G1,ONTARIO,CANADA. 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RP Ford, J, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1996, BER SEA EC BEAN M, 1986, ARCTIC AIR POLLUTION, P307 BERKES F, 1977, HUM ECOL, V5, P289 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 COLDING J, IN PRESS SOCIAL TABO COSTAPIERCE BA, 1988, NAGA, V11, P3 DYER CL, 1994, FOLK MANAGEMENT WORL GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GERBER LR, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P316 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HUNTINGTON HP, 1999, ARCTIC, V52, P49 HUNTINGTON HP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1270 JOHANNES RE, 1981, WORDS LAGOON FISHING LANSING JS, 1987, AM ANTHROPOL, V89, P326 LANSING JS, 1993, AM ANTHROPOL, V95, P97 MAURO F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1263 MORRELL M, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME MYMRIN NI, 1999, ARCTIC, V52, P62 NABHAN GP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1288 NAKASHIMA DJ, 1993, TRADITIONAL ECOLOGIC, P99 POSEY DA, 1985, AGROFOREST SYST, V3, P139 REID RS, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P978 RUDDLE K, 1985, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDG TURNER NJ, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1275 YAN J, 1989, ECOLOGICAL ENG INTRO, P375 NR 27 TC 0 J9 NORTHWEST SCI BP 183 EP 188 PY 2001 PD SPR VL 75 IS 2 GA 444WY UT ISI:000169424100010 ER PT J AU Lane, MB McDonald, GT TI Towards a general model of forest management through time: evidence from Australia, USA, and Canada SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Geog Sci & Planning, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. RP Lane, MB, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, 925 Bascom Mall Old Music Hall, Madison, WI 53705 USA. AB This paper proposes and tests a hypothesis that there is a general model of forest management through time that applies to varying extents in several countries. It does so by analyzing at a synoptic level, evidence from the histories of United States, Canadian and Australian forest histories and to a lesser extent global forest management histories. The hypothesized stages are (i) traditional hunter-gatherer society, (ii) exploitive colonization, settlement and commercialization, (iii) wood resource protection, (iv) multiple use management, and finally, (v) sustainable forest management or ecosystem management. The developmentalist model of change presented here reveals a striking similarity in the stages or eras that these countries experienced in the struggle to manage public forest estates. Changing community values and economic circumstances produced similar stages in several countries. The details of policies and legislation may differ, the terminology may be different, even some stages may be missing, but the trajectory of change remains similar. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Victoria, Sch Environm Studies, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB There are two broadly conceptualized ways in which conservation knowledge may evolve: the depletion crisis model and the ecological understanding model. The first one argues that developing conservation thought and practice depends on learning that resources are depletable. Such learning typically follows a resource crisis. The second mechanism emphasizes the development of conservation practices following the incremental elaboration of environmental knowledge by a group of people. These mechanisms may work together. Following a perturbation, a society can self-organize, learn and adapt. The self-organizing process, facilitated by knowledge development and learning, has the potential to increase the resilience (capability to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change) of resource use systems. Hence, conservation knowledge can develop through a combination of long-term ecological understanding and learning from crises and mistakes. It has survival value, as it increases the resilience of integrated social-ecological systems to deal with change in ways that continue to sustain both peoples and their environments. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, CTM, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Dept Ecol & Crop Prod Sci, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Elmqvist, T, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB This study addresses social-ecological dynamics in the greater metropolitan area of Stockholm County, Sweden, with special focus on the National Urban Park (NUP). It is part of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) and has the following specific objectives: (1) to provide scientific information on biodiversity patterns, ecosystem dynamics, and ecosystem services generated; (2) to map interplay between actors and institutions involved in management of ecosystem services; and (3) to identify strategies for strengthening social-ecological resilience. The green areas in Stockholm County deliver numerous ecosystem services, for example, air filtration, regulation of microclimate, noise reduction, surface water drainage, recreational and cultural values, nutrient retention, and pollination and seed dispersal. Recreation is among the most important services and NUP, for example, has more than 15 million visitors per year. More than 65 organizations representing 175,000 members are involved in management of ecosystem services. However, because of population increase and urban growth during the last three decades, the region displays a quite dramatic loss of green areas and biodiversity. An important future focus is how management may reduce increasing isolation of urban green areas and enhance connectivity. Comanagement should be considered where locally managed green space may function as buffer zones and for management of weak links that connect larger green areas; for example, there are three such areas around NUP identified. Preliminary results indicate that areas of informal management represent centers on which to base adaptive comanagement, with the potential to strengthen biodiversity management and resilience in the landscape. 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SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Int Soc Ind Ecol, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. RP Ehrenfeld, JR, Int Soc Ind Ecol, 24 Percy Rd, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. AB Industrial ecology rests historically-even in a short lifetime of 15 years or so-on the metaphorical power of natural ecosystems. Its evolution parallels the rise of concerns over unsustainability, that is, the threats to our world's ability to support human life, as well as the emergence of sustainability as a normative goal on a global scale. This article examines the relationships between industrial ecology and sustainability and argues that, in its historical relationship to classical ecology models, the field lacks power to address the full range of goals of sustainability, however defined. The classical ecosystem analogy omits aspects of human social and cultural life central to sustainability. But by moving beyond this model to more recent ecosystem models based on complexity theory, the field can expand its purview to address sustainability more broadly and powerfully Complexity models of living systems can also ground alternative normative models for sustainability as an emergent property rather than the output of a mechanistic economic model for society's workings. 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RP Shackleton, CM, CSIR, Environm, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. AB A paired site study was conducted of communally grazed eutrophic and dystrophic grasslands and adjacent ungrazed areas of varying periods of exclusion from communal grazing. This allowed determination of the rate and extent of change of a number of vegetation and soil variables following the removal of high and continuous grazing pressure characteristic of communal lands. Similarity indices for grass species composition between the grazed and adjacent ungrazed areas showed a significant exponential decrease with increasing time since protection from continuous grazing. Most change in grass species composition occurred within four to nine years of protection from communal grazing in eutrophic grasslands, and in six to nine years in dystrophic grasslands. In both grassland types palatability increased with time since protection. In eutrophic sites the abundance of perennials showed a significant increase with time since protection, while the abundance of annuals showed a concomitant decrease. This relationship was not evident in dystrophic grasslands. Grass species diversity, basal cover and density showed no relationship with time since protection in the eutrophic sites, but a general increase with time since protection was found in dystrophic sites. Soil bulk density, field capacity, pH and soil nutrients showed no evidence of a relationship with time since protection for either grassland type, while soil porosity increased significantly with time since protection at eutrophic sites, but not dystrophic sites. These relatively rapid changes following the removal of the high grazing pressure indicate that these systems are characterized by relatively high resilience. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Bennett, EM, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Ecosystem services-the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems-are essential to human existence, but demands for services often surpass the capacity of ecosystems to provide them. Lack of ecological information often precludes informed decision making about ecosystem services. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was conceived in part to provide the necessary ecological information to decision makers. To this end, the MA set out to address the stated needs and concerns of decision makers and examine the ecological dynamics and uncertainties underlying these concerns. To improve our understanding of their information needs and concerns, we interviewed 59 decision makers from five continents. The respondents indicated that although most people generally agree about the ideal state of the planet-free of poverty and extreme inequality, replete with cultural and biological diversity-they often disagree about the best way to achieve these goals. Further, although nonspecialists are generally concerned about the environment and may have a good understanding of some of issues, they often have a more limited grasp of the ecological dynamics that drive the issues of concern. We identify some of the principal uncertainties about ecosystem dynamics and feedbacks that underlie the concerns of decision makers. Each of the papers in this special feature addresses these ecological feedbacks from the perspective of a specific discipline, suggesting ways in which knowledge of ecological dynamics can be incorporated into the MA's assessment and scenario-building process. CR *EEA, 2000, 22 EEA OFF OFF PUBL *MA MILL EC ASS, 2003, PEOPL EC FRAM ASS *UNEP, 2002, GLOB ENV OUTL 3 *WBCSD, 1997, EXPL SUST DEV SUMM B *WORLD COMM DAMS, 2000, DAMS DEV NEW FRAM DE *WWV, 2000, WAT SEC WORLD VIS WA ALCAMO J, 2001, 24 EUR ENV AG OFF OF AYENSU E, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P685 BALEE W, 1989, ADV EC BOT CHICHILNISKY G, 1998, NATURE, V391, P629 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DAVIS G, 1998, CREATING SCENARIOS Y DEUTSCH L, 2003, ECOL ECON, V44, P205 DUDLEY N, 2003, RUNNING PURE IMPORTA ERICKSON CL, 2000, NATURE, V408, P190 EWEL JJ, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V45, P1 GALLOPIN G, 1997, BRANCH POINTS GLOBAL GLASER B, 2001, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V88, P37 HAWKEN P, 2000, NATURAL CAPITALISM C HEAL G, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P24 HECKENBERGER MJ, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1710 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JACKSON RB, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P1027 LOREAU M, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P804 MATTHEWS E, 2000, PILOT ANAL GLOBAL EC MCCANN KS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P228 MCDONOUGH W, 2002, CRADLE CRADLE REMAKI NAKICENOVIC N, 2000, SPECIAL REPORT EMISS PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1 PINSTRUPANDERSE.P, 1997, WORLD FOOD SITUATION REVENGA C, 2000, PILOT ANAL GLOBAL EC SAGOFF M, 2002, POLIT LIFE SCI, V21, P16 SCHIKLOMANOV IA, 1997, COMPREHENSIVE ASSESS VANDERHEIJDEN K, 1996, SCENARIOS ART STRATE VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WATSON RT, 1998, PROTECTING OUR PLANE WHITE RP, 2000, PIL AN GLOB EC GRASS WOOD SK, 2000, AGROECOSYSTEMS NR 40 TC 2 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 125 EP 132 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 8 IS 2 GA 932FR UT ISI:000229540100001 ER PT J AU ARROW, K BOLIN, B COSTANZA, R DASGUPTA, P FOLKE, C HOLLING, CS JANSSON, BO LEVIN, SA MALER, KG PERRINGS, C PIMENTEL, D TI ECONOMIC-GROWTH, CARRYING-CAPACITY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT METEOROL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV MARYLAND,MARYLAND INT INST ECOL ECON,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. UNIV CAMBRIDGE,FAC ECON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9DD,ENGLAND. ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT SYST ECOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. YORK UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM ECON & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,ECOL & SYSTEMAT SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP ARROW, K, STANFORD UNIV,DEPT ECON,STANFORD,CA 94305. CR 2ND ASK M HELD 31 AU ANDERSON K, 1992, GREENING WORLD TRADE BECKERMAN W, 1992, WORLD DEV, V20, P481 DASGUPTA P, 1991, ENV EMERGING DEV I S GROSSMAN GM, 1993, US MEXICO FREE TRADE, P165 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JANSSON AM, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LOPEZ R, 1994, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V27, P163 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 SELDEN TM, 1994, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V27, P147 SHAFIK N, 1992, EC GROWTH ENV QUALIT SHAFIK N, 1994, IND ECOLOGY GLOBAL C, P157 VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 16 TC 199 J9 SCIENCE BP 520 EP 521 PY 1995 PD APR 28 VL 268 IS 5210 GA QV407 UT ISI:A1995QV40700024 ER PT J AU HOLLING, CS TI INVESTING IN RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP HOLLING, CS, UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. CR BASKERVILLE G, IN PRESS BRIDGES BAR GUNDERSON LH, IN PRESS BRIDGES BAR HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 SIMON JL, 1984, RESOURCEFUL EARTH RE WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 6 TC 31 J9 ECOL APPL BP 552 EP 555 PY 1993 PD NOV VL 3 IS 4 GA MF070 UT ISI:A1993MF07000004 ER PT J AU Bruckmeier, K Neuman, E TI Local fisheries management at the Swedish coast: Biological and social preconditions SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Skargardsutveckling AB, SE-74071 Oregrund, Sweden. RP Bruckmeier, K, Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, Box 700, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. AB Most of the Swedish coastal fisheries are not sustainable from either a social, economic or ecological point of view. We propose the introduction of local fisheries management (LFM) as a tool for restructuring the present large-scale management system in order to achieve sustainability. To implement LFM two questions need to be answered: How to distribute the resource fish among different resource user groups? How to restructure present fisheries management to meet the criteria of sustainability? Starting from these questions we describe possible forms of LFM for Swedish coastal fishery supported by recent research. The biological and social preconditions for restructuring fisheries management are derived from an analysis of the ecological and managerial situation in Swedish fishery. Three types of LFM-owner based, user based, and community based management-are analyzed with regard to the tasks to be carried out in LFM, the roles of management groups, and the definition and optimal size of management areas. CR 2000, FISKERIVERKET INFORM 2003, COASTAL INLAND FISHE ACHESON J, 1996, AM ANTHROPOL, V987, P579 ACHESON JM, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P390 AHO T, 2001, KALA RIISTARAPORTTEJ, V217, P51 ANDERSSON K, 1999, SOCIOL RURALIS, V39, P377 BALAND IM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BECKER CD, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P113 BENNETT DB, 1983, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V63, P371 BERKES F, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P87 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRUCKMEIER K, 2003, RIGHTS DUTIES COASTA BRUCKMEIER K, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P100 BRUCKMEIER K, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P65 CAMPBELL LM, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P417 CASTILLA JC, 2001, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V11, P1 COOPER RA, 1980, BIOL MANAGEMENT LOBS, V2, P97 DAVIS A, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P463 DEGNBOL P, 2003, TEMA NORD, P521 DRESNER S, 2002, PRINCIPLES SUSTAINAB EDWARDS VM, 1998, J THEOR POLIT, V10, P347 EGGERT H, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P525 EKLUND E, 1994, COASTAL FISHERMEN CO ELLEGARD A, 2002, HUMAN ECOLOGY SECTIO ELLEGARD A, 2002, HUMAN ECOLOGY SECTIO, V5 HAMMER M, 2003, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V46, P527 HAMMERSLAND J, 2005, ASSESSMENT NATURAL Q HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE HASSELBERG Y, 2001, I POLITICAL PRECONDI ILES TD, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P627 JENTOFT S, 1998, MAR POLICY, V28, P23 LAIKRE L, 1997, NATURVARDSVERKETS RA LAIKRE L, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P110 LAIKRE L, 2005, IN PRESS MOL ECOL LAPPALAINEN A, 2002, MANAGEMENT BALTIC CO, P241 LEE K, 2000, GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE D MCCAY BJ, 1995, ADV HUMAN ECOLOGY, V4, P89 MERCHANT C, 1997, HUMAN ECOLOGY REV, V4, P25 MIKALSEN KH, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P397 NEUMAN E, 2000, FISKERIVERKET RAPPOR, V2, P3 NEUMAN E, 2001, SKOGS LANTBRUKSAKAD, V10, P101 NEUMAN E, 2002, HUMAN ECOLOGY RES SE NEUMAN E, 2003, ALANDSK UTREDNINGSSE NEUMAN E, 2004, HERS SUCOZOMA, P2 NIELSEN EE, 2004, MOL ECOL, V13, P585 NIELSEN JR, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P409 NIELSEN JR, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P425 NOWOTNY H, 2002, RETHINKING SCI KNOWL OSTROM E, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV, P33 OSTROM E, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE, P27 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PIRIZ L, 2004, THESIS GOTEBORG U SW PITCHER T, 1998, REINVENTING FISHERIE RYMAN N, 1984, HEREDITY, V53, P687 RYMAN N, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P325 RYMAN N, 1995, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V5, P417 SALMI P, 2001, LECT INAUGURAL C SALMI P, 2002, LOCAL FISHERY MANAGE SANDSTROM A, 2003, FISKERIVERKET INFORM, V3, P1 SANDSTROM O, 2000, FISKERIVERKET RAPPOR, V1, P1 SANDSTROM O, 2002, TEMA NORD, P521 SAULAMO K, 2002, FISKERIVERKET INFOME, V9, P1 SAULAMO K, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P120 SODERKVIST T, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P167 STERNER T, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P84 SYMES D, 1999, ALTERNATIVE MANAGEME VALENTINSSON D, 2002, THESIS GOTEBORG U GO WANG JL, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1619 YANDLE T, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P179 NR 69 TC 3 J9 AMBIO BP 91 EP 100 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 34 IS 2 GA 912PE UT ISI:000228090700006 ER PT J AU Pamo, ET Tchamba, MN TI Elephants and vegetation change in the Sahelo-Soudanian region of Cameroon SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS AB Elephant protection in Northern Cameroon has led to serious concern over their impact on vegetation. The basic problems are related to the change in vegetation and land-use patterns. In addition, a dam was built to store water for a rice irrigation project in 1979 in Northern Cameroon. This dam prevents the normal flooding of the dry season grazing land for wildlife within and around the two major National Parks of the region and has led to a change in vegetation composition and structure. The habitat of an increased elephant population was reduced, along with a change in their migration patterns and their home range. This resulted in an adaptation of their feeding habits and competition for space with humans. The largest elephant population of the African Sahelo-Soudanian region has profoundly affected the vegetation of the Northern Cameroon during the past 20 years. From the various works carried out in the region it appears that the amount of seriously browsed trees increased as well as the damage indicted on the youngest trees. Although discussion on how to deal with elephant impact on vegetation and the risk of irreversible habitat change is being overshadowed in some areas by its impact on human population, the problem remains a key issue and must be faced if sustained environmental management at the turn of the millennium is to be addressed. Degradation may occur when productivity of these unstable communities has crossed a critical threshold that prevents its resiliency over a long term. Knowledge of the dynamics of this Sahelian vegetation does not permit to critically address the issue now in this fragile environment. (C) 2001 Academic Press. CR *SPTEN, 1986, RAP ANN ACT AV PROJ BARNES RFW, 1982, AFR J ECOL, V20, P123 BARNES RFW, 1983, BIOL CONSERV, V26, P127 CRAIG GC, 1992, ELEPHANT MANAGEMENT, P81 DEBIE S, 1991, THESIS AGR U WAGENIN DOUGLASHAMILTON I, 1987, ORYX, V21 DUBLIN HT, 1990, OECOLOGIA, V82, P283 EIJS AWM, 1987, SERIE ENV DEV NORD C ESSER JD, 1979, TERRE VIE, V33, P3 FIELD CR, 1971, E AFR WILDL J, V9, P99 FLIZOT P, 1962, RESERVES FAUNE CAMER FOWLER CW, 1973, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V37, P513 FRY CH, 1970, REPORT INT UNION CON KABIGUMILA J, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V31, P156 LAWS RM, 1970, OIKOS, V21, P1 LAWS RM, 1975, ELEPHANTS THEIR HABI LINDSAY K, 1993, PACHYDERM, V16, P34 MAHAMAT H, 1991, MEMOIRE ETUDES MCCULLAGH KG, 1973, NATURE, V242, P267 MERZ G, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P61 MOSS CJ, 1992, NCRR EL REPR S MAY 1 OIJEN CHJ, 1986, YAERES RELEVES DESCR OKULA JP, 1986, AFR J ECOL, V24, P1 PAMO ET, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V39, P179 PYKE GH, 1977, Q REV BIOL, V52, P137 ROTH HH, 1991, MAMMALIA, V55, P489 RUGGIERO RG, 1992, AFR J ECOL, V30, P137 RUGGIERO RG, 1992, AFR J ECOL, V30, P137 STEEHOUWER G, 1988, SERIE ENV DEV NORD C SUKUMAR R, 1990, J TROP ECOL, V6, P33 TCHAMBA MN, 1992, MAMMALIA, V92, P35 TCHAMBA MN, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V31, P165 TCHAMBA MN, 1993, PACHYDERM, V16, P66 TCHAMBA MN, 1995, AFR J ECOL, V33, P184 TCHAMBA MN, 1995, AFR J ECOL, V33, P335 TCHAMBA MN, 1995, AFR J ECOL, V33, P366 THOULESS C, 1992, EMERGENCY EVALUATION VANDERZON APM, 1986, PANDA, V22, P121 VANWIJNGAARDEN W, 1985, THESIS AGR U WAGENIN NR TC 0 BP 245 EP 253 PY 2001 PD JUL VL 48 IS 3 UT ISI:000169580600001 ER PT J AU Peroni, N Hanazaki, N TI Current and lost diversity of cultivated varieties, especially cassava, under swidden cultivation systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 UNICAMP, NEPAM, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. UNICAMP, Inst Biol, PG Biol Vegetal, BR-13081970 Campinas, Brazil. UNICAMP, Inst Biol, PG Ecol, BR-13081970 Campinas, Brazil. RP Peroni, N, UNICAMP, NEPAM, CP 6166, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. AB Tropical agricultural systems characterized by swidden-fallow practices have been studied in many tropical areas of the world. One feature of these systems is the high diversity of cultivated species and varieties. The objective of this paper was to analyze the inter and intraspecific diversity of cultivated crops under swidden cultivation systems adopted by caicaras in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and the genetic erosion of this diversity in the last decades. To analyze the inter and intraspecific diversity of cultivated crops under swidden cultivation systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, interviews were performed in 33 swidden agriculturists' households concerning the species and varieties under cultivation and others that have been lost. The plots were visited to check the crops cited in the interviews. The agriculturists cited 261 varieties from 53 crop species, with 30.6% of lost varieties. Each agriculturist cited an average of 25 varieties. The main crop was cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), followed by yams (Dioscorea spp.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), sugarcane' (Saccharum officinarum L.), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Among the interviewed agriculturists, 87% of them have sons and/or daughters not involved in agricultural activity, reflecting a trend toward the loss of the local agricultural skills. A model was proposed to explain the dynamics of the system focusing on the crop diversity and considering the resource resilience. The exchange of crop varieties among agriculturists builds a network which buffers against the loss of the managed diversity in the regional scale. Features such as the itinerancy cycles of fallow/swidden, and the traditional ecological knowledge contribute to the increasing of the managed diversity. However, the agriculturists also pointed out several factors contributing to the depletion of the managed diversity, related to restrictive environmental laws, rural exodus, increasing tourism, and changing of livelihood activities. The loss of crop diversity indicates the urgency for strategies towards the maintenance of the diversity and knowledge tied to the agricultural systems of caicara communities, calling for specific strategies and policies to avoid the loss of their agricultural legacy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR ALCORN JB, 1990, ALTERNATIVES DEFORES ALLEM AC, 1994, GENET RESOUR CROP EV, V41, P133 ALTIERI MA, 1999, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V74, P19 BALEE W, 1992, CONSERVATION NEOTROP, P35 BECKERMAN S, 1983, HUM ECOL, V11, P1 BEGOSSI A, 1996, ECON BOT, V50, P280 BEGOSSI A, 1998, LINKING ECOLOGICAL S, P129 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOSTER J, 1983, HUM ECOL, V11, P47 BOSTER JS, 1984, ADV EC BOT, V1, P34 BRADY NC, 1996, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V58, P3 BROOKFIELD H, 1994, ENVIRONMENT, V36, P6 BRUSH SB, 1995, CROP SCI, V35, P346 CARNEIRO RL, 1983, ADAPTIVE RESPONSES N, P65 CHERNELA JM, 1987, SUMA ETNOLOGICA BRAS, V1, P151 CLEVELAND DA, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P740 CONKLIN HC, 1954, T NEW YORK ACADEMY S, V17, P133 COOMES OT, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P109 DEAN W, 1997, FERRO FOGO HIST DEVA DEJONG W, 1997, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V62, P187 DENEVAN W, 1987, ADV EC BOT, V5 EMPERAIRE L, 1999, UNPUB ABORDAGEM ETNO FOX J, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P521 GASPAR MD, 1998, ANTIQUITY, V72, P592 GEERTZ C, 1963, AGR INVOLUTION GLIESSMAN SR, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P681 HANAZAKI N, 1996, INTERCIENCIA, V21, P268 HANAZAKI N, 2000, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V9, P597 HANAZAKI N, 2000, HUM ECOL REV, V7, P52 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 KAWANO H, 1978, CROP SCI, V17, P373 KERR WE, 1987, SUMA ETNOLOGICA BRAS, P159 KLEINMAN PJA, 1995, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V52, P235 KRESOVICH S, 1992, FIELD CROP RES, V29, P185 MAGURRAN A, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MARCILIO ML, 1986, CAICARA TERRA POPULA MARTINS PS, 1994, ANAIS ACAD BRASILEIR, V66, P219 MONTEIRO R, 1995, ARQ BIOL TECNOL, V38, P533 MUSSOLINI G, 1980, ENSAIOS ANTROPOLOGIA MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 OLDFIELD ML, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P199 OLIVEIRA RR, 1994, CIENCIA HOJE, V18, P44 PERONI N, 1998, THESIS ESALQ USP PIR PERONI N, 1999, SCI AGR, V56, P587 PERONI N, 2000, INTERCIENCIA, V25, P22 PIERSON D, 1947, SOCIOLOGIA, V47, P3 PIMM SL, 1994, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P347 PIPERNO DR, 1998, ORIGINS AGR LOWLAND PLOTKIN MJ, 1995, ETHNOBOTANY EVOLUTIO, P147 PUTMAN RJ, 1994, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY QUIROS CF, 1990, ECON BOT, V44, P254 SALICK J, 1995, ANN MO BOT GARD, V82, P25 SALICK J, 1997, ECON BOT, V51, P6 SAMBETTI JBM, 1998, THESIS ESALQ USP PIR SCHMIDT CB, 1958, 14 SERV INF AGR SHIVA V, 1996, FUTURE OUR SEEDS FUT SWIFT MJ, 1994, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P15 TILMAN D, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P93 TINKER PB, 1996, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V58, P13 TRENBATH BR, 1999, AGROFOREST SYST, V45, P81 WALKER D, 1989, ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS, P115 WINTHER J, 1989, OCUPACAO CAICARA TER WOOD D, 1997, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V6, P109 ZAR JH, 1996, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 64 TC 2 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON BP 171 EP 183 PY 2002 PD NOV VL 92 IS 2-3 GA 601VN UT ISI:000178469400006 ER PT J AU Olsson, P Folke, C TI Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: A study of Lake Racken Watershed, Sweden SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Res Nat Resources & Environm, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Olsson, P, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The sustainable use of resources requires that management practices and institutions take into account the dynamics of the ecosystem. In this paper, we explore the role of local ecological knowledge and show how it is used in management practices by a local fishing association in a contemporary rural Swedish community. We focus on the local management of crapfish, a common-pool resource, and also address the way crapfish management is linked to institutions at different levels of Swedish society, Methods from the social sciences were used for information gathering, and the results were analyzed within the framework of esosystem management. We found that the practices of local fishing association resemble an ecosystem approach to crayfish management. Our results indicate that local users have substantial knowledge of resource and ecosystem dynamics from the level of the individual crayfish to that of the watershed, as reflected in a variety of interrelated management practices embedded in and influenced by institutions at several levels. We propose that this policy of monitoring at several levels simultaneously, together with the interpretation of a bundle of indicators and associated management responses, enhances the possibility of building ecological resilience into the watershed. Furthermore, we found that flexibility and adaptation are required to avoid command-and-control pathways of resource management. We were able to trace the development of the local fishing association as a response to crisis, followed by the creation of an opportunity for reorganization and the recognition of slow ecosystem structuring variables, and also to define the role of knowledgeable individuals in the whole process. We discuss the key roles of adaptive capacity, institutional learning, and institutional memory for successful ecosystem management and conclude that scientific adaptive management could benefit from a more explicit collaboration with flexible community-based systems of resource management for the implementation of policies as experiments. CR 1994, VARMLANDS FOLKB 0125 *LANSST VARML LAN, 1995, UND BOTT FORS SJOAR, P9 *NAT RES SOUNC, 1999, SUST MAR FISH *UN ED SCI CULT OR, 1999, WORLD C SCI BUD HUNG *UN ENV PROGR UNEP, 1998, UNEPCBDCOPINF9 *WORLD RES I, 2000, WORLD RES 2000 2001 ABRAHAMSSON S, 1969, FAUNA FLORA, V66, P2 ACHESON JM, 1988, LOBSTER GANGS MAINE ACKEFORS H, 1994, FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, P157 AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 ALLEN TFH, 1993, UNIFIED ECOLOGY APPELBERG M, 1986, CRAYFISH ASTACUS AST BECKER CD, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P113 BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1989, NATURE, V340, P91 BERKES F, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, P281 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2001, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI BERNARD HR, 1994, RES METHODS ANTHR QU BOYD R, 1985, CULTURE EVOLUTIONARY BROMLEY DW, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COLDING J, 2001, UNPUB ECOL APPL COSTANZA R, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P407 COX PA, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P84 DALE VH, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P639 DASMANN RF, 1988, ENDS EARTH PERSPECTI, P277 EHNSTROM B, 1993, RODLISTADE EVERTEBRA EK A, 1995, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V85, P1795 ERIKSEN J, 1868, NAGOT HEMSLOJDEN SVE FEENY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 FJALLING A, 1988, FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, V7, P223 FLEISCHER S, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P258 FOLKE C, 1998, 2 IHDP INT HUM DIM P FOWLER FJ, 1993, SURVEY RES METHODS GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GADGIL M, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1307 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAMMER M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P97 HANNA SS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P190 HILBORN R, 1992, FISHERIES, V17, P6 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 JOHANNES RE, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P349 JOHANNES RE, 1981, WORDS LAGOON FISHING JOHANNES RE, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P243 JORGENSEN DL, 1989, PARTICIPATN OBSERVAT KVALE S, 1996, INTERVIEWS INTRO QUA LEE MW, 1999, ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF, V3, P3 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LONG N, 1984, SOCIOL RURALIS, V24, P168 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MCCAY BM, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCCRACKEN G, 1988, LONG INTERVIEW MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P141 MORGAN DL, 1997, FOCUS GROUPS QUALITA NABHAN GP, 1997, CULTURES HABITAT NAT NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANG EC PERF OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE OSTROM E, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV OSTROM E, 1998, PROTECTION BIODIVERS, P149 OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PACE ML, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION PATTON MQ, 1980, QUALITATIVE EVALUATI PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PINKERTON E, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P363 PINKERTON E, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 POMEROY RS, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V27, P143 PRETTY JN, 1995, TRAINERS GUIDE PARTI RENBERG I, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P264 ROLING N, 1994, FUTURE LAND MOBILISI, P385 SAMSON FB, 1996, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V51, P288 SANDEN P, 1987, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V36, P259 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SHAFFIR WB, 1991, EXPERIENGING FIELDWO SVARDSON G, 1995, FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, V8, P68 TREMBLAY MA, 1987, FIELD RES SOURCEBOOK, P98 UNESTAM T, 1972, REP I FRESHWATER RES, V52, P192 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WARD W, 1994, FOLK MANAGEMENT WORL, P91 WESTMAN K, 1973, FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, V1, P41 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 NR 92 TC 14 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 85 EP 104 PY 2001 PD MAR VL 4 IS 2 GA 426VY UT ISI:000168370100001 ER PT J AU Jefferies, RL Rockwell, RF Abraham, KE TI Agricultural food subsidies, migratory connectivity and large-scale disturbance in arctic coastal systems: A case study SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada. RP Jefferies, RL, Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. AB An allochthonous input can modify trophic relationships, by providing an external resource that is normally limiting within a system. The subsidy may not only elicit a growth response of the primary producers via a bottom-up effect, but it also may lead to runaway herbivore growth in the absence of increased predation. If the consumer is migratory and predation is similarly dampened in the alternative system, the increased numbers may produce a top-down cascade of direct and indirect effects on an ecosystem that may be a great distance from the source of the subsidy. In an extreme case, it can lead to a catastrophic shift in ecosystem functioning as a result of biotic exploitation that produces an alternative stable state. The loss of resilience is particularly sensitive to herbivore density which can result in two different outcomes to the vegetation on which the consumer feeds. Over-compensatory growth of above-ground biomass gives way to sward destruction and near irreversible changes in soil properties as density of a herbivore increases. A striking temporal asymmetry exists between a reduction in the consumer population and recovery of damaged vegetation and degraded soils. 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Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, SE-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden. Chinese Acad Sci, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Verhoeven, JTA, Univ Utrecht, Inst Environm Biol, POB 800-84, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. AB Water quality in many stream catchments and river basins is severely impacted by nutrient enrichment as a result of agriculture. Water-resource managers worldwide are considering the potential role of riparian zones and floodplain wetlands in improving stream-water quality, as there is evidence at the site scale that such wetlands are efficient at removing nutrients from through-flowing water. However, recent studies have highlighted disadvantages of such use of wetlands, including emissions of greenhouse gases and losses of biodiversity that result from prolonged nutrient loading. Here, we discuss the water purification function of wetlands at the site and catchment scale and suggest ways in which these disadvantages could be overcome. 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RP Pomeroy, LR, Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. AB Ecology has evolved many subdisciplines whose members do not necessarily communicate regularly through attending the same meetings or reading and publishing in the same journals. As a result, explanations of ecological processes are often limited to a single factor, process, or group of organisms, and this limited approach may fail to provide the best understanding of how communities and ecosystems are assembled and function. Specifically, there is a need to bring together information on the interplay of top-down and bottom-up influences on complete communities consisting of both macroorganisms and microorganisms. A number of examples from the recent literature illustrate the problems encountered in achieving this goal. These include declining fish populations, estuarine eutrophication, the complex origin of a toxic dinoflagellate bloom, and the interactions of microorganisms and macrooorganisms in marine planktonic food webs. 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RP Gross, M, Univ Bielefeld, Inst Sci & Technol Sci, POB 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. AB The concept of real-world experiments is a framework to understand environmental design projects under real world conditions. Contrary to laboratory experiments that are generally thought to exclude the public, real-world experiments involve combinations of social and natural factors. In this paper the theory of real-world experiments is applied to the fieldwork of ecological restoration. The case discussed here is an ecological design process at Montrose Point, a peninsula built on landfill in Lake Michigan on the North Side of Chicago. It illustrates how, in the practice of ecological restoration, the idea of experiment can be understood as being built on processes of recursive learning that include different parts of the wider society and nature. The paper outlines a concept of robust implementation strategies in which public involvement is a pivotal part of a more encompassing activity of ecological practice. This is undertaken to aim at a better understanding of learning processes taking place in natural and social systems. 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AB Efforts to restore fish communities of the Kissimmee River will require carefully defined criteria for assessing success. A goal of regaining communities mirroring those in the historical river may not be an appropriate target because the ecological conditions of the river before channelization are poorly known. The Kissimmee River is in a biogeographic region historically low in fish diversity, and no comparable rivers in that region remain substantially unaltered by human activity to permit their use as reference sites indicative of conditions in the Kissimmee before channelization. I propose alternative criteria for assessing restoration success emphasizing expectations for ecosystem function in similar floodplain rivers. Assessing ecosystem function will be less simple than assessing criteria such as fish condition or density of selected species. But criteria based solely on fish-population characteristics cannot be justified quantitatively. Information integrated from several levels of biotic organization (individuals, populations, communities, and systems) should be drawn upon in making conclusions about restoration success. I develop a conceptual model to outline aspects of ecosystem function that could serve as a basis for evaluation of the restoration of fish communities of the Kissimmee River. The model focuses on the dynamics of the flux of floodplain-channel nutrients and the movement of larvae, juvenile, and adult fishes and macroinvertebrates. The present community may be dominated more by species tolerant of low-oxygen conditions, such as gar and bowfin, than the restored community will be. I propose that nest sites may be the limiting recruitment success of substrate spawning species in the channelized river and that these species, including sunfish and largemouth bass, will increase in abundance after restoration. Also, species relying on floodplain habitats, including sunfish species, darters, and some minnows, may also increase in frequency with restoration of floodplain-channel hydrological conditions and habitats. The observation that no species are known to have disappeared from the Kissimmee River, and its relatively simple community structure compared to rivers of comparable size elsewhere, are encouraging for prospects of successful restoration. 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SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 Brock Univ, Dept Econ, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. RP Dore, MHI, Brock Univ, Dept Econ, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. AB The objective of this paper was to consider the social value of biological diversity and explore if this value could be expressed in terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integrated non-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions can be understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Within such a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with this probability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow. CR BARBIER EB, 1994, PARADISE LOST COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DORE MHI, 1999, GLOBAL ENV EC EQUITY HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 MAY RM, 1972, NATURE, V238, P413 MAY RM, 1972, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V69, P1109 PEARCE D, 1994, EC VALUE BIODIVERSIT PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS ROSEN R, 1987, QUANTUM IMPLICATIONS ROSEN R, 1991, LIFE ITSELF COMPREHE SEN AK, 1970, COLLECTIVE CHOICE SO SEN AK, 1973, EC INEQUALITY SHOGREN JF, 1995, CONSERVATION GREAT P, P33 SIMPSON DR, 1996, EFFECTIVE FINANCING, P151 SIMPSON DR, 1998, PROTECTION GLOBAL BI, P129 STEIN D, 1989, LECT SCI COMPLEXITY STORK NE, 1997, BIODIVERSITY, V2, P41 TAKAYAMA A, 1987, NEW PALGRAVE DICT EC WAINRIGHT PC, 1994, ECOLOGICAL MORPHOLOG YATES FE, 1993, LOGIC LIFE NR 21 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS BP 91 EP 104 PY 2003 PD JUL-AUG VL 86 IS 1-2 GA 686LL UT ISI:000183323200008 ER PT J AU Harkes, I Novaczek, I TI Presence, performance, and institutional resilience of sasi, a traditional management institution in Central Maluku, Indonesia SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 AIDEnvironm, NL-1051 JL Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Prince Edward Isl, Inst Isl Studies, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. RP Harkes, I, Jaagpad 36, NL-2394 CN Hazerswoude Rijndijk, Netherlands. AB This article presents the results of a study performed in 1997-98 on the presence, performance and institutional resilience of sasi, a local traditional resource management system in Central Maluku, Indonesia. The presence and functionality of sasi in 63 villages was determined by way of structured key informant interviews that explored the existence of sasi ceremonies, presence of written rules and sanctions, level and consistency of activity over time, area of application of rules, and governing authorities. Performance was measured in I I villages with strong sasi and 11 villages where it was weak. Performance was expressed in terms of biological and social sustainability, efficiency and equity. A number of factors were identified that contribute positively to the resilience of sasi as a local institution. The results of the study can be useful in the revitalization of traditional institutions or the establishment of new institutions in the context of decentralization and co-management in Indonesia and elsewhere. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 1995, MALUKU DALAM ANGKA 1 *ICLARM IFM, 1996, 1 WP ICLARMIFM BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 COOLEY F, 1962, AMBONESE ADAT GEN DE EVANS SM, 1997, FISH RES, V31, P83 FOLKE CS, 1995, IASCP REINV COMM C S KISSYA E, 1994, SAMUDRA REPORT, V10, P11 LUBIS R, 1992, CONTRIBUTIONS FISHER, P114 MASYHURI I, 1995, 86 PMBLIPI NIKIJULUW VPH, 1995, INDONESIAN AGR RES D, V17, P33 NIKIJULUW VPH, 2000, UNPUB PROCESS IMPACT NOVACZEK I, 2001, 59 ICLARM OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV POLLNAC RB, 1994, COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT, P94 POMEROY RS, 1996, 3 RR ICLARM RIEDEL JGF, 1886, SLUIK KROESHARIGE RA RUDDLE K, 1993, MARITIME ANTHR STUDI, V6, P1 THORBURN CC, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P1461 VOLKER T, 1925, ADATRECHTBUNDELS VONBENDABECKMAN.F, 1995, EKONESIA J INDONESIA, V2, P1 ZERNER C, 1994, LAW SOC REV, V28, P1079 ZERNER C, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS, P80 NR 22 TC 0 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE BP 237 EP 260 PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4-5 GA 603KY UT ISI:000178559700003 ER PT J AU Cheve, M TI Irreversibility of pollution accumulation - New implications for sustainable endogenous growth SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Paris 01, EUREQUA, F-75647 Paris 13, France. RP Cheve, M, Ecole Cent Paris, ERASME, Lab Econ, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France. AB This paper presents an optimal endogenous growth model with pollution accumulation and abatement activities which analyzes the implications of pollution accumulation irreversibility on the existence of sustainable growth paths. This model studies different pollution-decay functions which present, among others, the feature that a sufficiently high pollution stock level can reduce the rate of decay to zero. This study shows that this new feature, which gains support for the biological literature, significantly alters the traditional results on the properties of sustainable endogenous growth by reducing the field of existence and strengthening the role of individual preferences. CR BELTRATTI A, 1995, 5895 FOND EN E MATT CESAR H, 1994, CONTROL GAME THEORET CHEVE M, 1998, ENV NOUVELLE DIMENSI FORSTER BA, 1975, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V2, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KEELER E, 1972, J ECON THEORY, V4, P19 MUSU I, 1995, ENV EC PEARCE D, 1990, SUSTAINABLE DEV EC E PETERMAN R, 1980, RECOVERY PROCESS DAM REBELO S, 1991, J POLIT ECON, V99, P500 SMULDERS S, 1996, EUROPEAN J POLITICAL, V12, P505 TAHVONEN O, 1996, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V20, P1775 TAHVONEN O, 1996, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V31, P160 VANMARREWIJK C, 1993, IS GROWTH BAD ENV VELLINGA N, INFLUENCE POLLUTION NR 15 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 93 EP 104 PY 2000 PD MAY VL 16 IS 1 GA 301QW UT ISI:000086322300007 ER PT J AU Phillips, OL Rose, S Mendoza, AM Vargas, PN TI Resilience of southwestern Amazon forests to anthropogenic edge effects SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Cuzco, Peru. RP Phillips, OL, Dorset Cty Council, Jurass Coast World Heritage Site, Dorchester, England. AB Antbropogenic edge effects can compromise the conservation value of mature tropical forests. To date most edge-effect research in Amazonia has concentrated on forests in relatively seasonal locations or with poor soils in the east of the basin. We present the first evaluation from the relatively richer soils of far western Amazonia on the extent to which mature forest biomass, diversity, and composition are affected by edges. In a southwestern Amazonian landscape we surveyed woody plant diversity, species composition, and biomass in 88 x 0.1 ha samples of unflooded forest that spanned a wide range in soil properties and included samples as close as 50 m and as distant as > 10 km from anthropogenic edges. We applied Mantel tests, multiple regression on distance matrices, and other multivariate techniques to identify anthropogenic effects before and after accounting for soil factors and spatial autocorrelation. The distance to the nearest edge, accesspoint, and the geographical center of the nearest community ("anthropogenic-distance effects") all had no detectable effect on tree biomass or species diversity. Anthropogenic-distance effects on tree species composition were also below the limits of detection and were negligible in comparison with natural environmental and spatial factors. Analysis of the data set's capacity to detect anthropogenic effects confirmed that the forests were not severely affected by edges, although because our study had few plots within 100 m of forest edges, our confidence in patterns in the immediate vicinity of edges is limited. It therefore appears that the conservation value of most "edge" forests in this region has not yet been compromised substantially. We caution that because this is one case study it should not be overinterpreted, but one explanation for our findings may be that western Amazonian tree species are naturally faster growing and more disturbance adapted than those farther east. 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Murdoch Univ, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Kinzig, AP, Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB Most accounts of thresholds between alternate regimes involve a single, dominant shift defined by one, often slowly changing variable in an ecosystem. This paper expands the focus to include similar dynamics in social and economic systems, in which multiple variables may act together in ways that produce interacting regime shifts in social-ecological systems. We use four different regions in the world, each of which contains multiple thresholds, to develop a proposed "general model" of threshold interactions in social-ecological systems. The model identifies patch-scale ecological thresholds, farm- or landscape-scale economic thresholds, and regional-scale sociocultural thresholds. "Cascading thresholds," i.e., the tendency of the crossing of one threshold to induce the crossing of other thresholds, often lead to very resilient, although often less desirable, alternative states. 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Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Eastern Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Charleston, IL 61920 USA. RP Foin, TC, Univ Calif Davis, Div Environm Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB Identifying patterns across species and environments may lead to more effective recovery plans and endangered species management. CR BRITTEN HB, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P86 CARROLL R, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COOK RE, 1987, REV RECOVERY PLANS T CULBERT R, 1989, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V5, P2 DIXON PM, 1989, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V6, P9 DOBSON AP, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P550 EASTERPILCHER A, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P355 FLATHER CH, 1994, RM241 USDA FOR SERV GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV MANAGEM MATTSON DJ, 1994, ENDANGERED SPECIES R, P101 MCMILLAN M, 1994, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V11, P5 MUELLER TL, 1994, PLANNING CONSERVATIO NORTON BR, 1988, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V5, P1 REFFALT WC, 1988, ENDANGERED SPECIES U, V5, P10 RINGOLD PL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P745 SAREWITZ D, 1996, GSA TODAY OCT, P10 SCHEMSKE DW, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P584 SMITH AA, 1993, NAT RESOUR J, V33, P1027 TEAR TH, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P976 TEAR TH, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P182 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WEINSTEIN MP, 1997, WETLANDS ECOLOGY MAN, V4, P111 NR 24 TC 37 J9 BIOSCIENCE BP 177 EP 184 PY 1998 PD MAR VL 48 IS 3 GA YY274 UT ISI:000072130700010 ER PT J AU Long, J Tecle, A Burnette, B TI Cultural foundations for ecological restoration on the white mountain Apache reservation SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Tecle, A, No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. AB Myths, metaphors, and social norms that facilitate collective action and understanding of restoration dynamics serve as foundations for ecological restoration. The experience of the White Mountain Apache Tribe demonstrates how such cultural foundations can permeate and motivate ecological restoration efforts. Through interviews with tribal cultural advisors and restoration practitioners, we examined how various traditions inform their understanding of restoration processes. Creation stories reveal the time-honored importance and functions of water bodies within the landscape, while place names yield insights into their historical and present conditions. Traditional healing principles and agricultural traditions help guide modem restoration techniques. A metaphor of stability illustrates how restoration practitioners see links among ecological, social, and personal dimensions of health. These views inspire reciprocal relationships focused on caretaking of sites, learning from elders, and passing knowledge on to youths. Woven together, these cultural traditions uphold a system of adaptive management that has withstood the imposition of non-indigenous management schemes in the 20(th) century, and now provides hope for restoring health and productivity of ecosystems through individual and collective efforts. Although these traditions are adapted to the particular ecosystems of the Tribe, they demonstrate the value of understanding and promoting the diverse cultural foundations of restoration. CR *GRENV GOODW PLAC, 1997, UNPUB REP W AP COAL *SOC EC REST SCI P, 2002, SER PRIM EC REST AILSTOCK MS, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P49 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY BASSO KH, 1970, CIBECUE APACHE BASSO KH, 1996, WISDOM SITS PLACES BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BLOSSEY B, 2000, WETLANDS J, V12, P23 BRAY D, 1999, W APACHE ENGLISH DIC BUSKIRK W, 1986, W APACHE LIVING LAND CALLICOTT JB, 1989, DEFENSE LAND ETHIC, P177 CROUSE CW, 2002, ANN REPORT COMMISSIO, P147 DESJARDINS JR, 1997, ENV ETHICS INTRO ENV EVERETT MW, 1971, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC FORD J, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1249 GEIST C, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P970 GOODWIN G, 1938, AM ANTHROPOL, V40, P24 GOODWIN G, 1994, MYTHS TALES WHITE MO GRAY RW, 1997, DIVERSE FORESTS ABUN, P150 GRIMM V, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V109, P323 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARGROVE E, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P124 HENDRICKSON DA, 1984, DESERT PLANTS, V6, P130 HOBBS RJ, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P93 JACKSON W, 1997, PEOPLE LAND COMMUNIT, P259 KELLY JR, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P527 KIMMERER RN, 2000, J FOREST, V98, P4 LADUKE W, 1994, COLO J INT ENV L POL, V5, P127 LAL P, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 LEOPOLD A, 1939, J FOREST, V37, P727 LEOPOLD AS, 1999, HLTH LAND PREVIOUSLY LEWIS HT, 1989, AM ANTHROPOL, V91, P940 LONG JW, 1998, J LAND RESOURCES ENV, V18, P51 LONG JW, 2000, P LAND STEW 21 CENT, P227 LONG JW, 2000, P LAND STEW 21 CENT, P361 LUPE R, 1992, PROJECT REPORT SERIE LYONS J, 2000, J AM WATER RESOUR AS, V36, P919 MARTINEZ D, 1995, KARUK TRIBAL MODULE MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P461 NABHAN GP, 1997, CULTURES HABITAT NAVEH Z, 1998, RESTOR ECOL, V6, P135 NEARY DG, 2002, FOREST FIRE RES WILD, P1 NEARY DG, 2003, J ARIZONA NEVADA ACA, V35, P23 PYNE SJ, 1997, FIRE AM CULTURAL HIS SALTONSTALL K, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P2445 SANDERSON SE, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P375 SCOTT ML, 1996, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V14, P327 TURNER NJ, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1275 VANDIGGELEN R, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P115 WELCH JA, 1998, SOC AM ARCHAEOLOGY B, V16 YOUNG TP, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V92, P73 NR 51 TC 3 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 8 IS 1 GA 900FF UT ISI:000227200100002 ER PT J AU Pelling, M TI Assessing urban vulnerability and social adaptation to risk - Evidence from Santo Domingo SO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING REVIEW AB Urban areas are becoming increasingly risky places to live, especially for low-income residents of cities in developing countries. Exposure to environmental risk and hazard has stimulated a range of work examining the physical processes creating these hazards, and the human processes that lead to vulnerability. Both approaches are useful, but are in danger of focusing on proximate rather than underlying causes. The concept of 'adaptive potential' is introduced in this paper to expose the social base of vulnerability. It offers a framework for broadening the analysis of risk to include an examination of local social assets. Such assets may already be used in confronting vulnerability, or they may be more latent; in either case, they offer a way for strategic policy interventions to enhance community resilience with regard to future risk at a time of growing environmental uncertainty. Adaptive potential is applied to a case study community in Santo Domingo. 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RP Cumming, GS, Univ Cape Town, Percy Fitzpatrick Inst African Ornithol, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa. AB Ecosystems produce goods and services that are essential for the wellbeing of humans and other organisms. The earth's expanding human population is altering both pattern and process in ecosystems, and hence is impacting the provision of ecosystem goods and services at a variety of scales. Food production and other ecosystem services, such as the many benefits provided by forests, are not exclusive of one another at a regional scale. Although it is becoming obvious that uncoordinated local management is inadequate to address regional ecosystem changes in the face of regional drivers of change, few regional governments have addressed the need for holistic landscape management of regional ecosystem services. We compare and contrast two regional programs, the agricultural agenda of integrated pest management (IPM) and an as-yet hypothetical, fragmentation-oriented conservation agenda that we term 'Regional Fragmentation Management' (RFM). IPM has a strong practical foundation but is weak on theory. RFM has a stronger theoretical base, but is weak on practice and has mainly focused on protected areas. Both programs address only a small subset of the larger question of how to effectively maintain regional production of regional ecosystem services. Some of the successes of IPM practitioners in building institutions and achieving societal acceptance for their program, particularly in relation to regionally coordinated ('areawide') pest management, suggest that regional ecosystem management is plausible. IPM offers some ingredients of an institutional role model for a broader, more ambitious program that seeks to manage regional ecosystem services and processes in a sustainable manner. As the looming crisis of global climate change brings a potential window of opportunity for the introduction of novel approaches for managing deforestation, closer synergies between conservation and agriculture at regional scales seem not only possible, but essential. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB The extensive literature on natural disturbance in forests is reviewed in terms of the hypotheses: (1) that disturbance is a major force moulding the development, structure and function of forests; and (b) that management of forests for all their benefits can be controlled so that the effects can be contained within those which result from natural disturbance. The causal factors of natural disturbance are both endogenous and exogenous; there are major difficulties in the formal characterization of disturbance and of recovery after disturbance. As to the latter, the acceptance of classical generalizations of the nature of succession has led to particular difficulties in the assessment and interpretation of recovery. Tree fall, which creates gaps, is fundamental to the development of many forests, and has been most intensively studied in tropical forests of Central America and the Amazon and in temperate forests of North America. Tree fall is part of autogenic change; mechanisms of gap-filling and subsequent growth and species composition vary widely with forest type and geography. Disturbance by wind is particularly difficult to characterize. Wind varies along a continuum; the blow-down of an individual tree may be mostly due to autogenic processes of ageing and decay, whereas catastrophic hurricanes and cyclones may be defined as wholly exogenous. Nevertheless, the resilience in terms of species diversity of tropical forests following catastrophic disturbance by hurricane is remarkable. A number of studies support the view that the tropical forest in hurricane-prone areas is not a stable steady-state ecosystem but rather that heterogeneity is maintained by catastrophe. The ability to regenerate by suckers and the coincidence of regenerative space and gregarious flowering are important components of the response of rainforest following disturbance. For much of the world, 'fire is the dominant fact of forest history'. As examples, fire and its effects are reviewed for the northern boreal forests, oak-pine forests and north-western sub-alpine forests of North America. The effect of fire on species composition varies with intensity and frequency. That, together with the popular view of fire as unnatural and therefore unacceptable, places great demands on management of forests for all of their benefits, including national parks and reserves. These difficulties also affect management of other ecosystems, such as Mediterranean-type shrublands and heathlands where species diversity, productivity and cycles of regeneration and degradation are governed by fire as a natural disturbance. Shifting agriculture is a traditional form of agriculture used by at least 240 million people in the humid tropics. Shifting agriculture, together with wind, lightning and fire, is an exogenous disturbance which has little effect on soil fertility and on structure and composition of the rainforest which re-establishes after abandonment. As the intensity of disturbance of rainforest increases, resilience of the forest decreases and the cuffent problems of extensive clearing for improved pasture and of uncontrolled logging are resulting in degraded ecosystems. Regeneration follows the often extensive death of trees caused by outbreaks of insects in many coniferous forests of northern America. This disturbance by herbivory halts increasing stagnation (as measured by decreasing rates of ecosystem production and nutrient cycling) and reinitiates succession. Other disturbances to forests occur through damage from ice-storms, snow avalanches, erosional and earthquake landslides, and volcanic activity; the development of Nothofagus forests in Chile and New Zealand is determined by such catastrophic mass movements. An extensive literature supports the hypothesis that natural disturbance is fundamental to the development of structure and function of forest ecosystems. It follows that our management of natural forest should be based on an ecological understanding of the processes of natural disturbance. Whether or not we want to do this, and the ''tent to which we want to derive all of the benefits from the forest, including timber, depends on social attitudes. Whereas humanism may treat conservation as the wise husbanding of forests in the interests of social traditions and harmony, animism may give nature unalienable rights. The conclusion from this review is that the ecological framework of natural disturbance and the knowledge of its component processes and effects provides the basis on which we can manage our forests as a renewable resource which can be utilized so that the forests 'retain their diversity and richness for mankind's continuing benefit'. Nowhere is this management more desperately needed than for the protection of the world's tropical forests, its peoples and their cultures. 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RP Folke, C, ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,POB 50005,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. 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RP Lee, SC, Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, CB 3300,12-7 Venable Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. AB Theoretical and empirical evidence suggest that positive feedbacks can increase resilience in ecological communities. On Caribbean coral reefs, there have been striking shifts from physically complex communities with high coral cover to relatively homogenous communities dominated by macroalgae, which have persisted for decades. However, little is known about positive feedbacks that may maintain coral reef community states. Here, I explore a potential consumer-mediated feedback on a Jamaican reef by examining how grazing by a keystone herbivore (Diadema antillarum) is enhanced by physical structure, which offer refugia from predation. Surveys revealed that habitat complexity and Diadema density were positively related. Increasing habitat complexity by adding physical structure significantly decreased macroalgal cover and increased the proportion of urchins in algal habitats in field manipulations. Experimental increases in urchin density also decreased macroalgal cover, but did not affect the proportion of urchins in algal habitats. These results suggest that the low habitat complexity of macroalgal-dominated reefs may inhibit an urchin-mediated shift to coral dominance and that positive feedbacks must be considered in reef restoration efforts. 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RP Havstad, KM, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB The intent of long-term ecological monitoring is to document changes in important properties of biological communities. At the least, a long-term monitoring system should be designed to detect long-term trends in three key attributes: soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and the biotic integrity of the system. There are four basic guidelines for developing integrated soil-vegetation monitoring systems for rangelands. These are: (1) identifying a suite of indicators which are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes and/or properties; (2) selecting base indicators on site specific objectives and resource concerns, and inherent soil and site characteristics; (3) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes; and (4) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes. To the extent possible, indicators should reflect early changes in ecological processes and indicate that a more significant change is likely to occur. In addition to these guidelines, measurements included in long-term monitoring systems should be rapidly applied, simple to understand, inexpensive to use, and quantitatively repeatable. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Wageningen Univ Agr, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands. Emory Clin, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB We review the evidence of regime shifts in terrestrial and aquatic environments in relation to resilience of complex adaptive ecosystems and the functional roles of biological diversity in this context. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species, or removing whole trophic levels; impacting on ecosystems via emissions of waste and pollutants and climate change; and altering the magnitude, frequency, and duration of disturbance regimes. The combined and often synergistic effects of those pressures can make ecosystems more vulnerable to changes that previously could be absorbed. As a consequence, ecosystems may suddenly shift from desired to less desired states in their capacity to generate ecosystem services. Active adaptive management and governance of resilience will be required to sustain desired ecosystem states and transform degraded ecosystems into fundamentally new and more desirable configurations. 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DIVERSITY ZIMOV SA, 1995, AM NAT, V146, P765 NR 122 TC 0 J9 ANNU REV ECOL EVOL SYST BP 557 EP 581 PY 2004 VL 35 GA 886QT UT ISI:000226244100020 ER PT J AU Hart, BT Lake, PS Webb, JA Grace, MR TI Ecological risk to aquatic systems from salinity increases SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article C1 Monash Univ, Sch Chem, Water Studies Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Monash Univ, CRC Freshwater Ecol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. RP Hart, BT, Monash Univ, Sch Chem, Water Studies Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. AB Salinity is a major problem in many regions of Australia, and is predicted to get considerably worse over the next 30 - 50 years. Most effort has focused on the terrestrial environment, and specifically on the loss of productive agricultural land. Increased salinity can also result in unwanted changes to aquatic ecosystems in rivers, streams and particularly wetlands. This paper first reviews the importance of assessing risks from salinity increases in a catchment context, and then introduces a disturbance - response conceptual model to assist with the understanding of such situations. Two factors are shown to be particularly important in assessing which freshwater systems will be most susceptible to increases in salinity - the location of the systems in the landscape, and the current ecological condition of the system. The resilience of an ecosystem to salinity disturbances is shown to be a useful concept which with further knowledge may be incorporated into risk- assessment approaches. The development of a new ecological risk assessment approach for assessing risks to aquatic systems in the Goulburn - Broken catchment from increases in salinity over the medium ( 20 years) and long ( 100 years) term is reported. The risks to the biota in Hughes Creek, a tributary of the Goulburn River, are assessed by using a probabilistic approach. Current salinity levels in the creek present a low risk to the biota. Finally, the paper addresses the challenge of making the ecological risk assessment method more quantitative by discussing the following two key aspects: how to better quantify the linkages between the key stressors and the biotic components, and how to better handle uncertainties. 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RP Chazdon, RL, Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. AB Land-use history interacts with natural forces to influence the severity of disturbance events and the rate and nature of recovery processes in tropical forests. Although we are far from an integrated view of forest recovery processes, some generalizations can be made. Recovery of forest structure and composition is relatively rapid following disturbances that primarily impact forest canopies, such as hurricanes. Recovery is considerably slower following disturbances that heavily impact soils as well as aboveground vegetation, such as bulldozing, heavy or long-term grazing, and severe fires, often with long-lasting effects on species composition. The landscape matrix plays a critical role in local recovery processes. Proximity of disturbed areas to remnant forest patches promotes more rapid recovery, which depends heavily on seed dispersal. 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ISI:000184344400005 ER PT J AU Nunes, PALD van den Bergh, JCJM TI Economic valuation of biodiversity: sense or nonsense? SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Review C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Nunes, PALD, Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB This paper critically evaluates the notion and application of economic, monetary valuation of biological diversity, or biodiversity. For this purpose four levels of diversity are considered: genes, species, ecosystems and functions. Different perspectives on biodiversity value can be characterized through a number of factors: instrumental vs. intrinsic values, local vs. global diversity, life diversity vs. biological resources, etc. A classification of biodiversity values is offered, based on a system of logical relationships among biodiversity, ecosystems, species and human welfare. Suggestions are made about which economic valuation methods can address which type of biodiversity value. The resulting framework is the starting point for a survey and evaluation of empirical studies at each of the four levels of diversity. The contingent valuation method is by far the most used method. An important reason is that the other valuation methods are unable to identify and measure passive or nonuse values of biodiversity. At first sight, the resulting monetary value estimates seem to give unequivocal support to the belief that biodiversity has a significant, positive social value. Nevertheless, most studies lack a uniform, clear perspective on biodiversity as a distinct concept from biological resources. In fact, the empirical literature fails to apply economic valuation to the entire range of biodiversity benefits. Therefore, available economic valuation estimates should generally be regarded as providing a very incomplete perspective on, and at best lower bounds, to the unknown value of biodiversity changes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Kinzig, AP, Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, POB 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB The scientific and policy worlds have different goals, which can lead to different standards for what constitutes "proof" of a change or phenomena, and different approaches for characterizing and conveying uncertainty and risk. These differences can compromise effective communication among scientists, policymakers, and the public, and constrain the types of socially compelling questions scientists are willing to address. In this paper, we review a set of approaches for dealing with uncertainty, and illustrate some of the errors that arise when science and policy fail to coordinate correctly. We offer a set of recommendations, including restructuring of science curricula and establishment of science-policy forums populated by leaders in both arenas, and specifically constituted to address problems of uncertainty. 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AB Growing concern with ecological problems has considerably affected the social sciences. But up to now however, sociological theory has not made much progress in constructing a new conceptual framework for the relationship between society and nature which neither seeks support in the form of a new naturalism nor calls for normative guidance. The points of departure of this paper are constructive systems theory (Luhmann) and culture theory (Douglas). Both have grasped societal relations toward nature in quite different ways. Systems theory emphasizes the functional technological simplifications of ecological uncertainties which are typical of functionally coded rationalities. Culture theory reconstructs the different ,,myths of nature'', which emerge in all institutionally distinct social settings. In both theories the attempt is made to distinguish the relevant ecological self-descriptions of modern society and to explain why they are incompatible. With reference to the findings of eco-systems theory it is argued that it is precisely these built-in conflicts which create non-eqilibrium conditions of discourse and decision which give society a degree of flexibility and reflectivity and which are needed for developing resources of self-control even if its relationship with its natural environment are essentially unknown. CR AHLEMEYER HW, 1990, TECHNISCHE KONSTRUKT ALLEN PM, 1990, FUTURES JUL, P555 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BATESON G, 1993, GEIST NATUR NOTWENDI BECK U, 1988, GEGENGIFTE BERGER J, 1988, SOZ WELT, V2, P224 BRUNSSON N, 1985, IRRATIONAL ORG CLARKE L, 1992, CONTROVERSY POLITICS DOSI G, 1982, RES POLICY, V11, P147 DOUGLAS M, 1992, RISK BLAME ESSAYS CU ELIAS N, 1986, MERKUR, V40, P469 FOERSTER HV, 1984, OBSERVING SYSTEMS FUCHS P, 1992, ERREICHBARKEIT GESEL HABERMAS J, 1981, THEORIE KOMMUNIKATIV HARRISON JR, 1984, ADMIN SCI QUART, V29, P26 HOLLING CS, 1976, EVOLUTION CONSCIOUSN HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 HORKHEIMER M, 1967, KRITIK INSTRUMENTELL JAPP KP, 1990, RISKANTE ENTSCHEIDUN JAPP KP, 1992, Z SOZIOL, V21, P31 JAPP KP, 1993, RISIKO GESELLSCHAFT JAPP KP, 1996, SOZIOLOGISCHE RISIKO KROHN W, 1990, RISKANTE ENTSCHEIDUN KROHN W, 1993, RISKANTE TECHNOLOGIE KROHN W, 1996, IWT PAPERS LADEUR KH, 1988, RISIKO GESELLSCHAFT LADEUR KH, 1991, KRIT V SCHRIFT GESET, V3, P241 LEVINS R, 1973, HIERARCHY THEORY CHA LINNEROOTHBAYER J, 1995, OSTERREICHISCHE Z SO, V1, P46 LUHMANN N, 1981, FORTSCHRIFTT OHNE MA LUHMANN N, 1984, SOZIALE SYSTEME LUHMANN N, 1986, OKOLOGISCHE KOMMUNIK LUHMANN N, 1990, EISSENSCHAFT GESELLS LUHMANN N, 1991, SOZIOLOGIE RISIKOS LUHMANN N, 1992, BEOBACHTUNGEN MODERN MEAD GH, 1934, MIND SELF SOC OFFE C, 1986, SOZIALE WELT, V4 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PARSONS T, 1951, SOCIAL SYSTEM PERROW C, 1987, NORMALE KATASTROPHEN RAMMERT W, 1993, TECHNIK SOZIOLOGISCH RIP A, 1991, COMMUNICATING RISKS SCHWARZ M, 1990, DIVIDED WE STAND RED SLOVIC P, 1980, SOC RISK ASSESSMENT TEUBNER G, 1984, Z RECHTSSOZIOLOGIE, V6, P4 TEUBNER G, 1987, SINN KOMMUNIKATION S THOMPSON M, 1983, RISIKOANALYSE POLITI THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY BOUL VONFOERSTER H, 1993, WISSEN GEWISSEN WAGNER G, 1994, Z SOZIOL, V23, P145 WEICK KE, 1982, CHANGE ORG NR 52 TC 3 J9 Z SOZ BP 207 EP & PY 1996 PD JUN VL 25 IS 3 GA UV277 UT ISI:A1996UV27700003 ER PT J AU Sinclair, ARE Mduma, SAR Arcese, P TI Protected areas as biodiversity benchmarks for human impact: agriculture and the Serengeti avifauna SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Serengeti Biodivers Programme, Arusha, Tanzania. Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Ctr Appl Conversat Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Sinclair, ARE, Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Protected areas as biodiversity benchmarks allow a separation of the direct effects of human impact on biodiversity loss from those of other environmental changes. We illustrate the use of ecological baselines with a case from the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. We document a substantial but previously unnoted loss of bird diversity in agriculture detected by reference to the immediately adjacent native vegetation in Serengeti. The abundance of species found in agriculture was only 28% of that for the same species in native savannah. Insectivorous species feeding in the grass layer or in trees were the most reduced. Some 50% of both insectivorous and granivorous species were not recorded in agriculture, with ground-feeding and tree species most affected. Grass-layer insect abundance and diversity was much reduced in agriculture, consistent with the loss of insectivorous birds. These results indicate that many species of birds will become confined to protected areas over time. We need to determine whether existing protected areas are sufficiently large to maintain viable populations of insectivorous birds likely to become confined to them. This study highlights the essential nature of baseline areas for assessing causes of change in human-dominated systems and for developing innovative strategies to restore biodiversity. CR ARCESE P, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P587 CAMPBELL K, 1995, SERENGETI, V2, P534 CHAPIN FS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P234 DONALD PF, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P25 EHRLICH PR, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P21 GETZ WM, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P1855 HECK KL, 1975, ECOLOGY, V56, P1459 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUGHES JB, 2001, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V67, P4399 KREBS CJ, 2000, ECOLOGICAL METHODOLO KREBS JR, 1999, NATURE, V400, P611 KUNIN WE, 1996, BIODIVERSITY BIOL NU, P283 LAWTON JH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P255 LEIRS H, 1997, NATURE, V389, P176 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 NEW TR, 1998, INVERTEBRATE SURVEYS PERCIVAL AB, 1924, GAME RANGERS NOTEBOO PETCHEY OL, 1999, NATURE, V402, P69 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P397 SCHULZE ED, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST SINCLAIR ARE, 1979, SERENGETI DYNAMICS E, P1 SINCLAIR ARE, 1995, SERENGETI, V2, P3 SINCLAIR ARE, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P399 SINCLAIR ARE, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P1875 WALKER BH, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P747 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WHITE SE, 1915, REDISCOVERED COUNTRY NR 28 TC 2 J9 PROC ROY SOC LONDON SER B BP 2401 EP 2405 PY 2002 PD DEC 7 VL 269 IS 1508 GA 630LM UT ISI:000180108400003 ER PT J AU Stapanian, MA Cassell, DL Cline, SP TI Regional patterns of local diversity of trees: Associations with anthropogenic disturbance SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. AB We used a probability-based sampling scheme to survey the forested lands of 14 states in five regions in the US (California, Colorado, and parts of the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) from 1990 to 1993. Using a nationally consistent plot design, we evaluated the local diversity of trees over 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) at 780 1/15-ha plots nationwide by measuring the plot-level species richness (R). Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. artificial regeneration, logging, grazing by livestock, and prescribed burning), if any, were recorded on each plot. We classified plots with visually evident anthropogenic disturbance as 'disturbed' and the remaining plots as 'undisturbed'. In each of the five geopolitical regions, we quantified the difference in mean R between disturbed and undisturbed plots. With the exception of Colorado (5%), between 34 and 55% of forested lands in each region had recorded anthropogenic disturbances. Mean R was significantly higher for undisturbed areas than for disturbed areas in the Northeast and Southeast, with the largest differences occurring in the Southeast. Mean R was greater in undisturbed areas than in disturbed areas in most forest cover types for all regions. These differences were greatest in the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), oak (Quercus spp.)-hickory (Carya spp.), and oak-pine forest types of the Southeast. The only group for which mean R was significantly greater in disturbed areas was the mixed western hardwoods in California. As expected from previous studies, significant differences between regions in mean R were observed, in both disturbed and undisturbed areas. This study bridges an important gap between site-specific forest studies and remote-sensing studies of the forests of a region. We discuss (1) why combining site-specific studies is not appropriate in most cases for rigorous testing at the regional level and (2) how data for some important site-specific variables are not available from most remotely-sensed data sets. The widespread presence of anthropogenic disturbances in most regions, notably the cutting and planting of pine plantations in the Southeast, is associated with generally lower local species richness of trees. The results warrant further investigation at the regional level in light of recent empirical studies on diversity and ecosystem stability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. CR *US EPA, 1990, PM223X US EPA OFF PO *US EPA, 1994, EPA620R94010 *USDA, 1988, 24 USDA FOR SERV ALEXANDER S, 1994, EPA620R94007 ENV RES ALEXANDER SA, 1993, EPA620R93002 ALIG RJ, 1990, SE64 USDA FOR SERV S ATKESON TD, 1979, AM MIDL NAT, V101, P385 AUGUST PV, 1983, ECOLOGY, V64, P1495 BERSIER LF, 1995, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V50, P15 BINKLEY D, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P157 BOYCE SG, 1993, BIODIVERSITY SE US U, P339 BROWN JH, 1971, AM NAT, V105, P467 CASSELL DL, 1992, P SECT STAT ENV 1991, P225 CASSELL DL, 1993, P SECT STAT ENV 1992, P82 CHILDERS EL, 1986, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V50, P406 COCHRAN WG, 1977, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES COOK RE, 1969, SYST ZOOL, V18, P63 CURRIE DJ, 1987, NATURE, V329, P326 CURRIE DJ, 1991, AM NAT, V137, P27 DEBINSKI DM, 1991, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P393 DEUSER RD, 1978, ECOLOGY, V59, P89 EHRLICH PR, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P758 EWEL JJ, 1991, ECOL APPL, V1, P289 EYRE FH, 1980, FOREST COVER TYPES U FELIX AC, 1986, SOUTH J APPL FOR, V10, P47 FRANK DA, 1991, OIKOS, V62, P360 GREIGSMITH P, 1971, STAT ECOLOGY, P149 GRIME JP, 1979, PLANT STRATEGIES VEG HARLOW WM, 1969, TXB DENDROLOGY HARLOW WM, 1991, TXB DENDROLOGY HARPER JL, 1977, POPULATION BIOL PLAN HUNTER ML, 1990, WILDLIFE FORESTS FOR HURD LE, 1971, SCIENCE, V173, P1134 HURLBERT SH, 1971, ECOLOGY, V52, P577 KNIGHT FB, 1980, PRINCIPLES FOREST EN LANGER LL, 1994, RM244 USDA FOR SERV LAROE ET, 1995, OUR LIVING RESOURCES LARSEN DP, 1994, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V32, P101 LAWTON JH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P255 LEWIS TE, 1994, EPA620R94006 LITTLE EJ, 1971, USDA FOREST SERVICE, V1342 MACARTHUR RH, 1963, EVOLUTION, V17, P373 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1985, ECOL MONOGR, V55, P259 NOSS RF, 1994, PRINCIPLES CONSERVAT, P237 OLIVER CD, 1981, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V3, P153 OMERNIK JM, 1987, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V77, P118 OMERNIK JM, 1995, TOOLS WATER RESOURCE, P49 ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P153 PACKHAM JR, 1982, ECOLOGY WOODLAND PRO PALMER CJ, 1991, EPA600491012 PEET RK, 1974, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V5, P285 PETERS RL, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P707 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POORE MED, 1962, ADV ECOL RES, V1, P35 RAVEN PH, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P1099 REPENNING RW, 1985, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V48, P895 RICHTER DD, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P661 RIITTERS KH, 1991, EPA600S391051 SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18 SCHMIDT RA, 1978, PLANT DISEASE ADV TR, V2, P287 SCHREUDER HT, 1993, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V27, P81 SCOTT CT, 1993, OPTIMAL DESIGN FORES, P233 SCOTT CT, 1995, FOREST SCI, V41, P46 SIMPSON GG, 1964, SYST ZOOL, V13, P57 SKEEN JN, 1993, BIODIVERSITY SE US U, P1 SMITH DM, 1986, PRACTICE SILVICULTUR SMITH DW, 1980, REGIONAL SILVICULTUR, P145 STEHMAN SV, 1994, HDB STAT, P263 STEVENS DL, 1994, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V42, P1 SWINDEL BF, 1984, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V8, P11 TALLENTHALSELL NG, 1994, EPA620R94027 EMSLLV TILMAN D, 1988, PLANT STRATEGIES DYN TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 WALKER LC, 1980, REGIONAL SILVICULTUR, P231 WHITE PS, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P3 WHITTAKER RH, 1965, SCIENCE, V147, P250 WHITTAKER RH, 1972, TAXON, V21, P213 WILCOVE DS, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P237 WILLSON MF, 1974, ECOLOGY, V55, P1017 WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY NR 82 TC 5 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 33 EP 44 PY 1997 PD JUN 1 VL 93 IS 1-2 GA XG247 UT ISI:A1997XG24700004 ER PT J AU de Castro, F McGrath, DG TI Moving toward sustainability in the local management of floodplain lake fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Anthropol Ctr Training & Res Global Environm Chan, Bloomington, IN USA. Fed Univ Para, NAEA, BR-66059 Belem, Para, Brazil. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. AB Local management systems are generally regarded as traditional systems developed over generations. However, in the Brazilian Amazon, as in many other regions, community or collective management is a response to more recent changes in the exploitation of local fisheries and other common-pool resources. Greeted with optimism initially as a potentially effective way of reconciling social and conservation objectives in rural development, experience with community management over the last decade has shown that achieving this potential can be elusive. This paper examines the process of forming community agreements for the floodplain lake fisheries of the Lower Amazon through the analysis of 77 written fishing documents produced from 1981 to 1997. We examine approaches to resource management revealed in the accords, the institutional arrangements for implementing them, and evaluate the performance of these accords over this 15-year period. The paper focuses on the strengths and limitations of this institution in its social and ecological characteristics, institutional robustness, and evolving relations with parallel changes in formal government management policy for regional fisheries. CR *IBAMA, 1995, PROJ IARA ADM REC PE ACHESON JM, 1996, AM ANTHROPOL, V98, P579 ACHESON JM, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P43 AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 ALMEIDA O, 1999, RES INTERVENTION PAR BERKES E, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 1985, ENVIRON CONSERV, V12, P199 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CASTRO F, 2000, THESIS INDIANA U BLO CASTRO F, 2002, ENVIRON HIST, V8, P197 DAVIS A, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P251 DYER CL, 1994, FOLD MANAGEMENT WORL GOULDING N, 1996, FLOODS FORTUNE ECOLO HECHT S, 1989, FATE FOREST DEV DEST HOMMA AO, 1993, EXTRATIVISMO VEGETAL ISAAC VJ, 1993, POVOS AQUAS REALIDAD, P187 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LIMA DM, 1999, CONSERVATION DEV AMA, P247 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCCAY BJ, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P21 MCDANIEL J, 1997, HUM ORGAN, V56, P147 MCGOODWIN JR, 1990, CRISIS WORLDS FISHER MCGRATH D, 1999, ADV ECON BOTANY, V13, P59 MCGRATH DG, 1993, HUM ECOL, V21, P167 MCGRATH DG, 2000, AMAZONIA CROSSROADS, P171 OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P PALMER CT, 1993, HUM ORGAN, V52, P414 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME, P3 SEN S, 1996, MAR POLICY, V20, P405 SMITH N, 1999, AMAZON RIVER FOREST SMITH NJH, 1985, BIOL CONSERV, V32, P355 STEINS NA, 1997, PROPERTY RIGHTS REGU, P216 SUNDERLIN WD, 1997, HUM ORGAN, V56, P333 TAYLOR L, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL, P290 VERISSIMO J, 1970, PESCA AMAZONIA NR 35 TC 0 J9 HUM ORGAN BP 123 EP 133 PY 2003 PD SUM VL 62 IS 2 GA 689ZU UT ISI:000183523500005 ER PT J AU Beard, TD Rasmussen, PW Cox, S Carpenter, SR TI Evaluation of a management system for a mixed walleye spearing and angling fishery in northern Wisconsin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Fisheries Management & Habitat Protect, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Beard, TD, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Fisheries Management & Habitat Protect, 101 S Webster St, Madison, WI 53707 USA. AB In response to Chippewa tribal harvest declarations, the state of Wisconsin lowers daily angling bag limits for walleye Stizostedion vitreum in an attempt to avoid a maximum adult walleye exploitation of 35% on more than 1 in 40 occasions. We asked whether uncertainty in estimates of total allowable catch (TAC) and the sliding bag limit system used to manage anglers allowed the state to meet the overharvest risk level. During 1990-1998, 20-25 lakes were randomly sampled each year to estimate adult walleye stock and walleye harvest by angling and spearing. Adult walleye exploitation was calculated as the sum of angling and spearing exploitation rates. Adult walleye exploitation rates averaged 11.83% and did not vary significantly among years during 1990-1998. Angling exploitation averaged 8.38%, and spearing exploitation averaged 3.45%. Out of 210 lakes sampled during 1990-1998, only 4 (1.9%) had total exploitation rates that exceeded 35%. Since the exploitation rates were measured with error, we used Monte Carlo simulations to determine how observation error affected the likelihood of exceeding 35% total exploitation. The probability of exceeding 35% exploitation was 2.87%, and only Monte Carlo simulations on lakes regulated as having two-bag limits were under the 2.5% risk level. The development of a management system that incorporates angler response and uncertainty into the estimates of TAC should allow for total exploitation rates that do not exceed risk levels. CR *FAO UN, 1995, 3501 FAO FISH ACHESON JM, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P390 BACCANTE D, 1995, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V15, P661 BACCANTE DA, 1996, ANN ZOOL FENN, V33, P601 BEARD TD, 1997, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V17, P621 BEARD TD, 2002, THESIS U WISCONSIN M BERKES F, 1987, T AM FISH SOC, V116, P494 CADDY JF, 1996, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V16, P479 COLBY PJ, 1979, FAO FISHERIES SYNOPS, V119 COOK MF, 2001, FISHERIES, V26, P19 EFRON B, 1993, INTRO BOOTSTRAP FORNEY JL, 1980, NEW YORK FISH GAME J, V27, P105 FREDERICK SW, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P291 GOEMAN TJ, 1993, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V13, P621 GOODMAN LA, 1960, J AM STAT ASSOC, V55, P708 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANSEN MJ, 1991, T AM FISH SOC, V120, P620 HANSEN MJ, 2000, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V20, P109 HATCH RW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P15 HESS TB, 1993, P ANN C SE FISH WILF, V45, P282 HILBORN R, 1985, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V42, P2 HILBORN R, 1992, QUANTITATIVE FISHERI HILBORN R, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P45 HILBORN R, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P99 HUTCHINGS JA, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1198 KMIECIK N, 1991, 914 GREAT LAK IND FI KMIECIK N, 1992, 928 GREAT LAK IND FI KOPE RG, 1999, NMFSFSPO41 NOAA KRUEGER J, 1997, 9702 GREAT LAK IND F KRUEGER J, 1998, 9801 GREAT LAK IND F LEE KN, 1993, COMPAS GYROSCOPE INT LEGAULT CM, 1999, NMFSFSPO41 NOAA LI EAL, 1999, T AM FISH SOC, V128, P639 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MILLIMON SR, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P289 MUNGER CR, 1997, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V17, P438 NATE NA, 2001, NORTH AM J FISH MANA, V21, P441 NGU HH, 1993, 934 GREAT LAK IND FI NGU HH, 1994, 941 GREAT LAK IND FI NGU HH, 1995, 9503 GREAT LAK IND F NGU HH, 1996, 9601 GREAT LAK IND F NOBLE RL, 1999, INLAND FISHERIES MAN, P455 PETERMAN RM, 1987, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V44, P1879 POFF R, 1996, 37 WISC DEP NAT RES POLLOCK KH, 1994, AM FISHERIES SOC SPE, V25 PORCH CE, 1991, AM FISH SOC S, V12, P435 QUINN SP, 1992, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V12, P367 RADOMSKI PJ, 2001, FISHERIES, V26, P7 RASMUSSEN PW, 1998, T AM FISH SOC, V127, P469 RICE JC, 1996, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V16, P488 RICHARDS LJ, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P1545 RICKER WE, 1975, FISHERIES RES BOARD, V91 ROSENBERG AA, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2715 SASS GG, 2001, THESIS U WISCONSIN M SERNS SL, 1981, T AM FISH SOC, V100, P216 SMITH CL, 1990, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V10, P269 SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES STAGGS MD, 1989, 144 WISC DEP NAT RES STAGGS MD, 1990, 31 WISC DEP NAT RES WALTERS CJ, 1999, 2 FISH CTR RES REP, V7 WALTERS CJ, 1987, NAT RESOUR MODEL, V1, P321 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1 ZAR JH, 1999, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 63 TC 1 J9 NORTH AM J FISH MANAGE BP 481 EP 491 PY 2003 PD MAY VL 23 IS 2 GA 686UG UT ISI:000183338900013 ER PT J AU Falkenmark, M Folke, C TI Freshwater and welfare fragility: syndromes, vulnerabilities and challenges - Introduction SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 SIWI, SE-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Falkenmark, M, SIWI, Hantverkargatan 5, SE-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. 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Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Anthropol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Fisher, CT, Kent State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Kent, OH 44240 USA. AB There is a growing recognition that modern environmental problems bear striking resemblance to those faced by past societies and that to understand the environmental present we must consider the total sweep of anthropogenic environmental change on specific landscapes. This "In Focus" assembles five articles encompassing diverse time periods and different global regions to make the case that long-term perspectives on the relationship between people and their environmental contexts are critical for understanding and evaluating contemporary environmental debates, interpretations, and even policies. CR 2004, DAY TOMORROW *UNCCD, 1994, INT NEG COMM EL INT *UNCCD, 2001, REP AD HOC WORK GROU *UNCCD, 2004, 10 YEARS ON PRESERVI ADAMS RM, 1978, P AM PHILOS SOC, V122, P329 ALTIERI MA, 1995, AGROECOLOGY SCI SUST ALVERSON K, 2000, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V19, P3 BARKER G, 1996, SAA B, V14, P19 BARKER G, 2000, ARCHAEOLOGY DRYLANDS BARKER G, 2002, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V33, P488 BARROW C, 1991, LAND DEGRADATION DEV BELL S, 1999, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC BLAIKIE P, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BOTKIN D, 1990, DISCORDANT HARMONIES BROOKFIELD H, 2001, EXPLORING AGRODIVERS BROOKFIELD HC, 1984, PAC VIEWPOINT, V25, P15 BRYANT RL, 1992, POLIT GEOGR, V11, P12 BUTZER KW, 1982, ARCHAEOLOGY HUMAN EC BUTZER KW, 1996, J FIELD ARCHAEOL, V23, P141 CRONON W, 1983, CHANGES LAND INDIANS CRONON W, 1996, UNCOMMON GROUNG RETH CROWLEY TJ, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P270 CRUMLEY CL, 1994, HIST ECOLOGY CULTURA CRUMLEY CL, 1994, HIST ECOLOGY CULTURA, P1 DEAN JS, 1985, AM ANTIQUITY, V50, P537 DEMENOCAL PB, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P667 DENEVAN W, 2000, CULTIVATED LANDSCAPE DENEVAN WM, 1992, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V82, P369 DENEVAN WM, 1995, ADV PLANT P, V11, P21 DESCOLA P, 1996, NATURE SOC ANTHR PER DIAMOND J, 2003, HARPERS MAGAZINE JUN, V306, P43 DILLEHAY TD, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P4325 DUNNING NP, 2002, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V92, P267 ERICKSON CL, 2000, IMPERFECT BALANCE LA, P311 ERICKSON CL, 2000, NATURE, V408, P190 ERICKSON CL, 2003, MANAGING CHANGE SUST, P181 ESCOBAR A, 1999, CURR ANTHROPOL, V40, P1 FARINA A, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P313 FEINMAN GM, 1998, ARCHAIC STATES, P95 FISHER CT, THESIS U WISCONSIN M FISHER CT, 1999, ANTIQUITY, V73, P630 FISHER CT, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P4957 FLANNERY KV, 1972, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V3, P399 FOSTER D, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P77 FOSTER DR, 2000, FOREST HIST TODA FAL, P2 FRESCO LO, 1992, LAND USE POLICY, V9, P155 GELBSPAN R, 2004, BOILING POINT POLITI GELBSPAN R, 2004, NATION, V279, P24 GIDDENS A, 1984, CONSTITUTION SOC OUT GILL RB, 2000, GREAT MAYA DROUGHTS GUNDERSON LH, 2003, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V7 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JANSSEN MA, 2003, CURR ANTHROPOL, V44, P722 JOHNSON DL, 1995, LAND DEGRADATION CRE JONES PD, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P662 KASPERSON JX, 1995, REGIONS RISK, V1, P1 KATES RW, 1989, CHRON HIGHER EDUC, V35, B1 KENNEDY D, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P1564 KRECH S, 1999, ECOLOGICAL INDIAN MY KRICH PV, 1994, WET DRY IRRIGATION A LENTZ DL, 2000, IMPERFECT BALANCE LA MACILWAIN C, 2004, NATURE, V431, P238 MANN CC, 2002, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, V289, P41 MARCUS J, 1992, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, V8, P392 MARCUS J, 1998, ARCHAIC STATES, P59 MCGLADE J, 1995, ANTIQUITY, V69, P113 MCMICHAEL AJ, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1919 MOTZKIN G, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P903 PADOCH C, 1998, HUM ECOL, V26, P3 PERRY GLW, 2002, PROG PHYS GEOG, V26, P339 REDMAN C, 2000, PAGES NEWSLETT, V8, P4 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT REDMAN CL, 2004, ARCHAEOLOGY GLOBAL C ROLETT B, 2004, NATURE, V431, P443 RUNNELS C, 2000, ARCHAEOLOGY NATURAL, P11 SCARBOROUGH V, 2003, FLOW POWER ANCIENT W SCARBOROUGH VL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P4366 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SLUYTER A, 2002, COLONIALISM LANDSCAP SNOW CP, 1959, 2 CULTURES SCI REVOL SPORES R, 1969, SCIENCE, V166, P557 TAAGEPERA T, 1978, SOC SCI RES, V7, P108 TAAGEPERA T, 1979, SOC SCI HIST, V3, P115 TAINTER J, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC TAINTER JA, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P331 TEUTONICO JM, 2003, MANAGING CHANGE SUST TURNER BL, 1993, CULTURE FORM PLACE E, P57 TURNER MG, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P46 VANANDEL TH, 1990, J FIELD ARCHAEOL, V17, P379 VANDERLEEUW S, 2002, AM ANTIQUITY, V67, P597 VANDERLEEUW SE, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P357 VANDERLEEW SE, 1998, ARCHAEMEDES PROJECT VAYDA AP, 1975, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V4, P293 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WHITLOCK C, 1997, NATURE, V388, P57 WHITMORE TM, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU, P25 WHITMORE TM, 2001, CULTIVATED LANDSCAPE WU JG, 1995, Q REV BIOL, V70, P439 ZIMMERER KS, 1991, GEOGR REV, V81, P415 ZIMMERER KS, 1993, WORLD DEV, V21, P1659 ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 ZIMMERER KS, 1998, NATURES GEOGRAPHY NE ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P356 ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ECUMENE, V7, P151 ZIMMERER KS, 2003, POLITICAL ECOLOGY IN NR 105 TC 2 J9 AMER ANTHROPOL BP 62 EP 69 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 107 IS 1 GA 910IC UT ISI:000227923400007 ER PT J AU Ireson, R TI Living with environmental change: Social vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience in Vietnam. SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES CR ADGER WN, 2001, LIVING ENV CHANGE SO NR TC 0 BP 691 EP 693 PY 2003 PD MAY VL 62 IS 2 UT ISI:000183404800089 ER PT J AU GULLAND, JA TI DYNAMICS OF POPULATIONS AND FISHERY MANAGEMENT SO INVESTIGACION PESQUERA LA English DT Article RP GULLAND, JA, FAO,DEPT FISHERIES,ROME,ITALY. CR 1974, FAO FISH REP S1 BEVERTON RJH, 1957, FISH INVEST MINIST A CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS CSIRKE J, UNPUBLISHED CUSHING DH, 1972, P ROYAL SOC EDINBU B, V73, P361 CUSHING DH, 1976, ADV MAR BIOL, V14 FOX WW, 1970, T AM FISH SOC, V99, P80 GULLAND JA, 1972, WASH SEA GRANT PUBL HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LARKIN PA, 1963, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V20, P647 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 MACARTHUR RH, 1955, ECOLOGY, V36, P533 MARGALEF R, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOLOGY, V22, P25 MAY RM, 1973, AM NAT, V107, P621 MURPHY GI, 1966, P CALIF ACAD SCI 4, V34, P1 MURPHY GI, 1977, FISH POPULATION DYNA, P283 NAGASAKI F, 1973, J FISH RES BOARD C 2, V30, P2361 PELLA JJ, 1969, B INTER AM TROP TUNA, V13, P421 RICKER WE, 1948, INDIANA U PUBL S RICKER WE, 1954, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V11, P559 RICKER WE, 1975, B FISH RES BOARD CAN ROEDEL P, 1975, SPEC PUBL AM FISH SO SCHAEFER MB, 1954, INTERAM TROP TUNA CO, V1, P25 SCHAEFER MB, 1957, B INT AM TROP TUNA C, V2, P245 SOUTAR A, 1974, FISH B, V72, P257 STEELE J, 1965, SPEC PUBL ICNAF, P463 NR 26 TC 3 J9 INVEST PESQUERA BP 223 EP 239 PY 1979 VL 43 IS 1 GA HX118 UT ISI:A1979HX11800018 ER PT J AU LASIAK, T TI THE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND OR RESILIENCE OF ROCKY LITTORAL MOLLUSKS TO STOCK DEPLETION BY THE INDIGENOUS COASTAL PEOPLE OF TRANSKEI, SOUTHERN AFRICA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB Coastal shell middens accumulated by indigenous people in the Nqabara/Human's Rock area of Transkei were analysed to obtain information on species and size preferences. These data are compared with analyses of middens resulting from a controlled exploitation experiment within the adjacent Dwesa Nature Reserve. Preferred prey items included the brown mussel Perna perna, the abalone Haliotis spadicea, the turban shell Turbo sarmaticus and various patellid limpets. Information on the life history characteristics and habitat preferences of these species has been used to predict whether or not a given shellfish population is likely to be susceptible or resilient to stock depletion as a result of traditional gathering practices. Perna perna and Patella oculus appeared to be the species most susceptible to depletion. Despite the impoverished state of exploited populations there appears to be no evidence of recruitment failure. The persistence of these stocks is probably dependent on reproductive output from exploited populations and on larval immigration from adjacent refuge populations. Provided there is no change in gathering methodology, adequate replenishment of these stocks should be maintained. 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Univ Bonn, Ctr Dev Res, ZEF, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. RP Gehring, C, Agroecol Lab Solos, Curso Mestrado, CP 3004, BR-65054970 Sao Luis, MA, Brazil. AB This study describes forest succession following slash-and-burn agriculture in central Amazonia, based on four chronosequences (22 sites) of 2- to 25-y-old secondary regrowth and mature forest. Biomass accumulated in the form of a saturation curve: 25 y of regrowth restored half of the mature-forest biomass, 75%,) would be restored after an estimated 175 y. Biomass accumulation was accompanied by a rapid decrease in woody plant density and an increase of the positive skew of plant size distribution. Liana biomass share declined from 5.0% in young to 1.9% in old regrowth, and 1.3%) in mature forest, whereas the share of palms was low (0.5%) in young regrowth and high in old regrowth (1.8%) and mature forest (2.2%). 25-y-old regrowth was similar with mature forest in respect to woody plant density and growthform composition, but both the plant size distribution and the number of stems per plant differed strongly from mature forest. A moderate increase in land use had only minor effects on biomass accumulation, but profoundly changed structural characteristics of regrowth, pointing to a high vulnerability to degradation. Thus, the sustainability of slash-and-burn in central Amazonia may be lower than the rapid initial biomass accumulation would make it seem. 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Panarchy, a term devised to describe evolving hierarchical systems, offers an important new framework for integrating insights from ecology and the social sciences in this effort. Based on the concept of cycles of creative destruction and renewal, Panarchy is a fundamental new development in a widely acclaimed line of inquiry. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals, and students involved with ecology, economics, environmental policy, and related fields. 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CR CODY ML, 1971, THEOR POPULATION BIO, V2, P142 DEACON J, 1966, ANN CAPE PROVINCIAL, V5, P5 GOULD R, 1973, WARNER MODULAR PUBLI, V7 GOULD RA, 1971, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V3, P143 GROVE AT, 1969, GEOGR J, V135, P191 HIATT LR, 1968, MAN HUNTER, P99 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JENNINGS JD, 1955, AM ANTIQUITY, V21, P1 KARR JR, 1971, ECOL MONOGR, V41, P207 KOLLER D, 1972, SEED BIOL, P1 LEE RB, 1972, HUM ECOL, V1, P125 MACLEAN GL, 1970, ZOOL AFR, V5, P7 MARSHALL L, 1965, PEOPLES AFRICA, P241 MCGINNIES WG, 1968, DESERTS WORLD NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 RADCLIFFEBROWN AR, 1931, OCEANIC MONOGRAPHS, V1 ROSE FGG, 1968, MAN HUNTER, P200 SANDERS HL, 1968, AM NAT, V102, P243 SANDERS HL, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P71 SLOBODKIN LB, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P82 STEWARD JH, 1955, THEORY CULTURE CHANG TAYLOR WW, 1948, MEM AM ANTH ASSN, V69 WILLEY GR, 1966, INTRO AM ARCHAEOLOGY, V1 YELLEN JE, 1971, BOTSWANA NOTES RECOR, V3, P276 YELLEN JE, 1972, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V4, P244 NR 25 TC 9 J9 WORLD ARCHAEOL BP 262 EP 274 PY 1977 VL 8 IS 3 GA CX406 UT ISI:A1977CX40600003 ER PT J AU Prato, T TI Multiple attribute Bayesian analysis of adaptive ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Missouri, Ctr Agr Resource & Environm Syst, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Prato, T, Univ Missouri, Ctr Agr Resource & Environm Syst, 130 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. AB Adaptive ecosystem management is based on the premise that human understanding of ecosystems is incomplete and biophysical responses to management actions are highly uncertain. Uncertainty is reduced and learning occurs by conducting experiments that provide information about how ecosystems are likely to respond to alternative management actions. Implementation of adaptive ecosystem management is hampered by the lack of an implementation framework. This paper proposes a two-stage hierarchical framework for identifying effective management actions. The first stage uses Bayes rule to identify management actions that have the greatest likelihood of achieving a sustainable ecosystem state. Sustainability is measured by ecological productive capacity. The second stage evaluates the ecologically sustainable ecosystem states identified in the first stage based on their non-ecological attributes. The optimal management action is the one that has the greatest likelihood of achieving an ecologically sustainable state and provides the most preferred combination of non-ecological attributes. The two-stage framework requires a resource manager to identify and measure ecological and non-ecological attributes of ecosystems, specify prior probabilities for ecosystem states, estimate likelihood functions for ecosystem states and weights for non-ecological attributes, and select a procedure for ranking sustainable management actions based on their multiple non-ecological attributes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1987, WORLD COMM ENV DEV O *INT UN CONS NAT N, 1980, WORLD CONS STRAT *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQ EC SCI TECHN ANSELIN A, 1989, BIOL CONSERV, V49, P215 ARNOLD JG, 1993, J HYDROL, V142, P47 BACKUS GJ, 1982, ENVIRON MANAGE, V6, P493 BEASLEY DB, 1982, EPA905982001 US EPA BERGER JO, 1985, STAT THEORY BAYESIAN BERKMAN HE, 1987, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V18, P285 BOX GEP, 1973, BAYESIAN INFERENCE S CHECHILE RA, 1991, ENV DECISION MAKING COOKSEY RW, 1996, JUDGMENT ANAL THEORY COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P1 DIAZ NM, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P255 ELLISON AM, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1036 FAUSCH KD, 1988, PNW213 US FOR SERV FISCHER G, 1996, WP96006 INT I APPL S FOLTZ JC, 1995, AM J AGR ECON, V77, P408 FRANKLIN JF, 1993, DEFINING SUSTAINABLE, P127 FRANKLIN JF, 1997, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, P21 FULCHER C, 1996, THESIS U MISSOURI CO GEHLBACH FR, 1975, BIOL CONSERV, V8, P79 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAETTENSCHWILER P, 1994, INT I APPL SYST AN W HAEUBER R, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P692 HAIMES YY, 1974, WATER RESOUR RES, V10, P615 HAIMES YY, 1977, SEDWRG771 CAS W U HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JANSSEN R, 1992, MULTIOBJECTIVE DECIS KANGAS J, 1993, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V61, P1 KANGAS J, 1994, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V70, P75 KARR JR, 1986, ILLINOIS NATURAL HIS, V5 KEENEY RL, 1976, DECISIONS MULTIPLE O KNISEL WG, 1980, CREAMS FIELD SCALE M KOHM KA, 1987, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P1 LEE KN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN LINDLEY DV, 1971, MAKING DECISIONS MACKENZIE SH, 1996, INTEGRATED RESOURCE MAKOWSKI M, 1994, WP94102 INT I APPL S MAKOWSKI M, 1995, WP95022 INT I APPL S MENDENHALL W, 1975, INTRO PROBABILITY ST MILLER GT, 1990, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO PARTON WJ, 1995, STRUCTURE ORGANIC MA PEARCE D, 1990, SUSTAINABLE DEV EC E, P57 PENTTINEN M, 1994, INT I APPL SYST AN W PRATO T, 1996, AGR RES EC REV, V25, P200 PRATO T, 1996, SO AFR WILDL MAN ASS PRATO T, 1998, MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE D, P385 PRATO T, 1998, NATURAL RESOURCE ENV PRATO T, 1999, J AM WATER RESOUR AS, V35, P739 PRATO T, 1999, NAT RES MODEL, V12, P307 RABENI CF, 1995, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V303, P211 SAATY RW, 1987, MATH MODELLING, V9, P161 SARGENT FO, 1976, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V31, P113 SCHOWALTER T, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P171 SMALE MA, 1991, EFFECTS SPECIAL AREA SMITH GR, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P419 SMITH PGR, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P715 SMITH PGR, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P447 TECLE A, 1994, APPL MATH COMPUT, V63, P75 TECLE A, 1995, NATURE RESOUR, V31, P8 THOMAS JW, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, R9 WALTERS CJ, 1996, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILLIAMS JE, 1997, WATERSHED RESTORATIO WILLIAMS JR, 1990, USDA TECH B, V1768, P3 WOLFSON LJ, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1056 XU F, 1995, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V50, P39 YAKOWITZ DS, 1993, APPL MATH COMPUT, V54, P167 YOUNG RA, 1989, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V44, P168 ZHOU Y, 1996, 3 INT C WORKSH INT G NR 72 TC 4 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 181 EP 193 PY 2000 PD SEP 3 VL 133 IS 3 GA 353VL UT ISI:000089296100002 ER PT J AU Colding, J Lundberg, J Folke, C TI Incorporating green-area user groups in urban ecosystem management SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Colding, J, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 5005, Stockholm, Sweden. AB We analyze the role of urban green areas managed by local user groups in their potential for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services in growing city-regions, with focus on allotment areas, domestic gardens, and golf courses. Using Stockholm, Sweden, as an example city-region, we compile GIS data of its spatial characteristics and relate these data to GIS data for protected areas and "green wedges" prioritized in biodiversity conservation. Results reveal that the three land uses cover 18% of the studied land area of metropolitan Stockholm, which corresponds to more than twice the land set aside as protected areas. We review the literature to identify ecosystem functions and services provided by the three green areas and discuss their potential in urban ecosystem management. We conclude that the incorporation of locally managed lands, and their stewards and institutions, into comanagement designs holds potential for improving conditions for urban biodiversity, reducing transaction costs in ecosystem management, and realizing local Agenda 21. CR 2000, DAGBLADET 0904, A5 *ENGL NAT, 2003, PLIGHT BUMBL *EUR GOLF ASS, 1995, ENV STRAT GOLF EUR *GREAT LOND AUTH, 2001, GREEN SPAC INV COMM *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING SY *OSS, 1998, LAND US SWED *REG GRONSTR, 2003, REG UTV 2001 STOCKH ALTIERI M, 1999, AGR HUM VALUES, V16, P131 BAINES C, 2000, MAKE WILDLIFE GARDEN BARTHEL S, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P10 BENNETT G, 2004, INTEGRATING BIODIVER BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P621 BJORKMAN LL, 2000, THESIS STOCKHOLM U S BLAIR R, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 BLAIR RB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P506 BLAIR RB, 1997, BIOL CONSERV, V80, P113 BRENNAN AM, 1992, ASP APPL BIOL, V29, P241 BRENNAN AM, 1994, SCI GOLF, V2, P540 BUCHMANN SL, 1996, FORGOTTEN POLLINATOR CANE JH, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 CANNON AR, 2005, J APPL ECOL, V42, P659 COHEN SZ, 1990, GROUND WATER MONIT R, V10, P160 COLDING J, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P584 COLLINS JP, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P416 DAIR I, 1990, SCI GOLF, P330 DEDDIS WG, 1994, SCI GOLF, V2, P554 DOREMUS H, 2003, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V6, P217 DRAYTON B, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P30 DUNNING JB, 1992, OIKOS, V65, P169 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V30, P441 FORESMAN TW, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P201 GANGE AC, 1999, SCI GOLF, V3, P704 GASTON K, 2002, BIOD C P GASTON KJ, 2005, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V14, P395 GREEN BH, 1987, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V14, P143 HARDY PB, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P1261 HOSTETLER M, 2003, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V62, P55 JEFFCOTE MT, 1993, URBAN NATURE MAGAZIN, V1, P151 KENDLE T, 1997, URBAN NATURE CONSERV KREMEN C, 2004, ECOL LETT, V7, P1109 LUNDBERG J, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V6, P87 MAURER U, 2000, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V46, P209 MCNEELY JA, 2001, ECOL ECON, V38, P156 MELLES S, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 NILSSON C, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P232 OLDFIELD TEE, 2003, NATURE, V423, P531 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OWEN J, 1991, ECOLOGY GARDEN 1 15 PARKER JN, 2003, RISE ALLOTMENT MOVEM PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PRETTY J, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P631 RICHMOND HR, 1996, CONCEPTUAL BASIS REF RICKETTS T, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 RICKETTS TH, 2001, AM NAT, V158, P87 ROSENZWEIG ML, 2003, WIN WIN ECOLOGY EART RYALL C, 2003, ENVIRONMENTALIST, V23, P81 SHAPIRO AM, 2002, DIVERS DISTRIB, V8, P31 TANNER RA, 2005, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V71, P137 TERMAN M, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 TERMAN MR, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V38, P183 THOMPSON K, 2003, J VEG SCI, V14, P71 TUCKER GM, 1994, BIRDLIFE CONSERVATIO, V3, P410 TURNER WR, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P585 WILLIAMS P, 2004, BIOL CONSERV, V115, P329 WOOD BC, 2002, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V11, P1451 WOODROFFE R, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P2126 ZAITSU H, 1994, SCI GOLF, V2, P562 NR 68 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 237 EP 244 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 35 IS 5 GA 082UE UT ISI:000240411900005 ER PT J AU Holling, CS TI Surprise for science, resilience for ecosystems, and incentives for people SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP Holling, CS, UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. CR GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 HOLLING CS, 1995, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE SCHINDLER DW, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P25 SCHINDLER DW, 1991, P ROY SOC EDINB B, V97, P193 WALKER BH, 1981, FOREST SUCCESSION CO, P431 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 12 TC 16 J9 ECOL APPL BP 733 EP 735 PY 1996 PD AUG VL 6 IS 3 GA UZ412 UT ISI:A1996UZ41200016 ER PT J AU Brunckhorst, D Coop, P Reeve, I TI 'Eco-civic' optimisation: A nested framework for planning and managing landscapes SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Univ New England, Inst Rural Futures, UNESCO, Ctr Bioreg Resource Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RP Brunckhorst, D, Univ New England, Inst Rural Futures, UNESCO, Ctr Bioreg Resource Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. AB An important institution for regional resource governance is civic engagement in local affairs, including resource use issues. Local civic engagement has traditionally been structured around local government and, more recently, to catchment-based decision-making bodies. If citizens are to participate in regional resource management in ways that are meaningful to them, it is important that both the landscape units being discussed and the jurisdictional boundaries are meaningful. We have been examining how boundaries for resource management regions might be identified. Three considerations are believed to be important if regional resource management is to be meaningful to the citizens involved. Firstly, that the regional boundaries maximise the areal proportion of the region that residents consider to be part of their 'community', which should lead to greater commitment to civic engagement in resource management. Secondly, that the character of the landscape units within the region possess a high degree of homogeneity, reflecting greater coincidence of interest among the inhabitants of the region. The third consideration is a hierarchical multi-scaling capacity to deal with externalities of resource use. The approach was tested through identification of a series of nested 'eco-civic' resource management regions for north-eastern New South Wales in Australia. The results delineate resource governance regions that nest at local to regional scales for integrated natural resource management. Such 'eco-civic' regions demonstrate a better spatial representation of social and ecological characteristics than existing regional frameworks. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Canberra, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Norris, RH, Univ Canberra, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB 1. Traditionally the assessment of river water quality has been based solely on the measurement of physical, chemical and some biological characteristics. While these measurements may be efficient for regulating effluent discharges and protecting humans, they are not very useful for large-scale management of catchments or for assessing whether river ecosystems are being protected. 2. Measurements of aquatic biota, to identify structural or functional integrity of ecosystems, have recently gained acceptance for river assessment. Empirical evidence from studies of river ecosystems under stress suggests that a small group of biological ecosystem-level indicators can assess river condition. However, physical and chemical features of the environment affect these indicators, the structure and function of which may be changed by human activities. 3. The term 'river health', applied to the assessment of river condition, is often seen as being analogous with human health, giving many a sense of understanding. Unfortunately, the meaning of 'river health' remains obscure. It is not clear what aspects of river health sets of ecosystem-level indicators actually identify, nor how physical, chemical and biological characteristics may be integrated into measures rather than just observations of cause and effect. 4. Increased examination of relationships between environmental variables that affect aquatic biota, such as habitat structure, flow regime, energy sources, water quality and biotic interactions and biological condition, are required in the study of river health. 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RP Wilkinson, SR, Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. AB Current theory on non-equilibrium communities, thresholds of irreversibility, and ecological resilience suggests the goal of ecological restoration of degraded communities is not to achieve one target, but to reestablish the temporal and spatial diversity inherent in natural ecosystems. Few restoration models, however, address ecological and management issues across the vegetation mosaic of a landscape. Because of a lack of scientific knowledge and funds, restoration practitioners focus instead on site-specific prescriptions and reactive rather than proactive approaches to restoration; this approach often dooms restoration projects to failure. We applied a state-transition model as a decision-making tool to identify and achieve short-and long-term restoration goals for a tropical, moist, evergreen forest on the island of Santa Cruz, Galapagos. The model guided the process of identifying current and desirable forest states, as well as the natural and human disturbances and management actions that caused transitions between them. This process facilitated assessment of opportunities for ecosystem restoration, expansion of the definition of restoration success for the system, and realization that, although site- or species-specific prescriptions may be available, they cannot succeed until broader landscape restoration issues are identified and addressed. The model provides a decision-making framework to allocate resources effectively to maximize these opportunities across the landscape, and to achieve long-term restoration success. Other restoration models have been limited by lack of scientific knowledge of the system. State-transition models for restoration incorporate current knowledge and funds, are adaptive, and can provide direction for restoration research and conservation management in other degraded systems. 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Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Decption Bay, Qld 4508, Australia. Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Townsville, Qld 4801, Australia. Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia. RP Ley, JA, Australian Maritime Coll, POB 21, Beauty Point, Tas 7270, Australia. AB Along the section of Australia's coast adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef, certain mangrove-dominated estuaries have been closed to commercial net fishing for over 5 yr. During a 2 yr bimonthly sampling program aimed at evaluating the effect of these closures, fish communities were compared among 3 pairs of neighbouring estuaries (1 closed and 1 open to commercial net fishing per pair). We employed a complete factorial design to test effects of fishing (open or closed), region of the study area along the coast of Queensland (north, middle or south), and position (upstream or downstream). Standardised sets of gill nets (19 to 152 mm stretched mesh) were used, with the largest-mesh research nets (152 mm) comparable to smallest mesh (150 mm) nets permitted for commercial gill net fishing within open estuaries. In comparison with open systems, catch rates in the largest-mesh research nets in closed systems were 3 times greater for total abundance, 3.7 times greater for the main target species barramundi Lates calcarifer (Centropomidae), 4.4 times greater for juvenile sharks Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhinidae), and 2.9 times greater for queenfish Scomberoides commersonianus (Carangidae). Furthermore, in comparison with open systems, catch rates in 102 mm mesh research nets in closed systems were 2.5 times greater for L. calcarifer, While lower catch rates of target and bycatch species in 152 mm mesh nets could be readily attributed to commercial operations in open systems, reasons for lower catch rates in the 102 mm research nets were less apparent, since gill nets with <150 mm mesh were prohibited within the open estuaries. Reduction in numbers of large barramundi may have had an impact on recruitment of juveniles in the fished estuaries, leading to these lower catch rates in smaller size classes. Despite substantial depletion in numbers of piscivorous predators in fished systems, there was no evidence of impacts on lower trophic levels sampled with the 2 smallest-mesh research nets (51 mm and multipanel 19/25/35 mm mesh). In these estuaries, prey species assemblages were comprised of 92 species, mainly planktivores, scavengers and detritivores. As in coral reef systems, high diversity and productivity in tropical mangrove-dominated estuaries may strengthen the resilience of prey-base communities to disturbances such as fishing. However, since substantially greater abundances of target and bycatch species occurred among replicate mangrove estuaries protected from commercial fishing, our results significantly strengthen the case in favour of the effectiveness of reserves in conserving populations of exploited species. 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RP Reed, MG, Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog, 9 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada. AB Contemporary researchers of environmental management argue for community-based approaches in which local circumstances, skills, and concerns are respected. However, relying on local capacity opens up the possibility of establishing highly uneven management practices. The purpose of this paper is to explore the roots and effects of uneven environmental management. I develop a conceptual framework that identifies key elements of regional environmental-management regimes and then use it to compare experiences in two areas designated as Canadian biosphere reserves in 2000: Clayoquot Sound, BC, and Redberry Lake, SK. Analysis reveals that differences in property instruments and civic sectors affect the institutional capacity of each locality, opening the door for private forms of environmental governance in Redberry Lake. To explain how property instruments and civic actors operate, I illustrate how processes associated with property exchange, reterritorialization, valuation, and planning work together to produce a relatively robust and public regime at Clayoquot Sound and a more private form of stewardship at Redberry Lake. In consequence, uneven environmental-management practices may take root and reinforce social inequalities across the two regions. 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RP Watzin, MC, Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. AB Ecological indicators can facilitate an adaptive management approach, but only if acceptable levels for those indicators have been defined so that the data collected can be interpreted. Because acceptable levels are an expression of the desired state of the ecosystem, the process of establishing acceptable levels should incorporate not just ecological understanding but also societal values. The goal of this research was to explore an approach for defining acceptable levels of ecological indicators that explicitly considers social perspectives and values. We used a set of eight indicators that were related to issues of concern in the Lake Champlain Basin. Our approach was based on normative theory. Using a stakeholder survey, we measured respondent normative evaluations of varying levels of our indicators. Aggregated social norm curves were used to determine the level at which indicator values shifted from acceptable to unacceptable conditions. For seven of the eight indicators, clear preferences were interpretable from these norm curves. For example, closures of public beaches because of bacterial contamination and days of intense algae bloom went from acceptable to unacceptable at 7-10 days in a summer season. Survey respondents also indicated that the number of fish caught from Lake Champlain that could be safely consumed each month was unacceptably low and the number of streams draining into the lake that were impaired by storm water was unacceptably high. If indicators that translate ecological conditions into social consequences are carefully selected, we believe the normative approach has considerable merit for defining acceptable levels of valued ecological system components. 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AB A common surplus production model incorporating a nonlinear rate of predation yields multiple, stable equilibria and, when forced with autocorrelated variability, has been invoked to qualitatively describe rapid ''flips'' in marine fish abundances. In this paper, I used optimal control theory and stochastic dynamic programming to obtain optimal harvesting policies for populations described by this model. Multiple, locally optimal stock sizes may exist with a management goal of sum of discounted yield, whereas a single optimum occurred with the goal of sum of discounted economic rent. The optimal policy for a population forced with autocorrelated variability and fluctuating between high and low equilibria required conservative (exploitative) behavior during poor (good) environmental conditions with high stocks and rebuilding of low stocks. Simulation of various harvest strategies applied to such a population revealed that, with a management goal of sum of discounted yield and a discount rate of 2.5%, the optimal policy provided more than twice the mean annual benefits as a constant fishing rate policy. The large differences in optimal policies for the management goals of sum of discounted yield and sum of discounted economic rent provide motivation to consider carefully what objectives should be sought from highly fluctuating fish stocks. 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Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Briggs, JM, Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Over the past five decades, ecologists and archaeologists have dismantled two longstanding theoretical constructs. Ecologists have rejected the "balance of nature" concept and archaeologists have dispelled the myth that indigenous people were "in harmony with nature". Rejection of these concepts poses critical challenges to both fields as current disciplinary approaches are inadequate to grapple effectively with real-world complexities of socioecological systems. In this review, we focus on the relationship between human action and ecosystem change by examining some of the long-term impacts of prehistoric agriculture. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we present results from two studies that suggest that even relatively non-intensive and short-term agriculture can transform ecological systems for a very long time. It is therefore imperative that ecologists and archaeologists work more closely together, creating a truly cross-disciplinary alliance that will help to advance the fields of archaeology and ecology. CR BAYLISSSMITH T, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P346 BAYMAN JM, 2001, J WORLD PREHIST, V15, P257 BLAKE GR, 1965, METHODS SOIL ANAL 1 BOLLIG M, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P493 BOTTEMA S, 1990, MANS ROLE SHAPING E BRAIDWOOD RJ, 1960, PREHISTORIC INVESTIG BUTZER KW, 1996, J FIELD ARCHAEOL, V23, P141 COLLINS JP, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P416 DELCOURT HR, 1987, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V2, P39 DELCOURT PA, 2004, PREHISTORIC NATIVE A DOOLITTLE WE, 1992, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V82, P386 DOOLITTLE WE, 2000, CULTIVATED LANDSCAPE DOOLITTLE WE, 2004, SAFFORD VALLEY GRIDS FAIRHEAD J, 1996, MISREADING AFRICAN L FALL PL, 2002, HUM ECOL, V30, P445 FISH SK, 2004, SAFFORD VALLEY GRIDS FOSTER D, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P77 GILSON L, 2004, ECOL LETT, V7, P990 HAYASHIDA FM, 2005, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V34, P43 HEAD L, 2000, CULTURAL LANDSCAPES HECKENBERGER MJ, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1710 HOMBURG JA, 1997, VANISHING RIVER AGR HOMBURG JA, 2004, SAFFORD VALLEY GRIDS HOMBURG JA, 2005, GEOARCHAEOLOGY, V20, P661 KOHLER TA, 1988, AM ANTIQUITY, V53, P537 LENTZ DL, 2000, IMPERFECT BALANCE LA LITTLE EA, 2002, AM ANTIQUITY, V67, P109 MACNEISH RS, 1974, ARCHAEOLOGICAL RES R MANN CC, 2005, 1491 NEW REVELATIONS MAPES SD, 2005, WALLS STILL STAND RE MCGLADE J, 1999, ARCHAEOLOGY ANTHR LA MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA PEACOCK E, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P547 PETTERSON JS, 1988, PRACTICING ANTHR, V10, P8 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT SANDOR JA, 1988, AGRON J, V80, P846 SANDOR JA, 1990, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V22, P70 SANDOR JA, 1991, AGRON J, V83, P29 SANDOR JA, 2002, T 17 WORLD C SOIL SC SANFORD RL, 2000, FOREST SERVICE P RMS, V3 SCHAAFSMA H, IN PRESS KIVA SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 TURNER BL, 1985, PAPERS PEABODY MUSEU VANDERLEEUW SE, 1998, UNDERSTANDING NATURA VANGEMERDEN BS, 2003, J BIOGEOGR, V30, P1381 VITOUSEK PM, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P1665 WILCOX DR, 2001, DEADLY LANDSCAPES CA WU JG, 1995, Q REV BIOL, V70, P439 NR 48 TC 1 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON BP 180 EP 188 PY 2006 PD MAY VL 4 IS 4 GA 039RO UT ISI:000237324700016 ER PT J AU Walters, CJ Green, R TI Valuation of experimental management options for ecological systems SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Zool, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RP Walters, CJ, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Experimental tests of management policy options are becoming popular to resolve uncertainties arising from ecological processes and interactions that cannot be investigated except at held management scales. Such experiments are generally quite costly, time consuming, and sometimes risky We need objective measures of these costs and risks to justify sensible experiments and to compare design alternatives that differ widely in cost and effectiveness. One possible measure of design performance is the expected net present value from the system, averaged over alternative hypotheses about response to experimental treatment. This present value can be estimated by dividing the future stream of expected net benefits into 2 components: short run values obtained during the experiment, and long run values obtained afterward. Experiments that are costly in the short run can be highly worthwhile for the long term if they substantially reduce the odds of using incorrect policies or of overlooking opportunities for increasing value through innovative policy choices, and if the results can be applied to many locations. Optimum experiments in terms of the expected value performance measure are not likely to have as much statistical power as scientists usually demand for traditional hypothesis testing, except in situations where the costs of incorrectly adopting a new management option are high relative to benefits obtained under that option. CR ALLISON GT, 1971, ESSENCE DECISION EXP BARNTHOUSE LW, 1988, AM FISH SOC MONOGR, V4 COLLIE JS, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P1273 COLLIE JS, 1993, FISH RES, V18, P259 COLLIER MP, 1997, SCI AM, V276, P82 CROSS CL, 1991, 1816 FISH AQ SCI DAVIS SM, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM GRATSON MW, 1993, T N AM WILDL NAT RES, V58, P610 GREEN RH, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P81 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HALBERT C, 1993, REV FISH SCI, V1, P261 HILBORN R, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P550 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HURLBERT SH, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P187 KEELEY ER, 1976, DECISIONS MULTIPLE O KELLEY ER, 1994, 1 BC MIN ENV LANDS P KESSLER WB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P221 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MAPSTONE BD, 1996, 7 J COOK U CRC REEF MCALLISTER MK, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P1294 MCALLISTER MK, 1992, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V49, P1305 PERRY EA, 1995, AM FISH S S, V15, P152 PETERMAN RM, 1993, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V120, P419 RAIFFA H, 1968, DECISION ANAL SAINSBURY KJ, 1991, ICES MAR SCI S, V193, P301 VOLKMAN JM, 1993, ENVIRON LAW, V23, P1249 WALTERS CJ, 1986, NORTHWEST ENVIRON J, V2, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P189 WALTERS CJ, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2705 WALTERS CJ, 1977, W GEOGR SER, V13, P261 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1989, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V105, P13 WALTERS CJ, 1989, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V108, P13 WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WALTERS CJ, 1990, UNPUB DESIGN LARGESC WALTERS CJ, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P53 WALTERS CJ, 1993, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V13, P253 NR 37 TC 13 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE BP 987 EP 1006 PY 1997 PD OCT VL 61 IS 4 GA YU626 UT ISI:000071737200001 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Howard, J Lannigan, R McCauley, W TI Linking health and ecology in the medical curriculum SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Guelph, Coll Fac Environm Design & Rural Dev, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med & Dent, London, ON, Canada. RP Rapport, DJ, Univ Guelph, Coll Fac Environm Design & Rural Dev, Room 107,Johnston Hall, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB Human health vulnerabilities to ecosystem degradation are well documented. Destabilization of natural ecosystems and the biosphere have posed an entirely new set of risks to human health and preclude any simple extrapolations from the past. Newly emerging diseases, increasing prevalence of many vector borne diseases, increased exposure to harmful UV radiation and a number of other transformations in the natural environment, have decidedly negative implications for the sustainability of human health. Curricula in medical schools are responding to these new realities by exposing the connections between health and ecology. The program in Ecosystem Health at the University of Western Ontario serves as one model for connecting these disciplines. This program has resulted in a perceptible shift in values and professional responsibilities of emerging physicians. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ADAMS F, 1849, GENUINE WORKS HIPPOC CRUESS RL, 1999, ACAD MED, V74, P878 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201 MCMICHAEL AJ, 2001, HUMAN FRONTIERS ENV NEUFELD VR, 1993, CAN MED ASSOC J, V148, P1471 NEUFELD VR, 1998, CAN MED ASSOC J, V159, P787 RAPPORT DJ, 1989, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V33, P120 RAPPORT DJ, 2002, CONSERVATION MED ECO STEWART M, 1995, PATIENT CENTERED MED SULLIVAN WM, 2000, CAN MED ASSOC J, V162, P673 WALLACE AG, 1997, ACAD MED, V72, P253 WEAR D, 2000, ACAD MED, V75, P602 WYNIA MK, 1999, NEW ENGL J MED, V341, P1612 NR 14 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON INT BP 353 EP 358 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 29 IS 2-3 GA 671JP UT ISI:000182461900028 ER PT J AU Schmitz, OJ Kalies, EL Booth, MG TI Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Schmitz, OJ, Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. AB Ecological succession has been the subject of intense study and debate throughout the history of ecology as conceptualizations of process were proposed and refined. Modern concepts view ecological succession as largely driven by bottom-up resource competition for light and nutrients. However, growing evidence shows that top-down effects of consumers can govern succession. These contrasting perspectives require synthesis. We offer such a synthesis by revitalizing the hypothesis that succession proceeds by abrupt transitions to alternative states or dynamic regimes. We present evidence from field sampling along two successional gradients in a New England old field aimed at identifying pattern, and from experimentation in the same field aimed at identifying process. Field sampling revealed that a competitive dominant plant existed in a mosaic with two distinct patch types of relative abundances (<= 25% and > 30%). Competitive dominant plant abundance varied systematically with plant species diversity (evenness), and resource supply (light and soil nitrogen). The six-year field experiment tested for alternative regimes by systematic removal and staggered reintroduction of top predators. Long-term predator removal caused an abrupt and irreversible shift from a top-down to a bottom-up controlled regime with a breakpoint at approximately 25% relative abundance of the competitive dominant plant. This caused significant shifts in plant species evenness and resource supply (solar radiation and N mineralization rate). Moreover, the competitive dominant abundance, species evenness and resource supply in the two dynamic regimes matched levels in the different patch types in the field. We conclude that a single ecosystem can display both top-down and bottom-up control. Abrupt shifts in trophic control lead to abrupt changes in the rate of development of ecosystems consistent with a working hypothesis that succession proceeds via abrupt regime shifts. 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Cukurova Univ, Dept Landscape Architecture, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. RP Evrendilek, F, Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AB In recent years, Turkey has experienced rapid economic and population growth coupled with both an equally rapid increase in energy consumption and a vast disparity in welfare between socioeconomic groups and regions. In turn, these pressures have accelerated the destruction of productive, assimilative, and regenerative capacities of the ecosystems, which are essential for the well-being of the people and the economy. This paper describes the structure and function of major ecosystem types in Turkey and discusses the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the framework of economy, energy, environment, and ethics. From a national perspective, this paper suggests three sustainability-based policies necessary for Turkey's long-term interests that balance economic, environmental, and energy goals: (1) decoupling economic growth from energy consumption growth through the development of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies; (2) linking economic efficiency and distributive justice of wealth and power through distributive and participatory public policies; and (3) integrating the economic and ecological systems through the internalization of externalities and ecosystem rehabilitation. 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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Naiman, RJ, Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AB Fresh waters are central to society and to the environment. Nevertheless, ongoing and projected changes in the distribution, abundance, and quality of water resources and freshwater ecosystems represent a serious threat to the integrity of the environment as well as the vitality of human cultures. Nearly every country in the world experiences regular water shortages, agriculture uses most of the world's available fresh water, and most illnesses in developing countries result from waterborne parasites and pathogens. Unfortunately, often hidden in these and other depressing statistics are the needs of the environment for adequate water to maintain vibrant ecosystems. Understanding the abilities and limits of freshwater ecosystems to respond to human-generated pressures is becoming a central issue for cultures and a challenge for science. This article explores trends in alterations to freshwater ecosystems, discusses the ecological consequences of biophysical alterations expected to occur in the next 20-30 years, and identifies some of the major scientific challenges and opportunities to effectively address the changes. Topics discussed include altered hydrological regimes, biogeochemical cycles, altered land use, riparian management, life history strategies, and relations between climate change and water resource management. 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Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. RP Lane, MB, Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. AB Severe problems of fragmented policies and uncoordinated implementation undermine natural resource management in Australia. There have been promising signs of progress through activities such as the National Forest Policy, Council of Australian Government water reforms, National Land and Water Resources Audit, the Murray-Darling Basin initiative and the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality to integrate resource policies. There have also been some notable successes at State and local level. But fragmentation endures. This paper provides evidence of the enduring problem of fragmentation and presents a framework to analyse Australia's experience in natural resource management. The analysis reveals the multi-dimensional character of the problems and identifies a diverse set of actions that need to be taken to improve integration in policy and implementation. Particular attention is given to the potential for regional programs to contribute to improved integration and NRM. CR *AFFA, 1999, MIDT REV NAT HER TRU *COMM AUSTR, 2000, COORD CAT MAN REP IN *OECD, 1993, AGR ENV POL INT REC *PROD COMM, 1999, 5 PROD COMM *UNCED, 1992, AGENDA, V21 *WENTW GROUP, 2002, BLU LIV CONT WAY FOR BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI BELLAMY J, 2003, FUTURE AUSTR REGIONA BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOOHER DE, 2002, J PLAN EDUC RES, V21, P221 BRUNSON MW, 1998, STEWARDSHIP BOUNDARI CAIRNS J, 1991, INTEGRATED ENV MANAG CARLEY M, 1992, MANAGING SUSTAINABLE EDWARDS M, 2002, NEW PLAYERS PARTNERS EGGENBERGER M, 2000, IMPACT ASSESSMENT PR, V18, P201 FISCHER F, 2000, CITIZENS EXPERTS ENV FLYVBJERG B, 2002, J PLAN EDUC RES, V21, P353 FORESTER J, 1989, PLANNING FACE POWER GRANOVETTER MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAMEL P, 1999, SOCIOLOGY 21 CENTURY, P165 HEALEY P, 1997, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI IMPERIAL MT, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P449 JAHN LR, 1991, INTEGRATED ENV MANAG JENNINGS SF, 2000, J ENV POLICY PLANNIN, V2, P177 LANE MB, 2003, J RURAL STUD, V19, P283 LANE MB, 2004, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V42, P102 LATOUR B, 1993, WE HAVE NEVER BEEN M LUNNEY D, 2003, AUSTR ZOOLOGIST, V32, P345 MARGERUM RD, 2000, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V43, P5 MORRISON TH, 2004, THESIS U QUEENSLAND OFFE C, 1984, CONTRADICTIONS WELFA OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PUTNAM RD, 1993, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR PUTNAM RD, 2000, BOWLING ALONE COLLAP REITAN TC, 1998, SOC SERV REV, V72, P285 RHODES RAW, 2001, UNDERSTANDING GOVERN ROSE N, 2000, AM BEHAV SCI, V43, P1395 STEHR N, 2000, GOVERNING MODERN SOC, P3 TAYLORPOWELL E, 1998, EVALUATING COLLABORA TENDLER J, 1997, GOOD GOVERNMENT TROP WARREN ME, 2001, DEMOCRACY ASS WEBBER EP, 1998, PLURALISM RULES CONF WILLIAMS BA, 1995, DEMOCRACY DIALOGUE E YAFFEE SL, 1998, STEWARDSHIP BOUNDARI ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P356 NR 47 TC 0 J9 AUST GEOGRAPHER BP 243 EP 258 PY 2004 PD NOV VL 35 IS 3 GA 899KV UT ISI:000227144200001 ER PT J AU Robbins, P TI The rotten institution: corruption in natural resource management SO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Robbins, P, Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, 1132 Derby Hall,154 N Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AB Despite widespread evidence of bribery and illegal exchange in natural resource management, corruption is largely unexplored and unincorporated in theorizations and descriptions of the political economy of environment/society interactions. This paper offers the outlines of a theory of natural resource corruption, defining it as a special case of extra-legal resource management institutions, exploring the challenge corruption poses for sustainable use of natural systems, and providing an example of corruption in the case of forest management in India. I argue here that corruption is an institutionalized system of nature/society interaction forged from state authority and molded around local social power through systems of social capital formation. I further suggest that corruption though unsustainable, is not environmentally destructive in a general sense, but that it instead puts selective pressure on some elements of a natural system while bypassing others. The argument addresses not only the character of corruption but also the role of institutions in mediating the relationships between the state and civil society, mon generally, (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Rogers, KH, Univ Witwatersrand, Ctr Water Environm, Private Bag 3, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. AB The experience of river scientists leads them to propose ecosystem variability as a central theme in management. The real challenge however lies in developing collective understanding, and integration, within and between scientists, citizens and management agencies. The prevailing view of scientists as experts who solve environmental problems is fallacious. A broad societal response, supported by humble public service agencies and scientists in the service of society, is more likely to succeed. This paper proposes a framework for structuring the science/management/society partnerships, and is based on experiences from managing rivers flowing through the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Scientists need to place between-discipline communication, constructive synthesis of their collective understanding and diffusion of this understanding into civil society, much higher on their collective agenda. Entering problem solving situations as co-learners, rather than experts, facilitates partnership building. Managers need to focus on: (1) preparing society to engage the knowledge, the problem and the solutions needed to achieve some collectively defined set of future conditions; (2) actively engage scientists in the development of technology for altering patterns of resource use and (3) undertake actions needed to achieve the desired future distribution of the costs and benefits of resource use in society. Managers have a very limited tool box with which to work, and modern society has largely transferred the risk of failure to them. Society therefore needs to accept more responsibility in these partnerships of co-operative decision-making. It should engage in them with a 'public good' ethic, a vision for a shared future, and an acceptance that resource and technological limits ultimately determine the distribution of costs and benefits of ecosystem services. Successful partnerships are based on adaptive management processes driven by consensus decision-making to ensure better distribution of knowledge, risks, humility and rewards in common property resource management. To achieve this we need to learn new ways to manage, while managing new ways to learn. Three models, social learning, learning communities and learning organizations, provide focus for learning. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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RP Pandey, DN, Indian Inst Forest Management, Bhopal 462003, India. AB Fossil-fuel burning and deforestation have emerged as principal anthropogenic sources of rising atmospheric CO2 and consequential global warming. Variability in temperature, precipitation, snow cover, sea level and extreme weather events provide collateral evidence of global climate change. I review recent advances on causes and consequences of global climate change and its impact on nature and society. I also examine options for climate change mitigation. Impact of climate change on ecology, economy and society the three pillars of sustainability - is increasing. Emission reduction, although most useful, is also politically sensitive for economic reasons. Proposals of the geoengineering for iron fertilization of oceans or manipulation of solar flux using stratospheric scatters are yet not feasible for scientific and environmental reasons. 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RP Obura, DO, CORDIO E Africa, POB 10135, Mombasa 80101, Kenya. AB The impact of climate change through thermal stress-related coral bleaching on coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean has been well documented and is caused by rising sea water temperatures associated with background warming trends and extreme climate events. Recent studies have identified a number of factors that may reduce the impact of coral bleaching and mortality at a reef or sub-reef level. However, there is little scientific consensus as yet, and it is unclear how well current science supports the immediate needs of management responses to climate change. This paper provides evidence from the Western Indian Ocean in support of recent hypotheses on coral and reef vulnerability to thermal stress that have been loosely termed 'resistance and resilience to bleaching'. The paper argues for a more explicit definition of terms, and identifies three concepts affecting coral-zooxanthellae holobiont and reef vulnerability to thermal stress previously termed 'resistance to bleaching': 'thermal protection', where some reefs are protected from the thermal conditions that induce bleaching and/or where local physical conditions reduce bleaching and mortality levels; 'thermal resistance', where individual corals bleach to differing degrees to the same thermal stress; and 'thermal tolerance', where individual corals suffer differing levels of mortality when exposed to the same thermal stress. 'Resilience to bleaching' is a special case of ecological resilience, where recovery following large-scale bleaching mortality varies according to ecological and other processes. These concepts apply across multiple levels of biological organization and temporal and spatial scales. Thermal resistance and tolerance are genetic properties and may interact with environmental protection properties resulting in phenotypic variation in bleaching and mortality of corals. The presence or absence of human threats and varying levels of reef management may alter the influence of the above factors, particularly through their impacts on resilience, offering the opportunity for management interventions to mitigate the impacts of thermal stress and recovery on coral reefs. These concepts are compiled within an overarching framework of spatial resilience theory. This provides a framework for developing linked scientific and management questions relating to the larger scale impacts of climate change on coral reefs, their management needs and prospects for their future. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Manyena, SB, Northumbria Univ, Disaster & Dev Ctr, Sch Appl Sci, 6 North St, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England. AB The intimate connections between disaster recovery by and the resilience of affected communities have become common features of disaster risk reduction programmes since the adoption of The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. Increasing attention is now paid to the capacity of disaster-affected communities to 'bounce back' or to recover with little or no external assistance following a disaster. This highlights the need for a change in the disaster risk reduction work culture, with stronger emphasis being put on resilience rather than just need or vulnerability. However, varied conceptualisations of resilience pose new philosophical challenges. Yet achieving a consensus on the concept remains a test for disaster research and scholarship. This paper reviews the concept in terms of definitional issues, the role of vulnerability in resilience discourse and its meaning, and the differences between vulnerability and resilience. It concludes with some of the more immediately apparent implications of resilience thinking for the way we view and prepare for disasters. 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Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ, Terr Ecol Res Unit, ZA-6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Charles Darwin Univ, Res Sch Environm Studies, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. Ctr Int Forestry Res, Bogor, Indonesia. RP Knight, AT, Rhodes Univ, Dept Environm Studies, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. AB The preoccupation of many conservation planners with the refinement of systematic assessment techniques has manifested an "implementation crisis" in conservation planning. This preoccupation has provided systematic assessments with well-tested tools (e.g., area selection algorithms) and principles (e.g., representation, complementarity), but our understanding of these techniques currently far exceeds our ability to apply them effectively to pragmatic conservation problems. The science is informative about where one needs to do conservation, but silent on how to achieve it. Operational models, defined as simplified conceptualizations of processes for implementing conservation action at priority conservation areas, are essential for guiding conservation planning initiatives because they assist understanding of how these processes function. Operational models developed to date have largely been linear, simplistic, and focused on the systematic assessment of biological entities. Experience in the real world indicates that operational models for conducting conservation planning initiatives should explicitly complement a systematic conservation assessment with activities that empower individuals and institutions (enabling) and explicitly aim to secure conservation action (implementation). Specifically, implementing effective conservation action requires that systematic assessments be integrated functionally with a process for developing an implementation strategy and processes for stakeholder collaboration while maintaining a broad focus on the implementation of conservation action. A suite of hallmarks define effective operational models (e.g., stakeholder collaboration, links with land-use planning, social learning, and action research). Greater development and testing of the practical application of operational models should lead to higher levels of effective implementation and alleviate the implementation crisis. Social learning institutions are essential for ensuring ongoing improvement in the development and application of operational models that deliver effective conservation action. 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RP Guo, QF, Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB Questions: How long may it take for desert perennial vegetation to recover from prolonged human disturbance and how do different plant community variables (i.e. diversity, density and cover) change during the recovery process? Location: Sonoran Desert, Arizona, USA. Methods: Since protection from grazing from 1907 onwards, plant diversity, density and cover of perennial species were monitored intermittently on ten 10 m x 10 m permanent plots on Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Results: The study shows an exceptionally slow recovery of perennial vegetation from prolonged heavy grazing and other human impacts. Since protection, overall species richness and habitat heterogeneity at the study site continued to increase until the 1960s when diversity, density and cover had been stabilized. During the same period, overall plant density and cover also increased. Species turnover increased gradually with time but no significant relation between any of the three community variables and precipitation or Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was detected. Conclusions: It took more than 50 yr for the perennial vegetation to recover from prolonged human disturbance. The increases in plant species richness, density, and cover of the perennial vegetation were mostly due to the increase of herbaceous species, especially palatable species. The lack of a clear relationship between environment (e.g. precipitation) and community variables suggests that site history and plant life history must be taken into account in examining the nature of vegetation recovery processes after disturbance. 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Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR Sisyphe, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Louis Lumiere, Fac Geog, F-69500 Bron, France. Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR Ladybio, Lab Dynam Biodivers, F-31055 Toulouse 4, France. Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Dept Eau, F-45060 Orleans, France. Minist Ecol & Dev Durable, Direct Etud Econ & Evaluat Environm, Serv Rech & Prospect, F-75302 Paris 07, France. Cemagref, Lab Hydroecol Quantitat, Unite Rech BEA, F-69336 Lyon, France. RP Roche, PA, Agcy Eau Seine Normandie, 51 Rue Salvador Allende, F-92027 Nanterre, France. AB We present the research needs required to implement the European Framework Directive for Water, involving a better understanding of the ecosystem dynamics, a better knowledge of groundwater bodies, strong efforts in ecotoxycology and a new approach in water economics. (C) 2004 Academie des sciences. Publie par Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves. 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Washington & Lee Univ, Environm Studies Program, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. Washington & Lee Univ, Dept Econ, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Batabyal, AA, Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Econ, 92 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. AB In this exploratory paper, we first make a case for considering the scarcity value of ecosystem services in the analyse's of jointly determined ecological-economic systems. Next, we point out that insight into the scarcity value of an ecosystem service can be gained generally by examining the manner in which the state of an ecosystem responds to changes in environmental conditions. Following this, we specialize our discussion to the case of eutrophication in lakes. This leads us to pose and analyze a stochastic control problem of lake management in which ecological thresholds are salient. Finally, we show that this stochastic control theoretic framework can be used to obtain a numerical value that is closely related to the scarcity value of an ecosystem service provided by lakes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 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CR DARGE RC, 1971, SWEDISH J ECONOMICS, V73, P1 ELLIOT D, 1977, KYKLOS, V30, P300 FORSTER BA, 1971, 5 AUSTR NAT U WORK P HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KRUTILLA JV, 1975, ECONOMICS NATURAL EN MALER KG, 1975, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOM PAGE T, 1977, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO PEARCE D, 1976, KYKLOS, V29, P1 PLOURDE C, 1972, CANADIAN J ECONO FEB SMITH VK, 1977, KYKLOS, V30, P310 STROM S, 1972, DYNAMICS POLLUTION W NR 11 TC 1 J9 KYKLOS BP 314 EP 318 PY 1977 VL 30 IS 2 GA DK228 UT ISI:A1977DK22800010 ER PT J AU Muller, F Schrautzer, J Reiche, EW Rinker, A TI Ecosystem based indicators in retrogressive successions of an agricultural landscape SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Kiel, Ctr Ecol, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. DigSyLand, D-24975 Husby, Germany. RP Muller, F, Univ Kiel, Ctr Ecol, Olshaussenstr 75, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. AB This paper aims at two main objectives: first, an ecosystem-oriented indicator set is presented and applied at the landscape scale. Then, the utility of this indicator set is assessed with reference to retrogressional successions in typical wetland ecosystems of Northern Germany. The results are based on measurements and GIS linked model applications in the Bornhoved Lakes District. The outputs of 30 years runs of the model system WASMOD/STOMOD have been assigned to theoretically derived indicators. As an exemplary result, relative watershed balances are presented, concerning carbon and nitrogen compounds. These budgets identify some current land use practices as causes of a shift of the whole landscape from a sink to a source function, provoking disturbance in aquatic systems by eutrophication and contributing to the greenhouse effect processes. A more detailed analysis of the wetland systems of the investigated watershed illuminates the process sequences of retrogressive successions. These case studies are used to analyse the indicator set critically, to discuss the single indicators and to propose respective management measures. In this context, it turns out that the behaviour of the indicators is generally in accordance with the fundamental principles of ecosystem theory except for the indication of entropy production that does not show the expected dynamics due to high respiration rates in intensively used ecosystems. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Bodin, O, Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Social networks among actors and stakeholders are gaining attention in studies of natural resource management, particularly those of adaptive management based on different forms of participation and co-management. In this sense, social networks have primarily been envisioned as enabling different actors to collaborate and coordinate management efforts. Here, we continue the discussion initiated by Newman and Dale (2005), which highlighted the fact that not all social networks are created equal. We discuss the relation between some structural characteristics and functions of social networks with respect to natural resource management, thus focusing on structural implications that are often overlooked when studying social networks within the context of natural resource management. We present several network measures used to quantify structural characteristics of social networks and link them to a number of features such as learning, leadership, and trust, which are identified as important in natural resource management. We show schematically that there may be inherent juxtapositions among different structural characteristics that need to be balanced in what we envision as social network structures conducive to adaptive co-management of natural resources. We argue that it is essential to develop an understanding of the effects that different structural characteristics of social networks have on natural resource management. 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James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Stockholm Environm Inst, SE-10314 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Social and ecological vulnerability to disasters and outcomes of any particular extreme event are influenced by buildup or erosion of resilience both before and after disasters occur. Resilient social-ecological. systems incorporate diverse mechanisms for living with, and learning from, change and unexpected shocks. Disaster management requires multilevel governance systems that can enhance the capacity to cope with uncertainty and surprise by mobilizing diverse sources of resilience. CR ADGER WN, IN PRESS GLOBAL ENV ADGER WN, 2003, NATURAL DISASTER DEV, P19 ALLEN MR, 2004, NATURE, V432, P551 ALLISON EH, 2004, FISH FISH, V5, P215 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BROWN K, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P316 BROWN K, 2002, MAKING WAVES INTEGRA CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 COLDING J, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P163 COLWELL RR, 1996, SCIENCE, V274, P2025 COSTANZA R, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P149 DAGER WN, 2001, LIVING ENV CHANGE SO DAHDOUHGUEBAS F, 2005, CURR BIOL, V15, R443 DIAMOND J, 1999, GUNS GERMS STEEL DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 FOLKE C, IN PRESS ANN REV ENV FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARVELL CD, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1505 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLTGIMENEZ E, 2002, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V93, P87 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 HUGHES TP, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P380 HUQ S, 1999, VULNERABILITY ADAPTA IVES AR, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P542 JANSEN K, 2003, DEV CHANGE, V34, P45 LIU PLF, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1595 LUGO AE, 2000, AMBIO, V29, P106 MCCLEAN RF, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P345 MILLER F, 2005, SUSTAINABLE DEV UPDA, V1, P2 MIRZA MMQ, 2003, CLIM POLICY, V3, P233 NICHOLLS RJ, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P69 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 OBRIEN KL, 2004, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V14, P303 OKEEFE P, 1976, NATURE, V260, P566 PIELKE RA, 2003, NATURAL HAZARDS REV, V4, P101 SIDLE RC, 2004, QUATERN INT, V118, P181 SMALL C, 2003, J COASTAL RES, V19, P584 TOMPKINS EL, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P10 TOMPKINS EL, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P139 TRENBERTH K, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1753 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 NR 47 TC 21 J9 SCIENCE BP 1036 EP 1039 PY 2005 PD AUG 12 VL 309 IS 5737 GA 955MN UT ISI:000231230100034 ER PT J AU Adger, WN TI Social and ecological resilience: are they related? SO PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB This article defines social resilience as the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change. This definition highlights social resilience in relation to the concept of ecological resilience which is a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance. There is a clear link between social and ecological resilience, particularly for social groups or communities that are dependent on ecological and environmental resources for their livelihoods. But it is not clear whether resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities in such situations. This article examines whether resilience is a useful characteristic for describing the social and economic situation of social groups and explores potential links between social resilience and ecological resilience. The origins of this interdisciplinary study in human ecology, ecological economics and rural sociology are reviewed, and a study of the impacts of ecological change on a resource-dependent community in contemporary coastal Vietnam in terms of the resilience of its institutions is outlined. 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Policy Inst Int Studies, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Carnegie Inst, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RP Luers, AL, Ctr Environm Sci, Encina Hall Eeast,4th Floor, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. AB We propose measuring vulnerability of selected outcome variables of concern (e.g. agricultural yield) to identified stressors (e.g. climate change) as a function of the state of the variables of concern relative to a threshold of damage, the sensitivity of the variables to the stressors, and the magnitude and frequency of the stressors to which the system is exposed. In addition, we provide a framework for assessing the extent adaptive capacity can reduce vulnerable conditions. We illustrate the utility of this approach by evaluating the vulnerability of wheat yields to climate change and market fluctuations in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *FOOD AGR ORG, 1997, FAOSTAT ROM *IHDP, 2001, SPEC ISS VULN, V2, P1 MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 *USAID, USAID FAM EARL WARN ALWANG J, 2001, 0115 WORLD BANK BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BOHLE HG, 1994, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V4, P37 BRIGUGLIO L, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1615 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CHAMBERS R, 1989, IDS B, V20, P1 CLARK WC, 2000, 200012 BCSIA HARV U CUTTER SL, 1996, PROG HUM GEOG, V20, P529 DOWNING TE, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE VULNE FOLKE C, 2002, ICSU SERIES SUSTAINA, V3 GLEWWE P, 1998, J DEV ECON, V56, P181 GRIMM V, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V109, P323 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HARRISON JA, 2003, THESIS STANFORD U ST HEITZMANN K, 2002, 0218 WORLD BANK HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KALY U, 2002, DEV B, V58, P33 KASPERSON JX, 2001, INT WORKSH VULN GLOB KASPERSON JX, 2003, HUMAN DIMENSIONS GLO KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KELLY PM, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V47, P325 LOBELL DB, 2002, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V114, P31 LOBELL DB, 2003, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V94, P205 LONERGAN S, 2000, AVISO, V6, P1 MALKIN E, 2002, NY TIMES 1119 MANSURI G, 2002, IFPRI WORLD BANK C R MATSON PA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P112 MITCHELL JK, 1989, GEOGR REV, V79, P391 MOSS R, 2000, MEASURING VULNERABIL MOSS RH, 2002, VULNERABILITY CLIMAT MURDOCH J, 1994, AM ECON REV, V84, P221 NAYLOR RL, 2001, 0101 CIMMYT INT MAIZ OSUNA PM, 2003, SECO SERA 2003 PANEK JA, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P506 PETERSON GD, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 PETSCHELHELD G, 1999, ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS, V4, P295 PRITCHETT L, 2000, QUANTIFYING VULNERAB RIBOT JC, 1996, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, V1, P1 RIBOT JC, 1995, GEOJOURNAL, V35, P119 SCHELLNHUBER HJ, 1997, GAIA, V6, P19 SCHIMMELPFENNIG D, 1999, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE AG STEPHEN L, 2001, DISASTERS, V25, P113 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8080 VALDEZ C, 1994, EVALUATION MANAGEMEN WATTS MJ, 1993, PROG HUM GEOG, V17, P43 NR 50 TC 0 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 255 EP 267 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 13 IS 4 GA 751BT UT ISI:000187033500003 ER PT J AU Anderies, JM Walker, BH Kinzig, AP TI Fifteen weddings and a funeral: Case studies and resilience-based management SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Anderies, JM, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB "Resilience theory" is a systematic methodology for understanding the dynamics of coupled social-ecological systems (SESs). Its ongoing development requires that resilience theory be confronted with case studies to assess its capacity to help understand and develop policy for SESs. This paper synthesizes the findings from several papers in the special feature "Exploring Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems" that do just this. It then highlights key challenges facing resilience as a theory for understanding SESs and provides some avenues for future research. 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Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Recreat Management Program, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Minteer, B, Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Lynn White Jr.'s essay, "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis," which first appeared in Science in 1967, has long been a cornerstone in the environmental studies literature. Yet subsequent research in the natural and social sciences, as well as in the environmental humanities, challenges many of White's key assumptions and claims in this classic article including the uniquely dynamic presence of humans within a stable natural order, the pernicious metaphysical and moral implications of agriculture, the antiecological implications of democracy, and the direct linkage between the worldview of philosophical humanism (anthropocentrism) and environmental destruction. Although still relevant to current discussions about the cultural and historical roots of scientific and technological problems, White's essay requires critical revision if it is to remain useful in clarifying the historical and cultural foundations of contemporary ecological attitudes and behaviors. 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AB Managing vertebrate pests has been a neglected topic of research in sustainable agriculture. Conventional approaches, often reactionary rather than preventative, have failed to provide sustainable solutions. indeed, conventional control through density reduction often involves battling natural ecological processes. Agricultural practices may improve habitat quality for vertebrates that then become pests. Density reduction, but without a concomitant reduction in carrying capacity, may stimulate density-dependent reproduction and survival, rapid recolonization, or both; thus, vertebrate pests often show remarkable resilience in recovering from density reduction. Effective management of vertebrate pests in agricultural systems should incorporate knowledge of temporal and spatial dynamics of pest species. We review several approaches for managing vertebrate pests that might be successful in sustainable agriculture. Habitat quality, and thus carrying capacity, for pests might be reduced by modifying cultural systems; repellent or diversionary crops also can be effective. Predators, either real or simulated, might reduce the density or alter the behaviour or distribution of pests. A variety of scaring devices may protect crops or commodities, although protection is usually temporary and is ineffective for some pest species. Chemical repellents, either synthetic or naturally-occurring, can discourage pests. Physical exclusionary devices can protect individual plants or entire fields, although expense often is high. Pest damage, especially from birds, can be reduced by relatively modest changes in crop phenology, and pest-resistant cultivars have been developed for several agricultural crops. Preventative pest management should employ forecasting, use a landscape approach, and incorporate cost-benefit analyses. 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AB This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modem technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production. 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UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,ECON,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. STOCKHOLM SCH ECON,ECON,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RP PERRINGS, C, ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,BIODIVERS PROGRAMME,BOX 50005,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. AB As the UNCED process draws global attention to the potentially enormous welfare implications of biodiversity loss, it is useful to take stock of what is and is not known about the problem. Combining the insights from the disciplines of economics and ecology, this paper outlines the most urgent questions for research in the area. Regarding humans less as managers than as co-actors with other species in complex self-organizing systems, we focus on the sustainability of resource use. In the context of biological conservation this implies the maintenance of sufficient biodiversity to assure the resilience of ecosystems delivering ecological services of fundamental value to human societies. The paper identifies four sets of research issues: the first comprises a set of ecological questions about the nature, measurement and consequences of change in biological diversity, both globally and at the level of particular ecosystems. The second concerns the economic valuation of ecological services as a means of judging the economic significance of biodiversity loss. The third concerns the driving forces behind biodiversity loss. It deals with both the proximate and underlying causes of change in the level of biodiversity. The fourth concerns the scope for changing the human behavior which threatens biodiversity, whether through the destruction of habitat, through specialization in production, or through harvesting strategies. The nature of the linkage between ecological and economic systems is discussed in the context of informational, institutional, ethical and cultural conditions. The paper takes a systems perspective emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to biodiversity, and the gains from collaborative research. CR 1992, AMBIO, V21 BARBIER EB, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P55 BAUMOL WJ, 1988, THEORY ENV POLICY BEGON M, 1987, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS BERKES F, 1992, IN PRESS ECOL EC BISHOP RC, 1982, LAND ECON, V58, P1 BROWN GM, 1990, PRESERVATION VALUATI, P203 CARSON RT, 1991, MEASURING DEMAND ENV, P121 CIRIACYWANTRUP SV, 1952, RESOURCES CONSERVATI CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP, V6, P17 COMMON M, 1992, IN PRESS ECOL EC COSTANZA R, 1990, ECOL ECON, V2, P57 DALY HE, 1989, COMMON GOOD REDIRECT DARGE RC, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P367 DASGUPTA P, 1990, PRESERVATION VALUATI, P2269 DASGUPTA P, 1991, 1990 P WORLD BANK AN, P101 DASGUPTA P, 1991, MAN ENV DEV GLOBAL A, P149 DASGUPTA PS, 1979, EC THEORY EXHAUSTIBL DIXON JA, 1989, EC DRYLAND MANAGEMEN FOLKE C, 1990, THESIS U SWEDEN FOLKE C, 1991, LINKING NATURAL ENV, P77 GADGIL M, 1987, TREND ECOL EVOL, V2, P269 GHAI D, 1987, AGR PRICES POLICY EQ GRAINGER A, 1990, THREATENING DESERT C HALL CAS, 1986, ENERGY RESOURCE QUAL HANSEN S, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P77 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JACKSON JBC, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P475 JANTSH E, 1980, BIOSYSTEMS, V5, P187 JOHNSON OEG, 1989, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMEN, P19 KOLSTAD CD, 1991, MEASURING DEMAND ENV, P17 MALER KG, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P1 MALER KG, 1992, 4 ROY SWED AC SCI BE MARGLIN SA, 1963, Q J ECON, V77, P95 MAY RM, 1972, NATURE, V238, P413 MILLER JR, 1981, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V8, P19 MYRDAL G, 1975, AGAINST STREAM NELSON JG, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P212 NORGAARD RB, 1991, ASIA REGIONAL SERIES NORGAARD RB, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P88 NORTON BG, 1986, PRESERVATION SPECIES ODUM EP, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P419 ORIANS GH, 1990, PRESERVATION VALUATI, P146 OSTROM E, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO PEARCE D, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P52 PEARCE DW, 1989, BLUEPRINT GREEN EC PEARCE DW, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PERRINGS C, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P95 PERRINGS C, 1989, J DEV ECON, V30, P1 PERRINGS C, 1991, MAN ENV DEV GLOBAL A, P210 RANDERS J, 1973, STEADY STATE EC RAO JM, 1989, AGR EC, V3, P1 RAUSCHER M, 1991, EXTERNALITIES PRODUC REPETTO R, 1983, POPUL DEV REV, V9, P609 SMITH VK, 1991, MEASURING DEMAND ENV, P41 SOLBRIG OT, 1991, ENVIRONMENT, V33, P16 SWANSON T, AMBIO, P250 VANVORIS P, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P1352 WALKER BH, 1992, IN PRESS CONSERVATIO WEITZMAN ML, 1991, DIVERSITY WELLS M, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P237 WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY NR 62 TC 29 J9 AMBIO BP 201 EP 211 PY 1992 PD MAY VL 21 IS 3 GA HY689 UT ISI:A1992HY68900003 ER PT J AU Zambrano, L Perrow, MR Sayer, CD Tomlinson, ML Davidson, TA TI Relationships between fish feeding guild and trophic structure in English lowland shallow lakes subject to anthropogenic influence: implications for lake restoration SO AQUATIC ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNAM, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. ECON Ecol Consultancy, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. Univ Coll London, Dept Geog, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. RP Zambrano, L, UNAM, Inst Biol, Apdo Post 70-175, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. AB The shallow lakes of Eastern England have been subject to intense anthropogenic pressures including nutrient enrichment and fish stocking. We sought to determine the relationships between fish community structure and other ecosystem characteristics in 28 of these lakes through classification of fish species into piscivorous, zooplanktivorous and benthivorous feeding guilds according to the literature. Canonical correspondence analysis produced clear associations between fish and ecosystem characteristics that generally agreed with other theoretical (e.g. the alternative stable states hypothesis) and empirical studies, but with some important differences. There was a striking lack of relationships between nutrients and other variables, indicating the importance of top-down rather than bottom-up processes as a structuring force in the generally eutrophic study lakes. The presence of submerged (and shoreline) vegetation was associated with a diverse assemblage of apparently co-existing piscivorous (principally pike Esox lucius) and zooplanktivorous species. Perch Perca fluviatilis, a significant predator in other studies, was unimportant and argued to be limited by water quality in the extremely shallow lakes. In contrast, the benthivorous fish guild (principally carp Cyprinus carpio, bream Abramis brama and tench Tinca tinca) essentially represented the inverse of the potential pelagic associations between piscivores/zooplanktivores and vegetation. The introduction of large benthivores to many study lakes could have precipitated a loss of submerged vegetation through direct uprooting during foraging, with the effect of simplifying the fish community being most acute where littoral vegetation was limited by other anthropogenic factors. It is implied that attempts to promote or restore submerged vegetation in these lakes would best target benthivorous species. 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Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Choi, JS, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Ocean Sci Div, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. AB This review examines a large marine continental shelf ecosystem (the Eastern Scotian Shelf of Canada (ESS)), that has undergone dramatic hysteresis-like changes in the recent past, using a pragmatic approach that combines empirical, reductionist and holistic methods based on the integrated analysis of 55 primary and secondary biotic, abiotic, and human variables over a 43-year period. The integrated analysis reveals that the ESS ecosystem has changed states, i.e., a,regime shift' from a community dominated by large-bodied demersal fish to one dominated by small dernersal and pelagic fish species and benthic macroinvertebrates. A dynamic interplay between ocean physics, biology and exploitation presents a more realistic casual scenario than any single component hypothesis such as fishing pressure alone. The forces contributing to the stability of the alternate state include both top-down processes involving strong trophic interactions initiated at the apex predator level and bottom-up processes involving energy flow and nutrient cycling that have fundamentally altered the matter and energy flow patterns in the ESS ecosystem. It is suggested that the ESS has been literally 'devolving' when viewed from the perspective of the theory of ecological succession. Further, higher-order variables are identified as early warning indicators, sensitive to the underlying structural and functional changes that occurred on the ESS ecosystem. They have been determined for an adjacent system where systemic changes have not yet been observed and predict a potential collapse within a decade. Integrated assessment of ecosystems is a great challenge and their management requires comprehension of ecological systems. Description alone is not sufficient to allow comprehension, especially if 'information overload' (the disconnect between system description and system comprehension) is to be avoided and meaningful insights and strategies are to emerge. Reductionistic analysis involves the dissection and identification of key processes or feedback mechanisms likely to be operative in an ecological system. However, value cannot be ascertained from variations in processes, as a directionality of time does not exist in such a perspective. In fact, the approach has accelerated the information overload experienced by all stakeholders. Holistic approaches are being increasingly used to aid in the valuation of ecological systems as the directionality of time is made explicit in this perspective. It is suggested that integrated assessment requires not only the integration of descriptive information, but also the integration of our perception of ecological systems as being both a whole and a part. 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After hurricane Hugo struck Guadeloupe in 1989, we started a comparative study on the resistance and the resilience of the rain forest, the semi-deciduous forest and the mangrove forest. It appeared that the resistance of these forests was positively linked to their diversity, which was assessed both through flora richness and structure complexity (resulting from the variety of life forms). Examples of species specific resistance or vulnerability occur in the three forests; however, the higher the ecosystem's diversity, the fewer and the weaker they are. Abundant species tend to be less vulnerable than others - at least in the rain forest and in the semi-deciduous forest. Forest recovery operates mainly through pre-existing individuals (surviving trees, coppicing stumps, saplings or seedlings). Pioneer species may slightly and temporarily benefit from large openings, especially in the rain forest. Strong recurrence of hurricanes may lead to the extinction of some rare, vulnerable, short-range disseminating, non pioneer species. (C) Elsevier, Paris. CR ALEXANDRE DY, 1989, THESIS PARIS BALL MC, 1980, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V44, P226 BASNET K, 1992, J TROP ECOL, V8, P47 BELLINGHAM PJ, 1994, J ECOL, V82, P747 BENITOESPINAL FP, 1991, OURAGAN HUGO GENESE BOUCHER DH, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P163 BRAKE RW, 1941, THESIS HARVARD U CONNELL JH, 1978, SCIENCE, V199, P1302 DENSLOW JS, 1980, BIOTROPICA S, V12, P47 DENSLOW JS, 1987, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V18, P431 DOYLE W, 1981, FOREST SUCCESSION CO, P56 EGLER FE, 1954, VEGETATIO, V4, P412 FOSTER DR, 1988, J ECOL, V76, P105 FOSTER DR, 1988, J ECOL, V76, P135 HOWARD RAA, 1977, FLORA LESSER ANTILLE, V3 HOWE HF, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P141 IMBERT D, 1989, B ECOL, V20, P27 IMBERT D, 1992, ACT C BOT SAINT PER, P52 IMBERT D, 1996, J TROP ECOL 5, V12, P663 JANS L, 1993, BIOTROPICA, V25, P258 LABBE P, 1993, REV FOR FR, V42, P27 LUGO AE, 1983, CAN J FOREST RES, V13, P201 MELONI S, 1991, DEGAT OCCASIONNES FO NOBLE IR, 1980, VEGETATIO, V43, P5 OBRIEN ST, 1992, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V22, P175 PREVOST MF, 1996, PHYTOGEOGRAPHIE TROP, P263 PUTZ FE, 1991, CAN J FOREST RES, V21, P1765 RICHARDS PW, 1952, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST RIERA R, 1983, THESIS U PAUL SABATI ROUSTEAU A, 1996, PHYTOGEOGRAPHIE TROP, P307 UHL C, 1987, SCIENCE, V119, P38 VANDERMEER J, 1995, J TROP ECOL, V11, P465 WALKER LR, 1995, J TROP ECOL, V11, P315 WESTMAN WE, 1978, BIOSCIENCE, V28, P705 WHIGHAM DF, 1991, BIOTROPICA, V23, P434 ZIMMERMAN JK, 1994, J ECOL, V82, P911 NR TC 8 BP 251 EP 262 PY 1998 PD MAY-JUN VL 19 IS 3 UT ISI:000075226700007 ER PT J AU PIERCE, JT TI PROGRESS AND THE BIOSPHERE - THE DIALECTICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SO CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER-GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN LA English DT Article RP PIERCE, JT, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT GEOG,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. AB Progress has become synonymous with economic growth and development. At the same time geographers and others have noted dramatic changes to the quantity and quality of the earth's resources, and evidence of increasing inequality in human welfare globally. New prescriptions for economic development have become commonplace. This paper explores the necessity for change in the relations between economic and environmental systems. Some of the major environmental deficiencies in the operation of our economic systems are analyzed to provide the basis for a fuller understanding of the logistics of growth and development. The genesis and evolution of the concept of sustainable development are then discussed. The core of the paper considers the dialectical relations between forms of economic development and changes to natural capital. An attempt is made to reconcile some of the more pronounced differences in the interpretations of and prescriptions for sustainable development. It is argued that the context of development, defined in spatial and temporal terms, ultimately influences the type and range of growth options available to societies. Improvements in general welfare can, however, be achieved through a convergence of new growth strategies for regions and countries across the development spectrum. It is through this new approach to growth that progress is redefined. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, Nat Resource Management Grp, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res CTM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR ARMITAGE DR, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P79 BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BECKER CD, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROWN K, 2003, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V12, P89 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 DAVIDSONHUNT I, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 DAVIS A, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P463 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DONOVAN D, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P3 DUTOIT JT, 2004, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V19, P12 FABRICIUS C, 2004, RIGHTS RESOURCES RUR GADGIL M, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1307 GADGIL M, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P189 GARIBALDI A, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P1 GHIMIRE S, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P6 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 JOHANNES RE, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P243 KELLERT SR, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P705 KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH IS FASTER NOW LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LONG J, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 LUDWIG D, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P481 MACKINSON S, 1998, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V8, P481 MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MILESTAD R, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 MOLLER H, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 PETERSON GD, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P1403 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 ROTH R, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 TENGO M, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P4 WATSON A, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 NR 36 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 7 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 3 GA 912OB UT ISI:000228087500001 ER PT J AU Sinclair, ARE TI Mammal population regulation, keystone processes and ecosystem dynamics SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Review C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Sinclair, ARE, Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB The theory of regulation in animal populations is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of populations, the causes of mortality and how natural selection shapes the life history of species. In mammals, the great range in body size allows us to see how allometric relationships affect the mode of regulation. Resource limitation is the fundamental cause of regulation. Top-down limitation through predators is determined by four factors: (i) body size; (ii) the diversity of predators and prey in the system; (iii) whether prey are resident or migratory; and (iv) the presence of alternative prey for predators. Body size in mammals has two important consequences. First, mammals, particularly large species, can act as keystones that determine the diversity of an ecosystem. I show how keystone processes can, in principle, be measured using the example of the wildebeest in the Serengeti ecosystem. Second, mammals act as ecological landscapers by altering vegetation succession. Mammals alter physical structure, ecological function and species diversity in most terrestrial biomes. In general, there is a close interaction between allometry, population regulation, life history and ecosystem dynamics. These relationships are relevant to applied aspects of conservation and pest management. 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ISI:000186255500008 ER PT J AU Martin-Smith, KM Laird, LM Bullough, L Lewis, MG TI Mechanisms of maintenance of tropical freshwater fish communities in the face of disturbance SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland. RP Martin-Smith, KM, Univ Glasgow, Div Evolut & Environm Biol, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Graham Kerr Bldg, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. AB Community resistance to, and resilience from, perturbation will determine the trajectory of recovery from disturbance. Although selective timber extraction is considered a severe disturbance, fish communities from headwater streams around Danum Valley Field Centre, Sabah, Malaysia, showed few long-term changes in species composition or abundance. However, some species showed short-term (< 18 months) absence or decrease in abundance. These observations suggested that both resistance and resilience were important in maintaining long-term fish community structure. Resistance to perturbation was tested by monitoring fish communities before and after the creation of log-debris darns, while resilience was investigated by following the time-course of recolonization following complete removal of all fish. High community resistance was generally shown although the response was site-specific, dependent on the composition of the starting community, the size of the stream and physical habitat changes. High resilience was demonstrated in all recolonization experiments with strong correlations between pre- and post-defaunation communities, although there was a significant difference between pool and riffle habitats in the time-course of recovery. These differences can be explained by the movement characteristics of the species found in the different habitats. Resilience appeared to be a more predictable characteristic of the community than resistance and the implications of this for ensuring the long-term persistence of fish in the area are discussed. CR ANGERMEIER PL, 1984, T AM FISH SOC, V113, P716 BENDER EA, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1 BLACKIE JR, 1980, FRESHW BIOL ASS OCC, V10, P1 BULLOUGH L, 1996, THESIS U ABERDEEN CAMPBELL IC, 1989, AUST J MAR FRESH RES, V40, P519 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 DEANGELIS DL, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P778 DETENBECK NE, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P33 GOFORTH RR, 1998, ECOL FRESHW FISH, V7, P49 GREER T, 1995, SINGAPORE J TROP GEO, V16, P1 HILL J, 1987, COPEIA, P376 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 INGER RF, 1990, FIELDIANA ZOOL, V45, P1 IVES AR, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P217 LEWIS MG, 1997, THESIS U ABERDEEN SC LONZARICH DG, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P2141 MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MARTIN RR, 1981, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V53, P155 MARTINSMITH KM, 1996, J FISH BIOL, V49, P731 MARTINSMITH KM, 1998, J FISH BIOL, V52, P458 MARTINSMITH KM, 1999, P 5 IND FISH C 3 8 N, P45 MARTY M, 1998, REV RHUM, V65, P363 MCMAHON TE, 1989, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V46, P1551 MEFFE GK, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P657 MITTELBACH GG, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2347 NEUBERT MG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P653 PEARSONS TN, 1992, T AM FISH SOC, V121, P427 PETERSON JT, 1993, T AM FISH SOC, V122, P199 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RAHIM NA, 1992, J TROP FOR SCI, V5, P130 SCHOENER TW, 1987, COMMUNITY EVOLUTIONA, P203 SHELDON AL, 1995, COPEIA 1221, P828 SOUSA WP, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P1225 WOLDA H, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V50, P296 YAP SY, 1980, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V68, P35 NR 35 TC 1 J9 PHIL TRANS ROY SOC LONDON B BP 1803 EP 1810 PY 1999 PD NOV 29 VL 354 IS 1391 GA 263DY UT ISI:000084108800008 ER PT J AU REID, RS ELLIS, JE TI IMPACTS OF PASTORALISTS ON WOODLANDS IN SOUTH TURKANA, KENYA - LIVESTOCK-MEDIATED TREE RECRUITMENT SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP REID, RS, COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. AB Since the turn of the century, African pastoralists have been held responsible for overuse of woody plants and for the degradation and desertification of many arid and semiarid lands. We analyzed the impacts of pastoral nomads and their livestock on the recruitment (establishment to first reproduction) of Acacia tortilis, a dominant tree in the dry woodlands of South Turkana, Kenya, where Acacia seedpods make up an important part of livestock diets. Seed density averaged over 85 times higher in bush-fenced livestock corrals than in the surrounding environment. The survival and growth of 14 cohorts of trees ranging in age from 1 to 39 yr were investigated comparing tree stands originating inside livestock corrals with those originating outside. Corral soils contained nine times more C, three times more N, and six times more P than adjacent noncorral soils immediately following corral abandonment. Corral soils also retained more moisture than noncorral soils after rainfall. These soil conditions accelerated seedling emergence in corrals, and enhanced survival and growth of Ist-yr seedlings. Survival of older trees in corral stands was not significantly different from those established outside corrals during this study. However, comparison of tree densities over time suggests that corral stands thin more rapidly than noncorral stands, probably because of crowding. The early survival and growth advantages of the corral environment appear to stabilize the reproductive patterns of A. tortilis in this arid ecosystem, where successful recruitment in noncorral sites may be restricted to the few years with high rainfall. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, pastoralists may be improving rangelands in South Turkana by enhancing recruitment reliability in this important tree species. CR 1991, STATUS DESERTIFICATI AHMED AE, 1986, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V16, P209 ANGEVINE MW, 1979, TOPICS PLANT POPULAT, P188 ARCHER S, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P545 AUGSPURGER CK, 1979, OECOLOGIA, V44, P53 BEHNKE RH, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P1 BELSKY AJ, 1989, J APPL ECOL, V26, P1005 BERNHARDREVERSA.F, 1982, OIKOS, V38, P321 BINNS T, 1990, GEOGRAPHY, V75, P75 BLACKMORE AC, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P463 BREMAN H, 1983, SCIENCE, V221, P1341 CHARNEY J, 1975, SCIENCE, V187, P434 CHERUIYOT SK, 1986, 1986 P C AGR RES CTR, P201 COPPINGER K, 1987, THESIS COLORADO STAT COPPOCK DL, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P573 COPPOCK DL, 1987, E AFR AGR FORESTRY J, V52, P196 COUGHENOUR MB, 1985, SCIENCE, V230, P619 COUGHENOUR MB, 1990, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V117, P8 COUGHENOUR MB, 1990, J ARID ENVIRON, V18, P301 COUGHENOUR MB, 1990, J ARID ENVIRON, V19, P147 COUGHENOUR MB, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P383 DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DODD JL, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P28 ELLIS JE, 1984, WOOD ENERGY HOUSEHOL, V6, P164 ELLIS JE, 1987, PASTORALISM DROUGHT ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P450 ELLIS JE, 1991, NEW CONCEPTS INT RAN, P1 ELLIS JE, 1994, REINVENTING AGR RURA, P174 EVENARI M, 1971, NEGEV CHALLENGE DESE FORSE B, 1989, NEW SCI, V4, P31 FOWLER NL, 1986, AM MIDL NAT, V115, P131 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 GALVIN K, 1985, THESIS STATE U NEW Y GRICE AC, 1987, AUST J ECOL, V12, P209 HALEVY G, 1974, ISRAEL J BOT, V23, P120 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HARPER JL, 1977, POPULATION BIOL PLAN HELLDEN U, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P372 HURLBERT SH, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P187 JARMAN PJ, 1976, E AFR WILDL J, V14, P223 KADMON R, 1990, OECOLOGIA, V83, P139 LAMPREY HF, 1963, E AFR WILDL J, V1, P63 LAMPREY HF, 1974, E AFR WILDL J, V12, P81 LAMPREY HF, 1983, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD, V13, P643 LEHOUEROU HN, 1980, BROWSE AFRICA CURREN, P329 LEHOUEROU HN, 1989, ECOLOGICAL STUDIES, V75 LESLIE PW, 1989, AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL, V79, P103 LITTLE MA, 1984, TURKANA NOMADISM COP, P298 MARANGA EK, 1986, 1986 P C AGR RES CTR, P243 MCCABE JT, 1985, THESIS STATE U NEW Y PATTEN RP, 1991, THESIS COLORADO STAT PEET RK, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P586 PRATT DJ, 1977, RANGELAND MANAGEMENT REID RS, 1992, THESIS COLORADO STAT SANFORD S, 1983, MANAGEMENT PASTORAL SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SCHOLES RJ, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P415 SCOONES I, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P366 SINCLAIR ARE, 1985, CAN J ZOOL, V63, P987 SKALSKI JR, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P749 SMITH TM, 1988, S AFR J BOT, V54, P375 SOKAL RR, 1981, BIOMETRY SORIANO A, 1986, ISRAEL J BOT, V35, P91 STEBBING EP, 1935, GEOGR J, V86, P506 STEPPLER HA, 1987, AGROFORESTRY DECADE TOLSMA DJ, 1987, J ECOL, V75, P755 TUCKER CJ, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P299 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P556 WALTER H, 1979, VEGETATION EARTH ECO WEINER J, 1986, OIKOS, V47, P211 WELTZIN JF, 1990, J VEG SCI, V1, P325 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WYANT JG, 1990, VEGETATIO, V89, P23 WYANT JG, 1992, AFR J ECOL, V30, P176 NR 75 TC 31 J9 ECOL APPL BP 978 EP 992 PY 1995 PD NOV VL 5 IS 4 GA TF375 UT ISI:A1995TF37500014 ER PT J AU SANDERSON, S TI NORTH-SOUTH POLARITY IN INTER-AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS SO JOURNAL OF INTERAMERICAN STUDIES AND WORLD AFFAIRS LA English DT Article RP SANDERSON, S, UNIV FLORIDA,CTR LATIN AMER STUDIES,TROP CONSERVAT & DEV PROGRAM,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1993, SUST AGR ENV HUM TRO *NAT RES COUNC, 1994, SCI PRIOR HUM DIM GL *UN FOA, 1993, FOR RES ASS 1990 TRO *UN, 1990, NUESTR PROP AG DES M *US BUR NAT AFF, 1994, US BIOT IND LENDS SU *WORLD RES I, 1994, WORLD RES 1994 1995 AWORI H, 1994, SCI NGOS FRUSTRATE W CLINE W, 1992, EC GLOBAL WARMING CYCON D, 1991, NEW ENG L REV, V25, P761 ESTY D, 1994, GREENING GATT TRADE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1994, COMP ECOLOGICAL SOCI HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MCNEELY J, 1990, CONSERVING WORLDS BI ROTHSTEIN R, 1977, WEAK WORLD STRONG SAID E, 1993, CULTURE IMPERIALISM SANDERSON S, 1992, POLITICS TRADE LATIN SANDERSON S, 1993, NAMING CLAIMING DIST TENNANT C, 1994, HUM RIGHTS QUART, V16, P1 TUCKER R, 1977, INEQUALITY NATIONS WHITE R, 1993, N S ENV CRISIS NR 21 TC 0 J9 J INTERAMER STUD WORLD AFF BP 25 EP 46 PY 1994 PD FAL VL 36 IS 3 GA PT777 UT ISI:A1994PT77700003 ER PT J AU Dayton, PK Sala, E Tegner, MJ Thrush, S TI Marine reserves: Parks, baselines, and fishery enhancement SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmosphere, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Dayton, PK, Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. AB Coastal zones are usually managed with two main objectives: (1) conservation/maintenance of biodiversity and. intrinsic ecosystem services and (2) maintenance of sustainable fisheries. The management needs that can be met with marine protected areas fall into corresponding categories. First, fully protected (that is, no-take) reserves-parks-offer benchmarks and protect ecosystem integrity while encouraging research, education, and aesthetic appreciation of nature. Second, by allowing focused local control of human impacts, marine protected areas can be used to focus more intense local management designed to increase yield and allow research to help define sustainability and protect against uncertainty by using carefully managed fisheries as a research tool. We have been gambling with the future by establishing a poor balance between short-term profit and long-term risks. The absence of meaningful, fully protected reserves has produced a situation in which there are virtually no areas north of the Antarctic in the world's oceans that have exploitable resources where scientists can study natural marine systems. In most areas the higher-order predators and many other important species have been virtually eliminated; many benthic habitats have been much changed by fishing activities. Without solid data documenting changes through time, the relative merits of various causes and effects that operate in complex ecological systems can always be argued. Without natural systems important questions cannot be studied-for example, how the ecosystem roles of various species can be assessed, how they can be managed in a sustainable manner, and how we can evaluate resilience or relative rates of recovery. Networks of fully-protected reserves could facilitate research into such questions, contribute to the recovery of many coastal systems, and enable society to enrich its existence by observing species that should be part of its heritage (Murray ct al., 1999). The use of marine protected areas as fishing refugia has met strong resistance by fishers and many managers, and it is misunderstood by many conservation biologists because different proponents have different, usually simplistic, visions. It is important to spell out the objectives of each proposed example. Our essential habitat perspective emphasizes that each situation depends on specific life-history parameters and emphasizes critical thresholds in population dynamics, including density and behavior for fertilization, transport processes, settlement, survivorship, and growth to maturity. These are extremely difficult problems, and we cannot expect simplistic solutions to be effective. The only basis for optimism is that most of the seriously affected species are not yet extinct, and we still have a little time to establish permanent fully protected reserves to allow mankind to appreciate its rich but much depleted biological heritage. At least in some systems recovery can be measured over short time scales (<10 yrs), whereas others are much slower. Society as a whole is the ultimate stakeholder, not only the commercial and sports fishing industries that so dominate the public arena. Society will have to play a more active role if these species and habitats are to be saved. 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AB Undesirable changes in rangelands have mostly been brought about by applying the wrong ecological model(s) of rangeland dynamics. Early, oversimplistic models are giving way to a more realistic interpretation involving spatial variation and dynamics, event-driven changes, lag effects and thresholds, and changes and variation in production. The state-and-transition approach allows for inclusion of such factors. The differences between the old and developing models have significant policy and management implications. CR AUSTIN MP, 1988, VEGETATIO, V77, P43 BARNES DL, 1979, MANAGEMENT SEMIARID, P9 BEHNKE RH, 1991, UNPUB RETHINKING RAN CAUGHLEY G, 1979, N AM ELK ECOLOGY BEH, P2 CAUGHLEY G, 1987, KANGAROOS THEIR ECOL, P159 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, CARNEGIE I WASHINGTO, V242, P1 DYE P, 1982, J AGR RES, V20, P101 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FROST P, 1986, BIOL INT SPECIAL ISU HODGKINSON K, 1984, 2ND INT RANG C AD, P437 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KNOOP WT, 1985, J ECOL, V73, P235 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LUDWIG JA, 1990, J BIOGEOGR, V17, P547 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1985, ECOL MONOGR, V55, P259 NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 NOYMEIR I, 1979, MANAGEMENT SEMIARID, P113 NOYMEIR I, 1985, ECOSYSTEMS WORLD A, V12 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 PICKUP G, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P114 PICKUP G, 1991, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V10, P463 PICKUP G, 1993, IN PRESS INT J REMOT PRESSLAND AJ, 1973, AUST J BOT, V21, P235 RUTHERFORD MC, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P120 SCHOLES RJ, 1993, IN PRESS AFRICAN SAV SMITH DMS, 1990, P ECOL SOC AUST, V16, P195 SMITH DMS, 1993, IN PRESS RETHINKING TONGWAY DJ, 1989, AUST J ECOL, V14, P263 TONGWAY DJ, 1989, AUSTR J ECOL, V15, P23 TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V12, P54 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P577 WALKER BH, 1986, S AFR J SCI, V82, P172 WALKER BH, 1987, DETERMINANTS TROPICA WALKER BH, 1988, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V10, P69 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 36 TC 56 J9 AMBIO BP 80 EP 87 PY 1993 PD MAY VL 22 IS 2-3 GA LF517 UT ISI:A1993LF51700006 ER PT J AU De Groot, R Van der Perk, J Chiesura, A van Vliet, A TI Importance and threat as determining factors for criticality of natural capital SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. Int Ctr Environm Assessment, Wageningen, Netherlands. Maastricht Univ, Int Inst Inegrat Studies, Maastricht, Netherlands. RP De Groot, R, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB An important issue in the debate about the use and conservation of natural ecosystems is the degree to which these ecosystems and their functions should be considered 'critical'. This paper presents some guidelines to determine the criticality of natural capital, based on two main criteria. The first criterion is the 'importance' of natural ecosystems (ecological, socio-cultural and economic) and the second is the degree of 'threat' based on the quantity and quality of the (remaining) natural areas in a given region. It is argued that the two criteria are complementary and need to be taken into account simultaneously when determining the criticality of natural capital. Finally, the paper presents and discusses some possibilities for the development of a (critical) natural capital index for Europe. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *EEA, 1999, ENV EUR UN TURN CENT *ENGL NAT, 1994, SUST PRACT ISS 1 PLA *IUCN UNEP WWF, 1991, CAR EARTH STRAT SUST *RIVM LEI, 2000, NAT 2000 *RIVM UNEP, 1997, FUT GLOB ENV MOD BAS *RIVM, 1999, NAT 1999 *UNEP, 1997, GLOB ENV OUTL *WHO, 1992, OUR PLAN OUR HLTH RE *WRI, 2000, NAT INT PROT NAT AR BERKES F, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P128 BERRENS RP, 1999, ECOL ECON, V30, P461 BINGHAM G, 1995, ECOL ECON, V14, P73 BIRKELAND C, 1997, LIFE DEATH CORAL REE, P536 CALDECOTT J, 1988, HUNTING WILDLIFE MAN CHIESURA A, 1998, THESIS WAGENINGEN U COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL, V6 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DALY HE, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P22 DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EVA DEGROOT RS, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P151 DEGROOT RS, 2000, NATO SCI SERIES, V1, P191 DOBSON A, 1998, JUSTICE ENV CONCEPTI EKINS P, 1992, REAL LIFE EC UNDERST, P147 EKINS P, 2001, EC GROWTH VALUATION, P90 ELSERAFY PR, 1996, J ENV VALUES, V5 FARMER MC, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P287 FAUCHEUX S, 1998, VALUATION SUSTAINABL FOLKE C, 1991, LINKING NATURAL ENV GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 HINTERBERGER F, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P1 MACDONALD DV, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P73 MEHRA M, 1997, EUROPEAN ENV AGENCY, V5, P155 MOBERG F, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P215 MUNASINGHE M, 1992, 51 WORLD BANK NOEL JF, 1998, VALUATION SUSTAINABL, P326 NOORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO NORTON BG, 1987, WHY PRESERVE NATURAL NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 ODUM EP, 1989, ECOLOGY OUR ENDANGER PEARCE DW, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PEARCE DW, 1993, EC VALUES NATURAL WO PETERS CM, 1989, NATURE, V339, P655 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P397 RENNINGS K, 1997, MONETARY VALUATION S SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 TENBRINK BJE, 1998, LEEFORMGEVINGSBALANS TENBRINK BJE, 2000, BIODIVERSITY INDICAT TURNER RK, 1993, SUSTAINABLE ENV EC M USHER MB, 1986, WILDLIFE CONSERVATIO VANDERPERK J, 1998, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK VANDIEREN W, 1995, TAKING NATURE ACCOUN VANSTRIEN W, 1998, 9850201H1298 VROM NR 53 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 187 EP 204 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 44 IS 2-3 GA 659MU UT ISI:000181781200003 ER PT J AU McClaran, MP TI Viewpoint: Selecting the 5 most important papers in the first 50 years of the Journal of Range Management SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP McClaran, MP, Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB A graduate seminar to select the 5 most important papers published in the first 50 years of the Journal of Range Management (JRM), 1948-1997, cultivated an appreciation for the development of the discipline of rangeland science and management, and provided some historical perspective to judge the JRM. A review of textbooks, and papers describing early milestones and the use of citation counting were helpful in developing criteria to discriminate the importance of papers. The greatest disagreement among the 9 participants focused on the use of citation counts as a criterion: 2 students used only counts and 3 students refused to use counts. Eighteen papers received at least 1 vote as a top 5 paper, and 2 plant succession-vegetation monitoring papers were clearly the most popular. The exercise revealed that discontent with the JRM is not new. Although the JRM now covers a wider variety of topics, including both reductionist and synthetic works, some students felt that it was less encompassing of multiple values of rangelands and the breadth of rangeland science than recent texts. The students found that the selection of important papers expanded their understanding of the discipline and their resolve to publish in the JRM. Ideally, others will be challenged to perform this review for the benefit of students, the discipline, and the JRM. CR *I SCI INF, 1955, SCI CIT IND *NAT RES CONS SERV, 1997, NAT RANG PAST HDB BAILEY DW, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P386 BEMENT RE, 1969, J RANGE MANAGE, V22, P83 BRUNSON MW, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P69 CAMPBELL RS, 1948, J RANGE MANAGE, V1, P4 CHAPLINE WR, 1944, AGR HIST, V18, P127 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, PLANT SUCCESSION ANA COLLINS AR, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P183 COOK CW, 1954, J RANGE MANAGE, V7, P10 COOK CW, 1966, J RANGE MANAGE, V19, P200 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FUHLNDORF SD, 1999, RANGELANDS, V21, P20 GIUNTA BC, 1975, J RANGE MANAGE, V28, P398 HANLEY TA, 1982, J RANGE MANAGE, V35, P146 HART RH, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P378 HEADY HF, 1959, J RANGE MANAGE, V12, P28 HEADY HF, 1975, RANGELAND MANAGEMENT HEADY HF, 1994, RANGELAND ECOLOGY MA HOLECHEK JL, 1989, RANGE MANAGEMENT PRI HOLECHEK JL, 1995, RANGE MANAGEMENT PRI HOLECHEK JL, 1998, RANGE MANAGEMENT PRI HULL AC, 1951, J RANGE MANAGE, V4, P158 HUNTSINGER L, 1990, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P147 HUNTSINGER L, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P167 JOHNSON WM, 1969, J RANGE MANAGE, V22, P177 JOYCE LA, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P132 LOCKWOOD JA, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P282 LOOMIS J, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P134 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MITCHELL JE, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P81 MOOTE MA, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P473 MUEGGLER WF, 1965, J RANGE MANAGE, V18, P255 PROVENZA FD, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P36 RAYMOND L, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P431 REARDON PO, 1976, J RANGE MANAGE, V29, P195 ROACH ME, 1950, J RANGE MANAGE, V3, P182 ROWAN RC, 1994, J RANGE MANAGE, V47, P344 SAMPSON AW, 1919, USDA B, V791 SAMPSON AW, 1923, RANGE PASTURE MANAGE SAMPSON AW, 1952, RANGE MANAGEMENT PRA SCHULTZ AM, 1958, J RANGE MANAGE, V11, P107 SCHULTZ BW, 1998, RANGELANDS, V20, P30 SCIFRES CJ, 1987, J RANGE MANAGE, V40, P482 SMITH AD, 1952, J RANGE MANAGE, V5, P304 SMITH EL, 1995, J RANGE MANAGE, V48, P271 STARRS P, 1998, LET COWBODY RIDE CAT STODDARD LA, 1943, RANGE MANAGEMENT STODDART LA, 1955, RANGE MANAGEMENT STODDART LA, 1975, RANGE MANAGEMENT VANDYNE GM, 1966, J RANGE MANAGE, V19, P356 WEST NE, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P2 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILSON AD, 1982, J RANGE MANAGE, V35, P684 NR 55 TC 1 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 250 EP 254 PY 2000 PD MAY VL 53 IS 3 GA 337DA UT ISI:000088341100001 ER PT J AU BRINCK, P NILSSON, LM SVEDIN, U TI ECOSYSTEM REDEVELOPMENT SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT PHYS,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. SWEDISH COUNCIL PLANNING & COORDINAT,COMM NAT RESOURCES,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RP BRINCK, P, UNIV LUND,DEPT ANIM ECOL,ECOL BLDG,S-22362 LUND,SWEDEN. CR CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS FLEISCHER S, 1987, AMBIO, V16, P246 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 LOVELOCK JE, 1974, TELLUS, V26, P1 MARGALEF R, 1975, STRUCTURE FUNCTIONIN, P237 ODUM EP, 1979, BIOSCIENCE, V29, P341 OLWIG K, 1984, LONDON RES SERIES GE, V5 RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 RICHARDS JF, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P53 SOMLYODY L, 1986, MODELLING MANAGING S SOMLYODY L, 1987, 1987 INT C EC RED BU TOFFLER A, 1970, FUTURE SHOCK NR 12 TC 11 J9 AMBIO BP 84 EP 89 PY 1988 VL 17 IS 2 GA N2866 UT ISI:A1988N286600002 ER PT J AU Ruttan, LM Mulder, MB TI Are east African pastoralists truly conservationists? SO CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Ruttan, LM, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Controversy exists among anthropologists, conservation biologists, and development workers as to whether the concept of the "ecologically noble savage" is a myth. Central to this debate are the problem of how to identify conservationist behavior and the issue of whether sound management of common property is Likely to evolve. While social scientists have documented instances of restraint in the use of resources, those who adopt an evolutionary perspective are challenged to identify the selective mechanisms whereby such altruistic conservation acts might be maintained in a population. Here a game-theoretical approach is used to analyze the case of pastoralist grazing reserves. We demonstrate that under some conditions conservation can be the result of narrow self-interest and there is no collective-action problem. 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1991, NEOTROPICAL WILDLIFE, P55 VICKERS WT, 1994, HUM NATURE, V5, P307 VOETEN MM, IN PRESS OECOLOGIA WALLER R, 1976, J AFR HIST, V27, P529 WALLER R, 1997, W MED CONTESTED KNOW, P69 WARREN DM, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P158 WESTERN D, 1975, E AFR WILDL J, V13, P265 WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS, P15 WILLIAMS GC, 1966, ADAPTATION NATURAL S WINTERHALDER B, 1981, HUNTER GATHERER FORA, P66 WINTERHALDER B, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1354 WINTERHALDER BP, 1977, THESIS CORNELL U ITH ZANN LP, 1989, TRADITIONAL MARINE R, P77 NR 188 TC 22 J9 CURR ANTHROPOL BP 621 EP 652 PY 1999 PD DEC VL 40 IS 5 GA 257QZ UT ISI:000083794300003 ER PT C AU HOLLING, CS TI The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: local surprise and global change SO SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS LA English DT Book Chapter RP University of Florida, Department of Zoology, Gainsville AB Adequate explanations of long-term global changes in the biosphere often require an understanding of how ecological systems function and of how they respond to human activities at local levels. Outlined in this chapter is one possible approach to the essential task of linkied physical, biological, and social phenomena acreoss a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. It focuses on the dynamics of ecological systems, including processes responsible for both increasing organization and for occasional disruption. Special attention is given to he prevalence of discontinuous change in ecological systems, and to its origins in specific nonlinear processes interacting on multiple time and space scales. This ecological scale of analysis is linked "upward" to the global scale of biogeochemical relationships and the "Gaia" hypothesis, and "downward" to the local scale of human activities and institutions. CR BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALTERS CJ, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P157 NR 8 TC 0 BP 1 EP 317 PY 1986 VL 1 ER PT J AU Handa, IT Harmsen, R Jefferies, RL TI Patterns of vegetation change and the recovery potential of degraded areas in a coastal marsh system of the Hudson Bay lowlands SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Jefferies, RL, Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. AB 1 In recent decades, foraging by increasing numbers of lesser snow geese has led to loss of vegetation and changes in soil conditions in marshes on the Hudson Bay coast. 2 Changes in species composition were recorded in areas unprotected from goose foraging and in exclosures of varying age (5-15 years) erected in intact swards and on bare sediments where foraging had occurred at La Perouse Bay, Manitoba. 3 In the supratidal marsh, plants failed to establish naturally in either open or exclosed (15 years) plots in bare areas. In moist intertidal soils, vegetative fragments of the asexual species Puccinellia phryganodes readily established and formed a mat in exclosures (5 years). 4 Changes in species assemblages occurred over 11 years in exclosed and adjacent open plots in intertidal and supratidal marshes. Loss of vegetation cover and species richness, particularly dicotyledonous species, and the reversion of later successional plant assemblages to earlier successional assemblages occurred in open plots. In the absence of foraging, late successional graminoids and willow species replaced early successional graminoids. 5 Late successional grasses of the upper intertidal marsh died when transplanted into degraded soils but still survived after one season in control plots, suggesting that an early successional template is needed for establishment. 6 In the absence of goose foraging, natural re-vegetation by clonal propagation can occur only where edaphic conditions are suitable. Within exclosures, vegetation changes resemble those in undamaged areas where goose foraging pressure is still moderate. We propose a state and transition model for vegetation change in the system based on succession patterns, alternative vegetation states and geomorphological events. 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US Forest Serv, Baltimore Ecosyst Study, USDA, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RP Redman, CL, Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Centr Arizona Phoenix CAP LTER, Box 873211, Tempe, AZ 85282 USA. AB The integration of the social sciences into long-term ecological research is an urgent priority. To address this need, a group of social, earth, and life scientists associated with the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network have articulated a conceptual framework for understanding the human dimensions of ecological change for the LTER Network. This framework explicitly advocates that what is often divided into "natural" and human systems be considered a single, complex social-ecological system (SES). In this paper, we propose a list of core social science research areas, concepts, and questions; identify the need for multiscale investigatory frameworks crucial for implementing integrated research; and suggest practical approaches for integration. In sum, this paper is a general outline for empirical and cross-site research projects where investigators agree that bringing together social, biological, and earth scientists can lead to synthetic approaches and a unified understanding of the mechanisms regulating SES. Although the motivation for this goal is specific to the LTER Network and similar projects, we believe that the issues and ideas presented here are widely applicable to other interdisciplinary SES studies. CR *NRC, 1999, OUR COMM JOURN TRANS *NSF, 2002, LONG TERM EC RES 20 AGARWAL C, 2001, NE297 USDA FOR SERV ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY, P384 BAZZAZ F, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P879 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BURCH WR, 1984, MEASURING SOCIAL IMP, P216 CALLAHAN JT, 1984, BIOSCIENCE, V34, P363 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DASGUPTA P, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P339 DIAMOND JM, 1997, GUNS GERMS STEEL FAT, P480 DUNCAN OD, 1961, SOCIOL INQ, V31, P140 DUNCAN OD, 1964, HDB MODERN SOCIOLOGY, P37 FIELD DR, 1988, RURAL SOCIOLOGY ENV, P135 FIREY W, 1960, MAN MIND LAND THEORY, P256 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB FOSTER JB, 2001, MON REV, V53, P1 FRANKLIN J, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P7 GRIMM NB, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P571 GROVE JM, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P259 GROVE JM, 1999, INTEGRATING SOCIAL S, P219 GROVE JM, 2002, UNDERSTANDING URBAN, P67 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P395 JENERETTE GD, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V16, P611 KINZIG AP, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P709 KOTTAK CP, 1999, AM ANTHROPOL, V101, P23 LAMBIN EF, 2001, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V11, P261 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINIONS CO, P250 LIKENS GE, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P130 LOW B, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P227 MACHLIS GE, 1997, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V10, P347 MARSH GP, 1864, MAN NATURE MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P364 MICHENER WK, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P1018 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PICKETT STA, 1993, POPULATION LAND USE, P37 PICKETT STA, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P185 PICKETT STA, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P302 PICKETT STA, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P127 REDMAN CL, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P296 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT REDMAN CL, 2002, AGR LANDSCAPES TRANS RUSSELL EWB, 1993, PEOPLE LAND TIME LIN, P306 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 THOMAS WL, 1956, MANS ROLE CHANGING F, V1, P1193 TURNER BL, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU, P713 VANDERLEEUW S, 2002, AM ANTIQUITY, V67, P597 VANDERLEEUW SE, 1998, ARCHAEOMEDES PROJECT VAYDA AP, 1969, ENV CULTURAL BEHAV E, R11 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WATSON RA, 1969, MAN NATURE ANTHR ESS WILBANKS TJ, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V43, P601 WU JG, 1994, ECOL MONOGR, V64, P447 WU JG, 1995, Q REV BIOL, V70, P439 WU JG, 2002, ECOL MODEL, V153, P7 NR 59 TC 0 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 161 EP 171 PY 2004 PD MAR VL 7 IS 2 GA 808KC UT ISI:000220567000004 ER PT J AU Soderqvist, T TI Are farmers prosocial? Determinants of the willingness to participate in a Swedish catchment-based wetland creation programme SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Soderqvist, T, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Voluntary participation in programmes for environmental protection is an increasingly important tool for accomplishing environmental policy objectives. Based on data obtained from a questionnaire to a random sample of farmers, an empirical analysis is carried out of motives for their willingness (or reluctance) to participate in a catchment-based programme for wetland creation in an agricultural district in Southern Sweden. It is concluded that besides private profitability, various public and private environmental benefits are of importance for farmers' willingness to participate. Implications for communication and implementation strategies of programmes based on voluntary participation are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *SCB STAT CENTR, 1998, JORDBR ARSB 1998 *SOU, 1997, 1997155 SOU MIN ENV *SOU, 1997, 199799 SOU MIN ENV *SOU, 2002, NY SVENSK VATT BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CARRARO C, 1999, VOLUNTARY APPROACHES CORNES R, 1996, THEORY EXTERNALITIES DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC ECKERBERG K, 1997, POLITICS EC BALTIC S, P45 EKOLOGGRUPPEN T, 1997, KAVLINGEA PROJEKTET EKOLOGGRUPPEN T, 1998, KAVLINGEA PROJEKTET GREENE WH, 1993, ECONOMETRIC ANAL JANSSON M, 1994, AMBIO, V23, P320 LEWAN L, 2002, ECOL ECON, V42, P459 LINDAHL T, 2001, UNPUB REGIONAL ENV C MITSCH WJ, 2000, WETLANDS MUELLER DC, 1989, PUBLIC CHOICE, V2 OLSON M, 1965, LOGIC COLLECTIVE ACT OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1992, CRAFTING I SELF GOVE OSTROM E, 2000, J ECON PERSPECT, V14, P137 PETERSSON O, 1998, KOMMUNALPOLITIK TRED SEGERSON K, 1998, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V36, P109 SODERQVIST T, 1998, BEIJER DISCUSSION PA, V115 SODERQVIST T, 2002, ECOL ENG, V19, P161 WEAVER RD, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P231 WINTER S, 1994, IMPLEMENTERING EFFEK WOLF P, 1956, UTDIKAD CIVILISATION NR 29 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 105 EP 120 PY 2003 PD NOV VL 47 IS 1 GA 747BP UT ISI:000186785500009 ER PT J AU Sinclair, ARE TI Natural regulation of ecosystems in protected areas as ecological baselines SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Sinclair, ARE, Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Ecological baseline areas are necessary benchmarks to detect slow change and predict fast change in ecosystems that humans depend upon. National parks, by default, fulfill this role provided they are large enough to maintain natural processes. They should be used to understand natural regulatory ecosystem processes that are then compared with other human-dominated systems. Natural regulation operates through negative feedback mechanisms in reproduction or mortality caused by factors such as food shortage and predation. Protected areas are capable of self-regulation as evidenced by many studies of such ecosystems covering several decades. They exhibit natural change, often with periodicities of decades or centuries, and such change must be accommodated in management plans. Ecosystems exhibit >1 natural state, often as a result of top-down processes such as predation and herbivory. These multistates are identified by their irreversibility when the cause of perturbations is removed. They are characterized by >1 combination of population densities and species. Predators may or may not be present, and herbivores may or may not impinge on the vegetation. Therefore, there is no single combination of species or ecosystem states for which management should strive. Naturalness, per se, is not the objective. Rather, the fundamental need is to compare ecosystems experiencing modern human impact with those in protected areas that are relatively free of such impacts so as to understand their consequences for mankind. The presence or absence of prehistoric humans is not relevant to these objectives. Management, however, should act to minimize disturbances, such as the presence of exotic species, within these ecological baselines. Monitoring of ecosystem change should be coordinated on a global basis, using simple and robust techniques. 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Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Di Falco, S, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Kent Business Sch, Wye Campus, Ashford TN25 5AH, Kent, England. AB This paper presents an assessment of the linkages between crop genetic diversity, farm productivity and risk management. A flexible moment-based approach is used to analyse the impact of crop genetic diversity on the mean, variance and skewness of yield. Using farm-level data from Sicily (Italy), econometric evidence shows how crop genetic diversity can increase farm productivity and reduce risk exposure. The empirical results indicate that crop genetic diversity can reduce variance, but only if pesticide use is low. Furthermore, high diversity levels can reduce downside risk exposure (e.g. the risk of crop failure). This provides useful insights on the linkages between resilience and crop genetic diversity. 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STAT CANADA,OTTAWA K1A 0T6,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP HARRIS, HJ, UNIV WISCONSIN,INST LAND & WATER STUDIES,INTERDISCIPLINARY UNIT,GREEN BAY,WI 54301. 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Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Janssen, MA, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Formal models used to study the resilience of social-ecological systems have not explicitly included important structural characteristics of this type of system. In this paper, we propose a network perspective for social-ecological systems that enables us to better focus on the structure of interactions between identifiable components of the system. This network perspective might be useful for developing formal models and comparing case studies of social-ecological systems. Based on an analysis of the case studies in this special issue, we identify three types of social-ecological networks: ( 1) ecosystems that are connected by people through flows of information or materials, ( 2) ecosystem networks that are disconnected and fragmented by the actions of people, and ( 3) artificial ecological networks created by people, such as irrigation systems. Each of these three archytypal social-ecological networks faces different problems that influence its resilience as it responds to the addition or removal of connections that affect its coordination or the diffusion of system attributes such as information or disease. 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RP Davidson-Hunt, A, Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. AB This paper explores the linkages between social-ecological resilience and adaptive learning. We refer to adaptive learning as a method to capture the two-way relationship between people and their social-ecological environment. In this paper, we focus on traditional ecological knowledge. Research was undertaken with the Anishinaabe people of Iskatewizaagegan No. 39 Independent First Nation, in northwestern Ontario, Canada. The research was carried out over two field seasons, with verification workshops following each field season. The methodology was based on site visits and transects determined by the elders as appropriate to answer a specific question, find specific plants, or locate plant communities. During site visits and transect walks, research themes such as plant nomenclature, plant use, habitat descriptions, biogeophysical landscape vocabulary, and place names were discussed. Working with elders allowed us to record a rich set of vocabulary to describe the spatial characteristics of the biogeophysical landscape. However, elders also directed our attention to places they knew through personal experiences and journeys and remembered from stories and collective history. We documented elders' perceptions of the temporal dynamics of the landscape through discussion of disturbance events and cycles. Again, elders drew our attention to the ways in which time was marked by cultural references to seasons and moons. The social memory of landscape dynamics was documented as a combination of biogeophysical structures and processes, along with the stories by which Iskatewizaagegan people wrote their histories upon the land. Adaptive learning for social-ecological resilience, as suggested by this research, requires maintaining the web of relationships of people and places. Such relationships allow social memory to frame creativity, while allowing knowledge to evolve in the face of change. Social memory does not actually evolve directly out of ecosystem dynamics. Rather, social memory both frames creativity within, and emerges from, a dynamic social-ecological environment. 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AB This paper focuses on how community-based management is unfolding in coastal Cambodia through the facilitation of a donor-funded, Cambodian-led government research team. Coastal communities in Peam Krasaop Wildlife Sanctuary illustrate the strong potential for community-government partnerships. Several lessons are highlighted: community-based management requires support from the provincial and national level; facilitation between stakeholders is important; and experimentation is an essential component of management. Creative models of community-based management, emerging despite the absence of a legal framework, may be best described as systems of adaptive co-management combining the elements of trial and error, learning-by-doing, and the sharing of management responsibility. 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Univ Ca Foscari, Dipartimento Chim Fis, I-30122 Venice, Italy. ICRAM, Chioggia, VE, Italy. RP Pranovi, F, Univ Ca Foscari, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, 2737-B Castello, I-30122 Venice, Italy. AB Harvesting of the invasive Manila clam, Tapes philippinarum, is the main exploitative activity in the Venice lagoon, but the mechanical dredges used in this free-access regime produce a considerable disturbance of the lagoon ecosystem. An ecosystem approach to study the complex effects of clam harvesting was implemented using a trophic mass-balance model. The trophic relations in the ecosystem were quantified with a mixed trophic impact analysis and further evaluated by considering different explanations for the "Tapes paradox", which consists of the apparent population enhancement of Manila clams by dredging and the apparent nutritional advantages that this species receives from re-suspended organic matter. The key-role played by this introduced species is highlighted by a network analysis that indicates a "wasp-waist control" of the system by Manila clams. The model constructed to characterise the present state of the Venice lagoon ecosystem is compared with models produced for a reconstructed past lagoon and a projected future lagoon. The future model was obtained by simulating the elimination of clam dredging in 10 years. The three different models were compared using thermodynamic and informational indices. Simulating the elimination of clam dredging produced a 33% increase in artisanal fishery catches, carried out by means of static gears, even with no change in fishing effort. These simulations also forecast an increase in the mean trophic level of the artisanal fishery catches as a positive effect of eliminating mechanical clam harvesting. 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RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Most research in the area of common and common-pool resources in the past two or three decades sought the simplicity of community-based resource management cases to develop theory. This was done mainly because of the relative ease of observing processes of self-governance in simple cases, but it raises questions related to scale. To what extent can the findings of small-scale, community-based commons be scaled up to generalize about regional and global commons? Even though some of the principles from community-based studies are likely to be relevant across scale, new and different principles may also come into play at different levels. The study of cross-level institutions such as institutions of co-management, provides ways to approach scale-related questions and deal with linkages in complex adaptive systems. Looking beyond self-governance, community-based resource management needs to deal with multiple levels of governance and external drivers of change, as illustrated in this paper with examples of marine commons. 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Murdoch Univ, Div Sci & Engn, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Morrison-Saunders, A, Murdoch Univ, Div Sci & Engn, Murdoch, WA 6959, Australia. AB An important measure of the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the extent to which it achieves its goals for environmental protection and management. To determine th is requires an examination of environmental outcomes for projects that have undergone EIA. The utility of the predecision stages of EIA in influencing environmental decisions has been well documented by others. It is argued here that EIA can also play a useful role in providing for ongoing adaptive environmental management. The hypothesis of this research is that EIA does influence environmental management activities and outcomes for development projects and that this influence occurs during three stages based on the principal approval decision point-predecision, postdecision, and transitional stages. This hypothesis was tested with respect to six case studies in Western Australia (WA). The majority of management actions were proposed during the predecision stage along with the formulation of impact predictions, although significant environmental management activities were established during the other stages of the EIA process. New management actions were implemented during the postdecision stage in response to the occurrence of unexpected impacts. Adaptive management activities were initiated during the transitional stage of EIA through the setting of environmental objectives in the predecision stage that left scope for a flexible approach to be adopted for achieving these objectives. During project assessment in WA. strong emphasis is placed on the need for ongoing monitoring ana management programs. The implementation of these programs was found to be central to successful achievement of project and environmental performance objectives. The case studies demonstrate that a strong relationship exists between EIA and ongoing environmental management performance in WA. 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Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Thrush, SF, Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POB 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand. AB The direct effects of marine habitat disturbance by commercial fishing have been well documented. However, the potential ramifications to the ecological function of seafloor communities and ecosystems have yet to be considered. Softsediment organisms create much of their habitat's structure and also have crucial roles in many population, community, and ecosystem processes. Many of these roles are filled by species that are sensitive to habitat disturbance. Functional extinction refers to the situation in which species become so rare that they do not fulfill the ecosystem roles that have evolved in the system. This loss to the ecosystem occurs when there are restrictions in the size, density, and distribution of organisms that threaten the biodiversity, resilience, or provision of ecosystem services. Once the functionally important components of an ecosystem are missing, it is extremely difficult to identify and understand ecological thresholds. The extent and intensity of human disturbance to oceanic ecosystems is a significant threat to both structural and functional biodiversity and in many cases this has virtually eliminated natural systems that might serve as baselines to evaluate these impacts. 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L, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P1180 WATLING L, 2001, J SEA RES, V46, P309 WEINBERG JR, 1983, J MAR RES, V41, P557 WHITLATCH RB, 1980, J MAR RES, V38, P743 WHITLATCH RB, 2002, OR SED WORKSH COL U, P181 WIDDICOMBE S, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V189, P181 WIDDICOMBE S, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V440, P369 WILDISH D, 1997, BENTHIC SUSPENSION F WILSON WH, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V21, P221 WITMAN JD, 1992, OECOLOGIA, V90, P305 WOODIN SA, 1978, ECOLOGY, V59, P274 WOOTTON JT, 1998, AM NAT, V152, P803 ZAJAC RN, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V376, P227 ZAJAC RN, 1999, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLI, P211 ZIEBIS W, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V140, P227 NR 179 TC 8 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST BP 449 EP 473 PY 2002 VL 33 GA 628QE UT ISI:000180007000017 ER PT J AU Fajardo, L Gonzalez, V Nassar, JM Lacabana, P Portillo, CA Carrasquel, F Rodriguez, JP TI Tropical dry forests of Venezuela: Characterization and current conservation status SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Ecol, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. Provita, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. RP Rodriguez, JP, Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Ecol, Apdo 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. AB Tropical dry forests are located predominantly in the northern portion of Venezuela, above 6 degrees N. Although their potential extent covers ca 400,000 km(2) (44% of the land), they currently occupy about 10 percent of this area. The diversity and complexity of Venezuelan dry forests increases from north to south along a gradient of decreasing severity of the dry season. A typical dry forest in Venezuela presents ca 110-170 species of plants front ca 40 to 50 families with in an area of approximately 10 ha. Species composition and forest structure, however, are dependent oil local landscape conditions (e.g., soil type, topography), and nearby forest types call be very different. Our analysis of five dry forest variants showed a maximum family similarity of 67 percent, although most values fell in the 50-60 percent interval. They are currently considered as one of venezuelas most threatened ecosystems, but only 5 percent of extant dry forests are included in protected areas; this represents 0.5 percent of their potential extent. It is fundamental to promote the creation of at least 3 or 4 more large protected areas (ca 5000 ha), with different climatic and orographic characteristics, in combination with the recovery of threatened species, the restoration of degraded systems, and the implementation of sustainable development projects. Their apparent high resilience suggests Chat with the proper management we call restore and maintain the integrity of Venezuelan dry forests. 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UNIV YORK,DEPT ENVIRONM ECON & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP MWANGIWAGITHINJI, UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ECON,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. AB The paper adapts the ecological concept of sustainability that derives from the work of Holling to explain the evolution of institutions in rural sub-Saharan Africa, and to see why policies designed to alleviate the degradation of rangelands in Botswana and Kenya through institutional reform have not been as successful as hoped. We argue that the reason why these and other institutional initiatives have had limited success is that they took little account of the role of the institutions they were intended to replace in guaranteeing the social security of individual resource users, and failed to address that role. Using the term social sustainability to describe the ability of social institutions to continue functioning in the face of stress and shock, we show that the new policies were compromised precisely because they were not socially sustainable. The main policy implication of the paper is that institutional initiatives should address the needs satisfied by the structures they replace, if they are not to provoke conflicting evolutionary response on the part of those institutions. 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Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. RP Natcher, DC, Univ Alaska, Dept Liberal Studies, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. AB Advocates of community-based resource management often depict indigenous communities as homogeneous sites of social consensus. While proving successful at advancing local involvement in the management and decision-making process, these idealized images fail to represent the plurality of values and personal interests nested within indigenous communities. By failing to account for internal diversity, indigenous communities that are now regaining management responsibility for their traditional homelands risk furthering the traditional "top-downism" long inherent in institutionalized resource management. However, in regaining these responsibilities, indigenous communities have an opportunity to implement new and locally defined approaches to management. This paper describes one such community-based process and builds upon the experiences of the Little Red River Cree Nation of Alberta, Canada, to illustrate the challenges and opportunities involved. Specifically. through the use of criteria and performance indicators, derived from multiple community perspectives, the Little Red River Cree Nation has developed a self-improving forest management system that is proving responsive to the values, expectations, and changing needs of community members. 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RP GEORGE, MR, UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616. AB The state and transition model and the ball and cup analogy are used to organize the vegetation dynamics knowledge base for California's annual-dominated Mediterranean grasslands. These models help identify irreversible transitions and alternate stable states. Mechanisms that facilitate movement between successional stable states are categorized as demographic inertia, seedbank and germination, grazing impacts, establishment and competition, fire feedback, and irreversible changes in soil conditions. While theoretical work needs to continue to further describe states and transitions, managers can begin to use existing knowledge to develop management plans with realistic species composition objectives and to select the appropriate tools for reaching objectives. 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A, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P17 NEUDOERFFER RC, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P12 PEREIRA E, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P14 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHMIDT NM, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P5 VALE LJ, 2005, RESILIENT CITY MODER WEBSTER PJ, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1844 WOHL E, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P2 XU JC, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P7 NR 32 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 22 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 10 IS 2 GA 001TV UT ISI:000234561400001 ER PT J AU Schneider, SH Root, TL TI Ecological implications of climate change will include surprises SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP Schneider, SH, STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. AB In addition to assessing the impacts of CO2 doubling on environment and society, more consideration is needed to estimate extreme events or 'surprises'. This is particularly important at the intersection of disciplines like climate and ecology because the potential for large discontinuities is high given all the possible climate/biota interactions. The vast disparities in scales encountered by those working in traditional ecology (typically 20 m) and climatology (typically 200 km) make diagnoses of such interactions difficult, but these can be addressed by an emerging research paradigm we call strategic cyclical scaling (SCS). The need to anticipate outlier events and assign them subjective probabilities suggests emphasis on interdisciplinary research associations. The desire to reduce societal vulnerability to such events suggests the need to build adaptive management and diverse economic activities into social organizations. The effectiveness of adaptation responses to anticipated climatic changes is complicated when consideration of transient changes, regional disturbances, large unforseeable natural fluctuations and surprises are considered. Slowing down the rate of disturbances and decreasing vulnerability are advocated as the most prudent responses to the prospect of human-induced climatic changes. CR *IPCC, 1996, CLIM CHANGE 195 SCI BROECKER WS, 1989, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V53, P2465 CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324 EHLERINGER JR, 1993, SCALING PHYSL PROCES EPSTEIN PR, 1994, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V740, P423 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOUGHTON JT, 1990, CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC IDSO SB, 1993, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V7, P537 KAREIVA P, 1988, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, P35 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 MEANS IO, 1984, J CLIMATE APPL METER, V23, P1601 MORGAN MG, 1995, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V29, A468 MYERS N, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P358 NORDHAUS WD, 1994, AM SCI, V82, P45 OECHEL WC, 1994, NATURE, V371, P500 PACALA SW, 1993, BIOTIC INTERACTIONS, P57 ROOT TL, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P256 ROOT TL, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P334 ROSENBERG NJ, 1994, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V4, P49 ROSENZWEIG C, 1993, GLOBAL EN CHANGE, V4, P7 SCHNEIDER SH, 1985, GLOBAL POSSIBLE RESO, P397 SCHNEIDER SH, 1994, SCIENCE, V263, P341 SCHNEIDER SH, 1995, ELEMENTS CHANGE 1994, P130 SMITH JB, 1988, POTENTIAL EFFECTS GL, V1 SMITH JB, 1988, POTENTIAL EFFECTS GL, V2 TITUS JG, 1996, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V33, P151 NR 26 TC 14 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV BP 1109 EP 1119 PY 1996 PD SEP VL 5 IS 9 GA VH808 UT ISI:A1996VH80800008 ER PT J AU Ashton, PJ Patrick, MJ MacKay, HM Weaver, AB TI Integrating biodiversity concepts with good governance to support water resources management in South Africa SO WATER SA LA English DT Article C1 CSIR Environm, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. CSIR Environm, ZA-4013 Congella, South Africa. Water Res Commiss, ZA-0031 Gezina, South Africa. CSIR Environm, ZA-7999 Stellenbosch, South Africa. RP Ashton, PJ, CSIR Environm, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. AB Despite recent reforms in its water sector policies and legislation, South Africa's water governance system remains somewhat fragmented because of the need for separate management approaches to address different environmental components of the hydrological cycle. With the responsibility for different components of the hydrological cycle spread amongst several government agencies at different levels of government, integrated management of water across the hydrological cycle will require improved co-operative governance. Examination of existing governance systems and current understandings of biodiversity provides evidence to suggest that a far closer alignment between a particular governance system and the biophysical components and ecological processes comprising a specific environmental system that supports society could significantly enhance our systems of environmental governance. In turn, this would offer society the chance to design water resource management systems that better anticipate, reflect and respond to changes in environmental components and processes within the hydrological cycle. In future, greater emphasis will need to be placed on increased levels of co-operation between relevant governance systems related to water, as well as increased trans-disciplinary research that can better define the links between environmental governance systems and ecological systems. CR *EUR UN, 2001, EUR GOV WHIT PAP *NIWR, 1988, 110 NIWR FDN RES DEV *SADC, 1998, REG STRAT ACT PLAN R *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ACREMAN M, 2004, WATER ETHICS ASHTON PJ, 2004, MANAGING WATER RESOU, P149 CHAPIN FS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P234 CHIKOZHO C, 2005, P INT WORKSH AFR WAT CLOETE F, 2000, IMPROVING PUBLIC POL DECONING C, 2004, 23204 TT WAT RES COM FALKENMARK M, 1999, P SIWI IWRA SEM UPST FOLKE C, 2003, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V358, P2027 FRANKLIN JF, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P166 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HIRJI R, 2002, DEFINING MAINSTREAMI HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 LOCHNER P, 2003, BIOL CONSERV, V112, P29 MACKAY HM, 2003, JUST S AFRICA POLITI, P49 MACKAY HM, 2004, 14804 KV WAT RES COM MACKAY HM, 2004, WATER SA, V30, P1 MCCANN KS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P228 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 POLLARD S, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE PURVIS A, 2000, NATURE, V405, P212 TILMAN D, 2000, NATURE, V405, P208 VANKOPPEN B, 2005, P INT WORKSH AFR WAT VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WESTERN D, 1997, DUST KILIMANJARO WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P3 YOUNG OR, 2002, MATCHING I ECOSYSTEM NR 31 TC 1 J9 WATER SA BP 449 EP 456 PY 2005 PD OCT VL 31 IS 4 GA 990JX UT ISI:000233740200004 ER PT J AU Maass, JM Balvanera, P Castillo, A Daily, GC Mooney, HA Ehrlich, PR Quesada, M Miranda, A Jaramillo, VJ Garcia-Oliva, F Martinez-Yrizar, A Cotler, H Lopez-Blanco, J Perez-Jimenez, A Burquez, A Tinoco, C Ceballos, G Barraza, L Ayala, R Sarukhan, J TI Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests: Insights from long-term ecological and social research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Maass, JM, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. AB In the search for an integrated understanding of the relationships among productive activities, human well-being, and ecosystem functioning, we evaluated the services delivered by a tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem in the Chamela Region, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. We synthesized information gathered for the past two decades as part of a long-term ecosystem research study and included social data collected in the past four years using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) conceptual framework as a guide. Here we identify the four nested spatial scales at which information has been obtained and emphasize one of them through a basin conceptual model. We then articulate the biophysical and socioeconomic constraints and drivers determining the delivery of ecosystem services in the Region. We describe the nine most important services, the stakeholders who benefit from those services, and their degree of awareness of such services. We characterize spatial and temporal patterns of the services' delivery as well as trade-offs among services and stakeholders. Finally, we contrast three alternative future scenarios on the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being. Biophysical and socioeconomic features of the study site strongly influence human-ecosystem interactions, the ecosystem services delivered, the possible future trajectories of the ecosystem, and the effect on human well-being. We discuss future research approaches that will set the basis for an integrated understanding of human-ecosystem interactions and for constructing sustainable management strategies for the TDF. 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RP Cumming, GS, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Complex systems are dynamic and may show high levels of variability in both space and time. It is often difficult to decide on what constitutes a given complex system, i.e., where system boundaries should be set, and what amounts to substantial change within the system. We discuss two central themes: the nature of system definitions and their ability to cope with change, and the importance of system definitions for the mental metamodels that we use to describe and order ideas about system change. Systems can only be considered as single study units if they retain their identity. Previous system definitions have largely ignored the need for both spatial and temporal continuity as essential attributes of identity. After considering the philosophical issues surrounding identity and system definitions, we examine their application to modeling studies. We outline a set of five alternative metamodels that capture a range of the basic dynamics of complex systems. Although Holling's adaptive cycle is a compelling and widely applicable metamodel that fits many complex systems, there are systems that do not necessarily follow the adaptive cycle. We propose that more careful consideration of system definitions and alternative metamodels for complex systems will lead to greater conceptual clarity in the field and, ultimately, to more rigorous research. 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RP Emmelin, L, Nord Ctr Spatial Dev, NORDREGIO, Box 1658, SE-11186 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The paper addresses the problems of evaluating the functioning of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It does so through an approach relating EIA to professional and organisational cultures in environmental management and planning. To understand and to learn from experiences with EIA the wider systems context within which EIA is operating must be taken into account. The paper offers a model of modes of evaluation and suggests that the understanding of implementation structures is urgently needed to complement other types of evaluation, which tend to focus on systems structure and document quality and to take an insider perspective on the efficiency of EIA. CR *IAIA, 1996, P 16 ANN M JUN 17 23, V1 ALLISON GT, 1971, ESSENCE DECISION EXP ALMAS R, 1990, EVALUERING PA NORSK ALVESSON M, 1988, FORETAGSKULTUR ORGAN ALVESSON M, 1993, CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE AMDAM J, 1991, TEORIER SAMFUNNSPLAN BECKMAN S, 1990, UTVECKLINGENS HJALTA CARLMAN I, 1995, MILJORATTSLIG TIDSKR, P1 CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS EMMELIN L, IN PRESS PARADIGM EN EMMELIN L, UNPUB FORVALTNINGSKU EMMELIN L, 1983, 13 COMM NAT RES EMMELIN L, 1986, ACTA U UPSALIENSIS C, V53, P97 EMMELIN L, 1993, VIEWS NATURE REPORTS, P25 EMMELIN L, 1995, NORD SEM ENV SOC SCI EMMELIN L, 1995, NORDREVY, P23 EMMELIN L, 1996, LANDSCAPE RES, V21, P13 EMMELIN L, 1997, 19971 TUR R EMMELIN L, 1997, C SOC ENV SUST NORD EMMELIN L, 1997, LANDSCAPE IMPACT ANA EMMELIN L, 1997, SAMSPELET MARK VATTE, P50 EMMELIN L, 1998, 7 STAND C STUD CULT ETZIONI A, 1967, PUBLIC ADM REV FISCHER FF, 1993, ARGUMENTATIVE TURN P GLASSON J, 1994, NATURAL BUILT ENV SE, V1 HAJER MA, 1992, ACHIEVING ENV GOALS, P25 HAJER MA, 1993, ARGUMENTATIVE TURN P, P43 HARRIS M, 1980, CULTURAL MAT STRUGGL HERNES G, 1978, FORHANDLINGSOKONOMI HILDEN M, 1995, NORD EIA EFF WORKSH HILDINGRYDEVIK T, 1997, SAMSPELET MARK VATTE HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1979, STUDIES CRISIS MANAG HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KUHN TS, 1970, INT ENCY UNIFIED SCI, V2, P2 LASH S, 1996, RISK ENV MODERNITY N LAWRENCE DP, 1997, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, V15, P3 LEE N, 1992, 24 U MANCH DEP PLANN LINDBLOM CE, 1959, PUBLIC ADM REV SPR LUNDQVIST LJ, 1997, SAMSPELET MARK VATTE, P69 LYKKE E, 1992, ACHIEVING ENV GOALS LYKKE E, 1992, ACHIEVING ENV GOALS, P239 MANNING RE, 1986, STUDIES OUTDOOR RECR MEYNAUD J, 1968, TECHNOCRACY MUNN RE, 1979, ENV IMPACT ANAL PRIN NENSETH V, 1996, 199610 NIBR PIKE KL, 1967, LANGUAGE RELATION UN ROTHSTEIN B, 1985, SCANDINAVIAN POLITIC, V3 ROTHSTEIN B, 1991, POLITIK ORG FORVALTN ROTHSTEIN B, 1991, POLITIK SOM ORG FORV, P42 SADLER B, 1988, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, P142 SADLER B, 1994, IAIA NEWSLETTER, V6 SADLER B, 1996, ENV ASSESSMENT CHANG SADLER B, 1996, PUBLICATION MINISTRY, V53 SAGER T, 1990, THESIS STOCKHOLM SAGER T, 1994, COMMUNICATIVE PLANNI SAGER T, 1995, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V15, P377 SIMON HA, 1957, ADM BEHAV TAYLOR S, 1984, MAKING BUREAUCRACIES TENHEUVELHOF E, 1997, PROJECT APPRAISAL, V12, P25 THERIVEL R, 1992, STRATEGIC ENV ASSESS THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS TORNEBOHM H, 1983, STUDIER KUNSKAPSUTVE VANECK M, 1996, IMPROVING ENV ASSESS, V1, P299 VISTAD OI, 1995, THESIS U TRONDHEIM WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WANDESFORDESMIT.G, 1988, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, P161 WATHERN P, 1988, ENV IMPACT ASSESSMEN WATHERN P, 1988, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, P1 WESTERLUND S, 1981, 6 COMM NAT RES ENV WOOD C, 1995, ENV IMPACT ASSESSMEN NR 72 TC 3 J9 SCAND HOUS PLAN RES BP 129 EP 148 PY 1998 PD DEC VL 15 IS 3 GA 163BG UT ISI:000078381900002 ER PT J AU Dixon, AB TI Wetland sustainability and the evolution of indigenous knowledge in Ethiopia SO GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Otago, Dept Geog, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Dixon, AB, Univ Otago, Dept Geog, Dunedin, New Zealand. AB Much research in recent years has addressed the contribution of indigenous knowledge (IK) to development initiatives in developing countries. An IK system that continuously evolves and adapts in response to environmental and socio-economic change is often considered to be at the core of sustainable natural resource management practices and rural livelihoods. In the context of indigenous wetland management in western Ethiopia, this paper examines the relationship between IK and wetland sustainability, focusing oil the mechanisms through which IK evolves and how local adaptive capacity is built up. A series of participatory research activities undertaken in four wetland communities revealed spatial variations in the degree of innovation and communication taking place. The paper argues that these mechanisms are key factors influencing adaptive capacity, suggesting a key link between wetland sustainability and the occurrence of innovation and communication among communities. CR *DPPC, 2004, RES 2004 OR *IIRR, 1996, REC US IND KNOWL MAN *WORLD BANK, 1998, IND KNOWL DEV FRAM A ABBOT PG, 2000, COMMUNITY ORG NATURA ADAMS WM, 1993, GEOGR J, V159, P209 ADAMS WM, 2001, GREEN DEV ENV SUSTAI ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 AFEWORK H, 1998, UNPUB OVERVIEW WETLA AFEWORK H, 2000, UNPUB APPROPRIATE TE AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BINNS T, 1995, PEOPLE ENV AFRICA BOSERUP E, 1965, CONDITIONS AGR GROWT BRACE S, 1995, PEOPLE ENV AFRICA, P39 BRIGGS J, 2004, THIRD WORLD Q, V25, P661 BROKENSHA D, 1980, INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE BROWN D, 2002, PARTICIPATION PRACTI CHAMBERS R, 1983, RURAL DEV PUTTING LA CHAMBERS R, 1989, FARMERS 1 FARMER INN CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P1253 CONWAY D, 2000, HYDROLOGY WETLANDS I DENNY P, 1993, WETLANDS WORLD INVEN, V1, P32 DENNY P, 1994, WETLANDS ECOLOGY MAN, V3, P55 DEWALT BR, 1994, HUM ORGAN, V53, P123 DIXON AB, 2002, LAND DEGRAD DEV, V13, P17 DIXON AB, 2003, DEV PRACTICE, V13, P394 DIXON AB, 2003, INDIGENOUS MANAGEMEN DUGAN PJ, 1990, WETLAND CONSERVATION FARRINGTON J, 1988, 9 ODI AGR ADM UN OCC FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 GRENIER L, 1998, WORKING INDIGENOUS K HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HAVERKORT B, 1999, FOOD ANCIENT VISIONS HOLLIS GE, 1990, HYDROLOG SCI J, V35, P411 JOHNSON AW, 1972, HUM ECOL, V1, P149 KEBEDE T, 1993, UNPUB EVALUATION ENV LADO C, 1998, GEOJOURNAL, V45, P165 LALONDE A, 1995, SCANDINAVIAN J DEV A, V14, P206 LEMA AJ, 1996, SUSTAINING SOIL INDI, P139 LEMILY AD, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P485 MALTBY E, WETLANDS HDB MALTBY E, 1986, WATERLOGGED WEALTH W MCCORKLE CM, 1995, CULTURAL DIMENSION D, P323 MUNDY PA, 1995, CULTURAL DIMENSION D, P112 NICHOLAS GP, 1998, CURR ANTHROPOL, V39, P720 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 PURCELL TW, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P258 RAMIREZ R, 1997, 66 IIED REIJ C, 1996, SUSTAINING SOIL INDI REIJ C, 2001, FARMER INNOVATION AF REIJNTJES C, 1992, FARMING FUTURE INTRO RHOADES RE, 1995, 1995 CULTURAL DIMENS, P296 RICHARDS P, 1985, INDIGENOUS AGR REVOL ROGGERI H, 1998, TROPICAL FRESHWATER SILLITOE P, 1998, CURR ANTHROPOL, V39, P223 SILVIUS MJ, 2000, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V25, P645 SOLOMON A, 1994, ETHIOPIA AFRICAN S A, V13 STUIP MAM, 2002, SOCIOECONOMICS WETLA SWIFT J, 1979, IDB B, V10, P41 TAFESSE A, 1996, THESIS U TRIER TRIFFEN M, 1994, MORE PEOPLE LESS ERO VANVELDHUIZEN L, 1997, FARMERS RES PRACTICE WANG G, 1982, C KNOWL UT THEOR MET WARREN MD, 1995, CULTURAL DIMENSION D WOOD AP, 1996, SAH WORKSH 1996, P119 WOOD AP, 2002, STRATEGIES WISE USE, P81 WOOD AP, 2002, SUSTAINABLE WETLAND WU B, 2004, N SHAANXI AGR HUMAN, P2181 ZERIHUN W, 1998, UNPUB PLANT BIODIVER NR 70 TC 0 J9 GEOGR J BP 306 EP 323 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 171 GA 996HY UT ISI:000234166200002 ER PT J AU Levin, SA TI Multiple scales and the maintenance of biodiversity SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Levin, SA, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB The problem of multiple scales permeates the study of ecological process and pattern, uniting aspects of space, time, and organizational complexity. In particular, it supports the maintenance of biological diversity, allowing for the magnification of underlying patterns of variation in the physical environment to create many resources from few, through the evolutionary diversification of species' niches and life histories. Specialization to particular stages of a successional gradient facilitates coexistence of multiple types in the presence of uncorrelated local disturbances, such as gap formation, which reinitiate successional sequences. Superimposed upon such successional dynamics are the effects of multiple stable states and multiple successional pathways (Levin 1976), which increase diversity even more. Multiple stable states more generally raise the possibility of sudden flips of systems from one stable configuration to another, and with such changes may come huge changes in the biotic composition. On larger spatial scales and longer time scales, these flips may become correlated resulting in the transformation of the landscape, or may result in sustained spatiotemporal mosaics of states. Instability at the local level may lead to the maintenance of biodiversity on broader scales. Finally, the ultimate scale mismatch involves that between the dynamics of natural systems and the cultural dynamics of human societies. Our ability to live sustainably in a global commons is dependent upon adjusting normative behavior, and tightening feedback loops more generally, so that individual actions serve the common good. CR *NAT RES COUNC OC, 1998, SUST MAR FISH ANDERSON RM, 1982, PARASITOLOGY, V85, P411 ARROW K, 2000, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V34, P1401 BAK P, 1991, SCI AM, V264, P46 BARBIER EB, 1994, PARADISE LOST EC BIO BIKHCHANDANI S, 1992, J POLIT ECON, V100, P992 BROECKER WS, 1985, NATURE, V315, P21 BROWN WL, 1956, SYST ZOOL, V5, P49 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CHAO L, 1981, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V78, P6324 CHESSON PL, 1985, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V28, P263 CONNELL JH, 1971, DYNAMICS POPULATIONS, P298 CONNELL JH, 1980, OIKOS, V35, P131 DASGUPTA PS, 1995, SCI AM, V272, P40 DURRETT R, 1994, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V46, P363 DURRETT R, 1997, J THEOR BIOL, V185, P165 DWYER G, 1990, ECOL MONOGR, V60, P423 EHRLICH PR, 1967, AM NAT, V101, P97 FLIERL G, 1999, J THEOR BIOL, V196, P397 GANDHI A, 1998, J THEOR BIOL, V192, P363 GAUSE G, 1934, STRUGGLE EXISTENCE GRANT BR, 1989, EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMIC HASTINGS A, 1980, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V18, P363 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HUFFAKER CB, 1958, HILGARDIA, V27, P343 JANZEN DH, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P501 KINZIG AP, 1998, J ECOL, V86, P841 KLOPFER E, 1997, THESIS U WISCONSIN M LACK D, 1947, DARWINS FINCHES LEVIN SA, 1981, AM NAT, V117, P308 LEVIN SA, 1970, AM NAT, V104, P413 LEVIN SA, 1972, AM NAT, V106, P145 LEVIN SA, 1974, AM NAT, V108, P207 LEVIN SA, 1974, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V71, P2744 LEVIN SA, 1976, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V7, P287 LEVIN SA, 1979, PATTERN FORMATION DY, P210 LEVIN SA, 1981, MATH THEORY DYNAMICS, P173 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LEVIN SA, 1997, SPATIAL ECOLOGY ROLE, P271 LEVIN SA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P225 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LEVINS R, 1968, EVOLUTION CHANGING E LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MACKIE G, 1996, AM SOCIOL REV, V61, P999 MANABE S, 1988, J CLIMATOL, V1, P841 MAY RM, 1994, J THEOR BIOL, V170, P95 MYERS N, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P74 MYERS N, 1998, PERVERSE SUBSIDIES NOWAK MA, 1992, NATURE, V359, P826 PACALA SW, 1997, SPATIAL ECOLOGY ROLE, P204 PARRISH JK, 1997, ANIMAL GROUPS 3 DIME PIMENTEL D, 1963, AM NAT, V98, P141 ROOT TL, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P334 SCHEFFER M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P475 SKYRMS B, 1996, EVOLUTION SOCIAL CON TILMAN D, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P2 WATT AS, 1947, J ECOL, V35, P1 NR 58 TC 14 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 498 EP 506 PY 2000 PD NOV-DEC VL 3 IS 6 GA 388QJ UT ISI:000166192700002 ER PT J AU Milestad, R Hadatsch, S TI Organic farming and social-ecological resilience: the alpine valleys of Solktaler, Austria SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Milestad, R, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. AB Farming in the Austrian Alps is small in scale and involves a high degree of manual labor. In the face of structural changes in agriculture, alpine farms are finding it increasingly difficult to remain economically viable. Organic farming presents a promising alternative for alpine farmers because it receives considerable financial support under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of organic farms in Austria in general, and in alpine areas in particular. Using data from an empirical study carried out in the alpine area of Solktaler, Austria, this paper examines the issues of how closely the regulations and principles of organic farming match farmers' perspectives on sustainable agriculture and whether or not organic farming is capable of building social-ecological resilience for local farms. Qualitative interviews and a series of workshops were used to learn about farmers' "desired system state" with regard to their region, disturbances to this system, and their perspectives on organic farming. The desired system in Solktaler as formulated by the farmers depicts a vivid farming community that manages a diverse traditional agricultural landscape and performs a number of ecological services. The desired system and the principles of organic farming have several aspects in common, and many management practices and features of the social system support social-ecological resilience. The vulnerability of farms increases, however, when farmers must deal with structural changes in agriculture, the erosion of traditional ecological knowledge, and societal transformation. In conclusion, organic farming is a tool that can be used to build social-ecological resilience for Solktaler farms, because it secures economic funding for the area and makes it possible to sustain environmentally benign practices. What remains is the question of whether the farming community is capable of reorganizing the social system under the pressures of modernization so that the desired system state can be reached. CR *FED MIN AGR FOR E, 2001, GRUN BER 2000 *FED MIN AGR FOR E, 2002, OST AGR *INT FED ORG AGR M, 2002, FIN DRAFT 2002 BAS S *WORLD COUNC ENV D, 1987, OUR COMM FUT BARTEL A, 2002, FLACHENDECKENDE UMST BATZING W, 1991, ALPEN EUROPA NEUNZIG, P247 BATZING W, 1997, KLEINES ALPEN LEXIKO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BRANDENBURG AM, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P381 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 COSTANZA R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC EDER M, 2001, BLICK LAND, P34 ELLIS F, 2000, RURAL LIVELIHOODS DI FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 FREYER B, 2001, AGRARWIRTSCHAFT, V50, P400 GIDDENS A, 1990, CONSEQUENCES MODERNI GLASER B, 1967, DISCOVERY GROUNDED T GROIER M, 1998, FACTS FEATURES GROIER M, 1999, LANDWIRTSCHAFT AGRAR, P148 GRUBER L, 2001, BODENKULTUR, V52, P55 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNNARSDOTTER Y, 1999, SVENSKA BONDEHUSHALL HADATSCH S, 2000, MONOGRAPHIEN UMWELTB, V127 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 JACKSON MC, 1997, MULTIMETHODOLOGY THE, P347 JOHANNES RE, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V40, P165 KINSELLA J, 2000, SOCIOL RURALIS, V40, P479 KIRNER L, 2000, OKOLOGIE LANDBAU, V28, P30 KIRNER L, 2002, OKOLOGIE LANDBAU, V121, P33 KNOBL I, 1999, 42 BUND BERGB KRUEGER RA, 1994, FOCUS GROUPS PRACTIC KVALE S, 1996, INTERVIEWS INTRO QUA LEGUILLOU G, 2000, ORGANIC FARMING GUID LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LJUNG M, 2001, THESIS SWEDISH U AGR LOSERIESLEICK A, 2000, SOLKSPUREN, V1 MACKINNON N, 1991, SOCIOL RURALIS, V31, P58 MILES MB, 1994, QUALITATIVE DATA ANA MONTGOMERY H, 2001, PERSPEKTIV FORSTAELS NETTING RM, 1981, BALANCING ALP ECOLOG OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVT COMMONS EVOLUTI OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PRETTY J, 1998, LIVING LAND AGR FOOD REASON P, 2001, HDB ACTION RES PARTI REDCLIFT M, 1986, SOCIOL RURALIS, V26, P218 SCHEEBERGER W, 2001, AUSTRIAN J AGR RES, V52, P249 SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCOONES I, 1994, FARMER 1 RURAL PEOPL SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 STEINWENDER R, 2000, BODENKULTUR, V51, P267 STRAUSS A, 1990, BASICS QUALITATIVE R TENGO M, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P132 VANDERLEEUW S, 1998, ARCHIMEDES PROJECT U VANDERLEEUW S, 2000, LONGTERM PERSPECTIVE VANDERLEEUW SE, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P357 VOGL CR, 1999, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V14, P137 VOGLLUKASSER B, 2000, STUDIEN FUNKTIONALEN VOS W, 1999, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V46, P3 WADDINGTON D, 1994, QUALITATIVE METHODS, P107 WALKER BH, 2000, WORKSH FUND M WALL F WEISBORD MR, 2000, FUTURE SEARCH ACTION WILSON M, 1998, BEHAV ECOLOGY CONSER, P501 YIN RK, 1994, CASE STUDY RES DESIG NR 71 TC 1 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 8 IS 1 GA 900FF UT ISI:000227200100004 ER PT J AU BOCK, JH RAPHAEL, M BOCK, CE TI COMPARISON OF PLANTING AND NATURAL SUCCESSION AFTER A FOREST FIRE IN NORTHERN SIERRA-NEVADA SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT FORESTRY & CONSERVAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BOCK, JH, UNIV COLORADO,DEPT BIOL,EPO,BOULDER,CO 80309. CR BEAVER DL, 1976, AUK, V93, P543 BILLINGS WD, 1973, BIOSCIENCE, V23, P697 BOCK JH, 1969, P ANN TALL TIMBERS F, V9, P119 BOCK JH, 1976, P ANN TALL TIMBERS F, V14, P195 DASMANN W, 1971, DEER ARE SURVIVE GRANT WF, 1972, S BIOL HUNG, V12, P43 GRIFFIN JR, 1972, PSW1972 USDA FOR SER HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LEOPOLD A, 1966, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC LYON LJ, 1976, P TALL TIMB FIR EC C, V14, P355 MUNZ PA, 1959, CALIFORNIA FLORA PEET RK, 1974, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V5, P285 PIELOU EC, 1966, J THEOR BIOL, V10, P370 SAVAGE W, 1973, MADRONO, V22, P115 TOMKINS DJ, 1977, ECOLOGY, V58, P398 WHITTAKER RH, 1972, TAXON, V21, P213 WILKEN G, 1967, ECOLOGY, V48, P302 NR 17 TC 3 J9 J APPL ECOL BP 597 EP 602 PY 1978 VL 15 IS 2 GA FT737 UT ISI:A1978FT73700018 ER PT J AU Collie, JS Richardson, K Steele, JH TI Regime shifts: can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms? SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Aarhus, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Collie, JS, Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB "Regime shifts" are considered here to be low-frequency, high-amplitude changes in oceanic conditions that may be especially pronounced in biological variables and propagate through several trophic levels. Three different types of regime shift (smooth, abrupt and discontinuous) are identified on the basis of different patterns in the relationship between the response of an ecosystem variable (usually biotic) and some external forcing or condition (control variable). The smooth regime shift is represented by a quasi-linear relationship between the response and control variables. The abrupt regime shift exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the response and control variables, and the discontinuous regime shift is characterized by the trajectory of the response variable differing when the forcing variable increases compared to when it decreases (i.e., the occurrence of alternative "stable" states). Most often, oceanic regime shifts are identified from time series of biotic variables (often commercial fish), but this approach does not allow the identification of discontinuous regime shifts. Recognizing discontinuous regime shifts is, however, particularly important as evidence from terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems suggests that such regime shifts may not be immediately reversible. Based on a review of various generic classes of mathematical models, we conclude that regime shifts arise from the interaction between population processes and external forcing variables. The shift between ecosystem states can be caused by gradual, cumulative changes in the forcing variable(s) or it can be triggered by acute disturbances, either anthropogenic or natural. A protocol for diagnosing the type of regime shift encountered is described and applied to a data set on Georges Bank haddock, from which it is concluded that a discontinuous regime shift in the abundance of haddock may have occurred. It is acknowledged that few, if any, marine data are available to confirm the occurrence of discontinuous regime shifts in the ocean. Nevertheless, we argue that there is good theoretical evidence for their occurrence as well as some anecdotal evidence from data collection campaigns and that the possibility of their occurrence should be recognized in the development of natural resource management strategies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB This special issue of Ecology and Society on exploring resilience in social-ecological systems draws together insights from comparisons of 15 case studies conducted during two Resilience Alliance workshops in 2003 and 2004. As such, it represents our current understanding of resilience theory and the issues encountered in our attempts to apply it. CR ABEL N, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P17 ADGER WN, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P9 ANDERIES JM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P23 ANDERIES JM, 2005, REGIONAL ENV CHANGE, V5, P1 ANDERIES JM, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P21 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P8 CUMMING GS, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P14 DASGUPTA P, 2004, EC NONCONVEX ECOSYST DEVESON A, 2003, RESILIENCE FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 GUNDERSON LH, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P371 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR GUNDERSON LH, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P16 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 HUGHES TP, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P380 JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 JANSSEN MA, 2004, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V47, P140 JANSSEN MA, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P15 KINZIG AP, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P20 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LEBEL L, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P19 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OLSSON P, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P18 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 REDMAN CL, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WALKER BH, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P1 WALSH F, 2003, FAM PROCESS, V42, P1 NR 40 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 12 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300036 ER PT J AU Crabtree, L TI Sustainability begins at home? An ecological exploration of sub/urban Australian community-focused housing initiatives SO GEOFORUM LA English DT Article C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Human Geog, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Crabtree, L, Macquarie Univ, Dept Human Geog, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. AB This paper responds to challenges made by Castree [Castree, N., 2004. Environmental issues: signals in the noise? Progress in Human Geography 28 (1), 79-90] and Sneddon [Sneddon, C., 2000. 'Sustainability' in ecological economics, ecology and livelihoods: a review. Progress in Human Geography 24 (4), 521-549] for human geography to clarify its contribution to environmental debates and engage with recent formulations of sustainability as informed by the 'new ecology'. This approach focuses on resilience, functional diversity, flexibility and complexity, here used to examine housing sustainability within an industrialised sub/urban context in terms of design philosophy.. ownership, management bases, community engagement and funding mechanisms. This framework highlights areas of concern for enhancing the functional diversity of housing systems, echoing recent assertions that challenges for sustainability arise more from trust and power sharing issues, than from physical design and maintenance issues. It is argued that it is precisely human geography's place-by-place consideration of power, embeddedness, scale and politics that can lend new ecology the social relevance it requires. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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LIPI, Balai Penelitian Pengembangan Zool, Puslitbang Biol, Celebes Bird Club, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia. RP Sodhi, NS, Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Blk S2,14 Sci Dr 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore. AB Unprecedented deforestation is currently underway in Southeast Asia. Since this trend is likely to continue, it is critical to determine the value of human-modified habitats (e.g., mixed-rural habitat) for conserving the regional native forest avifauna. The impacts of ongoing deforestation on the highly endemic avifauna (33%) of Sulawesi (Indonesia) are poorly understood. We sampled birds in primary and secondary forests in the Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi, as well as the surrounding plantation and mixed-rural habitats. Species richness, species density and population density of forest birds showed a consistent decreasing trend in the following order: primary forests > secondary forests > mixed-rural habitat > plantations. Although primary forests contained the highest proportion (85%) of a total of 34 forest species recorded from our point count surveys, 40-yr old secondary forests and the mixed-rural habitat showed high conservation potential, containing 82% and 76% of the forest species, respectively. Plantations recorded only 32% of the forest bird species. Fifteen forest species had the highest abundance in primary forests, while two species had higher abundance outside primary forests. Our simulations revealed that all forest birds that were sensitive to native tree cover could be found in areas with at least 20% continuous native tree cover. Our study shows that although primary forests have the highest conservation value for forest avifauna, the potential of degraded habitats, such as secondary forests and the mixed-rural habitat, for conserving forest species can be enhanced with appropriate land use and management decisions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *NAT CONS, 2002, L LIND NAT PARK DRAF, V1 ACHARD F, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P999 ALBERT A, 1984, BIOMETRIKA, V71, P1 ALDRICH M, 2001, WORLD CONSERVATION M, V2 BEALS EW, 1984, ADV ECOLOGICAL RES, V14 BROOK BW, 2003, NATURE, V424, P420 CAHILL AJ, 2003, NATURE, V145, E97 CASTELLETTA M, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1870 CASTELLETTA M, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V121, P135 CHAO A, 1993, BIOMETRIKA, V80, P193 COATES BJ, 1997, GUIDE BIRDS WALLACEA COLWELL RK, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V345, P101 COLWELL RK, 1997, ESTIMATES STAT ESTIM DENSLOW JS, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P962 FONTANNEL J, 1978, BIOCLIMATES INDONESI FURNESS RW, 1993, BIRDS MONITORS ENV C, P2 GOTELLI NJ, 2001, ECOL LETT, V4, P379 HAMER KC, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P150 HOWARD PC, 1998, NATURE, V394, P472 HUGHES JB, 2002, ECOL LETT, V5, P121 JOHNS AD, 1986, BIOL CONSERV, V75, P3 KATTAN GH, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P138 KINNAIRD MF, 1998, BIOTROPICA, V30, P50 LAURANCE WF, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V91, P109 LECK CF, 1979, AUK, V96, P343 MARSDEN SJ, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P605 MCCUNE B, 1999, MULTIVARIATE ANAL EC MCCUNE B, 2002, ANAL ECOLOGICAL COMM MELO AS, 2003, OIKOS, V101, P398 MITRA SS, 1993, AUK, V110, P529 MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 SCHWEITHELM J, 1992, SULAWESI PARKS PROGR SEKERCIOGLU CH, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P263 STATTERSFIELD AJ, 1998, ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS W TERBRAAK CJF, 1986, ECOLOGY, V67, P1167 THIOLLAY JM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P335 TIPPER JC, 1979, PALEOBIOLOGY, V5, P423 WALTHER BA, 1998, PARASITOLOGY 4, V116, P395 WARKENTIN IG, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1095 WHITTEN T, 2002, ECOLOGY SULAWESI WILLOTT SJ, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1055 WONG M, 1986, AUK, V103, P100 ZAR JH, 1999, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAYS NR 43 TC 0 J9 BIOL CONSERV BP 547 EP 558 PY 2005 PD APR VL 122 IS 4 GA 890VQ UT ISI:000226539600004 ER PT J AU Rivington, M Matthews, KB Bellocchi, G Buchan, K Stockle, CO Donatelli, M TI An integrated assessment approach to conduct analyses of climate change impacts on whole-farm systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article C1 Macaulay Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. Res Inst Ind Crops, I-40128 Bologna, Italy. Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Rivington, M, Macaulay Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. AB This paper argues that an integrated assessment (IA) approach, combining simulation modelling with deliberative processes involving decision makers and other stakeholders, has the potential to generate credible and relevant assessments of climate change impacts on farming systems. The justification for the approach proposed is that while simulation modelling provides an effective way of exploring the range of possible impacts of climate change and a means of testing the consequences of possible management or policy interventions, the interpretation of the outputs is highly dependent on the point of view of the stakeholder. Inevitably, whatever the responses to climate change, there will be tradeoffs between the benefits and costs to a range of stakeholders. The use of a deliberative process that includes stakeholders, both in defining the topics addressed and in debating the interpretations of the outcomes, addresses many of the limitations that have been previously identified in the use of computer-based tools for agricultural decision support. The paper further argues that the concepts of resilience and adaptive capacity are useful for the assessment of climate change impacts as they provide an underpinning theory for processes of change in land use systems. The integrated modelling framework (IMF) developed for the simulation of whole-farm systems is detailed, including components for crop and soil processes, livestock systems and a tool for scheduling of resource use within management plans. The use of the IMF for assessing climate change impacts is then outlined to demonstrate the range of analyses possible. The paper concludes with a critique of the IA approach and notes that issues of quantification and communication of uncertainty are central to the success of the methodology. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Williams, BK, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Units, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 303, Reston, VA USA. 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Arizona State Univ, Ctr Social Dynam & Complex, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Peeples, MA, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB The interdisciplinary framework known as resilience theory used by ecologists, social scientists, as well as policy makers, is primarily concerned with the sources of transformation and stability in complex socioecological systems. The laboratory of the long and diverse archaeological record is uniquely suited to testing some of the implications of this theoretical perspective. In this paper, we consider the history of land use and landscape change across the transition from foraging to agricultural subsistence economies in the Middle Chevelon Creek region of northern Arizona. Through this discussion, we highlight the potential roles of diversity and flexibility at multiple spatial and temporal scales in the resilience of human land use practices from the prehistoric past. Expressing the long-term history of this region in a more general theoretical language that bridges the social and natural sciences promotes the collaboration of scientists with expertise deriving from different traditional disciplines. Such a broad perspective is necessary to characterize changes and stabilities in complex socioecological systems. 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RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Building resilience in integrated human and nature systems or social - ecological systems (SES) is key for sustainability. Therefore, developing ways of assessing resilience is of practical as well as theoretical significance. We approached the issue by focusing on the local level and using five lagoon systems from various parts of the world for illustration. We used a framework based on four categories of factors for building resilience: (1) learning to live with change and uncertainty; (2) nurturing diversity for reorganization and renewal; (3) combining different kinds of knowledge; and (4) creating opportunity for self-organization. Under each category, the cases generated a number of items for building resilience, and potential surrogates of resilience, that is, variables through which the persistence of SES emerging through change can be assessed. The following factors were robust across all five lagoon SES cases: learning from crisis, responding to change, nurturing ecological memory, monitoring the environment, and building capacity for self-organization and conflict management. 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Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Sch Forest Engineers, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Columbia Univ, UNESCO Joint Program Biosphere & Soc, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Borgstrom, ST, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Urban landscapes constitute the future environment for most of the world's human population. An increased understanding of the urbanization process and of the effects of urbanization at multiple scales is, therefore, key to ensuring human well-being. In many conventional natural resource management regimes, incomplete knowledge of ecosystem dynamics and institutional constraints often leads to institutional management frameworks that do not match the scale of ecological patterns and processes. In this paper, we argue that scale mismatches are particularly pronounced in urban landscapes. Urban green spaces provide numerous important ecosystem services to urban citizens, and the management of these urban green spaces, including recognition of scales, is crucial to the well-being of the citizens. From a qualitative study of the current management practices in five urban green spaces within the Greater Stockholm Metropolitan Area, Sweden, we found that 1) several spatial, temporal, and functional scales are recognized, but the cross-scale interactions are often neglected, and 2) spatial and temporal meso-scales are seldom given priority. One potential effect of the neglect of ecological cross-scale interactions in these highly fragmented landscapes is a gradual reduction in the capacity of the ecosystems to provide ecosystem services. Two important strategies for overcoming urban scale mismatches are suggested: 1) development of an integrative view of the whole urban social -ecological landscape, and 2) creation of adaptive governance systems to support practical management. 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URBAN ECOLOGY BASIS, P203 VAVARE S, 2005, 5420 NAT WEINTRAUB A, 1991, FOREST SCI, V37, P439 WESTERDAHL M, 1991, 991991 NOV WESTERDAHL M, 1995, SKOGSKYRKOGARDEN STO WHITE PS, 1999, ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSH, P281 WILSON J, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P243 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 WIREN L, 2002, 200210 STOCKH U DEP WIREN L, 2002, DYNAMIK URBANA NATVE YAFFEE SL, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P713 YANG J, 2005, URBAN FORESTRY URBAN, V3, P65 YOUNG CH, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V16, P643 YOUNG OR, 2002, I DIMENSIIONS ENV CH YOUNG OR, 2003, INT ENV AGREEMENTS P, V3, P377 ZHANG LQ, 2004, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V69, P1 NR 165 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 16 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 11 IS 2 GA 123FD UT ISI:000243280800017 ER PT J AU Muller, F TI Indicating ecosystem and landscape organisation SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Kiel, Ctr Ecol, Dept Ecosyst Anal, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. RP Muller, F, Univ Kiel, Ctr Ecol, Dept Ecosyst Anal, Olshausenstr 75, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. AB This paper presents a brief outline of the theoretical and conceptual fundamentals for the derivation of an ecosystem oriented indicator system to demonstrate the state of ecological entities on a holistic basis. There are two branches of argumentation: on a normative level, the sustainability principle is interpreted from an anthropocentric point-of-view; sustainability in this context means to provide ecosystem services on a broad scale and a long-term basis, including the attempt to avoid unspecific ecological risks. A second line-of-argumentation bases on the principles of ecosystem analysis and the theory of ecological orientation. Consequently, the aspired indicandum is the self-organising capacity of ecosystems, and the indicator sets represents an aggregate of structural and functional ecosystem features in a developing environment. The indicator set is demonstrated by one case study from the Bornhoeved Lakes ecosystem research project. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Slocombe, DS, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB Identifying goals or targets for landscape and ecosystem management is now a widely recognized need that has received little systematic attention. At a micro-level most planners and managers of both ecosystems and economies continue to pursue traditional goals and targets that miss many desirable characteristics of ecosystem-based management goals. Desirable characteristics of ecosystem and landscape management goals and targets include: addressing complexity, transdisciplinarity, and the dynamic nature of natural systems; reflecting the wide range of interests and goals that exist; recognizing goals and values and limits; involving people and being explainable and implementable in a consistent way to different people and groups; and evolving adaptively as conditions and knowledge change. Substantive and procedural goals can be distinguished; the latter supporting the former. Substantive goals can be grouped according to their relationship to system structure, organization, and process/dynamics, and their disciplinary or subsystemic breadth. These discussions are illustrated by a review of the goals of biodiversity, sustainability, ecological health, and integrity. An example of a hierarchical framework of procedural goals and objectives that supports achievement of substantive goals is also provided. The conclusion is that a parallel, linked system of substantive and procedural goals at different levels of complexity and disciplinarity is needed to facilitate ecosystem-based management. 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RP Armitage, DR, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB This paper illustrates the opportunity for conservation offered by linking traditional agroecological knowledge and advances in adaptive management theory and practice. Drawing on examples from the Banawa-Marawola region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, a suite of traditional resource management practices premised on principles of adaptive management are identified and assessed, including: (1) resource management practices and regulations that are associated with the dynamics of complex systems; (2) procedural, planning and decision-making processes that foster learning; (3) sanctions and taboos that act as social mechanisms for the management and conservation of natural resources; and (4) ceremonies and social interactions that promote cultural internalization of the various practices, procedures and mechanisms. In addition, an emerging sociopolitical movement in the Banawa-Marawola region is explored. Premised on the strengthening of traditional rights and practices, the nascent Kamalise movement potentially provides the socio-political, institutional and organizational context needed to link traditional agroecological knowledge and adaptive management with broader conservation goals. Based on this analysis, two opportunities to enhance conservation in the region are identified: first, maintaining traditional agroecological systems and the associated adaptive resource management strategies used by local groups, and second, building upon the Kamalise movement to forge conservation alliances among communities, non-government and government organizations in which locally-evolved adaptive resource management strategies can be effectively applied. Both opportunities to combine traditional knowledge, adaptive management and conservation, however, are linked to the development aspirations of traditional groups: self-determination, acquisition of land rights and controlling the impacts of changes in livelihood. CR *BAPP BPS, 1996, UNPUB STAT LINGK HID *BAPP BPS, 2000, STAT LINK HID SUL TE *BAPP KAK DONGG, 1999, UNPUB RENC TAT RUANG *BPS KAB DONGG, 1999, UNPUB KEC BAN DAL AN *IUCN UNEP WWF, 1991, CAR EARTH STRAT SUST *PSL UNTAD, 2000, UNPUB PENG TERP BERB AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 AGRAWAL A, 2000, ENVIRON CONSERV, V27, P326 ALCONR J, 2000, INDIGENOUS SOCIAL MO ARMITAGE D, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P203 ATOK K, 2000, UNPUB HUTAN TERUMBU BEBBINGTON A, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P86 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BRANDON K, 1998, PARKS PERIL PEOPLE P CHAMBERS R, 1992, 311 I DEV STUD ELLEN R, 1999, TRANSFORMING INDONES, P131 FERNANDEZGIMENEZ ME, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1318 FORD J, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1249 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 JOHNSON BL, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GRYOSCOPE IN LEE MW, 1999, ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF, V3, P3 LI T, 1999, TRANSFORMING INDONES LI TM, 2001, MOD ASIAN STUD 3, V35, P645 MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MORAN E, 1991, AM ANTHROPOL, V92, P361 NETTING RM, 1968, HILL FARMERS NIGERIA NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO OLSON D, 1998, UNPUB GLOBAL 200 REP OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 PEET R, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES PELUSO NL, 1995, ANTIPODE, V27, P383 REDFORD KH, 1992, CONSERVATION NEOTROP ROBINSON JG, 1991, NEOTROPICAL WILDLIFE SALAFSKY N, 2001, BIODIVERSITY SUPPORT, V112 SCHELHAS J, 1996, FOREST PATCHES TROPI SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SMITH EA, 2000, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V29, P493 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WATTS MJ, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P21 WHITTEN AJ, 1987, ECOLO9GY SULAMESI ZERNER C, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC NR 50 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV BP 79 EP 90 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 30 IS 1 GA 677DN UT ISI:000182791800007 ER PT J AU Savage, M Mast, JN TI How resilient are southwestern ponderosa pine forests after crown fires? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Carthage Coll, Dept Geog, Kenosha, WI 53140 USA. RP Savage, M, Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. AB The exclusion of low-severity surface fire from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) forests of the Southwest has changed ecosystem structure and function such that severe crown fires are increasingly causing extensive stand mortality. This altered fire regime has resulted from the intersection of natural drought cycles with human activities that have suppressed natural fires for over a century. What is the trajectory of forest recovery after such fires? This study explores the regeneration response of ponderosa pine and other species to crown fires that occurred in the region from the late 1940s to the mid-1970s. We address two main questions: (1) What is the success of ponderosa regeneration and establishment, and (2) Can these sites, burned in stand-destroying fires, be "captured" by other species on the scale of decades? Two main trajectories of recovery were found: (1) establishment of unnaturally dense ponderosa pine stands vulnerable to further crown fire and (2) establishment of nonforested grass or shrub communities. 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NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Baskett, ML, Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB Community interactions alter the management actions necessary to recover overfished species using marine reserves. For example, in communities where a larger species preys on their juveniles' competitors, overfishing of the larger species may cause prey population expansion; subsequent increased competition for the juveniles of the over fished species may impede its recovery within reserves. We explore the implications of such community interactions for reserve design with a model of a subtidal rockfish (genus Sebastes) system from the Northeast Pacific Ocean within a no-take reserve. Ignoring community interactions, the model predicts that a reserve large enough for internal recruitment to counterbalance mortality will allow recovery of the overfished species. However, after incorporating community interactions, the model predicts that two alternative stable states exist: one where the overfished species dominates and one where the prey dominates. In the community model, the ability of an overfished system to recover to the equilibrium where the overfished species dominates after reserve establishment depends on the initial densities of both species, and a larger reserve is required for recovery to be possible. CR ALLISON GW, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S79 ANDERSON JT, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P1106 APOSTOLAKI P, 2002, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V59, P405 BARKAI A, 1988, SCIENCE, V242, P62 CHARNOV EL, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P9460 CHOI JS, 2004, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V61, P505 COLLIE JS, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P281 ESSINGTON TE, 2004, B MAR SCI, V74, P563 GUENETTE S, 1999, FISH RES, V39, P295 GUNDERSON DR, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P990 HALPERN BS, 2002, ECOL LETT, V5, P361 HEINO M, 2002, B MAR SCI, V70, P639 HILBORN R, 2004, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V47, P197 HOLLAND DS, 1996, MAR RESOURCE EC, V11, P157 HOLLOWED AB, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P707 HOLT RD, 1997, AM NAT, V149, P745 HUGGETT AJ, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V124, P301 JENNINGS S, 1998, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V265, P333 JOHNSON D, 2004, THESIS U CALIFORNIA KIERSTEAD H, 1953, J MARKETING RES, V12, P141 KINLAN BP, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P2007 KNOWLTON N, 2004, PROG OCEANOGR, V60, P387 LAUCK T, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S72 LOCKWOOD DR, 2002, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V61, P297 LOVE MS, 2002, ROCK FISHES NE PACIF MACCALL AD, 2002, B MAR SCI, V70, P613 MAN A, 1995, BIOL CONSERV, V71, P197 MANGEL M, 2000, EVOL ECOL RES, V2, P547 MANGEL M, 2005, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V360, P95 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MCCLANAHAN T, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 METHOD R, 2002, STATUS YELLOWEYE ROC MICHELI F, 2004, B MAR SCI, V74, P653 MURRAY SN, 1999, FISHERIES, V24, P11 MYLIUS SD, 2001, AM NAT, V158, P259 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PETRAITIS PS, 2004, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V300, P343 POLIS GA, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P297 POLIS GA, 1992, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V7, P151 PUNT AE, 2003, FISH B-NOAA, V101, P860 RALSTON S, 2003, FISH B-NOAA, V101, P129 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 SHANKS AL, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P159 SKELLAM JG, 1951, BIOMETRIKA, V38, P196 SLADEKNOWLIS J, 1999, FISH B, V97, P604 STEELE JH, 2003, P ROY SOC LOND B S2, V270, S230 STEIN DL, 1992, FISH B-NOAA, V90, P540 SWAIN DP, 2000, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V57, P1321 WALTERS CJ, 2000, B MAR SCI, V66, P745 WALTERS CJ, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P39 WHIPPLE SJ, 2000, FISH FISH, V1, P22 YOKLAVICH M, 2002, CAL COOP OCEAN FISH, V43, P120 YOKLAVICH MM, 2000, FISH B-NOAA, V98, P625 NR 54 TC 1 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 1214 EP 1229 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 63 IS 6 GA 053DT UT ISI:000238285700003 ER PT J AU Valone, TJ Sauter, P TI Effects of long-term cattle exclosure on vegetation and rodents at a desertified arid grassland site SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. RP Valone, TJ, St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, 3507 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. AB Arid grasslands are often presumed to exist in one of two alternate stable states: grassland or desertified shrubland. While the conversion to shrubland can occur rather rapidly following intense overgrazing, the recovery of perennial grasses is often presumed to be difficult or impossible even with livestock removal. We examined vegetation and rodent communities at a desertified shrubland site from which livestock had been removed for more than four decades. Total shrub cover was similar but differed in composition across the grazing fence. Larrea tridentata had significantly higher cover Outside while Parthenium incanum had significantly higher cover inside the fence. Basal perennial grass cover was significantly higher inside the fence. Rodent diversity was significantly higher inside the fence due to higher abundance and diversity of pocket mice. These data suggest that recovery of perennial grasses at severely desertified sites is possible but may require several decades and that rodent diversity responds positively to such recovery. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ARCHER S, 1995, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V29, P91 ARCHER S, 1996, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT G, P101 BAHRE CJ, 1991, LEGGACY CHANGE BARNES WC, 1936, AM FORESTRY, V42, P456 BOCK CE, 1984, J RANGE MANAGE, V37, P239 BOCK CE, 1988, ICBP TECHNICAL PUBLI, V7, P43 BOCK CE, 1990, J HERPETOL, V24, P445 BROWN AL, 1950, J RANGE MANAGE, V3, P172 BROWN JH, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P9729 BUFFINGTON LC, 1965, ECOL MONOGR, V35, P139 CHEW RM, 1965, ECOL MONOGR, V35, P355 CHEW RM, 1982, AM MIDL NAT, V108, P159 CHEW RM, 1992, J ARID ENVIRON, V22, P375 FRASIER GW, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P299 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FUHLENDORF SD, 2001, APPL VEG SCI, V4, P177 GARDNER JL, 1950, ECOLOGY, V31, P44 GERMANO DJ, 1983, J RANGE MANAGE, V36, P309 GLENDENING GE, 1952, ECOLOGY, V33, P319 GRANT WE, 1982, J MAMMAL, V63, P248 HAYWARD B, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P123 HESKE EJ, 1991, SOUTHWEST NAT, V36, P89 HODGSON J, 1996, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT G HOFFMEISTER DF, 1986, MAMMALS ARIZONA HUMPHREY RR, 1987, 90 YEARS 535 MILES V JAMES C, 2003, AUSTRAL ECOL, V28, P137 JEPSONINNES K, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V78, P430 JONES ZF, 2003, AM MIDL NAT, V149, P384 KEARNEY TH, 1960, ARIZONA FLORA KELT DA, 1995, OECOLOGIA, V103, P191 KROGH SN, 2002, J ARID ENVIRON, V50, P513 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LOCKWOOD JA, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P282 MOLEELE NM, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V40, P245 NASH MS, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V55, P181 NEILSON RP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P27 RASMUSSEN K, 2001, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V11, P271 RIETKERK M, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P512 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P69 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P241 ROUNDY BA, 1988, SW NATURALIST, V33, P425 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SKARPE C, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P873 SMITH DA, 1975, J RANGE MANAGE, V28, P453 TABINI S, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V55, P715 VALONE TJ, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P880 VALONE TJ, 1999, J ARID ENVIRON, V41, P15 VALONE TJ, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P995 VANAUKEN OW, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P197 VAVRA M, 1994, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI VOGT KD, 1980, SOIL SURVEY SAN SIMO WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WASER PM, 2003, J MAMMAL, V84, P1031 WELTZIN JF, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P751 WEST NE, 1984, J RANGE MANAGE, V37, P262 WESTER DB, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P285 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P2 WHITFORD WG, 1995, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V37, P319 WHITFORD WG, 1997, J ARID ENVIRON, V37, P709 WIEGAND T, 1996, VEGETATIO, V125, P169 NR 60 TC 4 J9 J ARID ENVIRON BP 161 EP 170 PY 2005 PD APR VL 61 IS 1 GA 892KH UT ISI:000226648900012 ER PT J AU Valone, TJ Meyer, M Brown, JH Chew, RM TI Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol 66E, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Valone, TJ, St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, 3507 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. AB Over the past two centuries, perennial grass cover has declined and shrub density has increased in many arid grasslands. These changes in vegetation, characteristic of desertification, are thought to have occurred often following prolonged periods of intense grazing by domestic livestock. At many such sites, however, the subsequent removal of livestock grazing for up to 20 years has not resulted in increased grass cover. The apparent stability of vegetation following the cessation of livestock grazing has led to the hypothesis that desertified arid grasslands exist in alternate stable states of either grassland or shrubland over timescales relevant to management. To better understand the timescale of grass recovery in historic arid grasslands dominated by shrubs, we examined the vegetation at two nearby desertified sites that differed in the length of time since livestock removal. There was little difference between the site ungrazed for 20 years and the shrub-dominated vegetation on the other side of the exclusion fence. At a site ungrazed for 39 years there was significantly higher perennial grass cover inside the exclusion fence than outside, and nearly all the increase had occurred over the past 20 years. These data suggest that there may be time lags of 20 years or more in the response of perennial grasses to removal of livestock in historic grassland ecosystems dominated by shrubs. 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RP Allen, CR, Clemson Univ, USGS BRD, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. CR ALLEN CR, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P114 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 GLEASON HA, 1926, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V53, P7 HOLLING CS, 1988, MEMOIRS ENTOMOLOGICA, V146, P21 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JANSSEN MA, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LIGHT SS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P103 MAKSE HA, 1995, NATURE, V377, P608 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 RUESINK JL, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P465 WILLIAMS DF, 2001, IN PRESS AM ENTOMOLO, V47 ZETTLER JA, 2001, BIOL CONSERV, V101, P249 NR 13 TC 1 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 5 IS 1 GA 458XV UT ISI:000170221500016 ER PT J AU WALKER, BH NORTON, GA TI APPLIED ECOLOGY - TOWARDS A POSITIVE APPROACH .2. 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Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Leslie Hill Inst Plant Conservat, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Kalamandeen, M, Univ Guyana, Dept Biol, Ctr Study Biol Divers, Turkeyen Campus, Georgetown, Demarara, Guyana. AB Protected areas are a cornerstone of many conservation approaches, and concepts of pristineness and wilderness are often considered central to protected area designation and management. However, these concepts are rarely explored through a historical lens that captures the philosophies and assumptions underlying protected area designation. In this paper, we aim to improve our understanding of protected area designation and management by reviewing the history of four main conservation approaches: (1) Wilderness conservation and the Yellowstone Model; (2) Wise use and the Game Reserve Model; (3) Wildlife and Biodiversity conservation; and (4) Ecosystem management. Through examination of the history of these Models, we discuss the values, rationale and assumptions behind each approach, and how these interface with protected area designation. In each case, we explore the extent of dependence on concepts of wilderness and pristineness. We also highlight the evolution of alternative criteria for designating protected areas, and ascertain how far these alternative values influence protected area designation and management. 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Univ Kent, Dept Anthropol, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England. RP Hutton, JM, Fauna & Flora Int, Great Eastern House, Tenison Rd, Cambridge CB1 2TT, England. AB Discussions of sustainable use have become polarized. Welfarists oppose all use that involves killing animals. Among conservationists polarization arises in part from failure to distinguish between different ideas nestled under the umbrella term of 'sustainable use'. These include direct use as an imperative or choice, the ideal of keeping any use within biologically sustainable limits, and use as a possible conservation strategy that can create positive incentives, which are key where land could otherwise be converted to biodiversity-unfriendly practices. People will continue to use wild living resources, which increasing human populations could further deplete. In response the conservation community can follow one of two approaches. On the one hand, it can try to stop use through the establishment of strictly protected areas and by enforcing legislation, although many would question the ethical position of imposing such an approach. On the other hand, it can work to introduce the wider management systems needed to deliver sustainable use and, if possible, incentive-driven conservation. Because most rural populations will continue using wild living resources in human-dominated landscapes, sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation should both be at the centre of the conservation agenda this century. Both species- and ecosystem-based management are likely to have a role in sustainable use. However, current enthusiasm for the ecosystem approach may throw up unexpected consequences, making the search for sustainability even more polarized. Nevertheless, direct use of species cannot provide sufficient incentives to ensure the continued delivery of ecosystem services, which need to be fully incorporated in the global accounting system. 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RP Keong, CY, Keio Univ, Tokyo 108, Japan. CR 1995, BAKUN ENV IMPACT ASS 1995, PRIVATIZATION BAKUN 1997, ENV IMPACT ASSESSMEN 2000, BUSINESS TIMES 0425 2000, NEWS STRAITS TI 0506 2003, BUSINESS TIMES 1007 *ACE, 2000, PV IND MAL *ACRE, 1999, PHOT PREP AUSTR GREE *APERC, 2001, SUST EL SUPPL OPT AP *CETDEM, 2000, STAT REN EN EN EFF M *CPC, 2003, IR STEEL IND IMPR RE *EPU, 1991, WAY FORW VIS 2020 *EPU, 2001, 3 OUTL PERSP PLAN OP *EPU, 2001, 8 MAL PLAN 2001 2005 *GREENP, 1999, REN IPPS SE AS REN I *GREENP, 2001, SOL GEN REP GREENP *GREENP, 2002, LOS CLEAN EN RAC US *IDEAL, 1999, PENG KIT *IMF, 2001, WORLD EC FIN SURV WO *INSAN, 1996, POW PLAY WHY WE COND *KTKM, 2001, NAT EN BAL MAL 2001 *MITI, 1996, 2 IND MAST PLAN 1996 *MOF, 2002, KNOWL BAS EC MAST PL *SAM, A Z MAL ENV *SAM, DO NOT US AL SMELT P *SAR FOR DEP, MAL GROW EN NEEDS 19 *STA, SAR BAL TRAD 2002 *UCS, SOL EN WORKS *UNDP, 2000, WORLD EN ASS EN CHAL *UNEP, 2000, PLANN MAN LAK RES IN *WHO, 2000, HAZ CHEM HUM ENV HLT *WORLD BANK, 1993, E AS MIR EC GROWTH P *WORLD BANK, 1996, SOL HOM SYST PROJ *WORLD BANK, 1998, POLL PREV AB HDB *WRR, 1995, WORLD RIVERS REV NOV, V10 ALLEN PM, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P95 ALSEMA EA, 1996, 96074 AG EN ENV ANDERSON DM, 2004, HARMFUL ALGAE PAGE AVGEROU C, 2003, INFORMATION SYSTEMS AYERS RU, 1993, ECOLOGICAL EC, V8, P189 AYRES RU, 1969, AM ECON REV, V59, P282 BHAGAVAN MR, 1997, NEW GENERIC TECHNOLO, P297 BOULDING KE, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING, P3 CAMPEN JT, 1986, BENEFIT COST POLITIC CASSIOLATO J, 1997, NEW GENERIC TECHNOLO, P43 CLEVELAND CJ, 9908 CEES BOST U CORNS W, 1999, MERC GLOB POLL 5 INT DAHLMAN CJ, 1994, J ASIAN EC, V5, P541 DALY HE, 1972, STEADY STATE EC DEBRESSON C, 1991, J EVOLUTIONARY EC, V1, P241 DOSI G, 1984, TECHNICAL CHANGE IND DOSI G, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P13 DOSI G, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P221 DUNLOP JP, 1997, BATTERIES CHARGE CON FIROR B, 1997, NO GREAT PLAINS REG FREEMAN C, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P38 FREEMAN C, 1994, CAMBRIDGE J ECON, V18, P463 GABUNGAN, 1999, BAKUN RESETTLEMENT I GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1975, SO EC J, V41, P347 GOLDBERG M, 2000, REPP PUBLICATION GROSSMAN GM, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P23 GROTH E, 1975, ENVIRONMENT APR HAWKINS JM, 1998, SOL PHOT EN WORKSH 9 HENGEVELD H, 1995, 952 SOE ATM ENV SERV HETTIGE H, 1995, 1431 POL RES HILDYARD N, 1998, HIGH RISK LOW RETURN HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HONG E, 1987, NATIVES SARAWAK SURV ISOARD S, 2001, ENERG ECON, V23, P619 JENKINS R, 1999, TRADE INVESTMENT IND JUSTMAN M, 1991, WORLD DEV, V19, P1167 KAUFMAN S, 2000, 9 RAPP KEMP R, 1997, ENV POLICY TECHNICAL KEONG CY, THESIS KEIO U TOKYO KEONG CY, 1995, THESIS CHUO U TOKYO KEONG CY, 2003, UNPUB STATE HUMAN RI KEONG CY, 2004, PACICIF AFFAIRS, V77, P50 KEONG CY, 2005, ENERG POLICY, V33, P679 LUCAS REB, 1992, 964 POL RES WORLD BA LUCAS REB, 1994, INT TRADE ENV, P67 MATUTINOVIC I, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P239 MILES I, 1997, NEW GENERIC TECHNOLO, P25 MISHAN EJ, 1980, J ECON ISSUES, V14, P143 MISHAN EJ, 1982, J ECON ISSUES, V16, P29 OCONNOR D, 1996, 111 ORG EC COOP DEV PEDERSEN OL, 1996, POWER HEAVENS APOLLO PERERA O, 2001, RENEWABLE ENERGY TEC PERRINGS C, 1987, EC ENV THEORETICAL E PERRINGS C, 1997, EC ECOLOGICAL RESOUR PRIVAL MJ, 1973, ENVIRONMENT, V15, P25 RASIAH R, 1999, 4 COP BUS SCH ROMER PM, 1986, J POLIT ECON, V94, P1002 ROMER PM, 1990, J POLITICAL EC, V98, S71 SERCHUK A, 2000, ENV IMPERATIVE RENEW WHITE WC, 1997, REV EC IMPACT STUDY NR 97 TC 0 J9 J ECON ISSUE BP 123 EP 150 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 39 IS 1 GA 907XA UT ISI:000227750200006 ER PT J AU Mitchell, RJ Marrs, RH Le Duc, MG Auld, MHD TI A study of the restoration of heathland on successional sites: changes in vegetation and soil chemical properties SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Liverpool, Environm & Hort Res Stn, Ness Bot Gardens, S Wirral L64 4AY, Cheshire, England. Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Appl Ecol Res Grp, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. Royal Soc Protect Birds, Aberdeen AB10 1YP, Scotland. RP Mitchell, RJ, Inst Terr Ecol, Banchory Res Stn, Hill Brathens, Banchory AB31 4BY, Kincardine, Scotland. AB 1. Lowland heaths are high-profile ecosystems for conservation action in Britain, but many areas have been invaded by Betula spp., Pinus sylvestris, Pteridium aquilinum and Rhododendron ponticum. As succession occurs on heaths, changes occur in both the vegetation and the soil chemical properties of the site. 2. Nine heathland sites in the Poole Basin area of Dorset were studied, where management of successional sites to restore heathland had occurred. The efficacy of heathland restoration in terms of both the vegetation and the soil chemical properties was assessed. 3. The management had allowed many heathland species to establish and the majority of sites to start to become similar to the neighbouring heathland. The reversion of increased soil nutrients was found to be more problematic, with levels of ammonium-nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, calcium and magnesium remaining greater than those of the heathland soils. 4. The vegetation and soil data were analysed using CANOCO (canonical correspondence analysis) and were then used to test four hypothetical models that related changes in biotic factors (vegetation) and abiotic variables (soil nutrients) following management to the success of the restoration of heathland on successional sites. 5. A second CANOCO analysis was carried out in which the managed sites were treated as passive samples. This model was used to measure the distances between the heath, successional and managed sites. These distances provided measures of management success and the resilience of the treated late-successional ecosystem. 6. The successional species present before management affected the success of reversion; management of Pinus sylvestris sites was generally more successful than management of others sites, especially those invaded by Betula. The most significant effect of different management techniques resulted from litter-stripping, which reduced the nutrients available and improved and accelerated the success of reversion. CR *UN LTD, 1991, AT ABS SPECTR METH M ALLEN SE, 1974, CHEM ANAL ECOLOGICAL ALLEN SE, 1989, CHEM ANAL ECOLOGICAL BORMANN FH, 1979, PATTERN PROCESSES FO CHAPMAN SB, 1989, BIOL CONSERV, V47, P137 CROSS JR, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P345 DUNCAN UK, 1970, INTRO BRIT LICHENS GAUCH HG, 1982, MULTIVARIATE ANAL CO GIMINGHAM CH, 1992, LOWLAND HEATHLAND MA GRIME JP, 1988, COMP PLANT ECOLOGY F HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MANLY BFJ, 1986, MULTIVARIATE STAT ME MARRS RH, 1989, BIOL HABITAT RECONST, P29 MILES J, 1981, EFFECTS BIRCH MOORLA MILES J, 1985, J SOIL SCI, V36, P571 MITCHELL RJ, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P1426 MITCHELL RJ, 1997, THESIS U LIVERPOOL L PALMER MW, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P2215 SMITH JE, 1978, MOSS FLORA BRIT IREL STACE C, 1991, NEW FLORA BRIT ISLES TERBRAAK CJF, 1988, IW15TNO AGR MATH GRO TERBRAAK CJF, 1990, UPDATE NOTES CANOCO WEBB NR, 1990, BIOL CONSERV, V51, P273 NR 23 TC 13 J9 J APPL ECOL BP 770 EP 783 PY 1999 PD OCT VL 36 IS 5 GA 250WY UT ISI:000083414300013 ER PT J AU Walker, BH Gunderson, LH Kinzig, AP Folke, C Carpenter, SR Schultz, L TI A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB This paper is a work-in-progress account of ideas and propositions about resilience in social-ecological systems. It articulates our understanding of how these complex systems change and what determines their ability to absorb disturbances in either their ecological or their social domains. We call them "propositions" because, although they are useful in helping us understand and compare different social-ecological systems, they are not sufficiently well defined to be considered formal hypotheses. These propositions were developed in two workshops, in 2003 and 2004, in which participants compared the dynamics of 15 case studies in a wide range of regions around the world. The propositions raise many questions, and we present a list of some that could help define the next phase of resilience-related research. CR ADGER WN, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1036 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PEREPECTIV ANDERIES JM, 2005, REGIONAL ENV CHANGE, V5, P1 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROCK WA, 2004, TIPPING POINTS ABRUP BROCK WA, 2005, THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR BUCK LE, 2001, BIOL DIVERSITY BALAN CARLSSON L, 2005, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V75, P65 CARPENTER SR, 2003, SERIES ECOLOGY I, V15 CARPENTER SR, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P8 CUMMING GS, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P29 DELCOURT PA, 2004, PREHISTORIC NATIVE A DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DOYLE J, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P5656 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V30, P441 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P33 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1996, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P31 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 HOLLINH CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESEM JANSSEN MA, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P241 JENTOFT S, 2000, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V43, P527 KINZIG AP, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P20 LUDWIG D, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR, P21 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT OSTROM E, 2003, FDN SOC CAPITAL OSTROM E, 2005, UNDERSTANDING I DIVE PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR, P227 PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P358 PETERSON GD, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P1403 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PRETTY J, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1912 SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P195 SCHOLES RJ, 1993, NYLSVLEY STUDY AFRIC STOKER G, 1998, INT SOC SCI J, V50, P17 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P3 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WALKER BH, 2006, CASE STUDIES RESILIE WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P103 WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P333 YORQUE R, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P419 NR 53 TC 7 J9 ECOL SOC BP 13 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300038 ER PT J AU Sanchez, F Olaso, I TI Effects of fisheries on the Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Inst Espanol Oceanog, Santander 39080, Spain. RP Sanchez, F, Inst Espanol Oceanog, POB 240, Santander 39080, Spain. AB The Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem is described using a mass-balance model of trophic interactions, in order to understand the effects of the different fisheries that operate in this area. The study was based on a database of bottom trawl surveys, ICES stock assessment working groups, stomach analyses, fisheries research and was supplemented by published information. The model had 28 trophic groups corresponding to pelagic, demersal and benthic domains, also including detritus and fishery discards. The results indicated that the biomass and production of some groups would be unrealistic if they were independently estimated by single-species assessment approaches. Summaries are given to illustrate the flow distributions between groups. Strong relationships existed between the pelagic, demersal and benthic domains due to key groups, like zooplankton suprabenthic and horse mackerel, that transferred the flow from primary production to the upper trophic levels. Feeding pressure on phytoplankton was low and detritivorous species were an important component of the ecosystem. Estimations of the trophic level of the fisheries, transfer efficiency between trophic levels and mixed trophic impact analysis, that consider the fishery both as an impacting and as an impacted component, were also included. The results indicated a fisheries impact level in the Cantabrian Sea comparable to that in the most intensively exploited temperate shelf ecosystems of the world. The fishery was operating at a mean trophic level of 3.7. The importance of discards as food in the ecosystem was low, in comparison with detritus, primary producers or other low trophic levels. The negative trophic impact of trawling on the different groups of the system was high and much stronger than the other gears studied. All fishing gears, except the purse seine, had negative impact on fish feeders and elasmobranchs. The mean trophic level of Cantabrian Sea fisheries declined from 1983 to 1993 but has remained steady since then. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Stellenbosch, Conservat Ecol Dept, Stellenbosch, South Africa. RP Kraaij, T, Sci Serv, S African Natl Pacific Parks,POB 176, ZA-6573 Sedgefield, South Africa. AB Degradation in semi-arid Karoo rangelands has been ascribed to over-utilization by livestock and variations in rainfall regime. The understanding of vegetation dynamics in confined plant-herbivore systems is hampered by the difficulty in uncoupling biotic and abiotic determinants of vegetation change, and a paucity of long-term studies. Vegetation change in permanent fenced and open plots in Karoo National Park was monitored over 10 years, largely falling within a high rainfall phase. Herbivore pressure more than tripled during this period with notable increases in the larger ungulates and ostrich. No clear correlation could be established between rainfall and vegetation parameters. Rangeland condition improved and species richness increased over time. Annual grass cover decreased and perennial grass cover increased with time following a change in land use from small-stock farming to conservation and reintroduction of wild ungulates. Changes were more rapid in exclosures than in areas exposed to herbivory. Rangeland condition was closely correlated with canopy spread cover. To differentiate rainfall-induced fluctuations from directional changes in vegetation dynamics caused by herbivory, monitoring needs to be conducted for extended periods that include various rainfall cycles. The value of vegetation monitoring would be greater if additional data were collected to measure persistence of uncommon species. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Inst Nacl Ecol, Secretaria Medio Ambiente & Recursos Nat, Mexico City 04530, DF, Mexico. RP Galicia, L, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Univ,AP 20-850, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. AB The objective of study was to explore short-term trends of processes that determine land-use change in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca (SNO), Mexico. Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) were estimated in a complex mosaic of vegetation in the SNO from 1980 to 2000, and projected them to 2020 through a Markovian model. SNO is highly vulnerable to climatic change according to a 2050 GCM scenario. However, 3% annual rate of tropical and temperate forest deforestation from agriculture and livestock encroachment, suggest the threat from land-use change is higher than that from climatic change for this study site. Productive land-use strategies are needed to reduce such high deforestation rates for tropical regions. Controlling deforestation would also reduce short-term effects of CO, emissions to the atmosphere. Because of the necessity to evaluate anthropogenic ecosystem changes, it is imperative to separate short-term influences such as deforestation, from long-term influences such as climatic change. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *SEMARNAT, 2000, CAT ESP VULN APR FOR *SEMARNAT, 2001, MEX SEG CON NAC C MA ARRIAGA L, 2000, REGIONES TERRESTRES BALZTER H, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V126, P139 CASWELL H, 2001, MATRIX POPULATION MO CERVANTESZAMORA Y, 1990, ATLAS NACL MEXICO, V2 CHALLENGER A, 1998, COMISION NACL USO CO CHAPIN FS, 2002, PRINCIPLES TERRESTRI CHAPIN FS, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P361 CHAPMAN A, 1998, IMPACT GLOBAL WARMIN DEFRIES RS, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V8, P438 DIAZ S, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P651 DIRNBOCK T, 2003, J BIOGEOGR, V30, P401 DIRZO R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P84 DIXON PM, 1993, DESIGN ANAL ECOLOGIC, P290 ENGLEHART PJ, 2005, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V32 FARROW A, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P249 FEDDEMA JJ, 2005, SCIENCE, V310, P1674 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 FORBES BC, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P377 GARCIA E, 1998, PRECIPITACION TOTAL GARCIAMENDOZA A, 2004, BIODIVERSIDAD OAXACA, P305 GARCIAMENDOZA P, 2000, REGION SIERRA JUAREZ GARCIAOCHOA F, 1998, BIOCHEM ENG J, V1, P1 GEOGHEGAN J, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P25 GERHARDT F, 2002, J BIOGEOGR, V29, P1421 GONZALEZ G, 2004, BIODIVERSIDAD OAXACA, P449 GONZALEZBELLO G, 1986, PUBLICACIION INIFAP, V62 HALL B, 2002, J BIOGEOGR, V29, P1319 HELMER EH, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P98 HORN HS, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO JENTSCH A, 2003, ERDKUNDE, V57, P216 KLOOSTER DJ, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V19, P259 LAMBIN EF, 1999, 48 IGBP LAMBIN EF, 2001, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V11, P261 LOGOFET DO, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V126, P285 LOPEZGRANADOS EM, 2001, UNAM, V45, P56 MARTEN J, 2002, J SOUTHERN HIST, V68, P966 MASERA O, 2001, MITIGATION ADAPTATIO, V6, P291 MATTHEWS HD, 2004, CLIM DYNAM, V22, P461 MCINTYRE S, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P621 MELILLO JM, 1993, IPCC CLIMATE CHANGE, P283 NIXON K, 1997, DIVERSIDAD BIOL MEXI, P435 OLESON KW, 2004, CLIM DYNAM, V23, P117 PASCARELLA JB, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P217 PUHE J, 2000, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG SALA OE, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P1770 SMITH JH, 2003, ENVIRON MANAGE, V31, P252 STEPHENNE N, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P145 STYLES BT, 1998, DIVERSIDAD BIOL MEXI, P385 TURNER M, 2003, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V18, P419 VEGA E, 2003, I NACL EC CONS EC TE, P163 VELAZQUEZ A, 2003, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V85, P175 VELDKAMP A, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P1 VILLERSRUIZ L, 1998, INTERCIENCIA, V23, P10 VOLDOIRE A, 2004, CLIM DYNAM, V22, P857 WALSH SJ, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P47 NR 57 TC 0 J9 APPL GEOGR BP 276 EP 290 PY 2006 PD OCT VL 26 IS 3-4 GA 118EI UT ISI:000242924600007 ER PT J AU vandeKoppel, J Rietkerk, M TI Spatial interactions and resilience in arid ecosystems SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Dept Environm Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP vandeKoppel, J, Netherlands Inst Ecol, POB 140, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. AB We present a mathematical analysis of the consequences of spatial interactions between vegetation patches by means of water flow for the functioning of arid systems. Our model results suggest that spatial exchange of water improved the resilience to disturbances and increased the resistance to human-induced loss of cover. Furthermore, spatial exchange of water allowed vegetation to persist at lower rainfall levels compared to systems that lack spatial interactions. Our analysis stresses the general importance of spatial interactions for the functioning of ecological systems. 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Univ Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Bohensky, E, Univ Pretoria, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. AB Ecosystem services are embedded in complex adaptive systems. These systems are riddled with nonlinearities, uncertainties, and surprises, and are made increasingly complex by the many human responses to problems or changes arising within them. In this paper we attempt to determine whether there are certain factors that characterize effective responses in complex systems. We construct a framework for response evaluation with three interconnected scopes or spatial and temporal domains: the scope of an impact, the scope of the awareness of the impact, and the scope of the power or influence to respond. Drawing from the experience of the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA), we explore the applicability of this framework to the example of water management in southern Africa, where an ongoing paradigm shift in some areas has enabled a transition from supply-side to demand-side responses and the creation of new institutions to manage water across scales. We suggest that the most effective responses exhibit congruence between the impact, awareness, and power scopes; distribute impacts across space and time; expand response options; enhance social memory; and depend on power-distributing mechanisms. We conclude by stressing the need for sufficient flexibility to adapt responses to the specific, ever-evolving contexts in which they are implemented. Although our discussion focuses on water in southern Africa, we believe that the framework has broad applicability to a range of complex systems and places. 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RP Thomas, DSG, Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. AB This paper examines the ways in which a policy aiming to improve both use of an extensive dryland natural resource, and the well-being of rural peoples in Botswana, has impacted on the environment and upon indigenous land-use activities. The impacts of the Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP) have been spatially and temporally variable. Previous assertions about its contribution to desertification may have been overstated, although environmental changes have certainly resulted from policy impacts. Effects upon traditional indigenous population coping strategies for environmental variability are considered both in terms of subsistence activities and the ability to respond to drought events. It is concluded that the policy has not met its environmental, pastoral production or societal objectives, largely because it was founded on unestablished assumptions. Large-scale environmental degradation and desertification, however, cannot yet be attributed to the TGLP, but it can be contended that the policy has reduced both environmental and societal resilience to natural environmental variability. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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Arizona State Univ, Int Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Anderies, JM, Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, POB 874701, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Linked social-ecological systems in which surprise and crisis are interspersed with periods of stability and predictability are inherently difficult to manage. This condition, coupled with the legacies of past management actions, typically leaves policy and decision makers few options other than to incrementally adapt and reinforce the current trajectory of the system. Decision making becomes increasingly reactive and incremental as the system moves from one crisis to another. Eventually the system loses its capacity to cope with perturbations and surprise. 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HOLLING CS, MANAGE SCI HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1976, P C PEST MANAGE, P13 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLT SJ, 1977, 27TH INT WHAL COMM A, P133 HOOL JN, 1966, 12 FOR SCI MON JAQUETTE DL, 1972, MATH BIOSCI, V15, P231 JEFFERS JNR, 1972, MATH MODELS ECOLOGY JONES DD, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P2829 JONES DD, 1977, P C PEST MANAGEMENT, P91 JOSEPH P, 1961, T AIEE APPL IND, V80, P18 KALMAN RE, 1960, T ASME D, V82, P35 KALMAN RE, 1961, J BASIC ENG, V83, P95 KEENEY RL, 1976, DECISIONS MULTIPLE O KEENEY RL, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P49 LARSON RE, 1968, STATE INCREMENT DYNA LEMBERSKY MR, 1975, FOREST SCI, V21, P109 LIITTSCHWAGER JM, 1967, J FOREST, V65, P644 LOOTSMA F, 1972, NUMERICAL METHODS NO LORD GE, 1973, FISH B US, V71, P1029 LORD GE, 1976, FISH B US, V74, P837 LOTKA AJ, 1924, ELEMENTS PHYSICAL BI MANN SH, 1971, BIOMETRICS, V27, P357 MARQUARDT DW, 1963, J SOC IND APPL MATH, V11, P43 MAWER PA, 1974, WATER RESOUR RES, V10, P183 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MESAROVIC MD, 1970, THEORY MULTILEVEL HI MORRIS RF, 1963, 31 ENT SOC CAN MEM NAUTIYAL JC, 1967, FOREST SCI, V13, P131 NICHOLSON AJ, 1935, P ZOOL SOC LOND, P551 ONEILL PG, 1974, J ENV MANAGE, V2, P79 PALM WJ, 1975, US DEP COMMER FISH B, V73, P830 PATTEN BC, 1971, SYSTEMS ANAL SIMULAT, V1 PATTEN BC, 1972, SYSTEMS ANAL SIMULAT, V2 PATTEN BC, 1975, SYSTEMS ANAL SIMULAT, V3 PETERMAN RM, 1975, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V32, P2179 PETERMAN RM, 1977, ECOL MODEL, V3, P133 POWERS JE, 1976, VIRG J SCI, V27, P191 RABINOVICH JE, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM, P243 RAIFFA H, 1972, APPLIED STATISTICAL REED WJ, 1974, MATH BIOSCI, V22, P313 REED WJ, 1975, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB REGEV U, 1976, P C PEST MANAGE, P281 ROSENZWEIG ML, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P209 ROTHSCHILD BJ, 1971, FISHERY B, V69, P117 SANCHO NGF, 1973, MATH BIOSCI, V17, P35 SCHMIDT JW, 1972, SIMULATION, V18, P41 SCHREUDER GF, 1968, 72 YAL U SCH FOR B SHOEMAKER CA, 1973, MATH BIOSCI, V18, P1 SHOEMAKER CA, 1977, ECOSYSTEM MODELING T, P546 SHOEMAKER CA, 1977, P C PEST MANAGEMENT, P301 SHUGART HH, 1974, OECOLOG PLANTAR, V9, P231 SILVERT W, J FISH RES BD CAN SIMON HA, 1956, ECONOMETRICA, V24, P74 SKUD BE, 1976, 59 INT PAC HAL COMM SONNTAG N, IN PRESS STEDINGER J, 1977, THESIS HARVARD U STRIEBEL CT, 1965, J MATH ANAL APPL, V12, P576 SWARTZMAN GL, 1972, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V3, P347 SWARTZMAN GL, 1974, J APPL ECOL, V11, P537 TSE E, 1973, IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR, V18, P109 TSE E, 1973, IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR, V18, P98 TSYPKIN YZ, 1971, ADAPTATION LEARNING VANDYNE GM, 1966, ORNL3957 REP VOLTERRA V, 1928, J CONS INT EXPLOR ME, V3, P3 WALTERS CJ, 1969, T AM FISH SOC, V98, P505 WALTERS CJ, 1971, J WILDL MANAGE, V35, P644 WALTERS CJ, 1972, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V36, P119 WALTERS CJ, 1974, QUAEST ENTOMOL, V10, P117 WALTERS CJ, 1975, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V32, P1777 WALTERS CJ, 1975, P WORKSHOP SALMON MA WALTERS CJ, 1975, RR7512 INT I APPL SY WALTERS CJ, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P145 WALTERS CJ, 1977, PACIFIC SALMON MANAG, P261 WARDLE PA, 1965, MANAGEMENT SCI, V11, B260 WATT KEF, 1963, CAN ENTOMOL, V95, P525 WATT KEF, 1964, CAN ENTOMOL, V96, P202 WATT KEF, 1968, ECOLOGY RESOURCE MAN WIEGERT RG, 1975, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V6, P311 WILDE DJ, 1967, F OPTIMIZATION WINKLER C, 1975, RM7511 INT I APPL SY YOUNG PC, 1974, B I MATH APPL, V10, P209 NR 131 TC 83 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST BP 157 EP 188 PY 1978 VL 9 GA FY092 UT ISI:A1978FY09200008 ER PT J AU Borrows, P TI Living with flooding - Noah's legacy SO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE LA English DT Article C1 Environm Agcy, Reading RG1 8D9, Berks, England. RP Borrows, P, Environm Agcy, Kings Meadow House,Kings Meadow Rd, Reading RG1 8D9, Berks, England. AB The effects of climate change and the growing world population are together increasing both the chance of flooding and the consequences. There is increasing recognition that reliance on structural flood defences alone may be neither sufficient nor sustainable in the longer term. The lessons of the past and our developing understanding of the mechanisms causing flooding and the range of measures available to manage the risk, need to be harnessed in a new approach to living with flood risk. In particular, residual flood risk, being that remaining after any mitigation measures have been taken, should be assessed and addressed with an appropriate response. That response must command the support of those at risk. Flood warning is one tool and an outline is provided of the Environment Agency's service. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR *DEFRA ENV AG, 2005, FLOOD RISKS PEOPL PH *DEFRA, 2005, MAK SPAC WAT *MIN VERK WAT, 2005, PLAN KERNB RUIMT RIV NR 3 TC 0 J9 IRRIG DRAIN BP S133 EP S140 PY 2006 PD JUL VL 55 GA 069QX UT ISI:000239464400012 ER PT J AU Bellamy, JA Walker, DH McDonald, GT Syme, GJ TI A systems approach to the evaluation of natural resource management initiatives SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia. Univ Queensland, Dept Geog Sci & Planning, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. CSIRO Land & Water, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. RP Bellamy, JA, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. AB Adopting a new paradigm for natural resource and environmental policy that emphasises continuous change, adaptation and learning demands a new approach to evaluation to enable improvements in the way these initiatives contribute to sustainable resource use. Evaluation is fundamental to identifying change, supporting an adaptive approach that is flexible enough to meet the challenge of change, and enabling learning at individual, community, institutional and policy levels. Based on a consideration of changing approaches to natural resource management (NRM) policy and observations and experiences in the practical assessment of on-the-ground initiatives, the authors develop a set of principles for evaluation in NRM that. (a) addresses evaluation from a systems perspective, (b) links objective to consequence, (c) considers the fundamental assumptions and hypotheses that underpin core policy or program objectives, (d) is grounded in the natural resource, policy/institutional, economic, socio-cultural and technological contexts of implementation in practice, (e) establishes practical and valid evaluation criteria by which change can be monitored and assessed, (f) involves methodological pluralism including both quantitative and qualitative, methods to ensure rigour and comprehensiveness in assessment, and (g) integrates different disciplinary perspectives (i.e. social, economic, environmental, policy and technological). The paper develops a systems-based evaluation framework that incorporates these principles and also recognises the multiple levels and nested nature of NRM policy, namely. problem characterisation, policy formulation and intent, program logic, and on-ground implementation. Finally, we demonstrate its utility through application to three contrasting Australian case studies: a community-based Integrated Catchment Management policy implementation; a resource information delivery system; and the development of a Decision Support System. (C) 2001 Academic Press. CR *DEP FIN, 1994, DOING EV PRACT GUID BELLAMY JA, 1996, RANGELAND J, V18, P270 BELLAMY JA, 1998, FARMING ACTION CATCH, P71 BELLAMY JA, 1999, EVALUATION INTEGRATE, V1, P67 BELLAMY JA, 1999, MODSS 99 2 INT C MUL BELLAMY JA, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P337 BELLAMY JA, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P265 BOEHMERCHRISTIA.S, 1994, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V37, P69 CHAMBERS R, 1997, WHOSE REALITY COUNTS CURTIS A, 1998, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V5, P109 DORCEY AHJ, 1991, NEGOTIATING WATER CO, P20 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOOPER BP, 1999, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V42, P747 ISON RL, 1997, AGR SYST, V55, P257 JOHNSON AKL, 1997, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V4, P112 KELLERTSR, 2000, SOC NATURAL RESOURCE, V13, P705 MCDONALD GT, 1999, EVALUATION INTEGRATE, V2, P99 MCDONALD GT, 2000, QUEENSLAND NATL HERI PATTON MQ, 1987, USE QUALITATIVE METH SENGE PM, 1992, 5 DIMENSION ART PRAC SIMON HA, 1955, Q J ECON, V69, P99 SYME GJ, 1994, EVALUATION REV, V18, P523 SYME GJ, 1994, LWRRDC OCCASIONAL PA WALKER DH, 1996, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V3, P174 WALKER DH, 1997, AGR SYST, V54, P291 WALKER DH, 2001, IN PRESS AGR SYSTEMS WALLACE MG, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P35 WALLACK MK, 1996, ANN SURG ONCOL, V3, P1 NR 28 TC 1 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 407 EP 423 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 63 IS 4 GA 512GW UT ISI:000173317500005 ER PT J AU Neudoerffer, RC Waltner-Toews, D Kay, JJ Joshi, DD Tamang, MS TI A diagrammatic approach to understanding complex eco-social interactions in Kathmandu, Nepal SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Neudoerffer, RC, Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB As part of developing an international network of community-based ecosystem approaches to health, a project was undertaken in a densely populated and socio-economically diverse area of Kathmandu, Nepal. Drawing on hundreds of pages of narrative reports based on surveys, interviews, secondary data, and focus groups by trained Nepalese facilitators, the authors created systemic depictions of relationships between multiple stakeholder groups, ecosystem health, and human health. These were then combined to examine interactions among stakeholders, activities, concerns, perceived needs, and resource states (ecosystem health indicators). These qualitative models have provided useful heuristics for both community members and research scholars to understand the eco-social systems in which they live; many of the strategies developed by the communities and researchers to improve health intuitively drew on this systemic understanding. The diagrams enabled researchers and community participants to explicitly examine relationships and conflicts related to health and environmental issues in their community. CR *WHO, 1948, WHO CONST BAS TEXT *WHO, 1986, OTT CHART HLTH PROM AGUILAR BJ, 1999, ECOSYST HEALTH, V5, P36 ALLEN T, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY ALLEN THF, 1993, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH T ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 BARONET D, 1994, ANN TROP MED PARASIT, V88, P485 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CALEY MT, 1994, MINDSCAPES EPISTEMOL CALLICOTT JB, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P101 CASTI JL, 1994, COMPLEXIFICATION CHECKLAND P, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO CHECKLAND PB, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P239 FLOOD R, 1998, DEALING COMPLEXITY I GAUDET CL, 1997, ECOSYST HEALTH, V3, P3 GITAU T, 1998, 2 INTERIM REPORT INT GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HANCOCK T, 1993, HEALTH PROMOT INT, V8, P41 HELMORE K, 2001, SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHO HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 LEBEL J, 2003, HLTH ECOSYSTEM APPRO LEE K, 2001, GLOBAL CHANGE HUMAN, V2, P6 MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201 MCMICHAEL AJ, 2000, ECOSYST HEALTH, V6, P59 MURRAY T, 2002, CONSERVATION MED ECO, P297 NEILSEN NO, 1999, ECOSYST HEALTH, V5, P65 NEUDOERFFER RC, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH C PARKES M, 2001, ECOSYST HEALTH, V7, P85 PEDEN D, 2002, MANAGING AGROECOSYST, P4 PRETTY J, 1995, TRAINERS GUIDE PARTI PRICESMITH AT, 2002, HLTH NATIONS INFECT RAEZLUNA E, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, ECOSYSTEM HLTH RAPPORT DJ, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P5 ROE E, 1998, TAKING COMPLEXITY SE SCHREIER H, 1996, GEOJOURNAL, V40, P45 SPIEGEL JM, 2001, ECOSYST HEALTH, V7, P15 VANLEEUWEN JA, 1999, ECOSYST HEALTH, V5, P204 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2002, ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION, P15 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P23 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2004, COMMUNITY OPERATIONA, P317 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2004, ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABI WALTNERTOEWS D, 2005, ECOHEALTH, V2, P1 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P38 WATSON RT, 2001, GLOBAL CHANGE HUM HL, V2, P64 WILCOX BA, 2001, ECOSYST HEALTH, V7, P317 YASSI A, 1999, ECOSYST HEALTH, V5, P3 NR 51 TC 2 J9 ECOL SOC BP 12 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 10 IS 2 GA 001TV UT ISI:000234561400005 ER PT J AU Bereciartua, PJ TI Vulnerability to global environmental changes in Argentina: opportunities for upgrading regional water resources management strategies SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Engn, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. IIASA, START, Adv Inst Vulnerabil Global Environm Change, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Bereciartua, PJ, Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Engn, Olazabal 1938, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. AB There is evidence of the increasing economic losses from extreme natural events during the last decades. These facts, thought to be triggered by environmental changes coupled with inefficient management and policies, highlight particularly exposed and vulnerable regions worldwide. Argentina faces several challenges associated with global environmental change and climate variability, especially related to water resources management including extreme floods and droughts. At the same time, the country's production capacity (i.e. natural resource-based commodities) and future development opportunities are closely tied to the sustainable development of its natural resource endowments. Given that vulnerability is registered not only by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses), but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards, Argentina will need to improve its water management capacities to reduce its vulnerability to climate variability and change. This paper presents the basic components of the vulnerability analysis and suggests how it can be used to define efficient water management options. CR *CAM ARG CONSTR, 2003, CAMB CLIM CONS TERR, V1 *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 1995, CLIM CHANG GLOSS INT *SAL BAS MAST PLAN, 2001, SAL BAS MAST PLAN BARROS V, 2000, SO HEMISPHERE PALEO, P187 CASTANEDA ME, 1994, METEOROLOGICA, V19, P23 FREEMAN P, 2002, DISASTER RISK MANAGE KREIMER A, 2001, DISASTER RISK MANAGE LINEROTHBAYER J, 2003, UNFCC WORKSH MECHLER R, 2003, THESIS U FRIDERICIAN POLLNER JD, 2001, 495 WORLD BANK TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 WILBANKS TJ, 2003, ENVIRONMENT, V45, P30 NR 12 TC 0 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL BP 97 EP 103 PY 2005 VL 51 IS 5 GA 931CW UT ISI:000229464400015 ER PT J AU Fankhauser, S Smith, JB Tol, RSJ TI Weathering climate change: some simple rules to guide adaptation decisions SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Hagler Bailly Serv Inc, Boulder, CO USA. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Tol, RSJ, Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, De Boelelaan 1115, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB This paper discusses some of the elements that may characterise an efficient strategy to adapt to a changing climate. Such a strategy will have to reflect the long time horizon of, and the prevailing uncertainties about, climate change. An intuitively appealing approach therefore seems to be to enhance the flexibility and resilience of systems to react to and cope with climate shocks and extremes, as well as to improve information. In addition, in the case of quasi-irreversible investments with a long lifetime (e.g. infrastructure investments, development of coastal zones) precautionary adjustments may be called for to increase the robustness of structures, or to increase the rate of depreciation to allow for earlier replacement. Many of these measures may already have to be considered now, and could be worthwhile in their own right, independent of climate change considerations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *NAT AC SCI P, 1992, POL IMPL GREENH WARM *NAT WEATH SERV, 1997, BIG CHANG WORKS NAT *OFF TECHN ASS, 1993, PREP UNC CLIM *US COUNTR STUD PR, 1996, STEPS PREP CLIM CHAN ALEXANDER D, 1993, NATURAL DISASTERS BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CALLAWAY JM, 1997, ADAPTATION COSTS FRA CARTER TR, 1994, IPCC TECHNICAL GUIDE DOWNING TE, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE EXTRE DOWNING TE, 1997, GLOBAL CHANGE, V2, P19 FANKHAUSER S, 1996, ADAPTING CLIMATE CHA FREDERICK KD, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P141 FREDERICK KD, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P291 GOKLANY IM, 1995, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V30, P427 HOURCADE JC, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P297 KARL TR, 1995, NATURE, V377, P217 KARL TR, 1996, B AM METEOROL SOC, V77, P279 KATZ RW, 1992, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V21, P289 KNOX JC, 1993, NATURE, V361, P430 KWADIJK J, 1994, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V27, P199 LAMB HH, 1965, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V1, P13 LAMB HH, 1982, CLIMATE HIST MODERN LANGEN A, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE EXTRE, P129 LEWANDROWSKI JK, 1993, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V23, P1 MAGALHAES AR, 1996, ADAPTING CLIMATE CHA, P44 MAJOR DC, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P25 MATALAS NC, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P89 MENDELSOHN R, 1997, ADAPTATION CLIMATE C MENDELSOHN R, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P271 MILLER KA, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V35, P157 PEARCE DW, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P179 REILLY JM, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P427 ROGERS P, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P229 SMIT B, 1993, ADAPTATION CLIMATIC SMIT B, 1997, IN PRESS CAN GEOGR SMITH A, 1994, MULTICRITERIA APPROA SMITH JB, 1996, ADAPTING CLIMATE CHA SMITH JB, 1996, CLIMATE RES, V6, P193 SMITH JB, 1997, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V7, P251 SMITH JB, 1997, OVERVIEW METHODS ASS SMITH JB, 1998, D9803 VRIJ U I ENV S TOL RSJ, 1996, ECOL ECON, V19, P67 TOL RSJ, 1998, ENERG POLICY, V26, P257 TOL RSJ, 1998, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V8, P109 WATSON RT, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, V1, P1 WIGLEY TML, 1981, CLIMATE HIST STUDIES YOHE GW, 1997, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V37, P243 YOHE GW, 1991, POLICY SCI, V24, P245 NR 48 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 67 EP 78 PY 1999 PD JUL VL 30 IS 1 GA 221RN UT ISI:000081740200007 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Hoel, M Carpenter, SR Lubchenco, J Walker, BH Callaghan, TV Folke, C Levin, SA Maler, KG Nilsson, C Barrett, S Berkes, F Crepin, AS Danell, K Rosswall, T Starrett, D Xepapadeas, A Zimov, SA TI Building resilience and adaptation to manage Arctic change SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Econ, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Abisko Sci Res Stn, S-98107 Abisko, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Beijer Inst, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Umea Univ, Landscape Ecol Grp, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Adv Int Studies, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. Inst Council Sci, F-75016 Paris, France. Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Crete, Dept Econ, Rethimnon 74100, Crete, Greece. Russian Acad Sci, NE Sci Stn, Pacific Inst Geog, Far E Branch, Cherskii 678830, Russia. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB Unprecedented global changes caused by human actions challenge society's ability to sustain the desirable features of our planet. This requires proactive management of change to foster both resilience (sustaining those attributes that are important to society in the face of change) and adaptation (developing new socioecological configurations that function effectively under new conditions). The Arctic may be one of the last remaining opportunities to plan for change in a spatially extensive region where many of the ancestral ecological and social processes and feedbacks are still intact. If the feasibility of this strategy can be demonstrated in the Arctic, our improved understanding of the dynamics of change can be applied to regions with greater human modification. Conditions may now be ideal to implement policies to manage Arctic change because recent studies provide the essential scientific understanding, appropriate international institutions are in place, and Arctic nations have the wealth to institute necessary changes, if they choose to do so. CR *ACIA, 2005, ARCT CLIM IMP ASS *AHDR, 2004, ARCT HUM DEV REP *ARCT COUNC, 2004, ARCT CLIM IMP ASS PO BERKES F, 2005, BREAKING ICE RENEWAB BERKES F, 2006, IN PRESS COASTAL MAN CALLAGHAN TV, 2002, AMBIO SPECIAL REPORT, V12, P6 CALLAGHAN TV, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P448 CHAPIN FS, IN PRESS AM NAT CHAPIN FS, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P255 CHAPIN FS, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P344 CHAPIN FS, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P361 CHAPIN FS, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS HUMAN WEL, P717 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DOWNIE DL, 2003, N LIGHTS POPS COMBAT ELMQVIST T, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P350 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HINZMAN LD, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V72, P251 KENDRICK A, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P241 KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH IS FASTER INDI MAGDANZ JS, 2002, 259 AL DEP FISH GAM OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 PRENTICE IC, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, P183 SERREZE MC, 2000, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V46, P159 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 NR 24 TC 1 J9 AMBIO BP 198 EP 202 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 35 IS 4 GA 072YH UT ISI:000239708600010 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, JF Kistler, KD Begley, JS Boulanger, J TI Demography of northern flying squirrels informs ecosystem management of western interior forests SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Integrated Ecol Res, Nelson, BC V1L 5T2, Canada. RP Lehmkuhl, JF, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. AB We studied northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) demography in the eastern Washington Cascade Range to test hypotheses about regional and local abundance patterns and to inform managers of the possible effects of fire and fuels management on flying squirrels. We quantified habitat characteristics and squirrel density, population trends, and demography in three typical forest cover types over a four-year period. We had 2034 captures of flying squirrels over 41000 trap nights from 1997 through 2000 and marked 879 squirrels for mark-recapture population analysis. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest appeared to be poorer habitat for flying squirrels than young or mature mixed-conifer forest. About 35% fewer individuals were captured in open pine forest than in dry mixed-conifer Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. Home ranges were 85% larger in pine forest (4.6 ha) than in mixed-conifer forests (2.5 ha). Similarly, population density (Huggins estimator) in ponderosa pine forest was half (1.1 squirrels/ha) that of mixed-conifer forest (2.2 squirrels/ha). Tree canopy cover was the single best correlate of squirrel density (r = 0.77), with an apparent threshold of 55% canopy cover separating stands with low-from high-density populations. Pradel estimates of annual recruitment were lower in open pine (0.28) than in young (0.35) and mature (0.37) forest. High recruitment was most strongly associated with high understory plant species richness and truffle biomass. Annual survival rates ranged from 45% to 59% and did not vary among cover types. Survival was most strongly associated with understory species richness and forage lichen biomass. Maximum snow depth had a strong negative effect on survival. Rate of per capita increase showed a density-dependent response. Thinning and prescribed burning in ponderosa pine and dry mixed conifer forests to restore stable fire regimes and forest structure might reduce flying squirrel densities at stand levels by reducing forest canopy, woody debris, and the diversity or biomass of understory plants, truffles, and lichens. Those impacts might be ameliorated by patchy harvesting and the retention of large trees, woody debris, and mistletoe brooms. Negative stand-level impacts would be traded for increased resistance and resilience of dry-forest landscapes to now-common, large-scale stand replacement fires. CR *NRCS, 2000, BLEW PASS SNOTEL STA *OK WEN NAT FOR, 2000, STRAT MAN DRY FOR VE AGEE J, 1992, RECOVERY PLAN NO SPO, P419 AGEE JK, 1993, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC AGEE JK, 1998, NW SCI, V72, P24 AGEE JK, 2002, P S EC MAN DEAD WOOD, P359 AGEE JK, 2003, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V18, P725 BAKKER VJ, 2002, CAN J ZOOL, V80, P1623 BARROWS CW, 1980, RAPTOR RES, V14, P73 BARROWS CW, 1985, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT S, P50 BONDRUPNIELSEN S, 1983, CAN J ZOOL, V61, P2361 BOULANGER J, 2002, URSUS, V13, P137 BUCHANAN JB, 1993, J RAPTOR RES, V27, P1 BULL EL, 2004, WEST J APPL FOR, V19, P133 BURNHAM KP, 1987, DESIGN ANAL METHODS BURNHAM KP, 2002, MODEL SELECTION MULT CAREY AB, 1985, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT S, P100 CAREY AB, 1991, PNWGTR273 USDA FOR S CAREY AB, 1991, PNWGTR276 USDA FOR S CAREY AB, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P223 CAREY AB, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P648 CAREY AB, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P684 CAREY AB, 1999, WILDLIFE MONOGR, V142, P1 CAREY AB, 2000, BIOL GLIDING MAMMALS, P45 CAREY AB, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P248 CAREY AB, 2002, WILDLIFE SOC B, V30, P547 CLARIDGE AW, 1999, J COMP PHYSIOL B, V169, P172 COFFMAN CJ, 2001, OIKOS, V93, P3 CORK SJ, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P577 CORMACK RM, 1964, BIOMETRIKA, V51, P429 CURRAH RS, 2000, CAN J BOT, V78, P1514 DEON R, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 EVERETT R, 1997, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V94, P1 EVERETT RL, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V129, P207 FINNEY MA, 2001, FOREST SCI, V47, P219 FOGEL RD, 1978, NW SCI, V52, P1 FORSMAN ED, 1984, WILDLIFE MONOGR, V87, P1 FORSMAN ED, 1990, NW ENV J, V6, P430 FORSMAN ED, 1996, DEMOGRAPHY NO SPOTTE, P21 FORSMAN ED, 2001, J RAPTOR RES, V35, P141 FORSMAN ED, 2004, J RAPTOR RES, V38, P214 FRANKLIN AB, 2002, INTEGRATING PEOPLE W, P350 FRANKLIN J, 1973, NATURAL VEGETATION O FRYXELL JM, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P213 GAINES WL, 1997, P FIR EFF RAR END SP, P123 GRAHAM R, 2004, RMRSGTR120 USDA FOR HALL DS, 1991, J MAMMAL, V72, P615 HANN WJ, 1997, ASSESSMENT ECOSYSTEM, V2, P339 HARROD RJ, 1999, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V114, P433 HAWKSWORTH FG, 1977, RMGTR48 USDA FOR SER HESSBURG PE, 1999, PNWGTR458 USDA FOR S HESSBURG PE, 1999, PNWRP514 USDA FOR SE HESSBURG PE, 2005, MISCELLANEOUS PUBLIC, V3, P89 HINES JE, 2002, J APPL STAT, V29, P573 HOOGE P, 2000, ANIMAL MOVEMENT EXTE HUGGINS RM, 1991, BIOMETRICS, V47, P725 KENDALL WL, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P2517 LANDRES PB, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1179 LEHMKUHL JE, 2004, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V200, P49 LEHMKUHL JF, 1994, PNWGTR328 USDA FOR S LEHMKUHL JF, 1997, EVALUATION EIS ALTER, P537 LEHMKUHL JF, 2004, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V187, P381 LI CY, 1986, GREAT BASIN NAT, V46, P411 LILLYBRIDGE T, 1995, PNWGTR359 USDA FOR S LOEHLE C, 2004, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V198, P261 MASER C, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P2086 MASER Z, 1985, CAN J ZOOL, V63, P1084 MCKEEVER S, 1960, J MAMMAL, V41, P270 MENKINS G, 1983, ECOLOGY, V69, P1952 MEYER MD, 2005, J MAMMAL, V86, P275 MOWREY RA, 1984, FISH WILDLIFE RELATI, P351 NELSON L, 1973, J MAMMAL, V54, P295 OTIS DL, 1978, WILDLIFE MONOGR, V62, P1 PARKS CG, 1999, WEST J APPL FOR, V14, P100 PLEDGER S, 2000, BIOMETRICS, V56, P434 PRADEL R, 1996, BIOMETRICS, V52, P703 PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652 PYARE S, 2002, CAN J FOREST RES, V32, P1016 RANSOME DB, 1997, J MAMMAL, V78, P538 RANSOME DB, 2002, CAN J FOREST RES, V32, P2043 RANSOME DB, 2003, CAN J FOREST RES, V33, P587 RANSOME DB, 2004, J MAMMAL, V85, P206 REUNANEN P, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P218 ROSENBERG DK, 1992, CAN J ZOOL, V70, P161 ROSENTRETER R, 1997, NORTHWEST SCI, V71, P97 SEBER G, 1982, ESTIMATION ANIMAL AB SELONEN V, 2003, ECOGRAPHY, V26, P641 SKALSKI J, 1992, TECHNIQUES WILDLIFE SMITH WP, 2003, J MAMMAL, V84, P1044 SMITH WP, 2003, MAMMAL COMMUNITY DYN, P157 SMITH WP, 2004, J MAMMAL, V85, P663 TABACHNICK GB, 1996, USING MULTIVARIATE S THOMAS JW, 1990, CONSERVATION STRATEG THRAILKILL J, 1989, J RAPTOR RES, V23, P39 THYSELL DR, 1997, NW NATURALIST, V78, P87 VERNER J, 1992, CALIFORNIA SPOTTED O, P55 VILLA LJ, 1999, PNWGTR444 USDA FOR S WARD JP, 1998, CONDOR, V100, P79 WATERS JR, 1995, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V59, P858 WATSON DM, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P219 WELLSGOSLING N, 1984, MAMMALIAN SPECIES, V229, P1 WHITE GC, 1999, BIRD STUDY S, V46, P120 WISDOM M, 2000, PNWGTR485 USDA FOR S WRIGHT CS, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P443 YOUNGBLOOD A, 2004, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V199, P191 ZABEL CJ, 1993, J RAPTOR RES, V27, P58 ZAR J, 1999, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL NR 107 TC 0 J9 ECOL APPL BP 584 EP 600 PY 2006 PD APR VL 16 IS 2 GA 036DW UT ISI:000237052200013 ER PT J AU Fuhrer, E TI Forest functions, ecosystem stability and management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Agr Sci Vienna, Inst Forest Entomol Forest Pathol & Forest Protec, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. RP Fuhrer, E, Univ Agr Sci Vienna, Inst Forest Entomol Forest Pathol & Forest Protec, Hasenauerstr 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. AB Various socio-economic functions are ascribed to forests, based on the differentiated needs of the human population. Apart from the defined forest functions human welfare benefits from the diverse environmental effects of forests. The capacity of an ecosystem to sustain a specific function depends on the characteristics of its individual dynamics. Sustainable forest management concepts must take into account the: compatibility between forest function and ecosystem characteristics. Incompatibility causes either dysfunction and ecosystem degradation or the need of corrective management interventions which may exceed tolerable economic limits. A detailed understanding of the destabilising and stabilising processes intrinsic to the ecosystem is necessary, for their regulatory interactions, and their responses to exogenous disturbances and perturbations, which emerge from forest management and environmental conditions. The study of mechanisms involved in the dynamics of forest ecosystems and their sub-systems, the evaluation of these mechanisms in the light of forest ecosystem diversity, forest function and forest management, would help forestry to successfully cope with the obstacles arising from nature, changing environments and socio-economic forces. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR ANDERSSON FO, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V132, P51 BENGTSSON J, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V132, P39 BORMANN FH, 1979, PATTERN PROCESS FORE BOYD JM, 1987, FORESTRY, V60, P113 CRAMER HH, 1984, PFLANZENSCHUTZ NACHR, V37, P97 DIETRICH V, 1953, EINE EINFUHRUNG FUHRER E, 1978, FORSTARCHIV, V49, P66 FUHRER E, 1990, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V37, P249 FUHRER E, 1997, OSTERR FORSTZ, V108, P21 FUHRER E, 1997, OSTERR FORSTZ, V108, P24 FUHRER E, 1997, P 1 EFERN PLEN M VIE, P55 FUHRER E, 1998, P POP DYN IMP INT MA, P7 GLATZEL G, 1991, FERT RES, V27, P1 HANSTEIN U, 1972, ALLG FORSTZ, V27 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 INNES J, 1993, FOREST HLTH ITS ASSE MANION PD, 1992, FOREST DECLINE CONCE MAYER H, 1976, GEBIRSWALDBAU SCHUTZ NETHERER S, 1998, ALLG FORST JAGDZ, V170, P53 NOPP U, 1998, P INT WORKSH SPRUC M PACKHAM JR, 1992, FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY W REDFEARN A, 1987, INSECT OUTBREAKS, P99 SCHIMITSCHEK E, 1969, GRUNDZUGE WALDHYGIEN SCHWERDTFEGER F, 1981, WALDKRANKHEITEN TAMM CO, 1992, P S RESP FOR EC ENV, P5 ULRICH B, 1987, BER FORSCHUNGSZ WALD, V6, P1 WILLIS KG, 1989, FORESTRY, V62, P93 NR 27 TC 6 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAGE BP 29 EP 38 PY 2000 PD JUN 15 VL 132 IS 1 GA 331LM UT ISI:000088020600005 ER PT J AU McClanahan, T Polunin, NVC Done, T TI Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Univ Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RP McClanahan, T, Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. AB We review the evidence for multiple ecological states and the factors that create ecological resilience in coral reef ecosystems. There are natural differences among benthic communities along gradients of water temperature, light, nutrients, and organic matter associated with upwelling-downwelling and onshore-offshore systems. Along gradients from oligotrophy to eutrophy, plant-animal symbioses tend to decrease, and the abundance of algae and heterotrophic suspension feeders and the ratio of organic to inorganic carbon production tend to increase. Human influences such as fishing, increased organic matter and nutrients, sediments, warm water, and transportation of xenobiotics and diseases are common causes of a large number of recently reported ecological shifts. It is often the interaction of persistent and multiple synergistic disturbances that causes permanent ecological transitions, rather than the succession of individual short-term disturbances. For example, fishing can remove top-level predators, resulting in the ecological release of prey such as sea urchins and coral-eating invertebrates. When sea urchins are not common because of unsuitable habitat, recruitment limitations, and diseases, and when overfishing removes herbivorous fish, frondose brown algae can dominate. Terrigenous sediments carried onto reefs as a result of increased soil erosion largely promote the dominance of turf or articulated green algae. Elevated nutrients and organic matter can increase internal eroders of reef substratum and a mixture of filamentous algae. Local conservation actions that attempt to reduce fishing and terrestrial influences promote the high production of inorganic carbon that is necessary for reef growth. However, global climate change threatens to undermine such actions because of increased bleaching and mortality caused by warm-water anomalies, weakened coral skeletons caused by reduced aragonite availability in reef waters, and increased incidence of diseases in coral reef species. Consequently, many coral reefs, including those that are heavily managed, have experienced net losses in accumulated inorganic carbon in recent decades and appear likely to continue this trend in coming decades. Reefs urgently need to be managed with a view to strengthening their resilience to the increased frequency and intensity of these pressures. Ecological targets must include the restoration or maintenance of species diversity, keystone species, spatial heterogeneity, refugia, and connectivity. Achieving these goals will require unprecedented cooperative synergy between human organizations at all political levels, from intergovernmental to local. 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COLLABORATIVE COMMUN, P19 NR 238 TC 3 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 6 IS 2 GA 735TH UT ISI:000186130300003 ER PT J AU MacCracken, JG TI Forest health in the inland Northwest: Maintaining the focus SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP MacCracken, JG, LONGVIEW FIBRE CO,TIMBER DEPT,POB 667,LONGVIEW,WA 98632. CR AGEE JK, 1993, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC BAILEY RG, 1980, USDA FOR SERV MISC P, V1391 BAKER WL, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P23 BUCHANAN JB, 1995, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V59, P301 CAMP AE, THESIS U WASHINGTON CAVENDER N, 1995, NEWSLETTER ECOL SOC, V43, P1 COVINGTON WW, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO, P153 CUBBAGE FW, 1993, FOREST RESORUCE POLI DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DELLASALA DA, 1995, WILDLIFE SOC B, V23, P346 FORMAN RTT, 1986, LADNSCAPE ECOLOGY FRANKLIN TM, 1995, WILDL POLICY, V5, P1 FREEMUTH JC, 1991, ISLANDS SEIGE NATL P GAST WR, 1991, BLUE MOUNTAINS FORES HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 IRWIN LL, 1995, DEMOGRAPHY SPOTTED O MACCRACKEN JG, 1994, 12 U ID ID FOR WILDL MACCRACKEN JG, 1996, IN PRESS T N AM WILD MARSHALL JD, 1992, P FOR HLTH INL NW, P15 MORGAN P, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO, P87 NOSS RF, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P299 NOSS RF, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC ODUM EP, 1985, BASIC ECOLOGY OLAUGHLIN J, 1993, 11 U ID IND FOR WILD OLAUGHLIN J, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO, P221 OLIVER CD, 1994, ASSESING FOREST ECOS, P353 OLIVER CD, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO, P113 RADLOFF D, 1991, AGR ENV 1991 YB AGR, P41 ROMME WH, 1989, BIOSCIENCE, V39, P695 SAMPSON RN, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO SAMPSON RN, 1994, ASSESSING FOREST ECO, P3 STEELE R, 1994, ASSESSING ECOSYSTEM, P183 THOMAS JW, 1993, VIABILITY ASSESSMENT TURNER MG, 1990, QUANTITATIVE METHODS TURNER MG, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P213 WAGNER FH, 1995, WILDLIFE POLCIES US WEAVER H, 1943, J FOREST, V41, P7 YAFFEE SL, 1982, PROHIBITIVE POLICY I NR 38 TC 3 J9 WILDLIFE SOC BULL BP 325 EP 329 PY 1996 PD SUM VL 24 IS 2 GA VA175 UT ISI:A1996VA17500026 ER PT J AU Krutilla, K Reuveny, R TI The systems dynamics of endogenous population growth in a renewable resource-based growth model SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Krutilla, K, Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB This paper evaluates the dynamic effects of adding an endogenous process for human population growth into a renewable resource-based economic growth model. Endogenizing human population growth in a static, constant technology form of the model gives rise to a dynamically complex system, with the possibility of multiple steady states of several types, and unusual comparative static responses to changes in the system's parameters. Adding technological progress to the model gives rise to the possibility of multiple sustainable paths for the variables in the system. These results reinforce concerns raised by ecological economists about systems stability and sustainability, since exogenous shocks to the system could move the economy from higher welfare to lower welfare equilibria or, in the model with technological progress, from higher welfare to lower welfare sustainable growth paths. Moreover, this kind of dynamic complexity adds to the management challenge faced by policy makers, who could confront the necessity of maneuvering the economy among different equilibria or sustainable growth paths. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR ABERNETHY VD, 1993, POPULATION POLITICS AGHION P, 1998, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH TH BARRO JR, 1995, EC GROWTH CHIANG AC, 1984, FUNDAMENTAL METHODS CHIANG AC, 1992, ELEMENTS DYNAMIC OPT DANTONIO CM, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P63 DASGUPTA P, 2000, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V5, P1 DINDA S, 2004, ECOL ECON, V49, P431 EHRLICH I, 1997, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V21, P205 HEERINK N, 1994, POPULATION GROWTH IN HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 KRUTILLA K, 2002, ENVIRON DEV ECON 1, V7, P23 KRUTILLA K, 2004, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V27, P165 LOSCHEL A, 2002, ECOL ECON, V43, P105 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MALER KG, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P1 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 PACK H, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P55 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIOL DIVERSITY EC EC PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 PERRINGS C, 2004, ECOL ECON, V49, P119 REUVENY R, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P271 SATO R, 1971, ECONOMETRICA, V39, P877 SOLOW RM, 1974, REV EC STUDIES S, P29 SOLOW RM, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P45 STERN DI, 2004, WORLD DEV, V32, P1419 STIGLITZ J, 1974, REV ECON STUD, P123 STOKEY NL, 1998, INT ECON REV, V39, P1 TOMAN MA, 1995, HDB ENV EC NR 30 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 256 EP 267 PY 2006 PD FEB 15 VL 56 IS 2 GA 019FJ UT ISI:000235820700008 ER PT J AU Beck, MB TI Environmental foresight and structural change SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Beck, MB, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, London, England. AB Policy-makers and the public, it has famously been said [Brooks, H. (1986) Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, Cambridge University Press, p. 325], are more interested in the possibility of non-linear dislocations and surprises in the behavior of the environment than in smooth extrapolations of current trends. How indeed should we design our models to generate environmental foresight, to detect, in particular, threats to our environment lying 'just beyond the horizon'? In facing this prospect of potentially profound dislocations in behavior, the problem is that the number of state variables in the model, whether they interact, how they interact, and the form of their interactions, may be evolving over time. What may have appeared to have been an insignificant mode of behavior in the past-buried within the uncertainty of the model and the historical data-may come to dominate behavior in the future. Technically, we may call this a change of structure. The concern of the paper is to address the challenge of constructing and employing models to generate environmental foresight in the presence of structural change. A number of case histories, ranging across lake eutrophication, urban ozone levels, the restoration of ecosystems, the circulation of waters in the North Atlantic, and the invasion of exotic species, are used to construct a much more immediate sense of the nature of structural change and, therefore, the character of the challenge of generating environmental foresight. Some mathematical and logical formalities are then introduced, both to define the issues more sharply and to open up the means with which to address them. This provides an opportunity to take stock of three rather different programs of model-building used, over the decades, to generate environmental foresight. We close by illustrating a set of possible responses to the essential challenge through a number of contemporary case studies: in assessing, inter alia, the reachability of the lay community's hopes and fears for the future of their cherished piece of the environment; in apprehending and diagnosing the possibility of imminent structural change; and in examining the record of the past for emergence of the seeds of any such structural change. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *SCI ADV BOARD, 1995, EPASABEC95007 ALLEN PM, 1990, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P95 ASTROM KJ, 1995, ADAPTIVE CONTROL BECK MB, 1985, APPL MATH COMPUT, V17, P433 BECK MB, 1987, WATER RESOUR RES, V23, P1393 BECK MB, 1991, J FORECASTING, V10, P135 BECK MB, 2000, SENSITIVITY ANAL, P402 BECK MB, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS BECK MB, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P207 BECK MB, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P323 BECK MB, 2002, INTEGRATED ASSESSMEN, V3, P299 BEVEN KJ, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P227 BROOKS H, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P325 CHEN J, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P351 CHERUY A, 1983, MODELLING CONTROL BI, P127 CIAVATTA S, 2004, FAULT DETECTION REAL COWIE GM, 2001, FORESIGHT LANIER SUM COWIE GM, 2005, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V20, P469 DENNIS RL, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P147 FATH BD, 2005, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V20, P485 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1990, UNCERTAINTY QUALITY FUNTOWICZ SO, 1993, FUTURES, V25, P739 GIBBONS M, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C81 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 HORNBERGER GM, 1980, WATER RES, V14, P29 HORNBERGER GM, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P131 JACKSON JBC, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5411 JAKEMAN AJ, 1994, ENVIRONMETRICS, V5, P297 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KAUFFMAN S, 1995, HOME UNIVERSE KEESMAN KJ, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P415 KIEKEN H, 2002, P 1 BIENN M INT ENV, V2, P37 KLEPPER O, 1994, ECOL MODEL, V74, P161 KOKKONEN TS, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P303 KRYAZHIMSKII AV, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P425 LEGGETT JK, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE FINAN, P27 LIN Z, 2003, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH LIN Z, 2004, UNPUB WATER SCI TECH LJUNG L, 1979, IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR, V24, P36 LUISI PL, 2003, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V90, P49 MATTHEWS DA, 2001, WATER ENVIRON RES, V73, P691 NEUMAN SP, 2003, NUREGCR6805 NORTON JP, 1975, P I ELECTR ENG, V122, P663 ORESKES N, 1998, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S6, V106, P1453 OSIDELE OO, 2001, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH OSIDELE OO, 2003, IN PRESS INTEGRATED OSIDELE OO, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V173, P129 PRICE MF, 1997, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V6, P77 RISBEY JS, 2004, IN PRESS ENV MODELIN ROBINSON JB, 1988, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, V33, P325 ROBINSON JB, 2003, FUTURES, V35, P839 SCHELLNHUBER HJ, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C19 SCHNEIDER SH, 1985, GLOBAL PROSSIBLE, P397 SHACKLEY S, 1998, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V38, P159 SHCERTZER WM, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P105 SPEAR RC, 1980, WATER RES, V14, P43 SPEAR RC, 1994, WATER RESOUR RES, V30, P3159 STIGTER JD, 1997, THESIS U GEORGIA ATH STIGTER JD, 2004, MATH BIOSCI, V191, P143 STRAYER DL, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P19 TAYLOR JA, 1993, P INT C MOD SIM, V2, P765 THOMPSON M, 1986, SURPRISE GAME EXPLOR THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY THOMPSON M, 1997, ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS, V2, P139 VARIS O, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P169 WEAVER AJ, 1995, NATURE, V378, P135 YOUNG PC, 2002, ENV FORESIGHT MODELS, P251 NR 69 TC 5 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW BP 651 EP 670 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 20 IS 6 GA 905RI UT ISI:000227586900001 ER PT J AU Leschine, TM Ferriss, BE Bell, KP Bartz, KK MacWilliams, S Pico, M Bennett, AK TI Challenges and strategies for better use of scientific information in the management of coastal estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Leschine, TM, Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. AB Numerous studies have concluded that better use of scientific information could improve the quality of coastal and estuarine environmental management. Approaches for effecting such a change include ecosystem-based, integrated, and adaptive management, but such basic re-orientation of estuarine and coastal management has proved difficult to achieve. Even environmental indicators, seemingly straightforward ways of injecting scientific information into decision making, have achieved broad on-the-ground use in relatively few instances-principally the largest estuary management programs. A conceptual framework useful for examining environmental management systems affecting the five PNCERS (Pacific Northwest Coastal Ecosystems Regional Study) estuaries conceives of environmental managers, researchers, and interested and affected parties in the public as interacting through the multi-layered institutional arrangements that currently promote the utilization, management, or protection of coastal and estuarine resources. Considerable variation exists in the approach and effectiveness of the region's environmental management organizations. Interaction between science and management in the region appears to be limited to an extent by high transaction costs; a cultural divide between environmental scientists and environmental managers is perceived by members of both groups who work with the PNCERS estuaries as inhibiting communications between them. Mechanisms that both groups identify as useful for improving the flow of information between science and management are little used, perhaps as a result. The two groups have very different patterns of information dissemination and acquisition, and though both chose agency archives and databases as their top methods for disseminating information, neither group relies much on these vehicles for information they seek. Both residents' and practitioners' perceptions of threats to the PNCERS estuaries show patterns of estuary-to-estuary variation. One theme that emerges is that problems associated with poor land management in adjacent uplands are common to most of these estuaries, potentially providing a sense of commonality through which a more regional approach to estuary management could emerge. A common set of estuarine environmental indicators implemented for all estuaries could help instigate such a regional approach, but resource constraints, especially at the local level, will have to be overcome for that to occur. There is currently substantial lack of common vision among coastal practitioners as to the purpose and desirability of indicators, and relatively little experience or knowledge of their use, particularly at the local level. Use of estuarine science in the management of these estuaries appears to be greatest during periods in which the largest programmatic shifts in environmental management approaches occur, an observation consistent with other studies that have concluded that the use of environmental science in environmental management tends to be episodic. 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RP Uggla, Y, Univ Orebro, Man Technol Environm Res Ctr, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden. AB This paper analyses how the tension between safety demands and uncertainties in calculations and management is dealt with in discussions of mercury and radioactive waste disposal in Sweden. Mercury and radioactive waste management can be seen as extreme cases where modern notions of risk management and control are called into question. The hazards associated with these categories of waste entail a request for safe handling over an unusually long time span; at the same time, it is infeasible to fully predict the consequences of a chosen method of waste disposal. In safety analyses, uncertainties are dealt with with reference to margins, further research, dilution in time and space, the role of nature and by consideration of the risk and prolonged time perspective relative to other risks and even longer time spans. The suggested solutions to the waste problem are moulded and defined to correspond to the demands of long-term safety. However, even though the definition of the suggested solutions to the waste problem as safe is politically satisfactory at rhetorical level, it will not necessarily be successful when the waste disposal policies are put into practice. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *EPA, 1997, 4752 SWED EPA *SKB, 1998, ETT GOT HANTV *SKB, 1998, FUD PROGR 98 KARNKR *SKB, 1998, SCEN BAS MANSK HANDL *SKB, 1999, SR 97 SAK EFT FORSL *SKB, 2001, SUD PROGR 2001 *SKR, 1999, HALLB SVER UPPF ATG *SOU, 1997, 105 SOU, P12 *SOU, 2001, 58 SOU, P35 *SSI SF, 1998, 1 SSI SF ANSHELM J, 1995, SOCIALDEMOKRATERNA M ANSHELM J, 2000, FRALSNING DOMEDAG BECK U, 1992, THEOR CULT SOC, V9, P97 BECK U, 1994, REFLEXIVE MODERNIZAT, P1 BLUHDORN I, 2000, ENV GLOBAL MODERNITY, P209 DOUGLAS M, 1986, I THINK, P111 FISCHER F, 1999, LIVING NATURE, P2 GREEN J, 1997, RISK MISFORTUNE SOCI HAILA Y, 1999, LIVING NATURE ENV PO, P42 HAJER M, 1995, POLITICS ENV DISCOUR HEDREN J, 1994, LINKOPING STUDIES AR, V110 HEDREN J, 2002, NATUREN SOM BRYTPUNK HOGBERG L, 2000, COMMUNICATION 0417 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KEULARTZ J, 1999, LIVING NATURE, P83 LIDSKOG R, 2000, URBAN ENV GLOBAL EC, P197 LIN M, 2001, CERTAINTY SOCIAL MET, P121 PAEHLKE R, 1995, GREENING ENV POLICY, P129 RICH R, 1987, SCI CONTROVERIES CAS, P151 SIMON HA, 1997, ADM BEHAV, CH5 SPAARGAREN G, 2000, ENV GLOBAL MODERNITY, P41 THOMPSON M, 1990, DIVIDED WE STAND, P4 TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P435 TODT O, 2003, FUTURES, V35, P239 TOULMIN S, 1995, COSMOPOLIS HIDDEN AG UGGLA Y, IN PRESS CONSTESTING UGGLA Y, 2002, ENV ASSESSMENT POLIC, V4, P425 WESSBLAD H, 1998, OMSTANDIGHETER ETT K NR 38 TC 0 J9 FUTURES BP 549 EP 564 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 36 IS 5 GA 817ZR UT ISI:000221215900002 ER PT J AU Bruckmeier, K TI Interdisciplinary conflict analysis and conflict mitigation in local resource management SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Free Univ Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. RP Bruckmeier, K, Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, Box 700, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. AB Within the Swedish research program SUCOZOMA (Sustainable Coastal Zone Management) several conflict studies have been carried out. Whereas the detailed results of these studies are published separately, this paper reviews important results from conflict research in combination with a summarizing and generalizing discussion of approaches and main results of SUCOZOMA's resource and conflicts studies. After an analysis of interdisciplinary and theoretical research about environmental and resource use conflicts, the methodology used in SUCOZOMA is presented, a combined stakeholder and conflict analysis. It can be summarized in four main points: i) to map the stakeholders and their interests; ii) to analyse the conflicts; iii) to develop methods for conflict mitigation and cooperation with stakeholders; iv) to integrate these components in a system for the management of natural resources. Exemplary case studies of resource use conflicts have been carried out at the Swedish west and east coast including coastal fishery, mussel culture, coastal planning and specific conflicts such as between species protection (seals) and coastal fishery. Researchers are involved as experts and as conflicting parties, and the role of scientists as stakeholders deserves special attention in conflict research. Conflict management is not only for the solution of present conflicts, but part of integrated resource management systems where knowledge transfer, institutional development, collective learning of scientific, political and administrative actors, and cooperation between scientists and resource users can occur. 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Univ Groningen, Dept Mkt, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. RP Janssen, MA, Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. CR CONTE R, 1997, EC MATH SYSTEMS, P456 COSTANZA R, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 GILBERT N, 1999, SIMULATION SOCIAL SC GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANSSEN MA, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P43 LIEBRAND WBG, 1998, COMPUTER MODELING SO LOOMES G, 1998, ECON J, V108, P477 RAYNER S, 1998, HUMAN CHOICE CLIMATE SARGENT TJ, 1993, BOUNDED RATIONALITY SIEBENHUNER B, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P15 SIMON HA, 1957, MODELS MAN SOCIAL RA THALER RH, 1994, WINNERS CURSE PARADO VANDENBERGH JCJM, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P43 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 17 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 307 EP 310 PY 2000 PD DEC VL 35 IS 3 GA 378AH UT ISI:000165558600001 ER PT J AU Sneddon, CS Harris, L Dimitrov, RS Ozesmi, U TI Contested waters: Conflict, scale, and sustainability in aquatic socioecological systems SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Environm Studies Program, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geog, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Polit Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Erciyes Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Kayseri, Turkey. RP Sneddon, CS, Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Environm Studies Program, 6017 Fairchild, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. AB Adequate interpretations of the complex social processes that contribute to the transformation of aquatic ecosystems and subsequent conflicts over water demand an interdisciplinary perspective. In this special issue, we focus on the multiple causes of conflicts over water, sensitive to the complex interrelations between and within social and ecological phenomena that result in transformed and Contested environments. The cases presented here-representing research carried out in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States-emphasize three interrelated themes: the need to account for multiple spatial and temporal scales in analyzing conflicts over water and water-related resources; the complex character of environmental (or ecological) conflict; and questions of sustainability. Ultimately, inure incisive understandings of the multiple causes of conflicts over water and aquatic resources are contingent on the integration of multiple disciplinary perspectives. This understanding will in turn promote uses of water and water-related resources that sustain rather than degrade aquatic socioecological systems. 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If the number of possible management scenarios is large, it can be extremely difficult to follow related system's operation and get a valuable picture on its spatial and temporal behavior. The decision maker or analyst can be overburdened by quantity and complexity of information generated by model, particularly if system operation is repeatedly simulated for multiyear periods. Related problem is how to select the scenario with most desired long-term consequences. Possible approach is to use selected parts of model's output and re-interpret system behavior by means of certain performance indicators, create appropriate decision matrix and perform multi-criteria analysis to rank decision alternatives (scenarios). The paper proposes a methodology that includes: (1) multiyear simulations of system operation; (2) computing spatially and temporally distributed system performance indices such as supply reliability, resiliency and vulnerability; (3) unbiased entropy-based weighting the importance of performance indices; and (4) final ranking of scenarios by means of multi-criteria analysis. The number of scenarios and number of performance indices is not restricted, and to account for possibly large sets of scenarios, an ideal-point-distance multicriteria method TOPSIS is suggested. Proposed methodology appeared to be confident and robust in proof-of-concept application in Brazil. 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To conserve biodiversity we need to understand how these Cultures interact with landscapes and shape them in ways that contribute to the continued renewal of ecosystems. This article examines the significance of traditional knowledge and management systems and their implications for biodiversity conservation. We start by introducing one key traditional ecological practice, succession management, in particular through the use of fire. We then turn to the example of the indigenous useof boreal forest ecosystems of northern Canada, with a focus on the Anishnaabe (Ojibwa) of northwestern Ontario. Their traditional practices and cultural landscapes provide temporal and spatial biodiversity, and examples of the mechanisms that conserve biodiversity. Learning from traditional systems is important for broadening conservation objectives that can accommodate the sustainable livelihoods of local people. The lens of cultural landscapes provides a mechanism to understand how multiple objectives (timber production, non-timber forest products, protected areas, tourism) are central to sustainable forest management in landscapes that conserve heritage values and support the livelihood needs of local people. The use of broader and more inclusive definitions of conservation and multiple, integrated objectives can help reconcile local livelihood needs and biodiversity conservation. 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CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. RP Stokes, CJ, CSIRO, Davies Lab, PMB PO, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. AB Pastoral development of Australian rangelands has been accompanied by fragmentation of land use, which has changed the scale at which humans and livestock access patchily-distributed resources in landscapes. These changes have tended to be targeted towards achieving narrowly defined policy or land management objectives, and have ignored the broader consequences for land use. We describe the processes of rangeland fragmentation, the factors that have driven these changing patterns of land use, and current trends towards enterprise consolidation and intensification, which continue to reshape the way humans and livestock use rangelands. Although there is growing interest in intensified systems of rangeland management, some of the benefits are uncertain, and there are several risks that serve as a caution against overoptimism: (i) intensification involves multiple simultaneous changes to enterprise operations and the benefits and trade offs of each component need to be better understood; (ii) if intensification proceeds without addressing constraints to implementing these management options sustainably then overutilisation and degradation of rangelands is likely to occur; (iii) further fragmentation of rangelands ( from increased internal fencing) could compromise potential benefits derived from landscape heterogeneity in connected landscapes. Adaptation by the pastoral industry continues to reshape the use of rangelands. A broad-based approach to changes in land use that incorporates risks together with expected benefits during initial planning decisions would contribute to greater resilience of rangeland enterprises. 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CSIRO, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. RP Walker, DH, CSIRO, Trop Agr, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. AB The operational reality behind the rhetoric of integrated natural resource management poses significant challenges for resource managers, resource use planners and researchers. A variety of frameworks for integrated resource planning and use have been espoused. These tend to reflect the bias of the discipline or stakeholder group fostering the approach and may therefore be unpalatable to, and ignored by other groups. In this paper, we are concerned with improving the integration of research outcomes into decision making. Rather than propose a framework, we take a pragmatic view of the roles of managers, planners and scientists. In doing so, we draw principally on practical experience derived from an initiative in a rural catchment in tropical Australia. On this basis, we propose a particular and emerging role in designing approaches to adaptive decision support that provide opportunities for integrating research outcomes into decision making. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 1991, INTEGRATED CATCHMENT ALEXANDER ER, 1994, ENVIRON PLANN B, V21, P341 BARNES CJ, 1997, P MODSIM 97 INT C MO, P1647 BOEHMERCHRISTIA.S, 1994, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V37, P69 CANCIAN FM, 1993, AM SOCIOL, V24, P92 CHAMBERS R, 1992, RURAL APPRAISAL RAPI CHECKLAND PB, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO COSTANZA R, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P121 DOVERS S, 1995, RISK UNCERTAINTY ENV, P14 DOVERS S, 1997, FRONTIERS ECOLOGY BU, P39 FALUDI A, 1973, PLANNING THEORY FUNTOWICZ SO, 1990, UNCERTAINTY QUALITY GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEALY P, 1997, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI HYMAN EL, 1988, COMBINING FACTS VALU JOHNSON AKL, 1997, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V4, P112 JOHNSON AKL, 1998, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V5, P97 LANG R, 1990, INTEGRATED APPROACHE LATHER P, 1986, HARVARD EDUC REV, V56, P257 MITCHELL AJ, 1996, AUSTR J MARINE FRESH, V48, P79 NORTON T, 1995, RISK UNCERTAINTY ENV, P33 ORESKES N, 1994, SCIENCE, V263, P641 PETERS RH, 1991, CRITIQUE ECOLOGY WALKER DH, 1996, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V3, P145 WALKER DH, 1996, ENVIRON SOFTW, V1, P19 WALKER DH, 1998, NCGIA SPEC M EMP MAR YIN RK, 1994, CASE STUDY RES DESIG ZHU X, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V26, P371 NR 28 TC 1 J9 AGR SYST BP 85 EP 98 PY 2001 PD JUL-AUG VL 69 IS 1-2 GA 438TU UT ISI:000169071000006 ER PT J AU Harvey, E Hoekstra, JM OConnor, RJ Fagan, WF TI Recovery plan revisions: Progress or due process? SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Harvey, E, Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Revisions allow the recovery planning process for threatened and endangered species to be flexible and responsive to new information or changes in the status of a species. However, the Endangered Species Act defines neither firm criteria that trigger revision of recovery plans nor clear guidelines about how plans should be revised. Consequently, the effect of revisions in the recovery planning process is unknown. We examined how species and recovery plan attributes influenced the likelihood that a plan would be revised and how the content of plans changed with revision. Vertebrate species with designated critical habitat were nearly four times more likely to have their recovery plans revised than were invertebrates or plants without designated critical habitat. Nonetheless, recovery priorities assigned by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) did not influence the likelihood of plan revision. Paired comparisons between original and revised versions suggested that knowledge of species biology and status had improved, and that recognition of threats had increased since the original plans were written. However, these improvements did not lead to recovery criteria or monitoring actions that were more clearly justified. We recommend that recovery plan authors strive to maximize benefits from improved biological information by defining management actions and goals that are more biologically justified. We also urge the USFWS to establish a consistent priority system for recovery plan revisions that affords consideration to listed species of all taxa and emphasizes revisions for those species most likely to benefit. CR 1999, FED REG, V64, P11485 *NMFS, 1993, REC PLANN GUID *USFWS, 1990, POL GUID PLANN COORD *USFWS, 1999, C REC PROGR THREAT E CONOVER WJ, 1999, PRACTICAL NONPARAMET EASTERPILCHER A, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P355 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOEKSTRA JM, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P630 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV MANAGEM JOHNSON RA, 1998, APPL MULTIVARIATE ST ROHLF DJ, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P273 TEAR TH, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P976 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 13 TC 4 J9 ECOL APPL BP 682 EP 689 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 12 IS 3 GA 553UL UT ISI:000175693800009 ER PT J AU Lessard, RB Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Essington, TE Kitchell, JF TI Should ecosystem management involve active control of species abundances? SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Lessard, RB, Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. AB We review four case studies in which there is a risk of extinction or severe reduction in highly valued species if we ignore either, or both, of two ecosystem control options. "Symptomatic control" implies direct control of extinction risk through direct harvesting or culling of competitors and predators. "Systemic control" implies treating the causes of the problem that led to an unnaturally high abundance in the first place. We demonstrate, with a discussion of historically observed population trends, how surprising trophic interactions can emerge as a result of alterations to a system. Simulation models were developed for two of the case studies as aids to adaptive policy design, to expose possible abundance changes caused by trophic interactions and to highlight key uncertainties about possible responses to ecosystem management policies involving active intervention to control abundances. With reasonable parameter values, these models predict a wide range of possible responses given available data, but do indicate a good chance that active control would reverse declines and reverse extinction risks. We find that controlling seal (Phoca vitulina) populations in the Georgia Strait increases juvenile survival rates of commercial salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) species, but that commensurate increases in hake populations from decreased seal predation could be a compensatory source of predation on juvenile salmon. We also show that wolf (Canis lupus) control and moose (Alces alces) harvest bring about a recovery in caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations, where simple habitat protection policies fail to recover caribou before wolf predation causes severe declines. The results help address a common problem in disturbed ecosystems, where controlling extinction risks can mean choosing between active control of species abundance or establishing policies of protection, and allowing threatened species to recover naturally. 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Klagenfurt Univ, Dept Cultural Anal, IFF, Vienna, Austria. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Global Inst Sustainabil, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Ecosistemas, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Hist, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Environm Studies Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Innsbruck Univ, Dept Zool & Limnol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Ludwig Boltzmann Inst Rural Hist, St Polten, Austria. PIK, Potsdam, Germany. Fed Environm Agcy, Vienna, Austria. Arizona State Univ, Int Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geog, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Vienna, Fac Life Sci, Ecol Ctr, Vienna, Austria. RP Haberl, H, Klagenfurt Univ, Inst Social Ecol, IFF, Vienna, Austria. AB Concerns about global environmental change challenge long term ecological research (LTER) to go beyond traditional disciplinary scientific research to produce knowledge that can guide society toward more sustainable development. Reporting the outcomes of a 2 d interdisciplinary workshop, this article proposes novel concepts to substantially expand LTER by including the human dimension. We feel that such an integration warrants the insertion of a new letter in the acronym, changing it from LTER to LTSER, "Long-Term Socioecological Research," with a focus on coupled socioecological systems. We discuss scientific challenges such as the necessity to link biophysical processes to governance and communication, the need to consider patterns and processes across several spatial and temporal scales, and the difficulties of combining data from in-situ measurements with statistical data, cadastral surveys, and soft knowledge from the humanities. 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YOUNG OR, 2002, MILLENNIAL REFLECTIO, P176 ZERNER C, 2002, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC, P3 ZIMMERER KS, 2003, POLITICAL ECOLOGY IN ZONNEVELD JIS, 1990, CHANGING LANDSCAPES NR 202 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 13 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 11 IS 2 GA 123FD UT ISI:000243280800040 ER PT J AU Hutyra, LR Munger, JW Nobre, CA Saleska, SR Vieira, SA Wofsy, SC TI Climatic variability and vegetation vulnerability in Amazonia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Ctr Previsao Tempo & Estudos Climat, BR-12630000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USP, CENA, Lab Ecol Isotop, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RP Hutyra, LR, Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. AB Models of climate change predict close coupling between increases in aridity and conversion of Amazonian forests to savanna. Here we assess the vulnerability and resilience of Amazonian vegetation to climate change by analyzing observed climate-vegetation relationships using climate data, observed vegetation distributions, and evapotranspiration rates inferred from eddy flux data. We found that drought frequency is an excellent predictor of the forest-savanna boundary, indicating the key role of extreme climatic events for inducing vegetation change, and highlighting particularly vulnerable regions of Amazonia. 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Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55018 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Inst Arctic Studies, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Social & Econ Res, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Nicolson, CR, Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Box 34210, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. AB Complex environmental and ecological problems require collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts. A common approach to integratirig disciplinary perspectives on these problems is to develop simulation models in which the linkages between system components are explicitly represented. There is, however, little guidance in the literature on how such models should be developed through collaborative teamwork. in this paper, we offer a set of heuristics (rules of thumb) that address a range of challenges associated with this enterprise, including the selection of team members, negotiating a consensus View Of the research problem, prototyping and refining models, the role of sensitivity analysis, and the importance of team communication. These heuristics arose front a comparison of our experiences with several interdisciplinary modeling projects. We use one such experience-a project in which natural scientists, social scientists, and local residents came together to investigative the sustainability of small indigenous communities in the Arctic illustrate the heuristics. 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Environm Protect Agcy, Old Quarantine Stn, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Div Biol Sci, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Dept Biol Sci, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Paleobiol, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hughes, TP, James Cook Univ, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming. 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Univ Florida, Geomat Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geog, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Sociol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Cumming, GS, Univ Cape Town, Percy FitzPatrick Inst, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa. AB Deliberate progress towards the goal of long-term sustainability depends on understanding the dynamics of linked social and ecological systems. The concept of social-ecological resilience holds promise for interdisciplinary syntheses. Resilience is a multifaceted concept that as yet has not been directly operationalized, particularly in systems for which our ignorance is such that detailed, parameter-rich simulation models are difficult to develop. We present an exploratory framework as a step towards the operationalization of resilience for empirical studies. We equate resilience with the ability of a system to maintain its identity, where system identity is defined as a property of key components and relationships (networks) and their continuity through space and time. Innovation and memory are also fundamental to understanding identity and resilience. By parsing our systems into the elements that we subjectively consider essential to identity, we obtain a small set of specific focal variables that reflect changes in identity. By assessing the potential for changes in identity under specified drivers and perturbations, in combination with a scenario-based approach to considering alternative futures, we obtain a surrogate measure of the current resilience of our study system as the likelihood of a change in system identity under clearly specified conditions, assumptions, drivers and perturbations. Although the details of individual case studies differ, the concept of identity provides a level of generality that can be used to compare measure of resilience across cases. Our approach will also yield insights into the mechanisms of change and the potential consequences of different policy and management decisions, providing a level of decision support for each case study area. 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EcoHlth Consulting, Salt Spring Isl, BC V8K 2N6, Canada. RP Singh, A, UNEP Div Early Warning & Assessment N Amer, 1707 H St NW,Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006 USA. AB Transformation in human-dominated ecosystems results from cumulative impacts of human activity. A comprehensive system for State of Environment Reporting (SOER) must take into account indicators of stress on ecosystems, indicators of the state of the system (i.e., ecosystem structure and function), and indicators of social response (policy interventions). The Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model for State of Environment Reporting developed by Statistics Canada in the mid 1970s incorporated these elements. By adopting an ecosystem perspective, it represented a significant advance from the then prevailing engineering-based approaches, with their focus on contaminants in air, water and land. The PSR model, however, has its own inherent limitations: its focus on isolating "pressures", "states", and "responses" tends to provide a static representation of the environment, ignoring the significant dynamic processes that comprise the interactions between these components. The PSR model also lacks a 'bottom line' that would provide the policy community and the public with an overall assessment of environmental trends. These limitations can be overcome by adopting an ecosystem health approach, which allows for a determination of the overall viability of environments and for the identification of the collective pressures from human activity that threaten that viability. An ecosystem health approach also allows for a more explicit connection between the state of the environment and human well-being. In this paper, we trace the evolution of SOER and provide some of the building blocks for overcoming its present limitations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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A history of property rights to wildlife in Toro, western Uganda SO LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP NaughtonTreves, L, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, 550 N Pk S, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB As property of the state and symbol of colonial authority, Africa's wildlife fared poorly during the 20th century. Current campaigns to devolve wildlife property rights promise to provide local communities with incentive to better protect wildlife. But defining 'local community' and building viable property arrangements requires an understanding of socio-ecological conditions and their historical formation. This paper examines the transition in claimants and wildlife property regimes in Toro District, western Uganda during 1923-79. Data are drawn from government archives and oral histories of 23 Toro elders. Toro wildlife ownership centered on spirit appeasement and a social hierarchy of hunting rights. Colonial wildlife ownership was also hierarchical, but emphasized parks and restrictions on hunting technology, Under both systems, Toro royals enjoyed privileged access to big game. Toro property claims ultimately cannot be disentangled from colonial wildlife property regimes. By mid-century, government 'control' campaigns packed wildlife into parks, where they were later decimated by war and poaching. Today recovering wildlife populations create conflict when they stray into densely settled agricultural lands. Necessary reform in property rights is constrained by historically rooted political and physical conditions, and idealized notions of 'local community'. Neither wildlife nor the rural poor are served by simplistic prescriptions to 'hand over' wildlife to imagined communities isolated from government or market forces. Instead, wildlife property arrangements must reflect ecosystem-level processes and macropolitical and economic forces shaping local use of wildlife. National parks are essential, but inadequate components of the land-use and property rights mosaic in western Uganda. Considerable financial and political support is required to build comanagement systems allowing local communities and the government to negotiate and experiment with alternative ways of owning and using wildlife beyond park boundaries. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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Univ Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada. RP McCarthy, N, Int Food Policy Res Inst, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. AB In this article, we develop an empirical model of an agro-pastoral system subject to high climatic risk in order to test the impact Of rainfall variability on livestock densities, land allocation patterns and herd mobility observed at the community level. Also, because grazing land is a common-pool resource, we determine the impact Of cooperation on these decision variables. To capture different abilities of communities to cooperate in managing these externalities, we construct indices comprised of factors considered to affect the costliness of achieving successful cooperation. We then test hypotheses regarding the impact of rainfall variability and cooperation, using data collected in a semi-arid region of Niger. Results indicate that rainfall variability initially leads to higher densities,, but the impact becomes negative as variability increases still further. This result indicates that the benefits of accumulating offset by the large herds in variable environments are eventually of increasing probability of large losses. Mobility in the current period is strongly related to current rainfall, and is also positively related to long-term rainfall variability. Communities with characteristics hypothesised to favour cooperation have lower stock densities and greater herd mobility. Neither cooperation nor rainfall variability has a significant impact on the proportion of land allocated to crops or common pastures. 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AB There are many accounts of hazard warnings which, although received by the target population, have not been appropriately understood and/or acted upon. In all such cases, what needs to be explored is a social relational failure rather than a technological one. Although the relationship between the mass media and the general public has been thoroughly explored, that between the media and the scientific community has been generally neglected. Scientists who communicate warning information to the media must recognise the background, commitments, values, needs and expectations of those they communicate with. Their efforts should be directed at conveying information in a way which is useful to the target population and, at the same time, which appeals to the media. Various "communication strategies" for the achievement of this goal are outlined. CR ANDERSON WA, 1965, SOME OBSERVATIONS DI BATESON G, 1972, STEPS ECOLOGY MIND DEMARCHI B, 1987, SOCIOSYSTEMIC MODEL, P119 DEMARCHI B, 1988, COMUNICAZIONE EMERGE DEMARCHI B, 1990, COMMUNICATING PUBLIC, P389 DEMARCHI B, 1990, EUR12887 EN COMM EUR DEMARCHI B, 1990, PREVENTIQUE, V35, P31 DISOPRA L, 1984, TEORIA VULNERABILITA DRABEK TE, 1986, HUMAN SYSTEM RESPONS DYNES RR, 1987, SOCIOLOGY DISASTERS ECO U, 1965, UNPUB PRIMA PROPOSTA ECO U, 1975, TRATTATO SEMIOTICA G FUNTOWICZ SO, 1990, COMMUNICATING PUBLIC, P367 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1990, UNCERTAINTY QUALITY KREPS GA, 1984, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V10, P309 LIVERMAN DM, 1990, UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL, V1, P27 MACGILL SM, 1987, POLITICS ANXIETY MAISELO R, 1973, PUBLIC OPIN QUART, V55, P2 MONTALCINI RL, 1987, ELOGIO IMPERFEZIONE MOORE WE, 1963, SOCIAL CHANGE NIGG JM, 1987, COMMUNICATION BEHAVI, P103 OTWAY HH, 1990, 2ND C EUR SECT SOC R QUARANTELLI EL, 1972, PSYCHOL TODAY, V5, P66 QUARANTELLI EL, 1977, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V3, P23 QUARANTELLI EL, 1982, SOCIAL EC ASPECTS EA, P453 ROSENGREN KE, 1978, DEVIANCE MASS MEDIA, P131 SANDAM P, 1988, CIVIL PROTECTION, V9, P14 SCANLON J, 1985, PUBLIC ADMIN REV, V45, P123 SHANNON CE, 1949, MATH THEORY COMMUNIC TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TURNER BA, 1978, MAN MADE DISASTERS WATZLAWICK P, 1967, PRAGMATICS HUMAN COM NR 32 TC 0 J9 DISASTERS BP 237 EP 243 PY 1991 VL 15 IS 3 GA GD243 UT ISI:A1991GD24300003 ER PT J AU Harris, JA Hobbs, RJ TI Clinical practice for ecosystem health: The role of ecological restoration SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 Cranfield Univ, Chair Environm Technol, Inst Water & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. Murdoch Univ, Sch Environm Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Harris, JA, Cranfield Univ, Chair Environm Technol, Inst Water & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. AB In this paper, we discuss the need for synergy between the emerging fields of ecosystem health and ecological restoration and examine whether anyone engaged in ecological restoration has attempted this yet, explicitly or implicitly. We provide definitions of terms used in ecosystem health and examples of ecological restoration practices in each of the major ecosystem health categories. We point to the need for effective and measurable indicators of ecosystem health. if we view the concept of ecosystem health as the diagnostic toolbox and ecological restoration as the treatment toolbox for the management of damaged ecosystems, there is clearly the potential for useful synergy. The challenge is to blend a level of generality that allows comparison among different systems with the ability to be specific enough to be helpful in particular cases. 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RP LARSSON, J, ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,BOX 50005,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. AB Shrimp farming in mangrove areas has grown dramatically in Asia and Latin America over the past decade. As a result, demand for resources required for farming, such as feed, seed, and clean water, has increased substantially. This study focuses on semiintensive shrimp culture as practiced on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. We estimated the spatial ecosystem support that is required to produce the food inputs, nursery areas, and clean water to the shrimp farms, as well as to process wastes. We also made an estimate of the natural and human-made resources necessary to run a typical semiintensive shrimp farm. The results show that a semiintensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support-the ecological footprint-that is 35-190 times larger than the surface area of the farm. A typical such shrimp farm appropriates about 295 J of ecological work for each joule of edible shrimp protein produced. The corresponding figure for industrial energy is 40:1. More than 80% of the ecological primary production required to feed the shrimps is derived from external ecosystems. In 1990 an area of 874-2300 km2 of mangrove was required to supply shrimp postlarvae to the farms in Colombia, corresponding to a total area equivalent to about 20-50% of the country's total mangrove area. The results were compared with similar estimates for other food production systems, particularly aquacultural ones. The comparison indicates that shrimp farming ranks as one of the most resource-intensive food production systems, characterizing it as an ecologically unsustainable throughput system. Based on the results, we discuss local, national, and regional appropriation of ecological support by the semiintensive shrimp farms. Suggestions are made for how shrimp farming could be transformed into a food production system that is less environmentally degrading and less dependent on external support areas. 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P126 WEITZMAN ML, 1976, Q J ECON, V90, P156 NR 117 TC 8 J9 J ECON ISSUE BP 145 EP 173 PY 1997 PD MAR VL 31 IS 1 GA WQ852 UT ISI:A1997WQ85200008 ER PT J AU Jonzen, N Ripa, J Lundberg, P TI A theory of stochastic harvesting in stochastic environments SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Lund Univ, Dept Theoret Ecol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. RP Jonzen, N, Lund Univ, Dept Theoret Ecol, Ecol Bldg, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. AB We investigate how model populations respond to stochastic harvesting in a stochastic environment. In particular, we show that the effects of variable harvesting on the variance in population density and yield depend critically on the autocorrelation of environmental noise and on whether the endogenous dynamics of the population display over- or undercompensation to density. These factors interact in complicated ways; harvesting shifts the slope of the renewal function, and the net effect of this shift will depend on the sign and magnitude of the other influences. For example, when environmental noise exhibits a positive auto correlation, the relative importance of a variable harvest to the variance in density increases with overcompensation but decreases with undercompensation. For a fixed harvesting level, an increasing level of autocorrelation in environmental noise will decrease the relative variation in population density when overcompensation would otherwise occur. These and other intricate interactions have important ramifications for the interpretation of time series data when no prior knowledge of demographic or environmental details exists, These effects are important whenever the harvesting rate is sufficiently high or variable, conditions likely to occur in many systems, whether the harvesting is caused by commercial exploitation or by any other strong agent of density-independent mortality. 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RP FAIRHEAD, J, UNIV LONDON,LONDON,ENGLAND. AB Social science analysis has helped to explain the rapid and recent deforestation supposed to have occurred in Guinea, West Africa. A narrative concerning population growth and the breakdown of past authority and community organization which once maintained ''original'' forest vegetation guides policy. In two cases, vegetation history sharply contradicts the deforestation analysis and thus exposes the assumptions in its supporting social narrative; assumptions stabilized within regional narratives based more on Western imagination than African realities. For each case and then at the regional level, more appropriate assumptions are forwarded which better explain demonstrable vegetation change and provide more appropriate policy guidelines. CR *ENDA, 1992, AVENIR TERROIRS RESS *PROGR AM BASS VET, 1992, PLAN OP *PROGR AM HAUTS BA, ET SOC ADAM JG, 1948, B SOC BOTANIQUE FRAN, V98, P22 ANDERSON B, 1870, NARRATIVE JOURNEY MU BAUM GA, 1992, PARTICIPATION DEV SO BOURQUE J, 1990, GUINEA FORESTRY BIOD CHEVALIER A, 1933, REV SOC BIOGEOGRAPHI, P37 CHEVALIER, 1909, RAPPORT NOUVELLES RE CLEAVER K, 1992, CONSERVATION W CENTR, P65 DUPRE G, 1991, SAVOIRS PAYSANS DEV, P181 FAIRHEAD J, IN PRESS REVERSING L FAIRHEAD J, 1994, AFR AFFAIRS, V93, P481 FOTANA S, 1993, ETUDE RELATIVE FEU A GREEN W, 1991, LUTTE CONTRE FEUX BR HAIR PEH, 1962, SIERRA LEONE STUD, V16, P218 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JEAN B, 1989, GESTION RESSOURCES N LEACH M, 1994, FOREST ISLANDS KISSI LEACH M, 1995, IDS BULL-I DEV STUD, V26, P24 MCNEELY JA, 1993, UNPUB LESSONS PAST F NICHOLSON SE, 1979, J AFR HIST, V20, P31 PONSARTDUREAU MC, 1986, PAYS KISSI GUINEE FO PORTERES R, 1965, J AGR TROPICALE BOT, V12, P687 ROE E, 1982, SEASON STRATEGY ROE E, 1991, WORLD DEV, V19 SAYER JA, 1992, CONSERVATION W CENTR, P3 SCOONES I, 1994, LIVING UNCERTAINTY N SEYMOUR GL, 1959, NEW YORK COLONIZATIO, V10 SEYMOUR GL, 1959, NEW YORK COLONIZATIO, V9 SIMS JL, 1959, NEW YORK COLONIZATIO, V10 SIMS JL, 1959, NEW YORK COLONIZATIO, V9 SPRUGEL DG, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V58, P1 STARR F, 1912, NARRATIVE EXPEDITION STIEGLITZ FV, 1990, UNPUB EXPLOITATION F ZEROUKI B, 1993, ETUDE RELATIVE FEU A NR 36 TC 30 J9 WORLD DEVELOP BP 1023 EP 1035 PY 1995 PD JUN VL 23 IS 6 GA RH025 UT ISI:A1995RH02500011 ER PT J AU Bestelmeyer, BT Herrick, JE Brown, JR Trujillo, DA Havstad, KM TI Land management in the American Southwest: A state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA NRCS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bestelmeyer, BT, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB State-and-transition models are increasingly being used to guide rangeland management. These models provide a relatively simple, management-oriented way to classify land condition (state) and to describe the factors that might cause a shift to another state (a transition). There are many formulations of state-and-transition models in the literature. The version we endorse does not adhere to any particular generalities about ecosystem dynamics, but it includes consideration of several kinds of dynamics and management response to them. In contrast to previous uses of state-and-transition models, we propose that models can, at present, be most effectively used to specify and qualitatively compare the relative benefits and potential risks of different management actions (e.g., fire and grazing) and other factors (e.g., invasive species and climate change) on specified areas of land. High spatial and temporal variability and complex interactions preclude the meaningful use of general quantitative models. Forecasts can be made on a case-by-case basis by interpreting qualitative and quantitative indicators, historical data, and spatially structured monitoring data based on conceptual models. We illustrate how science- based conceptual models are created using several rangeland examples that vary in complexity. In doing so, we illustrate the implications of designating plant communities and states in models, accounting for varying scales of pattern in vegetation and soils, interpreting the presence of plant communities on different soils and dealing with our uncertainty about how those communities were assembled and how they will change in the future. We conclude with observations about how models have helped to improve management decision-making. CR *SOIL SURV STAFF, 1999, USDA AGR HDB, V436 *USDA, 1997, USDA NAT RANG PAST H ALLEN CD, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P1418 ALLENDIAZ B, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P795 BAHRE CJ, 1993, J BIOGEOGR, V20, P489 BAKER WL, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V2, P111 BESTELMEYER BT, 2003, J RANGE MANAGE, V56, P114 BESTELMEYER BT, 2003, P 7 INT RANG C DURB, P688 BEUKEMA SJ, 2000, VEGETATION DYNAMICS BEVER JD, 1997, J ECOL, V85, P561 BOWMAN D, 1995, NEW SCI, V148, P54 BRISKE DD, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P601 BROWN JR, 1987, VEGETATIO, V73, P73 BROWN JR, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P2385 CERDA A, 2001, EUR J SOIL SCI, V52, P59 DALE VH, 2003, ECOLOGICAL MODELING, P3 DAVENPORT DW, 1998, J RANGE MANAGE, V51, P231 DAYAN FE, 1999, ALLELOPATHY J, V6, P1 DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P450 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FYNN RWS, 2000, J APPL ECOL, V37, P491 GIBBENS RP, 1950S DROUGHT AM SW GROSSMAN RB, 2001, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V56, P63 HARWELL MA, 2003, ECOLOGICAL MODELING, P3 HAVENS KE, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P1 HEMSTROM MA, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P1243 HERBEL CH, 1972, ECOLOGY, V53, P1084 HERRICK JE, 2002, AGRON J, V94, P3 HORTHUP BK, 1999, APPL SOIL ECOL, V30, P1 HUNTER KL, 2001, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V10, P521 IGLESIAS RMR, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P399 ILLIUS AW, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P798 ILLIUS AW, 2000, OIKOS, V89, P283 JACKSON CV, 1928, BOT GAZ, V86, P270 JACKSON RD, 2002, B ECOL SOC AM, V83, P194 JACKSON RD, 2002, PLANT ECOL, V162, P49 JENNY H, 1941, FACTORS SOIL FORMATI LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LLORENS EM, 1995, J RANGE MANAGE, V48, P442 LUDWIG JA, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FU, P1 LUDWIG JA, 2000, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V64, P167 LUDWIG JA, 2000, RANGELAND DESERTIFIC, P39 MACGREGOR SD, 2002, AUSTRAL ECOL, V27, P385 MCAULIFFE JR, 1998, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V141, P253 MILCHUNAS DG, 2002, OIKOS, V99, P113 MILLER ME, 1999, SW NATURALIST, V444, P121 NEILSON RP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P27 NELSON EW, 1934, TECHNICAL B US DEP A, V409 NOVAK SJ, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P114 OKIN GS, 2001, J ARID ENVIRON, V47, P123 PAULSEN HA, 1962, TECHNICAL B USDA, V1270 PIELKE RA, 1990, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V4, P133 PYKE DA, 2002, J RANGE MANAGE, V55, P584 RASTETTER EB, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P68 RICKLEFS RE, 1990, ECOLOGY ROE E, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V27, P195 RUPP TS, 2002, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V55, P213 SCANLAN JC, 1994, TROP GRASSLANDS, V28, P229 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SCHUMM SA, 1977, FLUVIAL SYSTEM SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY STRAT SMITH MS, 1996, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT G, P325 SOARES BS, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P1059 STRINGHAM TK, 2003, J RANGE MANAGE, V56, P106 SULLIVAN S, 2002, J BIOGEOGR, V29, P1595 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P232 VALENTINE KA, 1970, B NEW MEX STAT U, P553 VALONE TJ, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P995 VANAUKEN OW, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P197 VANDEKOPPEL J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P352 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHITFORD WG, 2001, J ARID ENVIRON, V47, P1 WIENS JA, 1984, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITI, P439 WILCOX BP, 2003, ECOL MONOGR, V73, P223 WRIGHT RA, 1986, J ARID ENVIRON, V11, P139 WRIGHT RG, 1976, SW NATURALIST, V21, P259 NR 79 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 38 EP 51 PY 2004 PD JUL VL 34 IS 1 GA 848JZ UT ISI:000223464900004 ER PT J AU Pandey, N TI Gender economics of the Kyoto protocol SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Pandey, N, Sarojini Naidu Govt Girls Post Grad Coll, Bhopal 462016, India. CR MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 CARLSSONKANYAMA A, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P355 GATTO M, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARDING S, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P1599 LEVINE JA, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P812 LEVINE JA, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P1025 OCONNOR RE, 1998, RISK DECISION POLICY, V3, P145 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 VEDWAN N, 2001, CLIMATE RES, V19, P109 WAMUKONYA N, 2002, ENERGY ENV, V13, P115 NR 11 TC 0 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 6 IS 1 GA 591QW UT ISI:000177892600031 ER PT J AU Allen, SD TI Using perceptual maps to communicate concepts of sustainable forest management - Collaborative research with the Office of the Wet'suwet'en Nation in British Columbia SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Sustainable Forest Management Res Grp, Forest Resources Management Dept, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Allen, SD, Univ British Columbia, Sustainable Forest Management Res Grp, Forest Resources Management Dept, 2045-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB This article discusses collaborative research with the Office of the Wet ' suwet ' en Nation on their traditional territories in north-central British Columbia, Canada, a forest-dependent region where contemporary and traditional forest resources management regimes overlap. In-depth personal interviews with the hereditary chiefs and concept mapping were used to identify, social-ecological linkages in Wet ' suwet ' en culture to inform the development of culturally sensitive social criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM) in this region. The preliminary results demonstrate how the CatPac II software tool can be applied to identify key component concepts and linkages in local definitions of SFM, and translate large volumes of (oral) qualitative data into manageable information resources for forest managers and decision-makers. CR *BULKL VALL COMM R, 1998, BULK LAND RES MAN PL *PAC AN INC, 2003, MOR LAND RES MAN PLA BABBIE E, 2001, PRACTICE SOCIAL RES BECKLEY T, 2002, FOREST CHRON, V78, P626 BECKLEY TM, 1995, FOREST CHRON, V71, P712 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERNARD HR, 1998, HDB METHODS CULTURAL, P595 CALLIOU B, 2004, NATIVE STUDIES REV, V15, P73 CANAN P, 1989, SOCIOL PERSPECT, V32, P227 COLFER CJP, 1996, ASSESSING PEOPLES PE CORMICK G, 1996, BUILDING CONSENSUS S DIETZ T, 1987, SOCIOL INQ, V57, P54 GLAVIN T, 1998, DEATH FEAST DIMLAHAM HALL JP, 2001, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V67, P109 JOHNSON LM, 1998, 7 ANN C IASCP 10 14 MILLS A, 1994, EAGLE DOWN IS OUR LA MINICHIELLO V, 1995, IN DEPTH INTERVIEWIN NEUMAN WL, 2003, SOCIAL RES METHODS Q SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHMIDT M, 1998, AMA 1998 ED P NEW FR WOELFEL J, 1974, METRIC MEASUREMENT C WOELFEL J, 1993, CATPAC NEURAL NETWOR WOELFEL J, 1998, NEURAL NEWORKS APPL WRIGHT P, 2002, LOCAL UNIT CRITERIA NR 24 TC 0 J9 FOREST CHRON BP 381 EP 386 PY 2005 PD MAY-JUN VL 81 IS 3 GA 938GL UT ISI:000229987800037 ER PT J AU Sendzimir, J Magnuszewski, P Balogh, P Vari, A TI Anticipatory modeling of biocomplexity in the Tisza River Basin: First steps to establish a participatory adaptive framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Wroclaw Tech Univ, Wroclaw, Poland. Hungarian Acad Sci, Budapest, Hungary. RP Sendzimir, J, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. AB Initial successes in flood control in the Tisza River Basin (TRB) have repeatedly given way to surprising and catastrophic reversals over the past 130 years since implementation of the original Vasarhelyi river engineering plan. Recurrent and parallel crises in economic, ecological and socio-cultural domains of the TRB suggest systemic linkages far broader than imagined in the economic paradigms that drove the reshaping of the TRB. Typical of 'policy resistance', these problems have 'wickedly' resisted repeated efforts to solve them. Future river basin management needs conceptual and methodological tools to develop more comprehensive models that account for the complexity of the wider diversity of these systemic linkages and the resultant non-linear dynamics. Biocomplexity is one attempt to elaborate a more comprehensive conceptual paradigm. This paper describes how the authors applied a method, causal loop diagramming, as a means to graphically examine what aspects of system structure might generate surprising and counter-intuitive policy reversals characteristic of wicked problems. We applied this method in advance of collaboration with stakeholders as a means to deepen our intuition about the system's complexity as a way to better prepare to facilitate participatory modeling exercises within the Adaptive Management (AM) tradition. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *HALCR GROUP LTD, 1999, VIT CONS PLC HALCR G ANDELMAN SJ, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P240 CHECKLAND PB, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO COTTINGHAM KL, 2002, BIOSCIENCE, V52, P793 GLEICK PH, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1524 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARE M, 2002, INTEGRATED ASSESSMEN, V3, P50 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HORVATH G, 2001, FLOOD RISK MANAGEMEN JONES A, 2003, SYSTEMS THINKER, V14, P9 KOSZTOLANYI G, 2001, CENTRAL EUROPEAN REV, V3 KOVACS ZC, 2003, THESIS OXFORD BROOKE LIGHT S, 2004, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT LINEROOTHBAYER J, UNPUB CLUMSY SOLUTIO MAGNUSZEWSKI P, 2005, INT J ENV RES PUBLIC, V2, P194 MICHENER WK, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P1018 MOLNAR G, 2003, P SZOV 2 EVF 2 SZAM, P6 PAHLWOSTL C, UNPUB WATER POLICY PAHLWOSTL C, 2005, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V20, P457 RITTEL HWJ, 1973, POLICY SCI, V4, P155 SENDZIMIR J, UNPUB CLIMATIC CHANG SENDZIMIR J, 2003, SCI BASED FRAMEWORK SENDZIMIR J, 2004, FORSTLICHE SCHRIFTEN, V18, P1 SENDZIMIR J, 2004, NATO ARW SERIES SIPOSS V, 2002, LIVING RIVER LIFE NA SMITS AJM, 2000, NEW APPROACHES RIVER STERMAN J, 2000, BUSINESS DYNAMICS STERMAN JD, 2002, SYST DYNAM REV, V18, P501 VENNIX JAM, 1995, GROUP MODEL BUILDING WALTERS CJ, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WU F, 2000, TISZA RIVER CRISES I NR 33 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW BP 599 EP 609 PY 2007 PD MAY VL 22 IS 5 GA 133JO UT ISI:000244009400006 ER PT J AU Michaels, S Mason, RJ Solecki, WD TI Participatory research on collaborative environmental management: Results from the Adirondack Park SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Temple Univ, Dept Geog & Urban Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Res & Applicat Informat Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Montclair State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Studies, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. RP Mason, RJ, Temple Univ, Dept Geog & Urban Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. AB In seeking to trace linkages among groups involved with environmental management in New York State's Adirondack Park, we developed a participatory exercise and employed it at a recent Adirondack research conference. Fourteen organizations took part, collectively representing 72 linkages associated with policies and programs, expertise, information dissemination, and physical facilities. The exercise revealed a dense "hub-and-spoke" pattern of interactions, with state agencies acting as the snapshot of organizational interactions as well as serving as a basis for longitudinal research. CR BARDACH E, 1998, GETTING AGENCIES WOR BEIERLE TC, 1999, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION CORNWALL A, 1995, SOC SCI MED, V41, P1667 COUSINS JB, 1998, NEW DIRECTIONS EVALU, V80, P5 DIAZ M, 1999, J WOMENS HEALTH, V8, P175 DURAM LA, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P455 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 KERWIN C, 1994, RULEMAKING GOVT AGEN MASON RJ, 1995, PROGR RURAL POLICY P, V5, P15 MICHAELS S, 1999, LAND USE POLICY, V16, P1 PLEIN LC, 1998, SOC SCI J, V35, P509 WEBLER T, 1995, FAIRNESS COMPETENCE, P35 NR 12 TC 1 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 251 EP 255 PY 2001 PD MAR VL 14 IS 3 GA 415QD UT ISI:000167733400006 ER PT J AU Brenkert, AL Malone, EL TI Modeling vulnerability and resilience to climate change: A case study of India and Indian states SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Brenkert, AL, Joint Global Change Res Inst, 8400 Baltimore Ave,Suite 201, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. AB The vulnerability of India and Indian states to climate change was assessed using the Vulnerability-Resilience Indicator Prototype (VRIP). The model was adapted from the global/country version to account for Indian dietary practices and data availability with regard to freshwater resources. Results (scaled to world values) show nine Indian states to be moderately resilient to climate change, principally because of low sulfur emissions and a relatively large percentage of unmanaged land. Six states are more vulnerable than India as a whole, attributable largely to sensitivity to sea storm surges. Analyses of results at the state level (Orissa, and comparisons between Maharashtra and Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh) demonstrate the value of VRIP analyses used in conjunction with other socio-economic information to address initial questions about the sources of vulnerability in particular places. The modeling framework allows analysts and stakeholders to systematically evaluate individual and sets of indicators and to indicate where the likely vulnerabilities are in the area being assessed. 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Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Sokoine Univ Agr, Soil & Water Res Management Grp, Morogoro, Tanzania. Univ Natal, Sch Bioresource Engn & Environm Hydrol, Natal, South Africa. IWMI, Pretoria, South Africa. UNESCO, IHE, Delft, Netherlands. RP Rockstrom, J, Univ Zimbabwe, POB MP 600,Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. AB The challenge of producing food for a rapidly increasing population in semi-arid agro-ecosystems in Southern Africa is daunting. More food necessarily means more consumptive use of so-called green water flow (vapour flow sustaining crop growth). Every increase in food production upstream in a watershed will impact on water user and using systems downstream. Intensifying agriculture has in the past often been carried out with negative side effects in terms of land and water degradation. Water legislation is increasingly incorporating the requirement to safeguard a water reserve to sustain instream ecology. To address the challenges of increasing food production, improving rural livelihoods, while safeguarding critical ecological functions, a research programme has recently been launched on "Smallholder System Innovations in Integrated Watershed Management" (SSI). The programme takes an integrated approach to agricultural water management, analysing the interactions between the adoption and participatory adaptation of water system innovations (such as water harvesting, drip irrigation, conservation farming. etc.), increased water use in agriculture and water flows to sustain ecological functions that deliver critical ecosystem services to humans. The research is carried out in the Pangani Basin in Tanzania and the Tbukela Basin in South Africa. A nested scale approach is adopted, which will enable the analysis of scale interactions between water management at the farm level, and cascading hydrological impacts at watershed and basin scale. This paper describes the integrated research approach of the SSI programme, and indicates areas of potential to upgrade rainfed agriculture in water scarcity-prone agro-ecosystems while securing water for downstream use. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. CR *FAO, 2002, 201530 FAO *RELMA, 2002, ANN REP REG LAND MAN ACREMAN M, 2000, CONSERVATION MEDITER AGARWAL A, 1997, 4 CSE, P398 BASTIAANSSEN WGM, 1998, REMOTE SENSING WATER BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CHAMBERS R, 1994, FARMER FIRST RURAL P, R13 CONWAY GR, 1997, DOUBLY GREEN REVOLUT, P334 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES HUM ELMQVIST T, 2003, ECOLOGICAL ENV, V1, P488 EVENARI M, 1971, NEGEV CHALLENGE DESE FALKENMARK M, 2004, BALANCING WATER MAN GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KING J, 1998, AQUAT ECOSYS HLTH MA, V1, P109 KLEMES V, 1983, J HYDROL, V65, P1 LUNDGREN L, 1993, 9 REG SOIL CONS UN, P47 MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA MOLDEN D, 1999, WATER RESOURCES DEV, V15, P55 MOLDEN DJ, 2001, HYDRONOMIC ZONES DEV, P56 NAEEM S, 2003, ECOL LETT, V6, P567 NGIGI SN, 2003, RAINWATER HARVESTING, P263 OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 PARR JF, 1990, ADV SOIL SCI, V13, P1 ROCKSTROM J, 2000, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V19, P319 ROCKSTROM J, 2003, 2003 ROY SOC T B ROCKSTROM J, 2003, WATER PRODUCTIVITY A, P145 SAVENIJE HHG, 2000, WATER POLICY, V2, P9 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHULZE RE, 2000, AMBIO, V29, P12 SECKLER D, 2003, WATER PRODUCTIVITY A, P37 SIVANNAPAN RK, 1997, INT WORKSH WAT HARV STOORVOGEL JJ, 1990, 28 WIN STAR CTR TILMAN D, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, P109 VANDERLEEUW SE, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA NR 37 TC 0 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH BP 1109 EP 1118 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 15-18 GA 868QT UT ISI:000224928800012 ER PT J AU DEANGELIS, DL MULHOLLAND, PJ ELWOOD, JW PALUMBO, AV STEINMAN, AD TI BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING CONSTRAINTS ON STREAM ECOSYSTEM RECOVERY SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP DEANGELIS, DL, OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. CR 1983, EPA600479020 AUMEN NG, 1985, APPLIED ENV MICROBIO, V49, P113 BEDDINGTON JR, 1976, J ANIM ECOL, V45, P791 DEANGELIS DL, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P764 DEANGELIS DL, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P778 DUNBAR MJ, 1973, ARCTIC, V23, P179 ELWOOD JW, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P146 GOODMAN D, 1975, Q REV BIOL, V50, P236 GRIMM NB, 1986, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V5, P2 HARWELL MA, 1981, ECOL MODEL, V12, P105 HILL WR, 1988, J PHYCOL, V24, P125 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOWARTH RW, 1976, FRESHWATER BIOL, V6, P221 HUTCHINSON GE, 1948, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V50, P221 HYNES HBN, 1969, EUTROPHICATION CAUSE, P188 JORDAN CF, 1972, AM NAT, V106, P237 JORDAN CF, 1972, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V3, P33 KAUFMAN LH, 1982, OECOLOGIA BERL, V52, P57 MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 OMERNIK JM, 1977, EPA600377105 ONEILL RV, 1975, ERDA S SERIES, P28 PALUMBO AV, 1987, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V32, P464 PETERSON BJ, 1985, SCIENCE, V229, P1383 PIMM SL, 1977, NATURE, V268, P329 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POMEROY LR, 1970, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V1, P171 PRINGLE CM, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P619 RHEE GY, 1980, J PHYCOL, V16, P486 RUTTNER F, 1953, FUNDAMENTALS LIMNOLO SANTOS SL, 1980, OECOLOGIA, V46, P290 SHOEF WT, 1976, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V21, P926 SMITH FE, 1972, T CONN ACAD ARTS SCI, V44, P309 SMITH VH, 1982, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V27, P1101 SOUSA WP, 1980, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V45, P72 STOCKNER JG, 1978, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V35, P28 WEBSTER JR, 1975, ERDA S SERIES, P1 WEBSTER JR, 1983, STREAM ECOLOGY, P355 WOODWELL GM, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22 WUHRMANN K, 1974, MITT INT VER LIMN, V20, P324 NR 41 TC 10 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 685 EP 697 PY 1990 PD SEP-OCT VL 14 IS 5 GA EC589 UT ISI:A1990EC58900012 ER PT J AU Basurto, X TI How locally designed access and use controls can prevent the tragedy of the commons in a Mexican small-scale fishing community SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Publ Adm & Policy, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Comunidad & Biodiversidad AC, Sonora, Mexico. RP Basurto, X, Univ Arizona, Sch Publ Adm & Policy, McClelland Hall 405,1130 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB The Seri people, a self-governed community of small-scale fishermen in the Gulf of California, Mexico, have ownership rights to fishing grounds where they harvest highly valuable commercial species of bivalves. Outsiders are eager to gain access, and the community has devised a set of rules to allow them in. Because Seri government officials keep all the economic benefits generated from granting this access for themselves, community members create alternative entry mechanisms to divert those benefits to themselves. Under Hardin's model of the tragedy of the commons, this situation would eventually lead to the overexploitation of the fishery. The Seri people, however, are able to simultaneously maintain access and use controls for the continuing sustainability of their fishing grounds. Using insights from common-pool resources theory, I discuss how Seri community characteristics help mediate the conflict between collective action dilemmas and access and use controls. CR 1970, DIARIO OFICIAL FEDER 1975, DIARIO OFICIAL FEDER 1978, DIARIO OFICIAL FEDER *INEGI, 2000, 12 CENS GEN POBL VIV ALEXANDER P, 1977, ETHNOLOGY, V16, P231 BERKES F, 1986, MAR POLICY, V10, P215 BERKES F, 1989, ECOLOGY COMMUNITY BA BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P293 BLOMQUIST W, 1992, DIVIDING WATERS GOVE BOURILLON L, 2002, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC BROMLEY DW, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK CHENAUT V, 1985, PESCADORES BAJA CALI, V2 CORDELL J, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK, P183 CRAWFORD SES, 1995, AM POLIT SCI REV, V89, P582 CUDNEYBUENO R, 2000, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC DIETZ T, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P3 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V12, P1907 FEENY D, 1990, HUM ECOL, V18, P1 FELGER RS, 1985, PEOPLE DESERT SEA ET FERNANDEZ E, 2003, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HESS C, 2003, COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIO KATON BM, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P777 MARTIN L, 1997, SCUBA DIVING EXPLAIN MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MORENO C, 2004, 1 INT C COAST FISH L OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P OSTROM E, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P127 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME POMEROY C, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P719 SCOTT A, 1955, J POLITICAL EC, V63, P116 SHERIDAN TE, 1999, EMPIRE SAND SERI IND TANG SY, 1992, I COLLECTIVE ACTION TAYLOR PL, 2003, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V16, P643 TORRECOSIO J, 2002, THESIS U ARIZONA TUC NR 39 TC 1 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 643 EP 659 PY 2005 PD AUG VL 18 IS 7 GA 945EZ UT ISI:000230487100004 ER PT J AU Pahl-Wostl, C TI Towards sustainability in the water sector - The importance of human actors and processes of social learning SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany. RP Pahl-Wostl, C, Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, Albrechtstr 28, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany. AB Current regimes in resource management are often unsustainable as judged by ecological, economic and social criteria. Many technological resource management regimes are inflexible and not built to adapt to changes in environmental, economic or social circumstances. This inflexibility poses problems in a world characterized by fast change. The water sector is currently undergoing major processes of transformation at local, regional and global scales. Today's situation is challenged by uncertainties, e.g., in water demand (diminishing in industrialized countries, rising in developing countries), by worsening water quality, by pressure for cost-efficient solutions, and by fast changing socio-economic boundary conditions. One expects additional uncertainties, due to climate change, such as a shift in the pattern of extreme events. Hence, new strategies and institutional arrangements are required to cope with risk and change in general. When one considers processes of transformation and change, the human dimension is of particular importance. Institutions and rule systems may cause resistance to change but can also enable and facilitate necessary transformation processes. This paper explores conceptual approaches in social learning and adaptive management. It introduces agent-based modelling, and the link between analytical modelling and participatory approaches as promising new developments to explore and foster changes towards sustainability and the required transformations in technological regimes and institutional settings. 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Fisheries Res Agcy, Natl Salmon Resources Ctr, Toyohira Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0620922, Japan. Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, Eniwa 0611433, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. RP Morita, K, Fisheries Res Agcy, Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro 0850802, Japan. AB Hatchery programmes involving the mass release of cultured fish have been implemented worldwide to supplement wild populations and to increase harvests. Hokkaido Island is one of the most active regions for Pacific salmon hatchery programmes, with ca. 1.2 billion (10(9))juveniles released annually along a coastline of ca. 3000 km, During the last quarter of the 20th century, coastal catches of chum and pink salmon increased dramatically, whereas those of masit salmon did not. In addition to the development of hatchery technologies, several possible hypotheses may explain these catch trends, including climate change, closing of hi-h-seas fisheries, rehabilitation of water quality, habitat loss caused by damming and channelling, and increased pressure from recreational fisheries. Even when these other factors have been accounted for, it is difficult to evaluate whether all hatchery programmes have actually increased net populations. To use these programmes more effectively, it is necessary to evaluate both their river- and species-specific benefits and compare hatchery programmes with other management tools, such as fishery controls and habitat rehabilitation. Future hatchery programmes should incorporate active, adaptive learning approaches to minimize the risks associated with artificial propagation and to promote sustainable salmon stocks. 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GUNMA UNIV,FAC SOCIAL & INFORMAT STUDIES,MAEBASHI,GUMMA 371,JAPAN. RP Chapin, FS, UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. AB Many natural ecosystems are self-sustaining, maintaining a characteristic mosaic of vegetation types for hundreds to thousands of years. In this article we present a new framework for defining the conditions that sustain natural ecosystems and apply these principles to sustainability of managed ecosystems. A sustainable ecosystem is one that, over the normal cycle of disturbance events, maintains its characteristic diversity of major functional groups, productivity, and rates of biogeochemical cycling. These traits are determined by a set of four ''interactive controls'' (climate, soil resource supply, major functional groups of organisms, and disturbance regime) that both govern and respond to ecosystem processes. Ecosystems cannot be sustained unless the interactive controls oscillate within stable bounds, This occurs when negative feedbacks constrain changes in these controls. For example, negative feedbacks associated with food availability and predation often constrain changes in the population size of a species. Linkages among ecosystems in a landscape can contribute to sustainability by creating or extending the feedback network beyond a single patch. The sustainability of managed systems can be increased by maintaining interactive controls so that they form negative feedbacks within ecosystems and by using laws and regulations to create negative feedbacks between ecosystems and human activities, such as between ocean ecosystems and marine fisheries. Degraded ecosystems can be restored through practices that enhance positive feedbacks to bring the ecosystem to a state where the interactive controls are commensurate with desired ecosystem characteristics. The possible combinations of interactive controls that govern ecosystem traits are limited by the environment, constraining the extent to which ecosystems can be managed sustainably for human purposes. 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RP Walls, M, Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Ctr Biodivers, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. CR BENGTSSON J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P334 BERGER PL, 1966, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BLOWERS A, 1995, ENV POLICY INT CONTE GASTON KJ, 1998, BIODIVERSITY INTRO GLOWKA L, 1994, GUIDE CONVENTION BIO HANNIGAN JA, 1995, ENV SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL HEYWOOD VH, 1995, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, P1 KAHN JR, 1997, JR TROPICAL FOREST R, P13 PERLMAN DL, 1997, BIODIVERSITY EXPLORI SCHNAIBERG A, 1994, ENV SOC ENDURING CON WHITMORE TC, 1997, TROPICAL FOREST REMN, P3 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE NR 13 TC 3 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV BP 1 EP 6 PY 1999 PD JAN VL 8 IS 1 GA 215VN UT ISI:000081404300001 ER PT J AU CASTI, J WOOD, EF TI SOME QUESTIONS OF REACHABILITY IN NATURAL-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. IIASA,A-2361 LAXENBURG,AUSTRIA. RP CASTI, J, UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SYST ENGN,TUCSON,AZ 85721. 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Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Conservat Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Foley, JA, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm, 1710 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53726 USA. AB Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable tosses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term. 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The relative influences of past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford Longterm Ecol Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Royal Bot Gardens, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Brncic, TM, Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford Longterm Ecol Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. AB This paper presents the results from a palaeoecological study to establish the impact of prehistoric human activity and climate change on the vegetation and soils of the Goualougo area of the Nouabale- Ndoki National Park, in the Republic of Congo ( Congo - Brazzaville). This is a region that is known from previous work ( through evidence of pottery, furnaces and charcoal layers beneath the present day rainforest vegetation) to have had prehistoric settlement dating back to at least 2000 calibrated years before present. In addition, there is climatic evidence to suggest that significant variations in precipitation have occurred in central Africa over the last few millennia. Presently, the region is covered in uninhabited moist semi-evergreen rainforest. Key research questions addressed in this paper include the extent to which the present-day composition of rainforest in this region is as a result of processes of the past ( climate change and/or human activity), and the resilience of the rainforest to these perturbations. Statistical analyses of pollen, microscopic charcoal and geochemical data are used to determine the relationship over time between vegetation dynamics and climate change, anthropogenic burning and metal smelting. Significant changes in forest composition are linked to burning and climate change but not metallurgy. The strongest influence on the present day composition appears to be related to the increased anthropogenic burning that started approximately 1000 years ago. Results from this study are discussed in terms of their implications for the present and future management of this globally important forested region. 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Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Earth Sci, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. CALTECH, Dept Control & Dynam Syst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Carlson, JM, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB Recent, large fires in the western United States have rekindled debates about fire management and the role of natural fire regimes in the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems. This real-world experience parallels debates involving abstract models of forest fires, a central metaphor in complex systems theory. Both real and modeled fire-prone landscapes exhibit roughly power law statistics in fire size versus frequency. Here, we examine historical fire catalogs and a detailed fire simulation model; both are in agreement with a highly optimized tolerance model. Highly optimized tolerance suggests robustness tradeoffs underlie resilience in different fire-prone ecosystems. Understanding these mechanisms may provide new insights into the structure of ecological systems and be key in evaluating fire management strategies and sensitivities to climate change. 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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ludwig, D, Univ British Columbia, Dept Math & Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB We are concerned with the management of ecological and economic systems with threshold responses and with several time scales. Although optimal control of such systems is Seldom attainable, the form of such optimal controls provides important insights for more practical schemes. Here we optimize the expected discounted net benefits of phosphorus (P) loadings for a potentially eutrophic lake. The benefits accrue to agricultural interests from activities that result in loading, and costs accrue to other interests from the resulting deterioration of water quality. We extend the 1999 results of S. R. Carpenter, D. Ludwig, and W. A. Brock to account for dependence of P recycling upon the concentration of P in sediments. We obtain optimal policies using methods of dynamic programming with two state variables. We find a strong interaction between economic and ecological parameters in determining the optimal policy: the economic discount rate determines whether the time horizon is long or short, and this in turn strongly influences the magnitude of the optimal loadings. Simple policies that neglect dynamics of P in the sediments are inadequate unless the time horizon is short and the dynamics are slow. A stochastic model is essential if there are substantial random fluctuations in loadings. Uncertainty in the determination of the critical P density that triggers recycling cannot be neglected. Our results may be interpreted as a quantitative precautionary principle that takes account of both economic and ecological aspects of the management of the lake. Our results may also be used to illustrate economic ideas such as sustainable development, natural capital, option,values, and income. 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WIENER N, 1948, CYBERNETICS WOEBSE HH, 1975, LANDSCHAFTOKOLOGIE L WOODWELL GM, 1978, SCI AM, V238, P34 YOUNG GL, 1974, ADV ECOLOGICAL RES, P1 ZOHARY M, 1962, PLANT LIFE PALESTINE ZONNEVELD IS, 1972, ITC TXB PHOTO INTERP, V7 ZUBE EH, 1975, LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT NR 152 TC 17 J9 ADVAN ECOL RES BP 189 EP 237 PY 1982 VL 12 GA NT600 UT ISI:A1982NT60000005 ER PT J AU Crumpacker, DW TI Prospects for sustainability of biodiversity based on conservation biology and US Forest Service approaches to ecosystem management SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Review C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Crumpacker, DW, Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Box 334, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. AB Ecosystem management involves long-term management of whole ecosystems, across political boundaries as necessary, to sustain ecosystem integrity. The conservation biology view of ecosystem management tends to be biocentric, placing primary emphasis on sustaining the integrity of natural ecosystem processes and native species. The US Forest Service favors an anthropocentric approach in which an array of public preferences will determine the extent to which utilitarian (commodities, recreation, etc.) and natural (biodiversity) values will be emphasized in defining and sustaining ecosystem integrity. Conservation biologists have suggested creation of a national network of regional reserve systems, with core areas, buffer zones, and landscape linkages, to help maintain biodiversity, while the US Forest Service is promoting the use of timber management and other forest practices to mimic historic biodiversity patterns across the landscape. These ideas are not mutually exclusive, could potentially be complementary, and would be long-term, very challenging efforts. Political support for implementation of these ideas is uncertain. Legislative proposals to transfer large amounts of multiple-use, public lands to state and/or private ownership, if enacted, are likely to render these approaches ineffective. Compelling scientific evidence from conservation biology argues that failure to apply some sort of ecosystem management to the remaining natural and seminatural parts of the US landscape will result in continued loss of natural biodiversity, eventually leading to a 'tragedy of the biodiversity commons'. Failure to support the present federal land management goal of providing publicly desired resources while sustaining ecosystem integrity can be expected to have negative effects on ecosystem services, regardless of the emphasis placed on naturalness. Broad legislative guidelines favoring maintenance of natural biodiversity, but allowing a much greater contribution of local communities to land management planning, offers the potential for sustaining both ecosystem integrity and local/regional economies. This approach is risky with respect to sustaining natural ecosystem integrity but can, perhaps, be guided by knowledge obtained from adaptive management. Prospects for success would be strengthened by financial incentives to nongovernmental entities for protection of natural biodiversity, concern for private property rights, and by different kinds of stakeholders who share a common ethical and/or cultural concern for the natural environment of their communities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. 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1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WESTMAN WE, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P251 WILCOVE DS, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P87 WILCOVE DS, 1994, LARGE SCALE ECOLOGY, P313 WILCOVE DS, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P345 WILCOX BA, 1980, CONSERVATION BIOL EV, P95 WOODWELL GM, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION PAT, P3 YAFFEE SL, 1994, WISDOM SPOTTED OWL P NR 132 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 47 EP 71 PY 1998 PD MAR 31 VL 40 IS 1-3 GA ZV370 UT ISI:000074297800006 ER PT J AU Parrish, JD Braun, DP Unnasch, RS TI Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Nature Conservancy, Global Priorit Grp, Denver, CO 80211 USA. Nature Conservancy, Freshwater Initiat, New York, NY 10018 USA. Nature Conservancy, Adapt Management Program, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Parrish, JD, Nature Conservancy, Global Priorit Grp, 3368 W 37th Ave, Denver, CO 80211 USA. AB Managers of protected areas are under increasing pressure to measure their effectiveness in conserving native biological diversity in ways that are scientifically sound, practical, and comparable among protected areas over time. The Nature Conservancy and its partners have developed a "Measures of Success" framework with four core components: (1) identifying a limited number of focal conservation targets, (2) identifying key ecological attributes for these targets, (3) identifying an acceptable range of variation for each attribute as measured by properly selected indicators, and (4) rating target status based on whether or not the target's key attributes are within their acceptable ranges of variation. A target cannot be considered "conserved" if any of its key ecological attributes exceeds its acceptable range of variation. The framework provides a rigorous basis not only for measuring success but for setting conservation objectives, assessing threats to biodiversity, identifying monitoring and research needs, and communicating management information to nonspecialists. 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Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Syst Informat & Safety, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Versailles, Quentin En Yvelines, France. RP Gallopin, GC, Econ Commiss Latin Amer & Caribbean, Santiago, Chile. AB The article addresses the need, posed by the challenges of sustainable development and the changing context at the beginning of the twenty-first century, for changes in the method and practice of science. The major challenges for a 'sustainability science' arise from increasing complexity at the ontological, epistemological, and political levels, calling for an integrated science going far beyond an inter-disciplinary style of research. The requirement is for the development. adoption, and dissemination of a truly complex-systems scientific research model. Complex socio-ecological systems share a number of fundamental properties that require changes in scientific methods, criteria of truth and quality. and conceptual frameworks. These properties include non-linearity, plurality of perspectives, emergence of properties, self-organisation, multiplicity of scales, and irreducible uncertainty. Some implications of the analysis are pointed out, in the form of practical recommendations. The authors argue for the involvement of both natural and social scientists in the investigation of the necessary steps to develop a sustainability science. 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CR ATTWELL RIG, 1963, PUKU, V1, P29 BELL RHV, 1971, SCI AM, V225, P86 BERE RM, 1959, ORYX, V5, P116 COULSON I, 1981, 4 DEP NAT PARKS WILD DELAESSOE H, 1906, P RHOD SCI ASS, V2, P118 ELTRINGHAM SK, 1974, J APPL ECOL, V11, P855 FIELD CR, 1970, J APPL ECOL, V7, P273 FIELD CR, 1970, ZOOL AFR, V5, P71 FIELD CR, 1972, E AFR WILDL J, V10, P17 GREEN HG, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT HANCOCK PG, 1978, THESIS U NATAL HAYDOCK KP, 1975, AUSTR J EXPT AGRICUL, V15, P663 HUNTLEY BJ, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV JONES RM, 1979, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V34, P181 LOCK JM, 1972, J ECOL, V60, P445 MACKIE CS, 1973, THESIS U RHODESIA MACKIE CS, 1976, ARNOLDIA, V7, P1 MANNETJE LT, 1963, J BRIT GRASSLAND SOC, V18, P268 MARSHALL PJ, 1976, J APPL ECOL, V13, P391 OCONNOR TG, 1985, S AFR J BOT OLIVIER RCD, 1974, E AFR WILDL J, V12, P249 PIENAAR UV, 1966, KOEDOE, V9, P1 PRATT DJ, 1977, RANGELAND MANAGEMENT SAYER JA, 1974, E AFR WILDL J, V12, P227 SCOTCHER JSB, 1978, LAMMERGEYER, V24, P5 SCOTCHER JSB, 1978, S AFR J WILDL RES, V8, P1 SHERRY BY, 1974, UNPUB AERIAL HIPPO S SIDNEY J, 1965, T ZOOL SOC LONDON, V30, P1 SINCLAIR ARE, 1979, SERENGETI DYNAMICS E TAYLOR RD, 1974, THESIS U RHODESIA THORNTON DD, 1971, E AFR WILDL J, V9, P47 TYSON PD, 1978, S AFR J SCI, V74, P372 WALKER BH, 1976, S AFR J WILDL RES, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV NR 35 TC 7 J9 AFR J ECOL BP 7 EP 26 PY 1986 PD MAR VL 24 IS 1 GA A1774 UT ISI:A1986A177400002 ER PT J AU Gunderson, LH Carpenter, SR Folke, C Olsson, P Peterson, GD TI Water RATs (resilience, adaptability, and transformability) in lake and wetland social-ecological systems SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. RP Gunderson, LH, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AB The lakes in the northern highlands of Wisconsin, USA, the lakes and wetlands of Kristianstads Vattenrike in southern Sweden, and the Everglades of Florida, USA, provide cases that can be used to compare the linkages between ecological resilience and social dynamics. The erosion of ecological resilience in aquatic and wetland ecosystems is often a result of past management actions and is manifest as a real or perceived ecological crisis. Learning is a key ingredient in response to the loss of ecological resilience. Learning is facilitated through networks that operate in distinct arenas and are structured for dialogue, synthesis, and imaginative solutions to chart alternative futures. The networks also help counter maladaptive processes such as information control or manipulation, bureaucratic inertia, or corruption. The networks help create institutional arrangements that provide for more learning and flexibility and for the ability to change. Trust and leadership appear to be key elements for adaptability and transformability. 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RP Garcia, SM, FAO, Dept Fisheries, Fishery Resources Div, Viale Terme Cara Calla, I-00100 Rome, Italy. AB During the last 50 yrs (at least), fishery science and fisheries management have undergone a long process of co-evolution with periods of crisis in their relationship with society. The current one, following the last resources collapse and public recognition of the high failure rate of conventional management, is therefore not new but, once again, it questions the role and responsibility of fisheries science. This relationship is blotted with issues regarding the specific role of science in promoting sustainability; the use of science in decision-making or in advocacy; the science and management crisis; the relationship between crises and institutional evolution; the ongoing trend from consensus to polarization and litigation; the quality and problems of communication; the cost and affordability of science; the lack of clear management objectives; and the use of traditional knowledge. Fishery science is facing three new concepts which, while having significant scientific requirements, originate from the general societal debate on environmental conservation, uncertainty, and societal risks. These pose new challenges to fishery science in its contribution to the implementation of the precautionary approach, the development of sustainable development reference systems (SDRSs) with indicators and reference points, and the scientific basis for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Structuring the research framework, these related or nested concepts lay the basis for a much more broadly based scientific approach to development and management, as well as improved decision-making. They also require scientists to better understand their role and that of the other stakeholders and society in decision-making in a holistic and uncertain context. 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RP GROSSMANN, WD, AUSTRIAN ACAD SCI,ECOSYST & ENVIRONM STUDIES RES INST,KEGELGASSE 27,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. AB The viability and sustainability of civilizations, corporations, institutions and ecological life-support systems (CIES) can now effectively be enhanced with new insights, new methods and new strategies. This is urgently needed because CIES's are increasingly more endangered by new as well as long-known threats and risks. CIES' have many strengths to deal with these but also many deficiencies or weaknesses. Strengths and deficiencies of systems are relative terms which have to be assessed against potential threats and risks. Important potential threats are analysed and, in particular their combinations into new, more severe threats. Here a viability approach for CIES's is used to analyse their strengths and deficiencies and devise new criteria showing how to make these systems more capable of dealing with threats and more capable of viable evolvement. 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Univ Havre, CNRS, CIRTAI, UPRESA 6063, F-76063 Le Havre, France. RP Alard, D, Univ Rouen, Ecol Lab, UPRES EA 1293, F-76821 Mont St Aignan, France. AB The integrity of estuarine wetlands is maintained by physical connections between river and sea to flood-plain. Their ecological importance can be assessed through plant biodiversity and such ecosystem functions as primary productivity and nitrate removal capacity. Multivariate analysis were used to establish a hierarchy of environmental factors related to he vegetation structure and diversity. Four different measures of plant diversity (both structural and functional) were made on a Seine River wetland. Key functions of estuarine floodplain (productivity and denitrification capacity) were either measured directly or assessed using remotely sensed data. The richest plant communities correspond to mesophilous grasslands which have an intermediate position between natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes. These species assemblages occur in ecosystems presenting both a regular productivity in time and space and the highest denitrification potentiality. 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SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Review C1 Inst Rech Dev, F-92410 Ville Avray, France. IRD, LIN, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Lyon 1, CNRS Ecol Hydrosyst Fluviaux, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. OMS Onchocerciasis Control Programme W Afirca, Puagadougou, Burkina Faso. RP Leveque, C, Inst Rech Dev, 1 Rue Marnes, F-92410 Ville Avray, France. AB To release humans from river blindness, the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP) was implemented in 1974 and ended in 2002. It has emphasized preservation of biodiversity and inclusion of long-term freshwater biomonitoring since its inception, a position that is unique among the other international development programmes. The biodiversity of the disease system of river blindness includes the black fly vector complex and the worm parasite. Several species of black fly vectors differ in their behaviour, which causes differences in the disease transmission processes. Likewise, different strains of the worm parasite have different pathogenic potentials and are differently transmitted by the same vector species. This complexity of the onchocerciasis disease system was not expected at the beginning of the control programme. It has been progressively discovered, partly as a result of the improvement of molecular biology techniques during the period of OCP. The biological basis for the control of the disease includes the diversity of invertebrate predators of aquatic stages of the vector as well as the sensitivity of these non-target predators to the diversity of insecticides used during OCP. Both the interspecific and intraspecific (i.e. instar) biodiversity, as well as the diversity of insecticides applied during OCP, produced a diversity of effects on the non-target invertebrates, as well as on the potential predation pressure on the vector from the predators among these non-target invertebrates. Finally two biological products, a microfilaricide drug ( ivermectin) enabling chemotherapy of humans, and a biological larvicide (Bt H-14) that became available during OCP, contributed considerably to the success of OCP and provide more examples about the role of greater biodiversity in the more effective control of onchocerciasis. The biomonitoring approach designed to evaluate the environmental effects of OCP activities was also the first, longest, and largest scale biomonitoring programme ever implemented in the tropics. We discuss the criteria used to implement the long-term biomonitoring, as well as problems encountered in operational larviciding and how these were solved. Over the long term, biomonitoring faced various unexpected factors or events that made the interpretation of the results more difficult than thought at the beginning. Some of these factors could have been identified at the beginning of OCP but were underestimated, whereas others could not have been predicted. Additional research ( beyond the monitoring itself) has resulted in a better understanding of the dynamics and structure of the freshwater fauna in treated as well as untreated rivers. Thus, OCP provided an opportunity to improve knowledge about the temporal dynamics and the zonation of riverine fish and invertebrate communities in West Africa. After almost 30 years of monitoring the effects of larviciding in West African rivers it can be concluded that the effect of insecticides on the aquatic fauna was usually low for fish, whereas results for invertebrates indicate changes of taxa composition and community structure even at the family level. However, this impact should not have affected the general functioning of the aquatic system. 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L YAMEOGO L, 1991, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V123, P111 YAMEOGO L, 1991, ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE, V21, P248 YAMEOGO L, 1992, CHEMOSPHERE, V24, P2009 YAMEOGO L, 1994, THESIS U LYON 1 VILL YAMEOGO L, 2001, CHEMOSPHERE, V42, P965 YAMEOGO L, 2001, CHEMOSPHERE, V44, P1759 ZIMMERMAN PA, 1993, MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT, V58, P259 NR 123 TC 0 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 23 EP 49 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 500 IS 1-3 GA 699TE UT ISI:000184071400002 ER PT J AU Lu, F Li, ZZ TI A model of ecosystem health and its application SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Arid Agroecol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. RP Lu, F, Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Arid Agroecol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. AB Aimed at the special background of and region Shapotou in China, the paper presented a measure of ecosystem health, which was based on three criteria proposed by Costanza: vigor, organization, and resilience, then modified Costanza's model, and calculated. The calculated results show that the mixed species plots had the highest overall health, this means that the monitoring and managing modes of mixed species plots are more suitable. The conclusion provide quantitative basis for restoration and rehabilitation of artificial vegetation in and and semi-arid regions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR CAIRNS J, 1995, EVALUATING MONITORIN, P273 CALLICOTT JB, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P345 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P239 COSTANZA R, 1995, EVALUATING MONITORIN, P103 HAVENS KE, 1994, ENVIRON POLLUT, V86, P259 JORGENSEN SE, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V62, P163 JORGENSEN SE, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P150 JORGENSEN SE, 1995, LAKES RESERVOIRS RES, V1, P177 JORGENSEN SE, 1997, INTEGRATION ECOSYSTE, V2 LEVINS R, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P47 LI ZH, 1998, ECOL MODEL, V107, P279 LI ZZ, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V104, P199 MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201 NORTON BG, 1991, UNITY ENV PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P292 RAPPORT DJ, 1989, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V33, P120 RAPPORT DJ, 1992, J AQUAT ECOSYSTEM HL, V1, P15 RAPPORT DJ, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P287 RAPPORT DJ, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P397 SCHAEFFER DJ, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P445 ULANOWICZ RE, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P190 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 XU FL, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V99, P41 XU FL, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V116, P77 NR 24 TC 0 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 55 EP 59 PY 2003 PD DEC 1 VL 170 IS 1 GA 748HZ UT ISI:000186857600005 ER PT J AU Falkenmark, M Lannerstad, M TI Consumptive water use to feed humanity - curing a blind spot SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Int Water Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. Linkoping Univ, Dept Water & Environm Studies, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. RP Falkenmark, M, Stockholm Int Water Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. AB Since in large parts of the world it is getting difficult to meet growing water demands by mobilising more water, the discourse has turned its focus to demand management, governance and the necessary concern for aquatic ecosystems by reserving an "environmental flow" in the river. The latter calls for attention to river depletion which may be expected in response to changes in consumptive water use by both natural and anthropogenic systems. Basically, consumptive use has three faces: runoff generation influenced by land cover changes; consumptive use of water withdrawn; and evaporation from water systems (reservoirs, canals, river based cooling). After demonstrating the vulnerability to changes in consumptive use under savanna region conditions - representative of many poverty and hunger prone developing countries subject to attention in the Millennium Development Goal activities - the paper exemplifies; 1) changes in runoff generation in response to regional scale land cover changes; 2) consumptive use in large scale irrigation systems. It goes on to analyse the implications of seeing food as a human right by estimating the additional consumptive use requirements to produce food for the next two generations. Attention is paid to remaining degrees of freedom in terms of uncommitted water beyond an environmental flow reserve and to potential food trade consequences (so-called virtual water). The paper concludes that a human-right-to-food principle will have major consequences in terms of altered consumptive water use. It will therefore be essential for humanity to address river depletion to avoid loss of resilience of the life support system. This will demand a deep-going cooperation between hydrology, ecology and water governance. 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McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP Pascual, M, Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. AB Classical criticality describes sudden changes in the state of a system when underlying processes change slightly. At this transition, patchiness develops which lacks a characteristic or dominant spatial scale. Thus, criticality lies at the interface of two important subjects in ecology, threshold behavior and patchiness. Most ecological examples of criticality involve processes of disturbance and recovery; the spatial and temporal scales of these processes enable three different types of critical system to be distinguished: classical phase transitions, self organized criticality (SOC) and 'robust' criticality. Here, we review the properties defining these three types and their implications for threshold behavior and large intermittent temporal fluctuations, with examples taken from spatial stochastic models for predator-prey, infected-susceptible, and disturbance-recovery interactions. In critical systems, spatial properties of patchiness alone are insufficient indicators of impending sudden changes, unless complemented by the spatial and temporal scales of disturbance and recovery themselves. 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RP Abel, T, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CR ABEL T, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI ABEL T, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 ACHESON JM, 1996, AM ANTHROPOL, V98, P979 ADAMS RM, 2001, J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V20, P345 ADAMS RN, 1988, 8 DAY SOCIAL EVOLUTI BENTLEY RA, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BIERSACK A, 1999, AM ANTHROPOL, V101, P5 BOYD R, 1985, CULTURE EVOLUTIONARY BROOKS DR, 1988, EVOLUTION ENTROPY UN CARNEIRO RL, 1982, SELF ORG DISSIPATIVE, P110 CAVALLISFORZA LL, 1981, CULTURAL TRANSMISSIO CRUMLEY CL, 1994, HIST ECOLOGY CULTURA DENEMARK RA, 2000, WORLD SYSTEM HIST SO DEPEW DJ, 1995, DARWINISM EVOLVING S DURHAM WH, 1991, COEVOLUTION GENES CU EARNST WG, 2000, EARTH SYSTEMS PROCES ELLEN R, 1982, ENV SUBSISTENCE SYST ESCOBAR A, 1996, FUTURES, V28, P325 ESCOBAR A, 1998, J POLITICAL ECOLOGY, V5, P53 FRIED MH, 1967, EVOLUTION POLITICAL GELLMANN M, 1994, QUARK JAGUAR ADVENTU GOLLEY FB, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE GREENE B, 1994, LESBIAN GAY PSYCHOL, V1, P1 GROFFMAN PM, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION, P473 GUMERMAN GJ, 1994, UNDERSTANDING COMPLE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P489 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAGEN JB, 1992, ENTANGLED BANK ORIGI HALL C, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P663 HARRIS M, 1977, CANNIBALS KINGS ORIG HARRIS M, 1979, CULTURAL MAT STRUGGL HARRIS M, 1989, OUR KIND EVOLUTION H HEEMSKERK M, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 HOLLAND JH, 1995, HIDDEN ORDER ADAPTAT HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 HOLLING CS, 1998, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V2 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P3 HORNBORG A, 2001, POWER MACHINE GLOBAL JOHNSON AW, 1987, EVOLUTION HUMAN SOC KAUFFMAN SA, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER SELF O KEMP WB, 1969, SCI AM, V224, P105 KIMMINS JP, 1987, FOREST ECOLOGY KOTTAK CP, 1999, AM ANTHROPOL, V101, P23 LANSING SJ, 1991, PRIESTS PROGRAMMERS LAYZER D, 1991, COSMOGENESIS GROWTH LEPOFSKY D, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LITTLE PE, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P253 MARCUS J, 1998, ARCHAIC STATES, P59 MARX K, 1967, CAPITAL, V1 MCCAY B, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCNEILL JR, 2001, SOMETHING NEW SUN EN MEADOWS DH, 1992, LIMITS CONFRONTING G MORAN EF, 1990, ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT AN MORGAN LH, 1877, ANCIENT SOC ODUM EP, 1953, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY ODUM HT, 1955, AM SCI, V43, P321 ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY ODUM HT, 1996, ENV ACCOUNTING EMERG ODUM HT, 2001, PROSPEROUS WAY PRINC ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PACE ML, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION PEREIRA PM, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 PICKETT STA, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P1 PRIGOGINE I, 1980, BEING BECOMING TIME PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER CHAOS MANS NEW RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT RINDOS D, 1986, J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V26, P65 SALTHE S, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 SALTHE SN, 1985, EVOLVING HIERARCHICA SALTHE SN, 1993, DEV EVOLUTION COMPLE SANDERSON SK, 1990, SOCIAL EVOLUTIONISM SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SERVICE ER, 1975, ORIGINS STATE CIVILI SMITH EA, 1984, ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT AN, P51 SPENCER H, 1973, EVOLUTION SOC, P6 STEPP JR, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 STEWARD JH, 1955, THEORY CULTURE CHANG SULLIVAN P, 1989, UNFINISHED CONSERVAT TAINTER J, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC TAINTER JA, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 THOMAS RB, 1973, HUMAN ADAPTATION HIG THOMAS RB, 1976, MAN ANDES MULTIDISCI, P379 TOLEDO VM, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 TROSPER RL, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, GROWTH DEV ECOSYSTEM VANDEVIJVER G, 1998, EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMS VAYDA AP, 1975, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V4, P293 VAYDA AP, 1983, HUM ECOL, V11, P265 VOGT KA, 1997, ECOSYSTEMS BALANCING WALI A, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WHITE LA, 1959, EVOLUTION CULTURE DE WICKEN JS, 1987, EVOLUTION THERMODYNA WICKEN JS, 1988, ENTROPY INFORMATION WINTERHALDER B, 1984, REV ANTHR, V11, P301 WINTERHALDER B, 2000, EVOL ANTHROPOL, V9, P51 YOUNG GL, 1974, ADV ECOL RES, V8, P1 NR 107 TC 1 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 7 IS 3 GA 855HE UT ISI:000223963100001 ER PT J AU Nagendra, H Karmacharya, M Karna, B TI Evaluating forest management in Nepal: Views across space and time SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Nagendra, H, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB This research follows the manner in which State-driven, upwardly accountable, forest decentralization programs play out on the ground, and evaluates their impact on forests and local institutions, a topic of much current concern and debate. In a landscape in Nepal's Terai plains, we conducted a census of 23 co-managed community and buffer-zone forest user groups-two predominant approaches to involving communities in forest-management activities in Nepal's Terai plains-to draw statistically relevant conclusions about the relative impact of these two programs at a landscape scale. We use a multidate Landsat TM (R) image classification to develop a land-cover change classification, and use this to generate objective, quantitative, biophysical indicators that enable us to assess the extent of clearing and regeneration in the forest areas controlled and managed by each of these communities. In-depth field interviews with the communities provide us with information about the impact of these initiatives on local institutions. Finally, we link these two kinds of information sets to interpret the satellite information on forest-cover change with reference to the socioeconomic processes and management rules that influence forest-cover change in these regions. Satellite image analysis shows the regeneration of several patches of forest that are managed within the purview of the Royal Chitwan National Park's buffer-zone program. This can be related to high levels of investment in plantation and forest-management activities by external agencies. The substantial revenue that these communities derive from ecotourism also helps, allowing them to hire forest guards, and afford better monitoring capabilities. In contrast, the less wealthy, community-forestry user groups have to make do with volunteer patrols, and do not have the same level of external technical and financial support to invest in plantation activities. Buffer-zone users, however, have to deal with rather strict controls on export of forest products, which were put in place by park authorities, and which the users do not have the power to modify. Downward accountability is limited, and communities do not have a high degree of effective control over forest-management policies. Thus, local communities currently function under a situation of constraint, where they have been delegated responsibilities, but lack the devolution of property rights and decision-making power. This has significant and potentially negative implications for the future of the program. 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Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Spooner, PG, Charles Sturt Univ, Sch Environm & Informat Sci, POB 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. AB Eucalyptus albens (White Box) woodlands are among the most poorly conserved and threatened communities in Australia. Remnants are under further threat from stock grazing, deteriorating soil conditions, weed invasion, and salinity. There is an urgent need to restore degraded White Box and other woodland ecosystems to improve landscape function. However, there is still a poor understanding of the ecology of degraded woodland ecosystems in fragmented agricultural landscapes, and consequently a lack of precise scientific guidelines to manage these ecosystems in a conservation context. State and Transition Models (STMs) have received a great deal of attention, mainly in rangeland applications, as a suitable framework for understanding the ecology of complex ecosystems and to guide management. We have developed a STM for endangered White Box woodlands and discuss the merits of using this approach for land managers of other endangered ecosystems. An STM approach provides a greater understanding of the range of states, transitions, and thresholds possible in an ecosystem, and provides a summary of processes driving the system. Importantly, our proposed STM could be used to clarify the level of "intactness'' of degraded White Box woodland sites, and provide the impetus to manage different states in complementary ways, rather than attempting to restore ecosystems to one pristine stable state. We suggest that this approach has considerable potential to integrate researcher and land manager knowledge, focus future experimental studies, and ultimately serve as a decision support tool in setting realistic and achievable conservation and restoration goals. 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RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB This paper reviews research traditions of vulnerability to environmental change and the challenges for present vulnerability research in integrating with the domains of resilience and adaptation. Vulnerability is the state of susceptibility to harm from exposure to stresses associated with environmental and social change and from the absence of capacity to adapt. Antecedent traditions include theories of vulnerability as entitlement failure and theories of hazard. Each of these areas has contributed to present formulations of vulnerability to environmental change as a characteristic of social-ecological systems linked to resilience. Research on vulnerability to the impacts of climate change spans all the antecedent and successor traditions. The challenges for vulnerability research are to develop robust and credible measures, to incorporate diverse methods that include perceptions of risk and vulnerability, and to incorporate governance research on the mechanisms that mediate vulnerability and promote adaptive action and resilience. These challenges are common to the domains of vulnerability, adaptation and resilience and form common ground for consilience and integration. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB The concepts of relatively stable multiple states and thresholds or transitions between these states has received little attention in range management until recently. On North American rangelands lower successional stable states occur in sagebrush and other shrub-dominated vegetation types in the Great Basin, the short-grass steppe, the Southwestern desert grasslands, and communities dominated by annual grasses in California and southern Idaho. Recognition of these stable states and models describing them are needed to develop new concepts about range condition. The model presently used assumes a single stable state (climax) and that the stages of secondary succession on improving rangelands are the reverse of the stages of retrogession. Alternative models presented include the "cup in ball" analogy, the state-and-transition model, and others. While much theoretical work needs to be done before any of these models can be incorporated into range condition standards, it is important for range managers to recognize that multiple steady states exist for many vegetation types. One assumption of the current range condition model is that a reduction in grazing pressure and an improvement in grazing management will result in range improvement. If a vegetation type is in a stable lower successional state, it normally will not respond to change in grazing or even removal of grazing. Managers must recognize this situation when it occurs so that false expectations of improvement are not fostered. CR ALLEN EB, 1988, RECONSTRUCTION DISTU, P89 ANDERSON JE, 1981, J RANGE MANAGE, V34, P25 ARCHER S, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P545 BAKER WL, 1990, 1990 P FIR ENV S KNO, P20 BECK RF, 1985, AGR EXP STA B, V717 BISWELL HH, 1956, J RANGE MANAGE, V9, P19 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, CARNEGIE I WASHINGTO, V242 COFFIN DP, 1991, 44TH ANN M SOC RANG CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 COSTELLO DF, 1944, ECOLOGY, V25, P312 COSTELLO DF, 1944, USDA FARMERS B, V1949 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 EGLER FE, 1954, VEGETATIO, V4, P412 ELLISON L, 1960, BOT REV, V26, P1 FORAN BD, 1978, P GRASSLD SOC S AFR, V13, P27 FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FRIEDEL MH, 1988, 3 INT RANG C NEW DEL, V1, P1 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FRISCHKNECHT NC, 1973, UTAH SCI, V34, P27 GLEASON HA, 1926, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V53, P7 GLENDENING GE, 1952, ECOLOGY, V33, P319 GODRON M, 1983, DISTURBANCE ECOSYSTE, P12 HART RH, 1988, VEGETATION SCI APPL, P494 HEADY HF, 1958, ECOLOGY, V39, P402 HERBEL CH, 1970, 6 COL STAT U RANG SC, P133 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HULL AC, 1947, J FOREST, V45, P555 HURD LE, 1974, ECOL MONOGR, V44, P465 JAMESON DA, 1987, P PIN JUN C, P9 KREB CJ, 1985, ECOLOGY EXPT ANAL DI LAUENROTH WK, 1978, OECOLOGIA BERL, V36, P211 LAYCOCK WA, 1967, J RANGE MANAGE, P206 LAYCOCK WA, 1978, SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEM, P230 LAYCOCK WA, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P1 LEWONTIN RC, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P13 MARGALEF R, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P357 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MELGOZA G, 1990, OECOLOGIA, V83, P7 MURRAY RB, 1978, INT199 INT FOR RANG NEILSON RP, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P27 NORTON BE, 1978, 1ST P INT RANG C DEN, P610 PAULSEN HA, 1962, USDA FOR SERV TECH B, V1270 PELLANT M, 1990, P S CHEATGR INV SHRU, P11 RICE B, 1978, J RANGE MANAGE, V31, P28 ROBERTSON JH, 1971, J RANGE MANAGE, V24, P397 SAMPSON AW, 1919, USDA B, V791 SAMUEL MJ, 1985, J RANGE MANAGE, V38, P339 SAMUEL MJ, 1990, 43RD ANN M SOC RANG, V217 SANDERS KD, 1983, USDA INT157 FOR SERV, P176 SANDOR JA, 1983, THESIS U CALIFORNIA SCHLATTERER EF, 1989, USDA INT257 INT FOR, P223 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SHARP LA, 1990, RANGELANDS, V12, P313 SMITH DA, 1975, J RANGE MANAGE, V28, P453 SMITH EL, 1978, 1ST P INT RANG C SOC, P226 SMITH EL, 1988, VEGETATION SCI APPL, P113 SMITH EL, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P103 TUELLER PT, 1973, ARID SHRUBLANDS, P57 TURNER GT, 1971, J RANGE MANAGE, V24, P31 URNESS PJ, 1990, CAN LIVESTOCK USED A, P24 VERHOFF FH, 1971, J THEOR BIOL, V33, P131 WEST NE, 1979, SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEM, P33 WEST NE, 1984, J RANGE MANAGE, V37, P262 WEST NE, 1988, N AM TERRESTRIAL VEG, P210 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHISENANT SG, 1990, P S CHEATGR INV SHRU, P4 WILSON AD, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P77 WILSON AM, 1979, J RANGE MANAGE, V32, P209 WISSEL C, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V65, P101 YOUNG JA, 1976, HOLOCENE ENV CHANGE, P187 YOUNG JA, 1979, SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEM, P1 NR 71 TC 145 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 427 EP 433 PY 1991 PD SEP VL 44 IS 5 GA GF820 UT ISI:A1991GF82000003 ER PT J AU Ortiz-Gallarza, SM Llamas, AH Rubio, AO TI Design, development and applicability of the aquatic ecosystems environmental evaluation index (EEAEI) SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article C1 Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, DF, Mexico. CIBNOR, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Inst Mexicano Petr, Mexico City 07730, DF, Mexico. Secretaria Marina, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. SEMARNAP & SAGARPA, Dept Acuacultura, Secretaria Pesca, La Paz, Baja Calif Sur, Mexico. RP Ortiz-Gallarza, SM, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100,Colonia Villa Quietud, Mexico City 04960, DF, Mexico. AB An Aquatic Ecosystems Environmental Evaluation Index (EEAEI) was designed and developed, based on physical-chemical features and pollutant contents in water and sediments. Its applicability was verified. The quality criteria are supported by recent research information and legal limits, and pollutants which represent potential problems to public health and aquatic ecosystems are established. Principal Component Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis were used as validation techniques. The Sensitivity Analyses were developed in the extreme subindices and in the complete data set. EEAEI was applied to the results of 28 campaigns of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Most indicators displayed statistical significance. The model is powerful and the values fluctuate around the median. It was demonstrated that it is sensible to climate variations, number of variables and number of data inputs; therefore, its applicability was verified. CR *EEUU, 1996, CRIST BALL *EQS, 2002, SUMM EXIST CAN ENV Q *IMP, 2000, DOC7205, P186 *IMP, 2001, SEG PROY AMB INT REG *IMP, 2002, SEG PROGR AMB INT RE *MICR, 2002, EXC SOFTW VERS 10 *NOAA, 2002, SED QUAL GUID NAC OC *SARH, 1979, IND CAL AG *SEDUE, 1985, IND IND AB NIV NAC R *STATS, 1984, STAT SOFTW REL 6 0 *UNCSD, 2001, IND SUST DEV GUID ME ABERNETHY VD, 2000, ETHICS SCI ENV POLIT, P9 ALAUDDIN M, 1998, ASIAN FISHERIES SCI, V11, P97 AXISARROYO J, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P493 AYERS RS, 1985, WATER QUALITY AGR BASTIANONI S, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P553 BRUDDTLAND GH, 1991, INT J GLOBAL ENERGY, V2, P113 CAMPANELLA L, 2001, ENVIRON POLLUT, V111, P117 DANIEL WW, 1985, BIOSTADISTICA BASE A DEVUST D, 2001, SUSTAINABLE DEV LOCA, V2, P81 DIAZORTEGA IF, 1984, EL PUERTO IND SALINA DINIUS SH, 1987, WATER RESOURCES B, V23, P833 FORD P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P447 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KALUARACHCHI JJ, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V33, P511 LEONVIZCAINOALF, 1988, FORMA ESTIMARLOS APL MALKINAPYKH IG, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P543 MONREAL A, 1999, GEOFISICA, V51, P7 NICOLAIDOU A, 1991, MARINE ECOLOGY, V14, P113 OLMEDO PR, 1999, THESIS I POLITECNICO ORTIZGALLARA SM, 2003, WATER POLLUTION, V8, P67 ORTIZGALLARZA SM, 2002, INDICE SUSTENTABILIT ORTIZGALLARZA SM, 2003, P 2 INT C REM CONT S, P8 ORTIZGALLARZA SM, 2003, SUS WORLD, V6, P363 OVERTON WS, 1950, ECOSYTEM MODELING TH, P50 RASMUSSEN PE, 2003, SUSTAINABILITY CEREA RICHARDSON AM, 1997, THESIS U SYDNEY AUST RODRIGUEZCRESPO.L, 2004, THESIS I POLITECNIC ROLDA BA, 2003, DISEN CALCULO INDICE ROLDAN BA, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V1, P337 SALINAS F, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P159 TABACHNICK BG, 2001, USING MULTIVARIATE S TROYER W, 1990, PRESERVING OUR WORLD VANCALKER KJ, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAINAB, V3, P69 WALSKI TM, 1974, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V100, P593 NR 45 TC 0 J9 INTERCIENCIA BP 126 EP + PY 2005 PD MAR VL 30 IS 3 GA 915OH UT ISI:000228313100003 ER PT J AU Holt-Gimenez, E TI Measuring farmers' agroecological resistance after Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua: a case study in participatory, sustainable land management impact monitoring SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Holt-Gimenez, E, Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, 321 Nat Sci 2,1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. AB A study using a participatory research approach and simple field techniques found significant differences in agroecological resistance between plots on "conventional" and "sustainable" farms in Nicaragua after Hurricane Mitch. On average, agroecological plots on sustainable farms had more topsoil, higher field moisture, more vegetation, less erosion and lower economic losses after the hurricane than control plots on conventional farms. The differences in favor of agroecological plots tended to increase with increasing levels of storm, intensity, increasing slope and years under agroecological practices, though the patterns of resistance suggested complex interactions and thresholds. For some indicators agroecological resistance collapsed under extreme stress. With the help of 19 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and 45 fanner-technician teams, 833 farmers measured key agroecological indicators on 880 plots paired under the same topographical conditions. These paired observations covered 181 communities of smallholders from southern to northern Nicaragua. The broad geographical coverage took into account the diversity of ecological conditions, a variety of practices common to sustainable agriculture in Nicaragua, and moderate, high and extreme levels of hurricane impact. This coverage, and the massive mobilization of farmer-technician field research teams, was made possible by the existence of the Movimiento Campesino a Campesino (MCAC) (farmer-to-farmer movement), a widespread smallholders' network for sustainable land management. An approach for measuring agroecological resistance is introduced, and it is suggested that comparatively higher levels of agroecological resistance are an indication of lower vulnerability and higher sustainability. However, the effectiveness of practices appears to be bounded by a combination of steep slopes, maintenance and design of soil conservation structures, and extremely high storm intensity. The study concludes that the participatory research can contribute significantly to the monitoring and development of sustainable land management systems (SLM) among smallholders, and recommends a sustainable, participatory approach to agricultural reconstruction following natural disasters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1998, ECOCENTRAL HURRICANE 2000, PROGRAMA CAMPESINO C *CRIES, 1999, ENF ESTR CENTR SOBR *ECLAC, 1999, NIC ASS DAM CAUS HUR *WCED, 1987, DESASTRES NATURALES ALTIERI MA, 1983, AGROECOLOGY ALTIERI MA, 1987, AGROECOLOGY SCI BASI ANNIS S, 1992, POVERTY NATURAL RESO ASHBY JA, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P753 BLAKIE P, 1994, AT RISK NATURAL HAZA BUCKLES D, 1994, TAPADO SLASH MULCH F, P249 BUNCH R, 1985, 2 EARS CORN GUIDE PE BUNCH R, 1994, TAPADO SLASH MULCH F, P5 BUNCH R, 1995, 1 SIMAS BUNCH R, 1995, PEOPLE CTR AGR DEV P BUNCH R, 1998, SOIL CONSERVATION PR CARDENAL L, 1999, VULNERABILIDAD SOSTE CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P1253 CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P1437 CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P953 CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADM, V20, P331 CONWAY GR, 1986, AGROECOSYSTEM ANAL R FLORES M, 1992, ESTUDIO CASO UTILIZA GEERTZ C, 1963, AGR INVOLUTION GLIESSMAN S, 1998, FRONTIERS BIOL CHALL, P173 GLIESSMAN S, 1999, FIELD LAB INVESTIGAT HANSEN JW, 1996, AGR SYST, V50, P117 HERRICK JE, 2000, APPL SOIL ECOL, V15, P75 HOCDE H, 2000, FARMER EXPT CHALLENG, V16, P28 HOCDE H, 2000, SOCIAL MOVEMENT FARM, V16, P26 HOLTGIMENEZ E, 1995, CANASTA METODOLOGICA HOLTGIMENEZ E, 1996, 10 I FOOD DEV POL HURNI H, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V81, P83 JANSEN DM, 1995, NETH J AGR SCI, V43, P61 LEFROY RDB, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V81, P137 MALDIDER C, 1996, CAMPESINO FINQUERO P NETTING RM, 1993, SMALLHOLDERS HOUSEHO NORGAARD R, 1987, AGROECOLOGY, P21 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POUDEL DD, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V79, P113 RHOADES R, 1982, AGR ADM, V11, P127 ROCHELEAU DE, 1994, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V11, P4 SANDS GR, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V79, P29 SCHLATHER K, 1999, REDUCED LANDSLIDE DA SCOONES I, 1994, FARMER 1 SELENER D, 1997, CAMPESINO CAMPESINO SMITH K, 1996, ENV HAZARDS ASSESSIN STEINER K, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V81, P147 TONESS A, 1998, 981 A M U USAID WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 ZINCK JA, 1995, CAN J SOIL SCI, V75, P407 NR 51 TC 0 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON BP 87 EP 105 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 93 IS 1-3 GA 617FH UT ISI:000179350600008 ER PT J AU Moctezuma, P TI Community-based organization and participatory planning in south-east Mexico City SO ENVIRONMENT AND URBANIZATION LA English DT Article C1 UAM Comunidad Sierra, Col Ctr, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Moctezuma, P, UAM Comunidad Sierra, Col Ctr, Mirador 59, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. AB This paper describes the experiences of community-based organizations in settlements and municipalities in south-east Mexico City in participatory planning and in the development of local projects and new employment opportunities. In order to do so, popular groups joined forces with students and professionals. They sought to demonstrate new models of urban and peri-urban development that met their inhabitants' needs while avoiding the chaotic informal processes by which most low-income settlements develop. They also sought to ensure good natural resource management and the protection of their rich and diverse cultural heritage. Last but not least, they searched for new approaches to community-based organizational replication in harmony with the environment. This paper describes the many projects implemented in San Miguel Teotongo, Cananea and Sierra Nevada which included new schools, health centres and community museums, settlement lay-outs with planned and installed infrastructure, markets, the protection of green areas and historic sites and the development of new agricultural products and eco-tourism. It also included community-based mapping of municipalities to allow better management of natural resources. The paper also describes how these initiatives have developed over the last 20 years and their role within Mexico's complex political changes, including their relations with different political parties. CR *DDF, 1997, PROYECT PROGR ORD ZO AKIN AT, 1990, ENVIRON URBAN, V2, P3 ALCORN J, 2000, RESILIENT RESOURCE BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRUGADA C, 1986, CUADERNOS MUJER BRUGADA C, 1997, SEM UNA CIUD TOD MUS BURNS E, 2000, ATLAS MUNICIPALES RE CONNOLLY P, 1988, ENV URBANIZATION, V5 CONNOLLY P, 1993, GO CENVI HABITAT NGO DAVILA JD, 1990, ENVIRON URBAN, V2, P35 GOMARA G, 1999, REFORMA, V4 MEFFERT K, 1993, SELF HELP HOUSING, P323 MOCTEZUMA P, 1984, FRACCIONADORES CLAND MOCTEZUMA P, 1989, URBANIZACION POPULAR, P107 MOCTEZUMA P, 1989, URBANIZACION POPULAR, P113 PICKVANCE CG, 1999, SOCIOLOGY, V33, P353 PORRAS A, 1997, BASES PLANEACION URB VALENZUELA J, 1999, ESTADO POLITICAS SOC NR 18 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON URBAN BP 117 EP 133 PY 2001 PD OCT VL 13 IS 2 GA 493HR UT ISI:000172217000009 ER PT J AU Douguet, JM OConnor, M TI Maintaining the integrity of the French terroir: a study of critical natural capital in its cultural context SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Versailles, Ctr Econ & Eth Environm & Dev, F-78047 Guyancourt, France. RP OConnor, M, Univ Versailles, Ctr Econ & Eth Environm & Dev, C3ED, F-78047 Guyancourt, France. AB This paper appraises the integrity of France's patrimoine naturel as carrier of collective cultural meanings and as biophysical life support infrastructure. First we situate philosophically the French patrimoine naturel concept with its connotations of cultural heritage or transmission, in relation to the 'strong sustainability' precept of maintaining key environmental functions as critical natural capital (CNC). The main results are then presented of a recent survey by the French Institut Francais pour l'Environnement (IFEN) exploring perceptions of natural capital-and its criticalness-for the French society and economy. Building on the IFEN survey base, a qualitative analysis highlights France's natural capital as a life support infrastructure vulnerable to breakdown or contamination through pollution, accidents and the production of wastes. Ecosystem contamination is, moreover, closely associated with defilement of food-dioxin in chickens, mistrust of GMOs in agriculture and food, and the vache folle-mad cow disease. The 'sink' function of natural capital is thus in conflict with the culturally determined 'site' and 'scenery' functions. To conclude, we discuss (very briefly) some features of the French political culture that bear on prospects for a successful sustainable development strategy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Bolam, SG, Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Remembrance Ave, Burnham On Crouch CM0 8SY, Essex, England. AB At present, coastal disposal of maintenance dredged material constitutes one of the most important problems in coastal zone management and in some coastal areas represents the major anthropogenic disturbance to the benthos. In this review we first propose, based on the classic literature, that macrofaunal communities typical of environmentally stressed habitats are more resilient than those of more environmentally stable habitats, and we outline the macrofaunal successional changes following a disturbance. Second, from a review and analysis of the published and unpublished literature on macrofaunal recovery following maintenance dredged material deposition in the coastal environment, we compare the successional sequences and recovery rates in euhaline and polyhaline systems. The review reveals that invertebrate recovery following dredged material disposal in relatively unstressed marine environments generally takes between 1 and 4 years, while in more naturally stressed areas, recovery is generally achieved within 9 months, although deeper polyhaline habitats can take up to 2 years to recover. Differences in recovery times are attributed to the number of successional stages required to regain the original community composition and that species typical of naturally unstressed assemblages do not possess life-history traits to allow rapid recolonization of disturbances. In the last section of this review, the management implications of these findings are discussed in terms of minimizing dredged material disposal impacts on fisheries resources. Since the natural disturbance regime appears to be very important in determining the response of a benthic community following dredged material disposal, it is recommended that when predicting the potential environmental impact of an operation, the nature of the physical environment in combination with the status (and role) of associated marine benthic communities should be considered. 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RP Saba, DS, 415 Driftwood Ave 1009, Toronto, ON M3N 2P7, Canada. AB Currently, only 6% of the 15% of land in Afghanistan is usable and, if all the refugees were to return, problems of land ownership and adequacy of available land are inevitable. Natural forests have been severely degraded. Due to the nature of the topography and the and climate, vast areas are subject to soil erosion. Loss of vegetation and soil humus have created ever more and conditions. Abandoning the lands, poor reclamation schemes, overgrazing and destruction of vegetation for fuelwood have all caused desertification. The biological productivity of pastures has also deteriorated. This reduced productivity has affected livestock and has caused dramatic changes to the patterns of wildlife populations. Soil salinization and waterlogged lands are common. Farmland and pastures have been contaminated by landmines. Heavy concentrations of air-borne particulates and considerable amounts of transboundary pollutants from the Aral Sea have been found. Use of chemicals and the machinery of war have damaged the ecosystems. Collection of plants and animals is unregulated and has resulted in excessive removal or extermination of some species endemic to the Hindu Kush. Uprooting of some plants and dynamite fishing are increasing and a disturbing number of fauna and flora are endangered. Agriculture is traditional, and natural resources are not being used in a sustainable way. A sound environmental strategy needs to be formulated and adopted. CR 1997, NEWS 0713, P9 *FAOSTAT, 2000, STAT DAT 1990 1999 F *SWED COMM AFGH, 1993, AGR SURV AFGH DIFF 4 *US BUR CENS, 1988, AFGH DEM PROF ANDERSSON N, 1995, BRIT MED J, V311, P718 COHN MR, 2001, TORONTO STAR 0325 DENNISTON D, 1995, HIGH PRIORITIES CONS HASANYAR AS, 2000, ZARNEGAR, V73, P41 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOMERDIXON TF, 1999, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENC JOHNSTON T, 1997, REUTER NEWS REP 0514 PEARCE F, 1994, POPULAR SCI, V245 PONTING C, 1990, ENVIRONMENT, V32, P4 SHAREQ A, 1980, GEOLOGY MINERAL RESO, V1 SHARQ MH, 1994, ZHANDA POOSHAN E BER TAPPONNIER P, 1981, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V52, P355 YORK G, 2001, GLOBE MAIL 0505 NR 17 TC 0 J9 INT J SUSTAIN DEV WORLD ECOL BP 279 EP 289 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 8 IS 4 GA 564QX UT ISI:000176326000002 ER PT J AU Westley, F Vredenburg, H TI Sustainability and the corporation - Criteria for aligning economic practice with environmental protection SO JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV CALGARY,ENVIROMM MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,CALGARY,AB,CANADA. UNIV CALGARY,SUSTAINABLE DEV PROGRAM,CALGARY,AB,CANADA. RP Westley, F, MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL,PQ,CANADA. 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SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Review C1 Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Grp Rech Ecol Forestiere Interuniv, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Univ Quebec, Nat Sci & Engn Res Council, Ind Chair Sustainable Forest Management, Rouyn Noranda, PQ J9X 5E4, Canada. Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. RP Drever, CR, Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Grp Rech Ecol Forestiere Interuniv, CP 8888,Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. AB Given the increasingly global stresses on forests, many ecologists argue that managers must maintain ecological resilience: the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances without undergoing fundamental change. In this review we ask: Can the emerging paradigm of natural-disturbance-based management (NDBM) maintain ecological resilience in managed forests? Applying resilience theory requires careful articulation of the ecosystem state under consideration, the disturbances and stresses that affect the persistence of possible alternative states, and the spatial and temporal scales of management relevance. Implementing NDBM while maintaining resilience means recognizing that (i) biodiversity is important for long-term ecosystem persistence, (ii) natural disturbances play a critical role as a generator of structural and compositional heterogeneity at multiple scales, and (iii) traditional management tends to produce forests more homogeneous than those disturbed naturally and increases the likelihood of unexpected catastrophic change by constraining variation of key environmental processes. NDBM may maintain resilience if silvicultural strategies retain the structures and processes that perpetuate desired states while reducing those that enhance resilience of undesirable states. Such strategies require an understanding of harvesting impacts on slow ecosystem processes, such as seed-bank or nutrient dynamics, which in the long term can lead to ecological surprises by altering the forest's capacity to reorganize after disturbance. 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CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1988, MEMOIRS ENTOMOLOGICA, V146, P21 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P733 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P25 HONNAY O, 2002, ECOL LETT, V5, P525 HUNTER ML, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P375 HUNTER ML, 1993, BIOL CONSERV, V65, P115 IMBEAU L, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1151 JOHNSON EA, 2003, SUSTAINABEL FOREST M, P261 JONES DD, 1975, NEW DIRECTIONS ANAL, P133 KUULUVAINEN T, 2002, SILVA FENN, V36, P97 LAURANCE WF, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V91, P109 LAW R, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P1347 LECOMTE N, 2005, J VEG SCI, V16, P665 LEVIN SA, 1981, MATH THEORY DYNAMICS, P173 LEVIN SA, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P498 LEWONTIN RC, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22, P13 LIEBHOLD AM, 1995, FOREST SCI, V41, P1 LINDENMAYER DB, 2004, SCIENCE, V303, P1303 LOGAN JA, 2001, AM ENTOMOL, V47, P160 LORIMER CG, 1977, ECOLOGY, V58, P139 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 LUNDBERG J, 2003, 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1996, FOREST SCI, V42, P366 TROMBULAK SC, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P18 TURNER MG, 1989, OIKOS, V55, P121 TURNER MG, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V9, P59 TURNER MG, 1997, BIOSCIENCE, V47, P758 TURNER MG, 1999, INT J WILDLAND FIRE, V9, P21 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P737 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P3 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WEAVER JL, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P964 WEYENBERG SA, 2004, SILVA FENN, V38, P179 WILKINSON CE, 2005, OIKOS, V108, P85 WILSON JB, 1992, ADV ECOL RES, V23, P263 NR 161 TC 0 J9 CAN J FOREST RES BP 2285 EP 2299 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 36 IS 9 GA 099HU UT ISI:000241585000021 ER PT J AU del Barrio, G Harrison, PA Berry, PM Butt, N Sanjuan, ME Pearson, RG Dawson, T TI Integrating multiple modelling approaches to predict the potential impacts of climate change on species' distributions in contrasting regions: comparison and implications for policy SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Article C1 CSIC, Estac Expt Zonas Aridas, Almeria 04001, Spain. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Environm Change Inst, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Herpetol, New York, NY 10024 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, New York, NY 10024 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Study Environm Change & Sustainabil, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. RP del Barrio, G, CSIC, Estac Expt Zonas Aridas, Gen Segura 1, Almeria 04001, Spain. AB Many studies have predicted the potential impacts of climate change on species' distributions at large spatial scales, yet the role of more local-scale effects remains poorly explored. Addressing more localised impacts requires that new integrated modelling approaches are developed to address fine-scale processes including species' dispersal and local connectivity. Here we integrate four models (a continental scale bioclimatic envelope model, a regional scale bioclimate and land use suitability model, a dispersal model, and a connectivity model) in a scale-dependent hierarchical framework. The approach has been used to analyse the fine scale impacts of climate change on species' distributions within two contrasting case study regions located in East Anglia (UK) and Almeria (Spain). Eight and six species respectively were used to test our approach under three climate change scenarios. Despite the uncertainties inherent in the modelling approach, our analyses suggest two general conclusions: (i) climate change involves the development of transient conditions and fragmentation within the core of species distributions; (ii) climate change would favour the opening of gaps within the current vegetation zones, rather than a simple zonal shift of them. Dynamic and integrated conservation policies are required, that take account of the current and potential future spatial arrangement of species and their habitats, to assist species to respond to future environmental change. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *EROS DAT CTR, 1996, GTOPO30 DEM *IPCC, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 SCI ANDERSON RP, 2002, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V11, P131 ARAUJO MB, 2004, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V10, P1618 ARAUJO MB, 2005, ECOGRAPHY, V28, P693 ARAUJO MB, 2005, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V11, P1504 ARAUJO MB, 2005, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V14, P17 ARNOLD HR, 1993, ATLAS MAMMALS BRIT I ASHER J, 2001, MILLENNIUM ATLAS BUT BECKETT G, 1999, FLORA NORFOLK BERRY PM, 2002, FORESTRY COMMISSION, V124, P169 BERRY PM, 2006, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V9, P189 BRECKLE SW, 2002, WALTERS VEGETATION E CRAMER W, 2001, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V7, P357 DAVIS MB, 2005, ECOLOGY, V86, P1704 DELBARRIO G, 2000, 5 C NAC MED AMB COM, P1 DYER JM, 1994, PROF GEOGR, V46, P449 EWERT F, 2005, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V107, P101 FIELDING AH, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P38 GARDNER RH, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P208 GONI MFS, 2005, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V231, P111 GORDON C, 2000, CLIM DYNAM, V16, P147 GRIFFITHS GH, 1999, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V8, P329 HANNAH L, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P264 HARRISON PA, 2006, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V9, P116 HULME M, 2002, CLIMATE CHANGE SCENA IVERSON LR, 2004, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V19, P787 KAPPELLE M, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P1383 KULLMAN L, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2490 LEHOUEROU HN, 1992, CLIMATIC CHANGE MEDI, P175 LOEHLE C, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V90, P1 MELILLO JM, 1995, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V9, P407 MIDGLEY GF, 2003, BIOL CONSERV, V112, P87 MITCHELL TD, 2004, 55 TYND CTR NAKICENOVIC N, 2000, SPECIAL REPORT EMISS NEILSON RP, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P385 ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V2, P63 PALOMARES OS, 1999, MODELOS CARTOGRAFIA PARMESAN C, 2003, NATURE, V421, P37 PEARSON RG, 2002, ECOL MODEL, V154, P289 PEARSON RG, 2003, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V12, P361 PEARSON RG, 2004, ECOGRAPHY, V27, P285 PEARSON RG, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V123, P389 PENMAN HL, 1948, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V193, P120 PENUELAS J, 2003, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V9, P131 POPE VD, 2000, CLIM DYNAM, V16, P123 PRESTON CD, 2002, NEW ATLAS BRIT FLORA ROUNSEVELL MDA, 2005, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V107, P117 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2005, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V11, P1003 SEGURADO P, 2004, J BIOGEOGR, V31, P1555 THOMAS CD, 2004, NATURE, V427, P145 THUILLER W, 2003, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V9, P1353 THUILLER W, 2003, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V12, P313 THUILLER W, 2004, J BIOGEOGR, V31, P353 THUILLER W, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P8245 WALTER H, 1970, VEGETATIONSZONEN KLI WASHINGTON WM, 2000, CLIM DYNAM, V16, P755 WATSON RT, 1998, REGIONAL IMPACTS CLI, V1, P1 WILLIAMS P, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P1063 XU TB, 1993, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V8, P245 NR 61 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY BP 129 EP 147 PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 GA 028TG UT ISI:000236511100004 ER PT J AU Tewari, VP Arya, R TI Degradation of arid rangelands in Thar Desert, India: A review SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Arid Forest Res Inst, Forest Resource Management & Econ Div, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India. RP Tewari, VP, Arid Forest Res Inst, Forest Resource Management & Econ Div, POB Krishi Mandi,New Pali Rd, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India. AB Land degradation has recently been exacerbated in rangelands of and Rajasthan by heavy grazing pressures. The total livestock population in the arid region of Rajasthan has reached 29.25 million in the year 2001 from 10.34 million in the year 1951. In terms of adult cattle units (ACU) the livestock pressure was 9.58 million in 1983, which increased to 11.27 million in 2001. Local grazing pressures are surpassing the recommended stocking rates of the rangelands at an enormous pace. The pressure was 0.87 ACU ha(-1) in 1981 which increased to 1.02 ACU ha(-1) ha in 2001 against the optimum desirable density of 0.2 ACU ha(-1). Excellent, good, fair, poor and very poor condition rangelands (having approximate productivity of 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.75, and 0.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively) can safely provide year long grazing to 0.25-0.30, 0.20, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.01-0.06 ACU hat blocks, respectively, during normal years. The carrying capacities of the rangelands were estimated several decades ago, however, qualitative evidence is available regarding changes in soil and vegetation patterns. There is need to evolve practices for improving the long-term productivity and sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. An increase of 639% in forage yield was observed over control by adopting moisture conservation technique. Increase in forage yield was recorded in the range of 30 to 122% in "poor" and 29 to 107% in "fair" class rangelands after 3-5 years of reseeding. Premonsoon solving of grass seeds give 36% higher forage yield over monsoon sowing. Application of 22.5 kg N ha(-1) during normal year resulted in additional increase in forage yield by 20 to 70%. If sustainable productivity increases are to be achieved, mechanisms must be developed to involve fully range users (herders) in all aspects of project planning and implementation. A flexible stocking rate, dependent on seasonal and annual variation in feed availability, is suggested as a key element in any improved range and livestock management strategy. CR *CAZRI, 1983, PROGR AR ZON RES *CAZRI, 1992, FOR 2000 AD SCEN AR ABEL NOJ, 1990, 29A ODI AHUJA LD, 1977, DESERTIFICATION ITS, P203 AHUJA LD, 1984, CAZRI PUBLICATION, V24, P161 ARCHER S, 1994, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI, P13 BHARARA LP, 1999, MAN DESERT BHIMAYA CP, 1969, ANN ARID ZONE, V8, P73 BRECKLE SW, 2002, WALTERS VEGETATION E BUXTON R, 1996, RANGELAND J, V18, P292 CHATTERJI BN, 1974, SOIL CONSERVATION DI, V2, P15 CRILAND S, 1995, 5 INT RANG C SALT LA DELEEUW PN, 1990, 29B PDN ODI DHIR RP, 1993, ANN ARID ZONE, V32, P79 FLOATE MJS, 1981, ECOLOGICAL B NFR, V33, P585 GHOSE B, 1977, ANN ARID ZONE, V16, P290 GIBBENS RP, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P585 GUPTA JP, 2000, TECHNOLOGY APPROACH GUPTA RK, 1972, ANN ARID ZONE, V11, P198 HARRINGTON GN, 1984, MANAGEMENT AUSTR RAN, P3 HILLEL D, 1982, INTRO SOIL PHYS HOCKING D, 1992, P 5 INT C GOATS NEW HOCKING D, 1993, 34C PDN ODI HOLECHEK JL, 1989, RANGE MANAGEMENT PRI HOLM AM, 1987, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V9, P14 JODHA NS, 1986, 22C PDN ODI LUKOSE NG, 1977, ANN ARID ZONE, V16, P342 MANZANO MG, 2000, ANN ARID ZONE, V39, P285 MANZANO MG, 2000, J ARID ENVIRON, V44, P1 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MILTON SJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P70 MISHRA NC, 2002, ADV SPACE RES, V29, P51 PARODA RS, 1978, P INT S AR ZON RES D PARODA RS, 1980, CAZRI TECHNICAL B, V4 PASSERA CB, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P480 RAGAB R, 2002, BIOSYST ENG, V81, P3 RAMACHANDRAN K, 1992, J ARID ENVIRON, V22, P293 SCOONES I, 1990, 27B PDN ODI SEN AK, 1977, ANN ARID ZONE, V16, P281 SERE C, 1996, 127 FAO SHANKARNARAYAN KA, 1977, ANN ARID ZONE, V16, P349 SIVAJI V, 1993, AFFORESTATION ARID L, P297 TAKAR AA, 1990, J RANGE MANAGE, V43, P486 THUROW TL, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E, P141 VENKATESWARLU J, 1997, SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM, P421 WARREN SD, 1986, J RANGE MANAGE, V39, P491 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHITE DH, 2000, ANN ARID ZONE, V39, P105 ZOBISCH MA, 1993, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V48, P445 NR 49 TC 0 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG BP 1 EP 12 PY 2005 PD JAN-MAR VL 19 IS 1 GA 886CY UT ISI:000226205700001 ER PT J AU Kondolf, GM TI River restoration and meanders SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kondolf, GM, Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB Among the most visually striking river restoration projects are those that involve the creation of a new channel, often in a new alignment and generally with a form and dimensions that are different from those of the preproject channel. These channel reconstruction projects often have the objective of creating a stable, single-thread, meandering channel, even on rivers that were not historically meandering, on rivers whose sediment load and flow regime would not be consistent with such stable channels, or on already sinuous channels whose bends are not symmetrical. Such meandering channels are often specified by the Rosgen classification system, a popular restoration design approach. Although most projects of this type have not been subject to objective evaluation, completed postproject appraisals show that many of these projects failed within months or years of construction. Despite its, at best, mixed results, this classification and form-based approach continues to be popular because it is easy to apply, because it is accessible to those without formal training in fluvial geomorphology, and probably because it satisfies a deep-seated, although unrecognized, cultural preference for single-thread meandering channels. This preference is consistent with 18th-century English landscape theories, which held the serpentine form to be ideal and led to widespread construction of meandering channels on the country estates of the era. The preference for stability in restored channels seems to be widely accepted by practitioners and funders despite the fact that it is antithetical to research showing that dynamically migrating channels have the greatest ecological richness. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQ EC *WAT CONS INC, 2002, DRAFT CONC REST PLAN APPLETON J, 1975, EXPERIENCE LANDSCAPE BERNHARDT ES, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P636 BINDER W, 2004, RIVER RESTORATION 20, P27 BINDER W, 2005, URBAN RIVER REHABILI, P290 BRAUTIGAN R, 1967, TROUT FISHING AM BROOKES A, 1987, ENVIRON GEOL WAT SCI, V10, P33 BURNSON D, 1992, LOWER CUNEO CHANNEL CULLEN G, 1961, TOWNSCAPES DOWNS PW, 2001, HDB ECOLOGICAL RESTO, P267 DOYLE MW, 1999, SHOULD RIVER RESTORA FROTHINGHAM KM, 2003, ENVIRON MANAGE, V29, P16 GASITH A, 1999, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V30, P51 GOLDI C, 1989, ANTHOS GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HANSEN A, 2003, POST PROJECT APPRAIS HECHT B, 1994, W WETLANDS SELECTED, P104 HOGARTH W, 1753, ANAL BEAUTY IVERSEN TM, 1993, AQUAT CONSERV, V3, P73 JURACEK KE, 2003, J AM WATER RESOUR AS, V39, P659 KAPLAN R, 1989, EXPERIENCE NATURE PS KONDOLF GM, 1995, AQUAT CONSERV, V5, P109 KONDOLF GM, 1995, AQUAT CONSERV, V5, P127 KONDOLF GM, 1995, ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P1 KONDOLF GM, 1995, RESTOR ECOL, V3, P133 KONDOLF GM, 1998, AQUAT CONSERV, V8, P39 KONDOLF GM, 2000, ANN M P AM SOC LANDS, P120 KONDOLF GM, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V28, P761 KONDOLF GM, 2002, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V45, P35 KONDOLF GM, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P42 LEOPOLD LB, 1964, FLUVIAL PROCESSES GE MALAKOFF D, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P937 MILLER JR, 1996, CATENA, V27, P295 MOZINGO LA, 1997, LANDSCAPE J, V16, P46 MYERS ME, 2004, LANDSCAPE J, V23, P121 NASSAUER JI, 1995, LANDSCAPE J, V14, P161 PALMER MA, 2005, J APPL ECOL, V42, P208 RICHARDS K, 2002, FRESHWATER BIOL, V47, P559 ROSGEN D, 1986, P 5 TROUT STREAM HAB, P163 ROSGEN DL, 1985, RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS, P91 ROSGEN DL, 1991, B CREEK WATERSHED RE ROSGEN DL, 1994, CATENA, V22, P169 ROSGEN DL, 1996, APPL RIVER MORPHOLOG SHIELDS FD, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V494, P251 SHORT DA, 1993, THESIS HUMBOLDT STAT SMITH SM, 2005, WATER RESOUR RES, V41 ULRICH RS, 1983, BEHAV NATURAL ENV, P85 WARD JV, 1995, REGUL RIVER, V11, P105 WOHL E, 2005, RIVER RESTORATION WOLMAN MG, 1978, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V3, P189 ZEMBSCH S, 1993, UVAS CREEK PRESERVE NR 52 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 42 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 11 IS 2 GA 123FD UT ISI:000243280800039 ER PT J AU Mondal, MS Wasimi, SA TI Evaluation of risk-related performance in water management for the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article C1 Bangladesh Univ Engn & Technol, Inst Water & Flood Management, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Univ Cent Queensland, Fac Business & Informat, Rockhampton, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Mondal, MS, Bangladesh Univ Engn & Technol, Inst Water & Flood Management, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. AB A risk-based evaluation is performed in the meeting of future water demands in the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh (GDB). This evaluation is based on reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability performance indicators, which have been newly defined to capture the time varying characteristics of the Ganges River system. The analysis includes the impacts of climate change on both demands and resources, and the generation of synthetic flows of the Ganges River. The values of the indicators reveal that the expected demand of the GDB up to the year 2050 can be supplied with the proposed Ganges Barrage under the "no change" and "most likely" climatic scenarios, provided that the groundwater remains usable. However, if an additional upstream diversion from the transboundary rivers takes place in India and/or a "possible adverse" change in climate occurs, the consequences may be devastating. CR *WARPO, 2001, GANGES BARRAGE PRE F, V2 BAYAZIT M, 1990, WATER RESOUR RES, V26, P713 BOX GEP, 1994, TIME SERIES ANAL FOR BURN DH, 1991, CAN J CIVIL ENG, V18, P36 COLOMBI JS, 1999, 7 WAT RES PLANN ORG FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P27 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P33 HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HIPEL KW, 1994, TIME SERIES MODELING KJELDSEN TR, 2004, HYDROLOG SCI J, V49, P755 KLEMES V, 1977, WATER RESOUR RES, V13, P837 MONDAL MS, 2005, THESIS CENTRAL QUEEN MOY WS, 1986, WATER RESOUR RES, V22, P489 SALAS JD, 1979, J HYDROL, V44, P1 SIMONOVIC SP, 1992, J HYDROL, V131, P269 STEDINGER JR, 1982, WATER RES R, V18, P909 TICKLE K, 1997, THESIS GRIFFITH U BR VALENCIA D, 1973, WATER RES R, V9, P580 WEERATENE JR, 1986, CANADIAN J CIVIL ENG, V13, P203 NR 19 TC 0 J9 J WATER RESOUR PLAN MAN-ASCE BP 179 EP 187 PY 2007 PD MAR-APR VL 133 IS 2 GA 139CF UT ISI:000244409000010 ER PT J AU Giampietro, M TI The precautionary principle and ecological hazards of genetically modified organisms SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 INRAN, I-00178 Rome, Italy. RP Giampietro, M, INRAN, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178 Rome, Italy. AB This paper makes three points relevant to the application of the precautionary principle to the regulation of GMOs. i) The unavoidable arbitrariness in the application of the precautionary principle reflects a deeper epistemological problem affecting scientific analyses of sustainability. This requires understanding the difference between the concepts of "risk", "uncertainty" and "ignorance". ii) When dealing with evolutionary processes it is impossible to ban uncertainty and ignorance from scientific models. Hence, traditional risk analysis (probability distributions and exact numerical models) becomes powerless. Other forms of scientific knowledge (general principles or metaphors) may be useful alternatives. iii) The existence of ecological hazards per se should not be used as a reason to stop innovations altogether. However, the precautionary principle entails that scientists move away from the concept of "substantive rationality" (trying to indicate to society optimal solutions) to that of "procedural rationality" (trying to help society to find "satisficing" solutions). CR *COMM EUR COMM, 2000, COM20001 COMM EUR CO *EUR COMM AM CHAMB, 2000, POS PAP PREC PRINC *EUR ENV AG, IN PRESS LAT LESS EA *FAO, FAO STAT *FAO, 1996, INT TECHN C PLANT GE *GREENP 2000, WTO MUST APPL PREC P *UNEP IISD, 2000, ENV TRAD HDB ALTIERI M, 1998, ENV RISKS TRANSGENIC ALTIERI M, 2000, INT WORKSH EC IMP TR ALTIERI MA, 1987, AGROECOLOGY SCI BASI CONRAD M, 1983, ADAPTABILITY SIGNIFI CUMMINS R, 2000, IFOAM ECOLOGY FA MAY FATH BD, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P167 FOSTER KR, 2000, SCIENCE, V288, P979 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P137 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1992, SOCIAL THEORIES RISK, P251 GELLMAN M, 1994, QUARK JAGUAR GIAMPIETRO M, IN PRESS SCALING ISS GIAMPIETRO M, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P677 GIAMPIETRO M, 1997, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V62, P145 GLIESSMAN SR, 2000, AGROECOLOGY ECOLOGIC HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 KAMPIS G, 1991, SELF MODIFYING SYSTE KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 KNIGHT FH, 1964, RISK UNCERTAINTY PRO MACILWAIN C, 2000, NATURE, V407, P551 MARGALEF R, 1968, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI MATURANA HR, 1980, AUTOPOIESIS COGNITIO MELDOLESI A, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P919 MILLER HI, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1471 OCONNOR M, 1998, VALUATION ENV THEORY ODUM EP, 1989, ECOLOGY OUR ENDANGER ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY PIMENTEL D, 1996, FOOD ENERGY SOC PIMENTEL D, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P53 PRIGOGINE I, 1978, FROM BEING BECOMING RAVETZ JR, 2001, IN PRESS J HAZARDOUS ROSEN R, 1985, ANTICIPATORY SYSTEMS SCHERF BD, 1995, WORLD WATCH LIST DOM SIMMONDS NW, 1979, PRINCIPLES CROP IMPR SIMON HA, 1976, METHODS APPRAISAL EC SIMON HA, 1983, REASON HUMAN AFFAIRS ULANOWICZ R, 1995, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI, P77 ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, GROWTH DEV ECOSYSTEM ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, ECOLOGY ASCENDENT PE VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY NR 49 TC 1 J9 AMBIO BP 466 EP 470 PY 2002 PD SEP VL 31 IS 6 GA 608JH UT ISI:000178842400004 ER PT J AU Dolling, OR Varas, EA TI Decision support model for operation of multi-purpose water resources systems SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Sch Engn, Santiago, Chile. Univ Nacl San Juan, Dept Hydraul, San Juan, Argentina. RP Dolling, OR, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Sch Engn, Santiago, Chile. AB Models to search for optimal operation rules of complex water resources systems generally represent the physical system in a fixed static form, being difficult to incorporate changes in water offer, water demand and system structure. This paper presents a decision support procedure that integrates continuous simulation, artificial neural networks, and optimization to produce decision rules in watershed management for multiple purpose complex water resources systems. The system uses physical indexes to evaluate the compliance of targets for the different purposes of the system, such as occurrence of failure (frequency), resilience (duration and capacity of recovery of a state of failure) and vulnerability (severity or magnitude of the failure). It also introduces a global indicator of the behavior of the system, which combines, with user selected weights, the previous indexes in a measure of global effectiveness. The methodology was applied to the San Juan River Basin, Argentina, and results show conclusively the usefulness of simulation in the study of alternatives of water resources systems with multiple uses and the feasibility of using neural networks to encapsulate the behavior of simulation models. The encapsulated model and parametric operation rules can be included in a dynamic optimization process to search for optimal operation policies. CR 2000, EXTEND V1 0 AZEVEDO LGT, 2000, J WATER RESOUR PLANN, V126, P85 BELAINEH G, 1999, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V125, P154 CAI XM, 2002, WATER RESOUR RES, V38 DIBIKE YB, 1999, J HYDRAUL RES, V37, P147 DOLLING O, 2000, INGENIERIA HIDRAULIC, P5 DOLLING O, 2001, THESIS PONTIFICIA U DOLLING OR, 2001, J HYDRAUL RES, V40, P547 FRENCH MN, 1992, J HYDROL, V137, P1 GEREZ V, 1988, ENFOQUE SISTEMAS, V1 HATTA S, 1996, J HYDROSCI HYDRAUL E, V14, P57 HSU KL, 1995, WATER RESOUR RES, V31, P2517 KARUNANITHI N, 1994, J COMP CIV ENG ASCE, V8, P210 LASDON LS, 1978, ACM T MATH SOFTWARE, V4, P34 LASDON LS, 1979, DESIGN IMPLEMENTATIO LOUCKS DP, 1982, OPERATION MULTIPLE R LUND JR, 1999, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V125, P143 MORELSEYTOUX HJ, 1999, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V125, P126 NALBANTIS I, 1997, WATER RESOUR RES, V33, P2165 RAMAN H, 1995, HYDROLOG SCI J, V40, P145 RUMELHART DE, 1994, COMMUN ACM, V37, P87 SANCHEZQUISPE S, 1999, THESIS U POLITECNICA ZEALAND CM, 1999, J HYDROL, V214, P32 ZELL A, 1995, MANUAL STUTTGART NEU ZHU ML, 1994, J HYDROSCIENCE HYDRA, V12, P131 NR 25 TC 0 J9 J HYDRAUL RES BP 115 EP 124 PY 2005 VL 43 IS 2 GA 936IP UT ISI:000229849000003 ER PT J AU Neufeld, DA TI An ecosystem approach to planning for groundwater: The case of Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Ontario Minist Environm, Toronto, ON M4V 1P5, Canada. RP Neufeld, DA, Ontario Minist Environm, 135 St Clair Ave W, Toronto, ON M4V 1P5, Canada. AB Sustaining the human-ecological benefits of groundwater requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative risks posed by diverse human actions. Municipal governments in Ontario, Canada, play a key role in developing solutions to groundwater management and protection. The responsibility to provide drinking water and sewage works, regulate the use of private land, and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action. Waterloo Region, in the province of Ontario, contains the single largest population in Canada that uses groundwater as its primary source of drinking water. The region's Water Resources Protection Strategy provides a model of planning for groundwater at a regional scale. The ecosystem approach offers a comprehensive basis for designing community-based groundwater strategies, within a regional context. This approach is defined by the following key components: ecosystem boundaries, objectives, functions, and cumulative effects; and is integrated, adaptable, coordinated, and catalytic. Waterloo's groundwater strategy is distinguished by the degree to which it embodies many elements of the ecosystem approach. Future priorities include embracing a comprehensive vision; enumerating essential ecological functions; integrating a full set of regulatory, voluntary, and economic instruments; and accelerating partnerships with key stakeholders for implementation. CR *CONS FDN, 1987, GROUNDW PROT SAV UNS *DAM MOOR CAN, 1996, SURV WELLH PROT PROG *FED CAN MUN, 1995, CAN MUN ENV DIR *GH2M GOR STORR LT, 1996, REC SURV POT CONT SO *GOLD ASS PAR ENG, 1992, WAT RES PROT STRAT M *GRAND RIV CONS AU, 1996, STAT WAT REP *JENV CAN, 1995, EC APPR *LOT, 1996, STUD HYDR CAMBR AR *NAT RES COUNC, 1986, GROUNDW QUAL PROT ST *NAT RIV AUTH, 1992, POL PRACT PROT GROUN *NAT TASK FORC ENV, 1987, REP NAT TASK FORC CA *ONT CROP IMPR ASS, 1992, RES ONT FARM GROUNDW *ONT MIN ENV EN, 1995, MULT GROUNDW EXP GRO *ONT MIN ENV EN, 1996, FOC GROUP M REG INT *ONT MIN MUN AFF, 1995, CROSS BOUND ISS S CE *ONT MIN NAT RES, 1984, WAT QUANT RES ONT *REG MUN WAT, RUR GROUNDW PROT *REG MUN WAT, 1994, WAT RES PROT STRAT I *REG MUN WAT, 1995, ENV FAL *REG MUN WAT, 1995, GROUNDW PROT POL OPT *REG MUN WAT, 1995, WAT SUPPL TREATM DIS *REG MUN WAT, 1996, ENV SPR *REG MUN WAT, 1996, GROUNDW PROT AR POL *REG MUN WAT, 1999, PROP POL MAN NEW NON *ROY COMM FUT TOR, 1992, REG TOR WAT SUST CIT *TERR INV LTD, 1995, STUD HYDR WAT MOR *TERR INV LTD, 1996, STUD HYDR PARKW AR S ALLEN R, 1980, SAVE WORLD BARRETT S, 1991, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH L BLACKPORT R, 1995, 2284 FISH AQ SCI BOCKING S, 1994, ALTERNATIVES, V20, P3 BRANNIGAN G, 1985, EFFECTIVE INTERVIEWI BROMMSSEN U, 1991, GROUNDW PROT ONT C W BURESH J, 1987, 1987 ZONING PLANNING CHERRY J, 1989, GROUNDWATER PROTECTI CHRISTENSEN N, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P3 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G DOERN B, 1983, CANADIAN PUBLIC POLI GOLLEY F, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE GRUMBINE E, 1994, CONS BIOL, V8, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEADWORTH H, 1986, EUR I WAT SEM GROUND HESS P, 1986, TECH B NATL HYDROLOG, V140 JAFFE M, 1987, LOCAL GROUNDWATER PR JORGENSEN EP, 1989, POISONED WELL NEW ST KARVINEN WO, 1994, RISING SURFACE EMERG LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LINER EB, 1994, JASSESSING EXPERIENC NEUFELD D, 1987, 58 ONT LEG LIB NEUFELD D, 1987, THESIS U WATERLOO WA NEUFELD D, 1991, ONTARIO GEOGR, V37, P15 NEUFELD D, 1992, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH L ODUM E, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY OUELLET P, 1993, ENV POLICY REV 15 CA, V1 OUELLET P, 1993, ENV POLICY REV 15 CA, V2 PAGE W, 1987, PLANNING GROUNDWATER PUDDISTER M, 1994, P SEM 21 JUN ARB CTR ROE E, 1994, NARRATIVE POLICY ANA ROMAN AJ, 1990, CHICAGO KENT LAW REV, V65 RYAN J, 1995, MUNIC WORLD JUN SANDERSON M, 1995, CAN WATER ESOUR J, V20, P145 SERAFIN R, 1992, ENV IMPACT ACCESS RE, V12 SIBUL U, 1980, 10 GRAND RIV IMPL CO SLOCOMBE S, 1993, ENV MANAGE, V17 SPEK C, 1995, AD LAT CONS S 5 DEC TOMALTY R, 1994, ECOSYSTEM PLANNING C WHITE LJ, 1994, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V13, P3 WHITELAW G, 1995, ECOSYSTEM MONITORING WOODLEY S, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY YIN R, 1984, APPL SOCIAL RES METH, V5 NR 70 TC 1 J9 HYDROGEOL J BP 239 EP 250 PY 2000 PD APR VL 8 IS 2 GA 321LL UT ISI:000087456900010 ER PT J AU van der Hamsvoort, CPCM Latacz-Lohmann, U TI Sustainability: a review of the debate and an extension SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ London, Wye Coll, Dept Agr Econ & Business Management, Ashford TN25 4AH, Kent, England. DLO, LEI, Agr Econ Res Inst, The Hague, Netherlands. RP van der Hamsvoort, CPCM, Univ London, Wye Coll, Dept Agr Econ & Business Management, Ashford TN25 4AH, Kent, England. AB This paper argues that the current debate on sustainability is obscured by a number of misunderstandings. These relate, first, to the ongoing dispute between ecologists and economists holding different visions about the limits of economic growth and the carrying capacity of the Earth; and second, to the discrepancy between theoretical sustainability and practical sustainability. The paper concludes that the current vagueness surrounding sustainability may be reduced by reframing the debate. It demonstrates that the dispute between ecologists and economists can largely be considered as unproductive because the only sustainability concept supported by theory is that of 'strong sustainability'. The paper argues further that the gap between theoretical and practical sustainability may be bridged by distinguishing three concepts which properly account for informational inadequacies and human preferences in the design of sustainability constraints. These are: the 'sustainable EUS' (Environmental Utilization Space), the 'measured EUS', and the 'chosen EUS'. 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RP Charles, AT, St Marys Univ, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. AB Efforts to apply the precautionary approach in fisheries often focus on essentially quantitative matters, such as calculating a precautionary reduction in the allowable harvest or using simulation models to determine relatively low-risk management strategies. However, much of the uncertainty in fisheries is more qualitative in nature, including the many forms of structural uncertainty that arise from a basic lack of understanding of fishery systems and related aspects of state-of-nature uncertainty in which human elements dominate. It is in dealing with these uncertainties that a focus on the burden of proof becomes particularly crucial. In designing fishery management, where is the onus of 'proof' placed, and how much 'proof' is required? This theme is explored through an examination of recent practical experience within Atlantic Canada's groundfish fisheries, notably on the part of the Fisheries Resource Conservation Council. This experience highlights the role of the human dimension in shaping the burden of proof. The paper closes with the comment that successful implementation of a precautionary approach requires a combination of case-by-case attention to the burden of proof and broad-based initiatives shifting the fishery system toward more robust management. CR *DEP FISH OC, 1991, 1992 ATL GROUNDF MAN *FAO, 1995, 350 FAO 1 *FRCC, 1996, FRC96R2 MIN PUBL WOR *FRCC, 1996, MOR SUST CRIT REOP S *FRCC, 1997, FRCC97R1 FISH RES CO *FRCC, 2000, FRCC2000R5 FISH RES CHARLES AT, 1995, DALHOUSIE LAW J, V18, P65 CHARLES AT, 2001, SUSTAINABLE FISHERY DEYOUNG B, 1999, CANADIAN SPECIAL PUB, V129 FINLAYSON AC, 1994, FISHING TRUTH FOLK C, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV, P121 FRANCIS RICC, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1699 GARCIA SM, 1994, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V22, P99 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 OBOYLE R, 1993, RISK EVALUATION BIOL, P423 PARSONS LS, 1993, CAN B FISH AQUAT SCI, V225, P763 ROSENBERG AA, 1993, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V120, P243 NR 19 TC 1 J9 BULL MAR SCI BP 683 EP 694 PY 2002 PD MAR VL 70 IS 2 GA 583YD UT ISI:000177438400020 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, E TI Socio-natural interaction and landscape dynamics in the Burren, Ireland SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Geog, Cork, Ireland. RP O'Rourke, E, Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Geog, Cork, Ireland. AB This paper examines the entwined nature-culture relationship within the context of the Burren. The Burren, situated on the west coast of Ireland, is a high value landscape in terms of both its natural and cultural diversity. It is also a deeply humanised landscape, with archaeological evidence of human settlement going back over 6000 years. Consequently, the landscape and, 'nature' that we are attempting to conserve in the Burren today, is as much a product of the hand of its agrarian 'craftsmen and women', as it is due to a combination of environmental factors. In recent years changes in farming systems, along with depopulation, have had an important impact on the Burren's landscape, ecology and society. After exposing the temporality of the landscape, the paper addresses issues of contemporary landscape protection and management practices on the ground. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *CENTR STAT OFF, 1841, CENS POP IREL *CSO, 1991, CENS AGR *CSO, 1996, CENS POP 1996 SMALL *CSO, 1996, CENS POP IREL *DEP AGR FOOD, 1999, EV RUR ENV PROT SCH *DEP ARTS CULT GAE, 1996, NAT FARM *LAND VAL OFF, 1970, RAT BOOK DISTR EL DI *NAT PARKS WILDL S, 1999, MAN PLAN BURR NAT PA *U BALL, 1855, GRIFF VAL BAUDRILLARD J, 1983, SIMULATIONS SEMIOTEX BELSHAW A, 2001, ENV PHILOS REASON NA BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOHNSACK U, 1999, ASSESSMENT FARMING P BRODY H, 1973, INISHKILLANE CHANGE BUTLER V, 1985, BURREN EXHIBITION GE BYRNE A, 1993, TOURISM IRELAND CRIT, P233 CHUBB B, 1963, POL STUD, V10, P272 CLEMENTS FE, 1916, PUBL CARNEGIE I WASH, P242 COXON C, HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASPE DILLON E, 1981, BURREN HERITAGE SERI, V1 DREW D, 1994, IRISH ASS QUATERNARY, P22 DREW D, 1995, HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS, P157 DREW D, 1997, ATLAS IRISH RURAL LA, P287 DREW DP, 1994, IRISH GEOGR, V27, P81 FEEHAN J, 1995, 2000 PRICE PLACE LAN FITZPATRICK D, 1997, POLITICS IRISH LIFE FREEHAN J, 1991, BOOK BURREN, P14 GOSLING P, 1991, BOOK BURREN, P119 GOSLING P, 1991, BOOK BURREN, P77 HICKLY RD, 1999, IMPACT AGR SCHEMES P HIGGINS MD, 1982, PRIVATE PATRONAGE PU HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 INGOLD T, 1993, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V25, P152 JEFFREY D, 1995, IRISH GRASSLANDS THE, P267 JONES C, 1997, OTHER CLARE, V21, P36 JONES D, 1995, GRAZIERS LAND REFORM JONES DS, 1983, IRISH PEASANTS VIOLE, P374 KEANE S, 1990, THESIS U COLL GALWAY KOMITO L, 1984, ECO SOC REV, V5, P3 LARRERE C, 1997, COLLOQ INRA, P289 LATOUR B, 1993, WE HAVE NEVER BEEN M LEPART J, 1997, COLLOQ INRA, P131 MAY RH, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MCGLADE J, 1991, 2 MEDALUS INT EC RES MCGLADE J, 1995, ANTIQUITY, V69, P113 NELSON EC, 1991, BURREN COMPANION WIL OCILLIN SP, 1977, TRAVELLERS CO CLARE OCONELL JW, 1994, IRISH ASS QUATERNARY OCONNELL JW, 1991, BOOK BURREN OROURKE E, 1999, LANDSCAPE RES, V24, P141 PERRING C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV PHILLIPS A, 1998, LANDSCAPE RES, V23, P21 PINTON F, 2001, SOCIOL RURALIS, V41, P329 PLUNKETDILLON E, 1985, UNPUB TRINITY COLL D PRAEGER RL, 1939, WAY I WENT PRETTY J, 1998, LIVING LAND AGR FOOD REID A, 1976, THESIS U COLL GALWA SCHELLNHUBER HJ, 2001, WORLD TRANSITION CON SHAFER CL, 1990, NATURE RESERVES ISLA SOULE M, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC THORN R, 1991, COMMENTS WATE SUPPLY TUBRIDY M, 1994, CULTURE TOURISM DEV, P163 TURNER J, 1995, DEEP ECOLOGY 21 CENT, P331 WADDELL J, 1991, BOOK BURREN, P59 WATTS WA, 1984, STUDIES PALAEOLIMNOL, P359 WEBB DA, 1962, P ROYAL IRISH ACAD, V62 WEBB DA, 1983, FLORA CONNEMARA BURR WESTROPP TJ, 1910, FOLKLORE, V22 WHELAN K, 1985, SETTLEMENT SOC BURRE, P29 WHITTAKER RJ, 1998, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO WORSTER, 1994, NATURES EC HIST ECOL NR 73 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 69 EP 83 PY 2005 PD JAN 15 VL 70 IS 1-2 GA 869UF UT ISI:000225009100008 ER PT J AU HARWOOD, J TI EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT POLICIES ON STABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF BRITISH GREY SEAL POPULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP HARWOOD, J, BRITISH ANTARCT SURVEY,SEA MAMMAL RES UNIT,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET,ENGLAND. CR 1977, ICES WORKING GROUP G ANDERSON SS, 1976, 1976 INT COUNC EXPL BEDDINGTON JR, 1974, J THEOR BIOL, V47, P65 BEDDINGTON JR, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P463 BEDDINGTON JR, 1978, REP INT WHAL COMM, V28, P165 BONNER WN, 1975, CONSEIL INT EXPLORAT, V169, P366 CLARK CW, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS HARWOOD J, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P401 HASSELL MP, 1975, J ANIM ECOL, V44, P283 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 MAY RM, 1974, J ANIM ECOL, V43, P747 PARRISH BB, 1977, 1977 INT COUNC EXPL SHEPHERD JG, 1977, 1977 INT COUNC EXPL SUMMERS CF, 1975, J ZOOL LOND, V175, P439 SUMMERS CF, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P395 SUMMERS CF, 1978, NCC S NATURAL HISTOR NR 16 TC 7 J9 J APPL ECOL BP 413 EP 421 PY 1978 VL 15 IS 2 GA FT737 UT ISI:A1978FT73700006 ER PT J AU Ostrom, E TI Coping with tragedies of the commons SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF POLITICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Review C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Ostrom, E, Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. AB Contemporary policy analysis of the governance of common-pool resources is based on three core assumptions: (a) resource users are norm-free maximizers of immediate gains, who will not cooperate to overcome the commons dilemmas they face; (b) designing rules to change incentives of participants is a relatively simple analytical task; and (c) organization itself requires central direction. The chapter shows that these assumptions are a poor foundation for policy analysis. Findings from carefully controlled laboratory experiments that challenge the first assumption are summarized. A different assumption that humans are fallible, boundedly rational, and norm-using is adopted. The complexity of using rules as tools to change the structure of commons dilemmas is then discussed, drawing on extensive research on rules in field settings. Viewing all policies as experiments with a probability of failure, recent research on a different form of general organization-that of complex adaptive systems-is applied to the process of changing rules. The last sections examine the capabilities and limits of a series of completely independent resource governance systems and the importance of encouraging the evolution of polycentric governance systems. 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RP Zalewski, M, Univ Lodz, PL-90131 Lodz, Poland. AB The ecohydrological approach is based upon understanding and integration of processes which regulate water and biota dynamics at catchment scale. Such an approach has recently been applied to the restoration programme of a eutrophic reservoir, by integrating classical methods with those of landscape ecology and recent advances in biogeochemistry at catchment scale. Restoration measures include rehabilitating buffer zones, renaturalising river channel morphology, regulating the flow regime of the incoming river as a means of modifying the nutrient supply, creating wetland systems and applying a variety of biomanipulation techniques. CR CHROST RJ, 1994, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA, P118 COOD GA, 1994, ROYAL SOC CHEM SPECI, V149 COWX I, 1994, REHABILITATION FRESH, P152 EJSMONTKARABIN J, 1993, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V251, P275 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANSSON LA, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P1312 HARPER D, 1992, EUTROPHICATION FRESH IZYDORCZYK K, UNPUB HYDROBIOLOGIA JEPPESEN E, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P219 KOLODZIEJSKI J, 1995, PROGNOZA OSTRZEGAWCZ, V10, P9 KONTEK R, 1997, P SPRING S PLANT CYT MITSCH WJ, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P111 POMOGYI P, 1993, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V251, P309 RYSZKOWSKI L, 1996, CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS, P147 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 STATZNER B, 1993, FRESHWATER BIOL, V29, P313 STRASKRABA M, 1994, ECOL MODEL, V74, P1 TARCZUYNSKA M, UNPUB DOMINANT ROLE ZALEWSKI M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P549 ZALEWSKI M, 1994, REHABILITATION FRESH ZALEWSKI M, 1995, CONDITION WORLDS AQU, P170 ZALEWSKI M, 1997, ECOHYDROLOGY NEW PAR ZALEWSKI M, 1998, AQUAT CONSERV, V8, P287 NR 23 TC 0 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 107 EP 114 PY 1999 PD FEB VL 396 GA 238TL UT ISI:000082727900011 ER PT J AU FOLKE, C PERRINGS, C MCNEELY, JA MYERS, N TI BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION WITH A HUMAN FACE - ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND POLICY SO AMBIO LA English DT Article CR BISHOP RC, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P69 BURGESS JC, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P136 COSTANZA R, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA COSTANZA R, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P88 DAILY GC, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P761 DALY HE, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P185 DIXON JA, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P117 EHRLICH PR, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P64 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P167 GITHINJI M, 1993, AMBIOL, V22, P110 HAMMER M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P97 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LUGO AE, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P106 MCNEELY JA, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P144 MUNASINGHE M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P126 MYERS N, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P74 PERRINGS C, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P201 SOUTHGATE D, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P163 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WELLS MP, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P157 NR 21 TC 1 J9 AMBIO BP 62 EP 63 PY 1993 PD MAY VL 22 IS 2-3 GA LF517 UT ISI:A1993LF51700002 ER PT J AU Perrings, C Walker, BH TI Conservation in the optimal use of rangelands SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. CSIRO, Wildlife & Ecol Div, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB In previous papers we have considered the optimal mix of biodiversity in semi-arid rangelands, focusing on the steady state. This paper addresses the question of conservation in the optimal use of rangelands, where conservation is understood to mean maintenance of the system in a 'natural' state. We consider a rangeland that may exist in one of two states. In the 'natural' state, its dynamics are regulated by fire. In the 'managed' state, its dynamics are regulated by grazing pressure by livestock. We show that the optimal use of rangelands may include its maintenance in both states at different points in time, depending on initial conditions and the set of relative prices. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BROWN JJ, 1997, RADIOLOGY, V22, P1 DELFINO D, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS, P31 EHRLICH PR, 2000, HUMAN NATURES GENE C HOLDEN ST, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P105 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARACHY UNDERSTAND, P25 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 KELLY RD, 1976, J ECOL, V64, P553 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LEVIN SA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P222 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PERRING C, 2003, PROVIDING GLOBAL PUB, P532 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 PERRINGS CA, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC SANCHIRICO JN, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V37, P129 SCHOLES RJ, 1993, NYLSVLEI STUDY AFRIC SIMON HA, 1974, HIERARCHY THEORY TAYLOR RD, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P565 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 22 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 119 EP 128 PY 2004 PD JUN 1 VL 49 IS 2 GA 834DN UT ISI:000222391900002 ER PT J AU Sarkar, S Margules, CR TI Operationalizing biodiversity for conservation planning SO JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Texas, Biodivers & Biocultural Conservat Lab, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, Austin, TX 78701 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Philosophy, Austin, TX 78701 USA. CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Trop Forest Res Ctr, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. Rainforest Cooperat Res Ctr, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. RP Sarkar, S, Univ Texas, Biodivers & Biocultural Conservat Lab, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, Austin, TX 78701 USA. AB Biodiversity has acquired such a general meaning that people now find it difficult to pin down a precise sense for planning and policy-making aimed at biodiversity conservation. Because biodiversity is rooted in place, the task of conserving biodiversity should target places for conservation action; and because all places contain biodiversity, but not all places can be targeted for action, places have to be prioritized. What is needed for this is a measure of the extent to which biodiversity varies from place to place. We do not need a precise measure of biodiversity to prioritize places. Relative estimates of similarity or difference can be derived using partial measures, or what have come to be called biodiversity surrogates. Biodiversity surrogates are supposed to stand in for general biodiversity in planning applications. We distinguish between true surrogates, those that might truly stand in for general biodiversity, and estimator surrogates, which have true surrogates as their target variable. For example, species richness has traditionally been the estimator surrogate for the true surrogate, species diversity. But species richness does not capture the differences in composition between places; the essence of biodiversity. Another measure, called complementarity, explicitly captures the differences between places as we iterate the process of place prioritization, starting with an initial place. The relative concept of biodiversity built into the definition of complementarity has the level of precision needed to undertake conservation planning. 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Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB We argue that all aspects of demographic change, including migration, impact on the social resilience of individuals and communities, as well as on the sustainability of the underlying resource base. Social resilience is the ability to cope with and adapt to environmental and social change mediated through appropriate institutions. We investigate one aspect of the relationship between demographic change, social resilience, and sustainable development in contemporary coastal Vietnam: the effects of migration and remittances on resource-dependent communities in population source areas. We find, using longitudinal data on livelihood sources, that emigration and remittances have offsetting effects on resilience within an evolving social and political context. Emigration is occurring concurrently with, not driving, the expansion of unsustainable coastal aquaculture. Increasing economic inequality also undermines social resilience. At the same time diversification and increasing income levels are beneficial for resilience. 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RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB Biological invasions are recognised to be a problem of growing severity. Encompassing new human pathogens, weeds or pests in terrestrial systems, and dominant alien species in freshwater or marine aquatic systems, they are the second most important proximate cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. They also impose significant costs in terms of forgone output or costs of control in every major system except for pelagic marine systems. Coastal, coral reef, and estuarine systems are among the most vulnerable. This paper considers the economics of the problem in the context of a simple generic model of invasions and invasion control. It shows that the dynamical characteristics of the problem are driven not only by population dynamics but by the costs and benefits of 'native' and alien 'invasive' species. CR *IND WORLD COMM OC, 1998, OC OUR FUT CARLTON JT, 1993, SCIENCE, V261, P78 COHEN AN, 1995, MAR BIOL, V122, P225 COSTANZA R, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P198 CZECH B, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1116 DELFINO D, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS, P31 ENSERINK M, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1834 GLOWKA L, 1994, GUIDE CONVENTION BIO HAIGH N, 1993, PRECAUTIONARY PRINCI HEYWOOD V, 1995, GLOBAL DIVERSITY ASS HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KERMACK WO, 1927, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V115, P700 KHALANSKI M, 1997, B FR PECHE PISCIC, P385 KNOWLER D, 1999, THESIS U YORK UK KNOWLER D, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS, P70 PARKER IM, 1999, BIOL INVASIONS, V1, P3 PERRINGS C, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V11, P503 PERRINGS C, 2000, EC BIOL INVASIONS SE PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 ROBERTS CM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P988 SMITH CS, 1999, BIOL INVASIONS, V1, P89 WILCOVE DS, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P607 WILLIAMSON M, 1998, PLANT INVASIONS ECOL, P57 WILLIAMSON M, 1999, ECOGRAPHY, V22, P5 WILLIAMSON MH, 1996, BIOL INVASIONS WILLIAMSON MH, 2000, P WORKSH PLANT HLTH NR 26 TC 1 J9 BULL MAR SCI BP 541 EP 552 PY 2002 PD MAR VL 70 IS 2 GA 583YD UT ISI:000177438400011 ER PT J AU Capitini, CA Tissot, BN Carroll, MS Walsh, WJ Peck, S TI Competing perspectives in resource protection: The case of marine protected areas in west Hawai'i SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Program Enviornm Sci & Reg Planning, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Hawaii Div Aquat Resources, Kailua Kona, HI USA. Univ Hawaii, Sea Grant Extens Serv, Kailua Kona, HI USA. RP Carroll, MS, Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Program Enviornm Sci & Reg Planning, POB 646410, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. AB This article examines a conflict involving the protection of coral reefs from aquarium fish collecting along the coast of western Hawaii. The involved parties included aquarium fish collectors, dive tour operators, Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, reef protection advocates, and administrative/legislature state actors. An attempt was made to resolve the controversy through a combination of legislative action and environmental dispute resolution. The responsible state agency approached the issue based on the implicit assumption that it was a conflict that could be resolved through negotiated agreements based on the best available scientific information. Our analysis suggests that scientific perspectives framed and dominated the resolution process to the perceived detriment or (at least underrepresentation) of some identity-based community perspectives. The resulting agreement established reef protection in the form of marine protected areas, but last-minute scuttling of previously negotiated enforcement procedures occurred, revealing that not all stakeholders were truly supportive of all elements of the agreement. This last-minute action resulted in fewer effective enforcement provisions and, at least from some perspectives, marginalization of the broader community's role as resource managers. CR AGARDY MT, 2003, AQUAT CONSERV, V13, P353 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BINGHAM G, 1985, RESOLVING ENV DISPUT BOHNSACK J, 1997, P 50 GULF CAR FISH I, P1 CORMICK G, 1980, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V2, P24 CORMICK G, 1996, BUILDING CONSENSUS S DANIELS S, 2001, WORKING ENV CONFLICT HAYS SP, 1959, CONSERVATION GOSPEL HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KELLEHER G, 2000, P 9 IN COR REEF S BA, P609 LUBBOCK HR, 1975, ENVIRON CONSERV, V2, P229 MICHAELIDOU M, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P599 OZAWA CP, 1985, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V5, P23 PAINTER A, 1988, NAT RESOUR J, V28, P145 POMEROY R, 1994, COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT ROBERTS CM, 1987, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V41, P1 ROTHMAN J, 1997, RESOLVING IDENTITY B RUSS GR, 1999, CORAL REEFS, V18, P307 SCHWARZ R, 1994, SKILLED FACILITATOR SNEDDON CS, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P663 SUSSKIND L, 1985, J SOC ISSUES, V41, P145 TISSOT B, 1999, SECRETARIAT PACIFIC, V6, P16 TISSOT B, 2004, PAC SCI, V58, P175 TISSOT BN, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1759 WALSH WJ, 2003, STATUS HAWAIIS COAST, P132 WATSON M, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V109, P115 WHITE A, 1994, COLLABORATIVE COMMUN WILSHUSEN PR, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P17 WOOD EM, 2001, COLLECTION CORAL REE NR 29 TC 0 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 763 EP 778 PY 2004 PD OCT VL 17 IS 9 GA 853QW UT ISI:000223843400001 ER PT J AU Daneke, GA TI Sustainable development as systemic choices SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Morrison Sch Agribusiness, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Daneke, GA, Arizona State Univ, Morrison Sch Agribusiness, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB This article discusses the utility of conceptualizing the transition to sustainable energy resources and technologies in terms of a significantly modified notion of strategic choice. This conceptualization combines recently popularized game-theoretic approaches with tools and concepts emerging from the application of nonlinear systems theory. These models, which involve systemic choices, explore a broader range of institutional dynamics than those commonly associated with prevailing notions of "public choice." They also explain a number of unique hybrid processes of public/private coordination and cooperation emerging in advanced industrial economies in Europe and Australasia. CR *EUR COMM, 1992, SUST EUR COMM PROGR *UN INT PAN CLIM C, 1995, PREL REP GLOB WARM ANDERSON PW, 1988, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX ARGYRIS C, 1977, HARVARD BUS REV, V55, P115 ARTHUR WB, 1991, AM ECON REV, V81, P353 AXELROD R, 1984, EVOLUTION COOPERATIO AYERS I, 1992, RESPONSIVE REGULATIO AYRES RV, 1989, IND METABOLISM BAUM EB, 1988, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX, P33 BERNARD HW, 1993, GLOBAL WARMING UNCHE BROECKER WS, 1995, SCI AM, V273, P62 BRUDERER E, 1996, ACAD MANAGE J, V39, P1322 BRUNDTLAND GH, 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE CAIRNCROSS F, 1991, COSTING EARTH CAPRA F, 1996, WEB LIFE NEW SCI UND CARLEY KM, 1998, ECOMMUNICATION 0827 CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS CLARK WC, 1988, UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL, P134 CLINE W, 1992, EC GLOBAL WARMING COSTANZA R, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA DANEKE GA, 1976, BUREAUCRAT, V5, P295 DANEKE GA, 1982, REGULATORY REFORM RE DANEKE GA, 1985, ACAD MANAGE REV, V10, P15 DANEKE GA, 1999, SYSTEMIC CHOICES NON DIESING P, 1982, SCI IDEOLOGY POLICY DOBUZINKIS L, 1987, SELF ORG POLITY EPIS EGGERTSSON T, 1990, EC BEHAV I EPSTEIN JM, 1966, GROWIGN ARTIFICIAL S FUDENBERG D, 1991, GAME THEORY GLANCE NS, 1993, J MATH SOCIOL, V17, P281 GLANCE NS, 1994, SCI AM, V270, P76 GLEICK J, 1987, CHAOS MAKING NEW SCI GLYNN MA, 1992, LEARNING ORG LEARNIN GRAEDEL TE, 1995, IND ECOLOGY HAMMITT JK, 1992, OUTCOME VALUE UNCERT HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HEYES AG, 1995, ENERG POLICY, V23, P1 HOLLAND JH, 1988, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX, P117 HOLLAND JH, 1991, AM ECON REV, V81, P365 HOLLAND JH, 1992, ADAPTATION NATURAL A HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOWE C, 1979, NATURAL RESOURCE EC JANKOWSKI R, 1990, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG JANSSON A, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA JONES PD, 1990, SCI AM AUG, P84 KAHANE A, 1992, LONG RANGE PLANN, V25, P38 KAUFMANN SA, 1992, ORIGINS ORDER SELF O KOONS RC, 1992, PARADOXES BELIEF STR KRAUSE F, 1996, NEGAWATT POWER COST LANGTON C, 1995, SWARM LAVOIE D, 1989, CATO J, V8, P613 LEAKEY R, 1985, COMMUNICATION LORENZ EN, 1984, TELLUS A, V36, P98 MARCH J, 1988, DECISIONS ORG, P266 MASUCH M, 1989, ADMIN SCI QUART, V34, P38 MAY PJ, 1994, APPAM C CHIC IL MILBRAITH LW, 1989, ENVISIONING SUSTAINA MORGENSTERN RD, 1991, AM ECON REV, V81, P140 NAKICENOVIC N, 1993, ENERGY INT J, V18, P409 NICHOLAS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY NORDHAUS WD, 1990, ECONOMIST 0707, P21 NORDHAUS WD, 1991, ENERGY J, V12, P37 NORGAARD RB, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P88 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS OSTROM E, 1993, I INCENTIVES SUSTAIN OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P PORTER M, 1980, COMPETITIVE STRATEGY PRIESMEYER HR, 1992, ORG CHAOS DEFINING M PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER OUT CHAOS MANS RICHARDS D, 1998, J ECON BEHAV ORGAN, V35, P281 SCHELLING T, 1978, MICROMOTIVES MACROBE SCHELLING T, 1980, STRATEGY CONFLICT SCHELLING TC, 1992, AM ECON REV, V82, P1 SCHNEIDER C, 1999, DECARBONIZING ENERGY SCHOLZ JT, 1984, LAW POLICY, V6, P385 SCHOLZ JT, 1991, AM POLIT SCI REV, V85, P115 SINYAK Y, 1992, GLOBAL ENERGY CLIMAT SWIERINGA J, 1992, BECOMING LEARNING OR UNDERDAL A, 1998, DEV POLICY STUDIES, V4, P6 WALDROP MM, 1992, COMPLEXITY EMERGING YOUNG HP, 1990, SHARING BURDEN GLOBA ZECKHAUSER RJ, 1991, STRATEGY CHOICE, P1 NR 82 TC 0 J9 POLICY STUD J BP 514 EP 532 PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 GA 519FM UT ISI:000173714400011 ER PT J AU Duarte, R Sanchez-Choliz, J Bielsa, J TI Water use in the Spanish economy: an input-output approach SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Analists Econ, Zaragoza 50005, Spain. RP Duarte, R, Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Analists Econ, Gran Via 2, Zaragoza 50005, Spain. AB Against the background of the water limitations that often appear in Spain, the aim of this paper is to study the behaviour of the productive sectors of the Spanish economy as direct and indirect consumers of water. To that end, we employ input-output analysis, with the particular methodology being based on the linkages analysis known as the Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM). We have introduced three modifications to this method. First, the valuation is made in terms of water consumption. Secondly, we obtain the components of the impacts of each block of activity into which the economy is divided, with these components being described as the internal effect, mixed linkage, net or external backward linkage, and net or external forward linkage. Thirdly, this methodology is used to detect key sectors. Our results confirm the marked importance of the Agriculture, Food and Other Services blocks as regards the direct and indirect consumption of water in general. We also find that Other Services, Chemicals, Metals and Electronics and Agriculture blocks play an important role in explaining the consumption of drinking water. Moreover, the HEM analysis allows us to classify productive sectors according to their forward or backward linkage character in a way that is more precise than that permitted by earlier methods. Finally, this methodology can be extended to other types of environmental pressures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *INE, 2000, TABL INP OUTP SIM ES *INE, 2001, CUENT SAT AG ESP 199 CELLA G, 1984, OXFORD B ECON STAT, V46, P73 CHOLIZ JS, 2002, CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS CHOLIZ JS, 2002, IN PRESS CAMBRIDGE J, V26, P6 CLEMENTS BJ, 1990, ECON LETT, V33, P337 DIETZENBACHER E, 2000, 13 INT C INP OUTP TE DUCHIN F, 1996, GETTING DOWN EARTH P HEILMER A, 1991, REV ECON STAT, V73, P261 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 PASINETTI L, 1977, CONTRIBUTI TEORIA PR SCHULTZ S, 1977, J DEV STUD, V1, P77 STRASSERT G, 1968, JB NATIONALOKONOMIE, V182, P211 WIPENNY J, 1994, WATER EC RESOURCE NR 14 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 71 EP 85 PY 2002 PD NOV VL 43 IS 1 GA 620UM UT ISI:000179550900006 ER PT J AU FRIEDEL, MH TI RANGE CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND THE CONCEPT OF THRESHOLDS - A VIEWPOINT SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP FRIEDEL, MH, CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,ALICE SPRINGS,NT 0871,AUSTRALIA. AB Dissatisfaction persists with current approaches to range condition and trend assessment. Sometimes assessed condition does not truly represent the past or the potential of range. One of the likely causes is a failure to re-examine and change if necessary the theoretical basis of assessment, in line with developing understanding of ecological processes. The concept of thresholds of environmental change appears to provide a reasonable alternative in some circumstances to the concepts of gradual retrogression and secondary succession which are currently accepted. I suggest that environmental change can be discontinuous, with thresholds between alternative states. Once a threshold is crossed to a more degraded state, the former state cannot be attained without significant management effort, such as prescribed burning, ploughing, or herbicide application, rather than simple grazing control. Examination of data from extensive monitoring programs and from a study of grazing impact, as well as more general sources of information, indicates that thresholds of change may be identifiable in arid rangelands. A practical means of monitoring proximity to thresholds is available and, with the aid of multivariate analysis, the effects of spatial variability and season can be separated from those of management. The potential of this approach deserves investigation in a wider variety of environments. CR BOSCH OJH, 1987, J GRASS SOC S AFR, V4, P59 BRADBURY RH, 1983, SEARCH, V14, P323 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 FORAN BD, 1986, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P67 FRIEDEL MH, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P130 FRIEDEL MH, 1987, J GRASSL SOC S AFR, V4, P25 FRIEDEL MH, 1988, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V27, P85 FRIEDEL MH, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P430 GAUCH HG, 1982, MULTIVARIATE ANAL CO HARRINGTON GN, 1984, MANAGEMENT AUSTR RAN, P189 HENNESSY JT, 1983, J RANGE MANAGE, V36, P370 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUMPHREY RR, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P1 LAUENROTH WK, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION LAYCOCK WA, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 PENDLETON DT, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION ROSS D, 1983, TAXON USERS MANUAL SMITH EL, 1978, 1ST P INT RANG C SOC, P266 SMITH EL, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION STODDART LA, 1975, RANGE MANAGEMENT TAINTON NM, 1980, P GRASSLD SOC S AFR, V15, P37 TAINTON NM, 1986, 2ND INT C RANG P, P524 WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILSON AD, 1984, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V6, P69 WILSON AD, 1986, 2ND INT C RANG P, P517 WILSON AD, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION WISSEL C, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V65, P101 NR 30 TC 118 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 422 EP 426 PY 1991 PD SEP VL 44 IS 5 GA GF820 UT ISI:A1991GF82000002 ER PT J AU MOORE, PD TI NOMADIC AGRICULTURE - MOBILE RESOURCES FOR SURVIVAL SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material RP MOORE, PD, KINGS COLL,DEPT BIOL,CAMPDEN HILL RD,LONDON W8 7AH,ENGLAND. CR BAHARAV D, 1981, J ARID ENVIRON, V4, P63 BHADRESA R, 1986, METHODS PLANT ECOLOG, P61 COE MJ, 1976, OECOLOGIA, V22, P341 COPPOCK DL, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P573 COPPOCK DL, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P585 COUGHENOUR MB, 1985, SCIENCE, V230, P619 DESHMUKH I, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P115 GWYNNE MD, 1968, NATURE, V220, P390 LARMUTH J, 1978, J ARID ENVIRON, V1, P129 LEUTHOLD W, 1978, OECOLOGIA, V35, P241 NYERGES AE, 1979, ODI PASTORAL NETWO D, V9, P1 SCHWARTZ HJ, 1980, IMPACT SCI SOC, V30, P279 SHORT J, 1986, J APPL ECOL, V23, P559 STEWART DRM, 1965, BOTAN JB, V84, P63 STEWART DRM, 1967, J APPL ECOL, V4, P83 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 NR 16 TC 1 J9 NATURE BP 198 EP 198 PY 1987 PD JAN 15 VL 325 IS 6101 GA F6169 UT ISI:A1987F616900027 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Walker, BH Anderies, JM Abel, N TI From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what? SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2615, Australia. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be tolerated before a socioecological system (SES) moves to a different region of state space controlled by a different set of processes. Resilience has multiple levels of meaning: as a metaphor related to sustainability, as a property of dynamic models, and as a measurable quantity that can be assessed in field studies of SES. The operational indicators of resilience have, however, received little attention in the literature. To assess a system's resilience, one must specify which system configuration and which disturbances are of interest. This paper compares resilience properties in two contrasting SES, lake districts and rangelands, with respect to the following three general features: (a) The ability of an SES to stay in the domain of attraction is related to slowly changing variables, or slowly changing disturbance regimes, which control the boundaries of the domain of attraction or the frequency of events that Could Push the system across the boundaries. Examples are soil phosphorus content in lake districts woody vegetation cover in rangelands, and property rights systems that affect land use in both lake districts and rangelands, (b) The ability of an SES to self-organize is related to the extent to which reorganization is endogenous rather than forced by external drivers. Self-organization is enhanced by coevolved ecosystem components and the presence of social networks that facilitate innovative problem solving. (c) The adaptive capacity of an SES is related to the existence of mechanisms for the evolution of novelty or learning. Examples include biodiversity at multiple scales and the existence of institutions that facilitate experimentation, discovery, and innovation. CR *NRC, 1992, REST AQ EC SCI TECHN *NRC, 1993, SOIL WAT QUAL ANDERIES JM, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P393 ANDERIES JM, 2002, IN PRESS ECOSYSTEMS BENNETT EM, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P69 BENNETT EM, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P227 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BETZ CR, 1997, NONPOINT SOURCE CONT BRANDER JA, 1998, AM ECON REV, V88, P119 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, LAKES LANDSCAPE CARPENTER SR, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1863 CARPENTER SR, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P559 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOLOGY ACHIEVEMENT FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 GEERTZ C, 1963, AGR INVOLUTION PROCE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 HULL DL, 1988, SCI PROCESS HURLEY JP, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P49 JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 JOHNSON BM, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P808 KINZIG AP, 2000, NATURE SOC IMPERATIV KITCHELL JF, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT KLEIN RJT, 1999, AMBIO, V28, P182 LATHROP RC, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P69 LATHROP RC, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P1169 LEVIN SA, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P498 LOREAU M, 2000, OIKOS, V91, P3 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MACLEOD ND, 1990, AUST RANGELAND J, V12, P67 NURNBERG GK, 1984, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V29, P135 OSGOOD R, 2000, LAKE LINE, V20, P9 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 1909, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POSTEL S, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P195 REDMAN C, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT REEDANDERSEN T, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P561 RUTHENBERG H, 1976, FARMING SYSTEMS TROP SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHRADERFECHETT.KS, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY SMITH VH, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION, P7 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 TONGWAY DJ, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FU, P49 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P737 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P1 WALKER BH, 2001, PANARCY UNDERSTANDIN WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WESTLEY F, 2001, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI WILSON MA, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P772 NR 59 TC 33 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 765 EP 781 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 4 IS 8 GA 504DE UT ISI:000172841400007 ER PT J AU Mueller, CC TI Economics, entropy and the long term future: Conceptual foundations and the perspective of the economics of survival SO ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Brasilia, Dept Econ, SHIN, BR-71520230 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Mueller, CC, Univ Brasilia, Dept Econ, SHIN, QI 8,Conjunto 3,Casa 13, BR-71520230 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. AB The present paper is a survey of the economics of survival, a branch of ecological economics that stresses the preservation of the opportunities of future generations over an extended time horizon. It outlines the main analytical foundation of the branch - in which the concept of entropy is a major building block -, and its analysis of the interaction between the economic system and the environment. Regarding its outlook of the future, we see that the founders of the branch were mainly concerned with the consequences of a serious depletion of natural resources - particularly the energetic capital of the earth. More recently, however, emphasis is being placed on problems that stem from the fragility of the global ecosystem in face of the disturbances caused by the entropic acceleration imposed by mankind. It is feared that the ongoing expansion of the scale of the economy may bring about irreversible damages to vital environmental functions, such as protection against undesirable consequences of solar radiation, maintenance of temperature within a range that will support life, and preservation of ecosystem resiliency. CR *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT AYRES R, 1994, IND METABOLISM RESTR, R11 AYRES RU, 1969, AM ECON REV, V59, P282 AYRES RU, 1993, ECOL ECON, V8, P189 AYRES RU, 1994, IND METABOLISM RESTR, P3 AYRES RU, 1995, UN U C SUST FUT GLOB BINSWANGER M, 1993, ECOL ECON, V8, P209 BOULDING K, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC, P22 BOULDING KE, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING BOULDING KE, 1980, E ECON J, V6, P178 BOULDING KE, 1981, EVOLUTIONARY EC BURNESS S, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P1 CLAUSIUS R, 1865, ANN PHYS, V125 DALY HE, 1991, LAND ECON, V67, P255 DALY HE, 1992, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V23, P91 DAVIS GR, 1991, ENERGY PLANET EARTH, P1 EHRLICH PS, 1988, BIODIVERSITY GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1966, ANAL EC GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1969, EC PROBLEMS AGR IND, P497 GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1975, SO EC J, V41, P347 GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1977, PROSPECTS GROWTH CHA, P293 GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1986, E ECON J, V13, P3 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 MUELLER CC, 1994, 35 I STUD SOC MUELLER CC, 1996, ESTUDOS EC, V26, P261 PERRINGS C, 1987, EC ENV THEORETICAL E PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P1 PRIGOGINE I, 1947, THESIS U LIBRE BRUXE PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER CHAOS MANS NEW SOLOW RM, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1 YOUNG JT, 1991, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V21, P169 NR 33 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON VALUE BP 361 EP 384 PY 2001 PD AUG VL 10 IS 3 GA 480TP UT ISI:000171479100005 ER PT J AU Ludwig, JA Coughenour, MB Liedloff, AC Dyer, R TI Modelling the resilience of Australian savanna systems to grazing impacts SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO SUstainable Ecosyst, Trop Savannas CRC, Darwin, NT 0822, Australia. RP Ludwig, JA, CSIRO SUstainable Ecosyst, Trop Savannas CRC, PMB 44,Winnellie, Darwin, NT 0822, Australia. AB Savannas occur across all of northern Australia and are extensively used as rangelands. A recent surge in live cattle exports to Southeast Asia has caused excessive grazing impacts in some areas, especially near watering points. An important ecological and management question is "how resilient are savanna ecosystems to grazing disturbances?" Resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to remain in its current state (resist change) and return to this state (recover) if disturbed. Resilience responses can be measured using field data. These responses can then be modelled to predict the likely resistance and recovery of savannas to grazing impacts occurring under different climatic conditions. Two approaches were used to model resilience responses. First, a relatively simple mathematical model based on a sigmoid response function was used. This model proved useful for comparing the relative resilience of different savanna ecosystems, but was limited to ecosystems and conditions for which data were available. Second, a complex process model, SAVANNA, was parameterised to simulate the structure and function of Australian savannas. Simulations were run for 50 years at two levels of grazing to evaluate resistance and then for another 50 years with no grazing to evaluate recovery. These runs predicted that savanna grasslands were more resistant to grazing (changed less) than red-loam woodlands, which recovered relatively slowly from grazing impacts. The SAVANNA model also predicted that these woodlands would recover slightly slower under the climate change scenario projected for northern Australia. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ASH AJ, 1994, TROP GRASSLANDS, V28, P223 FORAN BD, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P107 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LUDWIG JA, 1999, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V14, P557 LUDWIG JA, 1999, RANGELAND J, V21, P135 MCIVOR JG, 1995, AUST J EXP AGR ANIM, V35, P55 SCHOLES RJ, 1997, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V28, P517 WALKER BH, 1997, AUST J ECOL, V22, P125 WILLIAMS RJ, 1996, J BIOGEOGR, V23, P747 NR 9 TC 4 J9 ENVIRON INT BP 167 EP 172 PY 2001 PD SEP VL 27 IS 2-3 GA 483VZ UT ISI:000171657700013 ER PT J AU Gjosaeter, J Lekve, K Stenseth, NC Leinaas, HP Christie, H Dahl, E Danielssen, DS Edvardsen, B Olsgard, F Oug, E Paasche, E TI A long-term perspective on the Chrysochromulina bloom on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast 1988: A catastrophe or an innocent incident? SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review C1 Inst Marine Res, Flodevigen Marine Res Stn, N-4817 His, Norway. Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Inst Nat Res, N-0105 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Sect Marine Bot, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Marine Chem & Marine Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Inst Water Res, Reg Off Grimstad, N-4890 Grimstad, Norway. RP Stenseth, NC, Inst Marine Res, Flodevigen Marine Res Stn, N-4817 His, Norway. AB The long-term effects of the 1988 algal bloom (Chrysochromulina polylepis Manton et Parke) along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast are evaluated and discussed on the basis of several monitoring programmes. Effects on individual growth and survival of coastal cod and its population dynamics are analysed. Cod suffered a high mortality from June until November, and the 1988 year-class was strongly reduced. Growth was only slightly affected. Furthermore, the effects at the community level are evaluated for the coastal fish community and the benthic communities. These communities were strongly affected on a short time scale, but recovered surprisingly fast. Populations of most organisms had recovered within months, and after 1 yr few traces of the toxic bloom could be observed; after 4 to 5 yr all communities had essentially recovered. As part of the review we also discuss to what extent harmful blooms are Likely to reoccur, and conclude that blooms have reoccurred and will continue to do so. However, nothing can be concluded about the toxicity of such blooms. We expect that even large perturbations are unlikely to leave any profound long-lasting effects. The effects of the 1988 bloom are discussed within a theoretical framework including stability, resilience and inertia. In conclusion we emphasise the importance of long-term monitoring data; without such data the analyses reported in this paper would have been impossible. 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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. McGill Univ, Fac Management, Montreal, PQ H3A 1G5, Canada. RP Scheffer, M, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Ecosystems provide a wide range of services to society. Some forms of use affect the quality of the ecosystem, reducing its value for other users. This leads to a conflict of interest that is often settled through political processes, resulting in some form of regulation. We link theory on ecosystem response to theories from the socioeconomic branches of science to analyze the mechanisms behind two widespread problems associated with such political solutions. First, they often represent a compromise rather than an integrative solution. We demonstrate that, particularly in sensitive ecosystems, integrative solutions yield a higher average social utility and imply a higher ecosystem quality. Integrative solutions require insight into ecosystems responses to different forms of use and a complete overview of ecosystem services to society. Second, there is a systematic bias away from optimal shared use toward activities that are detrimental to ecosystem quality. This bias arises from the fact that utilities depending on ecosystem quality are often shared by large diffuse groups, whereas pollution and harvesting activities can usually be traced to relatively small and well-organized groups. Theory and data indicate that this type of concentrated group is systematically better at mustering political power than large groups, which find it difficult to realize collective action due to what is known in game theory as "free-rider problems. Our analysis suggests that the following three key ingredients are needed to correct the problems of bias and compromise: (a) clear insight into ecosystem dynamic responses to human use, (b) a broad inventory of credible measurements of ecosystem utilities, (c) avoidance of bias due to differences in the organizational power of groups of stakeholders. We argue that good ecosystem models, institutionalized ecosystem valuation, and innovative tax-setting schedules are essential to achieving a socially fair and sustainable use of ecosystems by societies. In addition, we highlight the fact that many environmental problems remain unresolved for a long time and briefly identify the social mechanisms responsible for this delay. 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RP MESLEARD, F, STN BIOL TOUR VALAT,F-13200 ARLES,FRANCE. AB A synchronous study was carried out of plant succession in land abandoned after cultivation in the Camargue (southern France) in relation to the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Correlations between environmental factors and species abundance were established using Canonical correspondence analysis. The most strongly correlated variables were those of the water regime. Abandonment of cultivation does not always imply abandonment of management, but a change in land use. Water level management (flooding in winter, or in summer, irrigation) creates and maintains communities suitable for grazing. In the absence of water level management, the soils become saline and stable plant communities similar to those present under natural conditions quickly develop. The salt generally limits the installation of woody plants; only Phillyrea angustifolia can develop and then only when the water stable is quite deep. 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The paper reviews experiences over the past decade of countries in protracted crisis and draws lessons for national and international policy. It assesses the different alternatives on offer in fragile countries to address for example, the disruption of institutional mechanisms and the decreasing level of support offered by international donors with respect to longer-term expectations. It proposes a Twin Track Approach to enhance food security resilience through specific policies for protracted crises that link immediate hunger relief interventions with a long-term strategy for sustainable growth. Finally, the article analyses policy options and the implications for both short- and longer-term responses vis-a-vis the three dimensions of food security: availability; access; and stability. 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Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Math, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. Univ Waterloo, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Levy, JK, Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. AB The information revolution has opened a new era in decision support: the Internet and the World Wide Web have emerged as powerful new media for collecting, disseminating, and accessing information related to the sustainable development of life support systems. Web-based decision support tools are useful for addressing large scale, complex, and indeterminate problems, such as global climate change, that have consequences across physical, biological, and social dimensions. In this paper, we provide algorithms to extend the capabilities of Web-HIPRE, a Java-applet for multiple criteria analysis, developed by [17], so that it constitutes a flexible and effective tool for environmental decision analysis under uncertainty. This tool is demonstrated using a case study of forest management in the province of New Brunswick, Canada: alternative forest utilization policies are evaluated in the context of ecological and socio-economic objectives. A new approach for multiple criteria decision analysis is put forth that investigates the robustness of policy alternatives to uncertainty. Numerical and theoretical results show that Web-HIPRE is a valuable instrument to promote ecological sustainability. 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RP Yanez-Arancibia, A, Inst Ecol AC, Coastal Ecosyst Unit, Km 2-5 Antigua Carretera Coatepec,351,POB 63, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico. AB This is the introductory paper to the special issue on Coastal Management in the Gulf of Mexico large marine ecosystem. The Gulf of Mexico is the largest open water body of internationally protected habitats in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a semi-enclosed sea and is the ninth largest body of water in the world. The Gulf region covers more than 1,942,500 km(2) including open water areas and coastal wetlands with input from 33 major river systems. There are 207 significant estuarine systems, and extensive barrier-islands with coastal lagoons, both in the United States and Mexico. The Gulf's drainage system covers more than 60% of the US and more than 40% of Mexico, with a coastline of 2934km in the US and 3200km including the Caribbean littoral-in Mexico. The Exclusive Economic Zones of three countries, USA, Mexico and Cuba, converge in the Gulf. The Gulf constitutes a "Large Marine Ecosystem" LME that includes freshwater continental drainage from five countries. The Gulf is an international aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem and must be analyzed, protected and used in such a way as to optimize the economic and environmental returns from the exploitation of its resources. The 48 million people in the US and the 15 million people in Mexico who live in the coastal states require stronger cooperation. There is immediate need for cooperation regarding such issues as investment, tourism, agriculture, fishing, health and environment, education and culture, infrastructure, communications, financing, trade, institutional arrangements, and sustainable development. Many of these issues are geographic in nature, whereas some are tied not only to geography but the use of the body of water that links them. Thus, they are water dependent. The Gulf of Mexico is a shared resource at risk, with the following major problems: (a) freshwater use and shortage, (b) pollution, (c) habitat modification, (d) unsustainable exploitation of living resources, (e) global change (sea level rise, temperature increase and change in rainfall patterns), (f) public education, and (g) lack of political interest. However, no plan for the management of the Gulf of Mexico as a whole exists, and integrative studies are still scarce in spite of much study of ecosystems and resources. Because of this, there is a special need for attention to and reinforcement of integrative, collaborative efforts because the Gulf is a bi-national priority region and focus of attention at world level. Currents efforts include the Gulf of Mexico Program (US Environmental Protection Agency) and coastal initiatives from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the US, and the Management Program ICZM-Gulf/Caribbean (SEMARNAT, INECOL A.C.) in Mexico. The challenge for the future for coastal management in the Gulf of Mexico should be towards a combination of integrated coastal management with large marine ecosystem management. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V112, P277 SHERMAN K, 1999, GULF MEXICO LARGE MA, V3, P34 SKLAR FH, 1998, ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P547 SMITH RD, 2003, USING ECOSYSTEM APPR TWILLEY RR, 2001, CONFRONTING CLIMATE VALLEGA A, 1992, SEA MANAGEMENT THEOR VIDAL L, 2004, OCEAN COASTAL MANAGE, V47 WEBER M, 1990, ENV QUALITY GULF MEX WEST RC, 1985, TIERRAS BAJAS TABASC YANEZARANCIBIA A, 1985, FISH COMMUNITY ECOLO YANEZARANCIBIA A, 1999, MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM T YANEZARANCIBIA A, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P319 YANEZARANCIBIA A, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P77 YANEZARANCIBIA A, 2000, SEA MILLENNIUM ENV E, V39, P568 YANEZARANCIBIA A, 2003, SUB REGION 2 GULF ME YANEZARANCIBIA A, 2004, OCEAN COASTAL MANAGE, V47 ZHONG X, 2000, J ENVIRON QUAL, V29, P1960 NR 116 TC 1 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE BP 537 EP 563 PY 2004 VL 47 IS 11-12 GA 906DV UT ISI:000227621600001 ER PT J AU del Monte-Luna, P Brook, BW Zetina-Rejon, MJ Cruz-Escalona, VH TI The carrying capacity of ecosystems SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review C1 Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Biol Marina & Pesquerias, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. Charles Darwin Univ, Key Ctr Trop Wildlife Management, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. RP del Monte-Luna, P, Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Biol Marina & Pesquerias, Apartado Postal 592, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. AB We analyse the concept of carrying capacity (CC), from populations to the biosphere, and offer a definition suitable for any level. For communities and ecosystems, the CC evokes density-dependence assumptions analogous to those of population dynamics. At the biosphere level, human CC is uncertain and dynamic, leading to apprehensive rather than practical conclusions. The term CC is widely used among ecological disciplines but remains vague and elusive. We propose the following definition: the CC is 'the limit of growth or development of each and all hierarchical levels of biological integration, beginning with the population, and shaped by processes and interdependent relationships between finite resources and the consumers of those resources'. The restrictions of the concept relate to the hierarchical approach. Emergent properties arise at each level, and environmental heterogeneity restrains the measurement and application of the CC. Because the CC entails a myriad of interrelated, ever-changing biotic and abiotic factors, it must not be assumed constant, if we are to derive more effective and realistic management schemes. At the ecosystem level, stability and resilience are dynamic components of the CC. Historical processes that help shape global biodiversity (e.g. continental drift, glaciations) are likely drivers of large-scale changes in the earth's CC. Finally, world population growth and consumption of resources by humanity will necessitate modifications to the paradigm of sustainable development, and demand a clear and fundamental understanding of how CC operates across all biological levels. 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BIOGEOGR BP 485 EP 495 PY 2004 PD NOV VL 13 IS 6 GA 864QM UT ISI:000224648000002 ER PT J AU Perry, A TI The vulnerability of cities: Natural disasters and social resilience SO GEOGRAPHY CR PELLING M, 2003, VULNERABILITY CITIES NR TC 0 BP 194 EP 195 PY 2004 PD APR VL 89 UT ISI:000221959000024 ER PT J AU Post, J Snel, M TI The impact of decentralised forest management on charcoal production practices in Eastern Senegal SO GEOFORUM LA English DT Article C1 Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Inst Global Issues & Dev Studies, Dept Geog & Planning, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Post, J, Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Inst Global Issues & Dev Studies, Dept Geog & Planning, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB In accordance with Senegal's decentralisation policy, important forest management tasks, including the right to allocate charcoal production rights, have been transferred to rural councils. This paper investigates the impact of these institutional reforms on charcoal production practices using the environmental entitlement framework developed by Leach et al. [Environmental entitlements: dynamics and institutions in community-based natural resource management. World Development 27 (2) (1999) 225]. The councils have not been able to turn their new endowments into entitlements, because they lack sufficient strength and legitimacy. Informal institutions, notably the coalition between merchants, state agents and village chiefs, continue to run the charcoal business and are hardly affected by decentralisation efforts. Most rural people, especially those relying solely on agriculture for sustenance, do not benefit at all from the charcoal trade. They do suffer from the environmental costs it brings with it, however. Although tensions between pro-exploitation actors and pro-conservation actors are evident, the pro-exploitation actors' firm grip on the informal institutions will probably lead to a prolonged subversion of the laws that seek to enhance local control and to sustain the forest. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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In many of its current expressions, however, it ignores the background natural processes that play a major role in determining environmental and ecosystem health. Clearly, policies must be focused on human actions that scar the landscape and harm the environment, but coping with environmental change also requires an assessment of the natural processes that take place whether or not human influences are at work. A newly-developed class of environmental indicators (geoindicators), presented here in brief, may be helpful in understanding the interaction of human and natural processes and impacts. Explicit recognition of the need to include natural conditions in the indicator system is essential in the transition from environmental reporting to sustainability reporting. 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Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Anthropol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. RP Turner, NJ, Univ Victoria, Sch Environm Studies, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. AB A well-known facet of ecosystems is that the edges - the boundaries or transitions from one ecosystem to another - often exhibit high levels of species richness or biodiversity. These transitional areas often show features of species composition, structure, and function representative of the ecosystems they transcend, as well as having their own unique array of species and characteristics. Cultural transitional areas - zones where two or more cultures converge and interact - are similarly rich and diverse in cultural traits, exhibiting cultural and linguistic features of each of the contributing peoples. This results in an increase in cultural capital, and resilience, by providing a wider range of traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom on which to draw, especially in times of stress and change. We propose that indigenous peoples whose living territories traverse ecological edges have a correspondingly increased access to economically important resources and therefore have a greater capacity for flexibility. Finally, we suggest that indigenous peoples are drawn to areas having a high incidence of ecological edges, and furthermore, that they actively create and maintain ecological edges. This practice provides them with a greater diversity of cultural capital and helps to maintain their flexibility and resilience. Examples from several regions of Canada are provided, from the southern interior of British Columbia, to the Lake Winnipeg watershed of Manitoba and Ontario, to James Bay. 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RP Nigh, R, Ctr Invest & Estudio Super Anthropol Social Surest, Carretera S Juan Chamula Km 3-5, San Cristobal Las Crusas 29247, Chiapas, Mexico. AB The relationship of human societies to territory and natural resources is being drastically altered by a series of global agreements concerning trade, intellectual property, and the conservation and use of genetic resources. Through a characteristic style of collective appropriation of their tropical ecosystems, Maya societies have created local institutions for governing access to their common resources. However, new mechanisms of global governance require access to Maya biodiversity for world commercial interests. The Chiapas Highland Maya already face this prospect in the International Cooperative Biodiversity Group drug discovery project, which proposes to use Maya medical knowledge to screen plants for potential pharmaceuticals. 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MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Resource Futures Program, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Measham, TG, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Resource Futures Program, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB The way we learn about our environments-be they farms, forests, or tribal lands-has implications for the formulation of environmental policy, This article presents the findings of how residents learned about their environments in two rural case studies conducted in northern Queensland and relates these to the concept of "primal landscapes," which is concerned with the interaction that occurs between children and the environments in which they mature. Rather than focusing specifically on built environments or natural environments, the article draws on an approach that conceptualizes environment as meaning-laden places in which we live and work, which integrate social, cultural, biological, physical, and economic dimensions. In drawing insights for environmental policy, the article draws attention to the timing of policy interventions, the significance of experiential environmental education, the potential to learn from place-based festivals, and the importance of learning from extreme events such as fires and floods. CR BASKAYA A, 2004, ENVIRON BEHAV, V36, P839 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BIXLER RD, 2002, ENVIRON BEHAV, V34, P795 CANTRILL JG, 2001, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V4, P185 CHARMAZ K, 2000, HDB QUALITATIVE RES, P509 CHENG AS, 2003, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V16, P87 DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P53 DERR V, 2002, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V22, P125 FINGER M, 1995, WORLD DEV, V2, P503 GAYTON D, 1996, LANDSCAPES INTERIOR GURSOY D, 2004, TOURISM MANAGE, V2, P171 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 JOHNSTON WR, 2000, ENV HIST POLICY STIL, P147 KEEN MV, 2005, SOCIAL LEARNING ENV KRUGER LE, 1996, THESIS U WASHINGTON KRUGER LE, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P461 LAYDER D, 1998, SOCIOLOGICAL PRACTIC MALINOWSKI JC, 1996, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V16, P45 MATHEWS S, 2003, DID FIRE KNOW WE LIV MEASHAM T, 2005, SOCIAL LEARNING ENV, P91 PATTON MQ, 2002, QUALITATIVE EVALUATI PIAGET J, 2001, PSYCHOL INTELLIGENCE STEDMAN RC, 2002, ENVIRON BEHAV, V34, P561 THRIFT N, 1999, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TODA, P295 VANCLAY F, 2004, J ENV ASSESSMENT POL, V6, P539 WILLIAMS DR, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P507 NR 26 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 426 EP 434 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 38 IS 3 GA 072EW UT ISI:000239657000008 ER PT J AU Radomski, P TI Initial attempts to actively manage recreational fishery harvest in Minnesota SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Brainerd, MN 56401 USA. RP Radomski, P, Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, 1601 Minnesota Dr, Brainerd, MN 56401 USA. AB The theories and management style of commercial fisheries management have recently been applied to recreational fisheries. Several Minnesota recreational fisheries are now managed with target harvest levels based on sustainable yield predictors or quotas based on constant fishing mortality rate strategies. Creel limits and length-based regulations are being used to meet established targets or quotas. Three case histories are described. Both benefits and shortcomings have resulted from applying commercial fisheries management programs directly to recreational fisheries. However, recreational fisheries managers may not be controlling total fish harvest. To effectively manage recreational fisheries for "safe satisfaction returns," fisheries managers may need to adopt conservative, robust harvest regulations, kill quotas, or aggressive regulations on how people fish. The distribution and mix of those options can be determined by good social science, but the efficacy of managing for safe satisfaction returns will depend on good fisheries data (biological and sociological) and great social skill. The lessons learned from the three case histories reviewed could be used to improve recreational fisheries management. 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RP Forsyth, T, Univ London London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Geog, Inst Dev Studies, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England. AB This paper introduces a special edition of Mountain Research and Development on integrating natural and social environmental science. In recent years, environment and development research has been rocked by discovering that so-called problems, such as Himalayan environmental degradation, or desertification, are not the problems researchers once thought. However, labeling these models as 'myths' is problematic because myths may either mean a demonstrably false statement or a socially constructed repository of local wisdom. This paper, and those following, present ways to combine both meanings of myth by integrating social and natural science, thus allowing critical debate about biophysical processes at the same time as acknowledging social constructions of environment. As such, this forms part of a growing trend towards adopting Cultural Theory the 'new' ecologies, and critical realism in environmental research, all of which provide alternatives to positivism or post-modern deconstruction of environmental discourse. Such research included adopting typologies of environmental perception, long-term environmental histories, 'hybrid' research combining social and natural science, and building local institutional capacity for integrating different environmental knowledge. It is argued that integrating natural and social environmental science is essential in order to avoid accepting environmental 'myths' uncritically, yet also to provide an epistemologically realist basis to local development. 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RP Genkai-Kato, M, Ehime Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Studies, 2-5 Bunkyo Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan. AB Evidence of abrupt changes in ecosystem states, such as sudden eutrophication in lakes, has been increasingly reported in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial systems. Ecosystems may have more than one state with a self-stabilizing mechanism, so that a shift between states does not occur frequently and is not readily reversible. These big changes are termed regime shifts where often one state is preferred over another. Thus, regime shifts are problematic for ecosystem managers, and the need exists for studies that lead to the identification of thresholds of key variables that trigger regime shifts. Regime shifts are currently difficult to predict and in many cases may be caused by the human pursuit of efficiency in land and water productivity in the last few decades. Here I briefly introduce a theoretical approach to predict the shift between a clear-water state and a turbid state in lakes, the best-studied example of regime shifts. This paper also discusses alternative states in other natural systems besides ecosystems to draw more attention to the research currently being performed on regime shifts. 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RP Lobe, K, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB As a commons institution, the padu system in Vallarpadam Island, Cochin, Kerala, defines the group of rights holders and resource boundaries and fishing sites. It is caste-specific, gear-specific (stake-nets) and species specific (shrimp). As used in Vallarpadam, and elsewhere in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, padu is characterized by the use of lottery for rotational access. The institution functions in providing equitable access, collective social responsibility, and rule-making and conflict resolution. The emergence of the institution in the study area is a response to change in markets and legislation in the 1970s. It may also be seen a response of fishing communities to keep their options open, that is, to be resilient. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Batabyal, AA, Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Econ, 92 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. AB Increased public awareness of resource management issues and new attitudes toward resource conservation have led to great interest in the subject of the apposite use and management of natural and environmental resources in the American West. This paper analyzes this subject from an interdisciplinary ecological-economic perspective. Four salient issues concerning the study of the West's ecological-economic systems that remain inadequately understood are identified and then discussed. A research agenda is proposed to answer some key questions concerning the functioning, health, and management of the West's ecological-economic systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. JEL classification: Q20; C61; D81. 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VIRGINIAN PILOT 0511, A1 WESTRA L, 1994, ENV PROPOSAL ETHICS, P8 WHITE GE, 1978, PATTERNS AM LEGAL TH, P99 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE, P396 YOUNG A, 1998, LAND RESOURCES ZINN JA, 1999, COASTAL DEMOGRAPHICS NR 182 TC 2 J9 SOUTHERN CAL LAW REV BP 927 EP 1015 PY 2000 PD JUL VL 73 IS 5 GA 346LM UT ISI:000088873000001 ER PT J AU Brown, K TI Integrating conservation and development: a case of institutional misfit SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Brown, K, Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Designing appropriate management institutions for the successful integration of conservation and development has proven very difficult. It appears that these activities and interventions often fail to meet either ecological or social objectives. But does this mean that we should abandon our attempts? This paper explores the concept of institutional fit to explain these problems, using an example of a protected area in the Terai region of Nepal. Integration of conservation and development goals is constrained by a lack of fit between the institutions and ecosystems, and between sets of stakeholders. To succeed, we need innovative institutions based on adaptive management, as well as more equitable and inclusionary decision making. 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RP Dietz, T, Michigan State Univ, Environm Sci & Policy Program, 273A Giltner Hall, E Lansing, MI 48864 USA. AB This paper focuses on several of the major themes and strategies from the work of the Ostroms on the topic of the commons. It decants some concepts and approaches that foreshadow how we might best build upon the foundations they have established, perhaps prompting a discussion that will suggest both the challenges for the next decade and how we might address them. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB The application of ecological concepts to ethnobotanical studies, ill particular of diversity, is analyzed. Diversity indices are important tools that may help in understanding human-environment interactions. Those indices allow comparisons on the use of plants by different populations in different environments. A review on recent major ethnobotanical journals was carried out, and 10 studies (7 from Latin America, 2 from Asia and I front Europe) were selected based on available data to calculate diversity indices. The Shannon-Wiener indices and rarefaction curves were obtained. High diversity on plant uses were found for studies carried out at Peru, Mexico, Brazil and Thailand. A low diversity was found for Tonga, and island biogeography theory is used to discuss these results. Sampling effort is evaluated through rarefaction curves. The estimation of the diversity of resources used by native populations may be useful when planning conservation areas and their management. 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USDA, Forest Serv, Fish Ecol Unit, Fish & Wildlife Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bohn, BA, USDA, Forest Serv, Bighorn Natl Forest, Sheridan, WY 82801 USA. AB Since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the United States has made great strides to reduce the threats to its rivers, lakes, and wetlands from pollution, However, despite our obvious successes, nearly half of the nation's surface water resources remain incapable of supporting basic aquatic values or maintaining water quality adequate for recreational swimming. The Clean Water Act established a significant federal presence in water quality regulation by controlling point and non-point sources of pollution. Point-sources of pollution were the major emphasis of the Act, but Section 208 specifically addressed non-point sources of pollution and designated silviculture and livestock grazing as sources of non-point pollution. Non-point source pollutants include runoff from agriculture, municipalities, timber harvesting, mining, and livestock grazing. Non-point source pollution now accounts for more than half of the United States water quality impairments. To successfully improve water quality, restoration practitioners must start with an understanding of what ecosystem processes are operating in the watershed and how they have been affected by outside variables. A watershed-based analysis template developed in the Pacific Northwest can be a valuable aid in developing that level of understanding. The watershed analysis technique identifies four ecosystem scales useful to identify stream restoration priorities: region, basin, watershed, and site. The watershed analysis technique is based on a set of technically rigorous and defensible procedures designed to provide information on what processes are active at the watershed scale, how those processes are distributed in time and space. They help describe what the current upland and riparian conditions of the watershed are and how these conditions in turn influence aquatic habitat and other beneficial uses. The analysis is organized as a set of six steps that direct an interdisciplinary team of specialists to examine the biotic and abiotic processes influencing aquatic habitat and species abundance. This process helps develop an understanding of the watershed within the context of the larger ecosystem. The understanding gained can then be used to identify and prioritize aquatic restoration activities at the appropriate temporal and spatial scale. The watershed approach prevents relying solely on site-level information, a common problem with historic restoration efforts. When the watershed analysis process was used in the Whitefish Mountains of northwest Montana, natural resource professionals were able to determine the dominant habitat forming processes important for native fishes and use that information to prioritize, plan, and implement the appropriate restoration activities at the watershed scale. Despite considerable investments of time and resources needed to complete an analysis at the watershed scale, the results can prevent the misdiagnosis of aquatic problems and help ensure that the objectives of aquatic restoration will be met. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. CR *EPA, 1998, EPA840R98001 *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQUAT EC SCI TE, P552 *REG EC OFF REG IN, 1995, EC AN WAT SCAL FED G *USDA, 1994, FED GUID PIL WAT AN *USDA, 1994, PROT REST AQ EC NEW *USFWS, 1999, US LIST FISH SPEC PR BEECHIE T, 1996, ROLE RESTORATION ECO, P48 DOBROWOLSKI JP, 1995, 5 INT RANG C EBERSOLE JL, 1997, ENVIRON MANAGE, V21, P1 FRISSELL CA, 1992, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V10, P199 FRISSELL CA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P342 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KERSHNER JL, 1993, WATERSHED STREAM RES KESHNER JL, 1997, RESTORATION ECOLOGY, V5, P15 MILLER RR, 1989, FISHERIES, V14, P22 MINCKLEY WL, 1991, BATTLE EXTINCTION NA, P518 NEHLSEN W, 1991, FISHERIES, V16, P4 REID LM, 1996, WATERSHED ANAL FED L ROSGEN DL, 1996, APPL RIVER MORPHOLOG THOMAS JW, 1993, FOREST ECOSYSTEM MAN ZIEMER RR, 1997, WATERSHED RESTORATIO, P80 NR 21 TC 1 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 355 EP 363 PY 2002 PD APR VL 64 IS 4 GA 568LJ UT ISI:000176543000003 ER PT J AU Hughes, TP Rodrigues, MJ Bellwood, DR Ceccarelli, D Hoegh-Guldberg, O McCook, L Moltschaniwskyj, N Pratchett, MS Steneck, RS Willis, B TI Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Cora Reef S, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Queensland, Australian Res Councik Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Univ Tasmania, Sch Aquaculture, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia. Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. RP Hughes, TP, James Cook Univ N Queensland, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Cora Reef S, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB Many coral reefs worldwide have undergone phase shifts to alternate, degraded assemblages because of the combined effects of overfishing, declining water quality, and the direct and indirect impacts of climate change [1-9]. Here, we experimentally manipulated the density of large herbivorous fishes to test their influence on the resilience of coral assemblages in the aftermath of regional-scale bleaching in 1998, the largest coral mortality event recorded to date. The experiment was undertaken on the Great Barrier Reef, within a no-fishing reserve where coral abundances and diversity had been sharply reduced by bleaching [10]. In control areas, where fishes were abundant, algal abundance remained low, whereas coral cover almost doubled (to 20%) over a 3 year period, primarily because of recruitment of species that had been locally extirpated by bleaching. In contrast, exclusion of large herbivorous fishes caused a dramatic explosion of macroalgae, which suppressed the fecundity, recruitment, and survival of corals. Consequently, management of fish stocks is a key component in preventing phase shifts and managing reef resilience. Importantly, local stewardship of fishing effort is a tractable goal for conservation of reefs, and this local action can also provide some insurance against larger-scale disturbances such as mass bleaching, which are impractical to manage directly. CR BAIRD AH, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V237, P133 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BELLWOOD DR, 2006, CURR BIOL, V16, P2434 DONNER SD, 2005, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V11, P1 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V35, P1 GARDNER TA, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P958 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR HARVELL CD, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P2158 HOEGHGULDBERG O, 1999, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V50, P839 HUGHES T, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1583 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 KNOWLTON N, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P5419 LOYA Y, 2001, ECOL LETT, V4, P122 MOBERG F, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P215 MUMBY PJ, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P98 MUNRO JL, 1983, ICLARM STUD REV, V7, P1 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 PANDOLFI JM, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P955 RUSS GR, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P1553 SMITH SV, 1981, PAC SCI, V35, P279 STENECK RS, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P429 WESTMACOTT S, 2000, MANAGEMENT BLEACHED WILKINSON C, 2004, STATUS CORAL REEFS W NR 26 TC 0 J9 CURR BIOL BP 360 EP 365 PY 2007 PD FEB 20 VL 17 IS 4 GA 139WK UT ISI:000244463100028 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Westley, F Turner, MG TI Surrogates for resilience of social-ecological systems SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 2000, EC IND NAT BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 2003, REGIME SHIFTS LAKE E FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 GROFFMAN PM, 2005, ECOLOGICAL THRESHOLD GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 PICKETT STA, 1989, LONG TERM STUDIES EC, P110 SCHEFFER M, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V6, P493 TURNER MG, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P493 NR 12 TC 2 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 941 EP 944 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 8 IS 8 GA 992HC UT ISI:000233874000006 ER PT J AU Ames, KM TI Supposing Hunter-Gatherer variability SO AMERICAN ANTIQUITY LA English DT Review C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RP Ames, KM, Portland State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. CR AMES KM, 1981, AM ANTIQUITY, V46, P789 AMES KM, 1999, PEOPLES NW COAST THE ARNOLD JE, 1996, J ARCHAEOL METHOD TH, V3, P77 BAMFORTH DB, 2002, AM ANTIQUITY, V67, P435 BENTLEY R, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH BETTINGER RL, 1991, HUNTER GATHERERS ARC BINFORD LR, 2001, CONSTRUCTING FRAMES BOEHM C, 1999, HIERARCHY FOREST EVO BOYD R, 1992, HIST EVOLUTION, P179 BOYD R, 1999, INDIANS FIRE LAND PA DARBY MC, 1996, THESIS PORTLAND STAT DEPEW DJ, 1997, DARWINISM EVOLVING S DEUR D, 2000, THESIS LOUISIANA STA DIEHL MW, 2000, HIERARCHIES ACTION C, P1 DUNBAR RIM, 2003, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V32, P163 DURHAM WH, 1990, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V19, P187 DURHAM WH, 1991, COEVOLUTION GENES CU ERLANDSON JM, 1994, EARLY HUNTER GATHERE FITZHUGH B, 1996, THESIS U MICHIGAN AN FITZHUGH B, 2002, FORAGING COLLECTING GAMBLE C, 1999, PALAEOLITHIC SOC EUR GOULD SJ, 2002, STRUCTURE EVOLUTIONA HALDANE JBS, 1927, POSSIBLE WORLDS OTHE HALLPIKE CR, 2002, J ROY ANTHROPOL INST, V8, P571 HAUB J, 2002, FORAGING COLLECTING, P53 HAYDEN B, 2001, ARCHAEOLOGY MILLENNI, P231 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUNN ES, 1982, RESOURCE MANAGERS N, P1 JOHNSON GA, 1982, THEORY EXPLANATION A, P389 KAUFFMAN SA, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER SELF O KELLY RL, 1995, FORAGING SPECTRUM DI KENT S, 1992, MAN, V27, P45 KENT S, 1996, CULTURAL DIVERSITY 2 KOHLER TA, 2000, DYNAMICS HUMAN PRIMA KOYAMA S, 1981, SENRI ETHNOLOGICAL S, V9 KROEBER AL, 1917, AM ANTHROPOL, V19, P163 LANSING JS, 2003, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V32, P183 LEE RB, 1981, CANADIAN J ANTHR, V2, P13 LEE RB, 1992, AM ANTHROPOL, V94, P31 LEE RB, 1999, CAMBRIDGE ENCY HUNTE LEE RB, 1999, CAMBRIDGE ENCY HUNTE, P1 MARSHALL AG, 1999, NW LANDS NW PEOPLES, P173 MYERS FR, 1988, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V17, P261 OBRIEN MJ, 2000, APPL EVOLUTIONAR ARC ONAT ARB, 1997, 9604 BOAS INC PANOWSKI E, 1985, THESIS U NEW MEXICO PANTERBRICK C, 2001, HUNTER GATHERERS INT PEACOCK S, 1999, BIODIVERSITY NATIVE, P133 PRENTISS WC, 2003, CURR ANTHROPOL, V44, P33 PRICE DT, 1981, ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPRO, P55 PRICE DT, 1995, FDN SOCIAL INEQUALIT, P129 PRICE DT, 1995, OXBOW MONOGRAPH, V53, P423 RICHERSON PJ, 2000, ORIGINS HUMAN SOCIAL, P197 RICHERSON PJ, 2001, AM ANTIQUITY, V66, P387 SCHRIRE C, 1980, HUM ECOL, V8, P9 SHENNAN S, 2002, GENES MEMES HUMAN HI SHOTT M, 2001, REV ANTHR, V29, P211 SMITH AB, 1999, CAMBRIDGE ENCY HUNTE, P384 SMITH BD, 2001, J ARCHAEOL RES, V9, P1 SMITH EA, 2000, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V29, P493 STEWART JH, 1955, THEORY CULTURE CHANG WILMSEN EN, 1989, LAND FILLED FLIES PO WILSON EO, 1998, CONSILIENCE UNITY KN WOLF E, 1982, EUROPE PEOPLE HIST WOODBURN J, 1980, SOVIET W ANTHR, P94 WOODBURN J, 2001, J ROY ANTHROPOL INST, V7, P767 NR 66 TC 0 J9 AMER ANTIQ BP 364 EP 374 PY 2004 PD APR VL 69 IS 2 GA 815VC UT ISI:000221068800012 ER PT S AU McDonald, A TI Scientific cooperation as a bridge across the cold war divide - The case of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) SO SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION, STATE CONFLICT: THE ROLE OF SCIENTISTS IN MITIGATING INTERNATIONAL DISCORD LA English DT Article C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Proj, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. RP McDonald, A, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Proj, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. CR 1947, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, V25, P566 1967, NY TIMES 0626, P32 1969, 126 M NAT SCI BOARD 1978, INFORMATION DISSEMIN 1979, RESULTS SURVEY IIASA 1993, IIASA FOUND DIR I PR *IIASA, 1993, IIASA FOUND DIR I PR *INT I APPL SYST A, 1972, M HELD LOND 5 6 SEPT *KAPP SYST INC, 1978, FIN REP ASS SCI QUAL *US DEP STAT AIRGR, 1972, SUBJ STAT INT I APPL ALCAMO J, 1990, RAINS MODEL ACIDIFIC ANDERER J, 1981, ENERGY FINITE WORLD, V1 AVERCH H, 1978, COMMUNICATION 1208 AVERCH H, 1979, COMMUNICATION 0511 AVERCH H, 1980, COMMUNICATION 1029 BATOR F, OCT 21 22 WORKSH NEW BOWER J, 1970, COMMUNICATION 0813 BOWER JL, 1970, TRIP NOTES 0909 BROMLEY DA, 1996, COMMUNICATION 0819 BUNDY M, 1968, COMMUNICATION 0725 BUNDY M, 1968, COMMUNICATION 1230 CHARNES A, 1978, NEW ANAL METHODS IIA CHURCHMAN CW, 1978, SURVEY CONTRIBUTIONS CHURCHMAN CW, 1980, IIASA GOOD IIASA REP COOPER CL, 1982, IIASA US PLANN GROUP COOPER WW, 1978, REPORT NSF POLICY AP GVISHIANI J, 1968, COMMUNICATION 0712 GVISHIANI J, 1996, COMMUNICATION 0612 GVISHIANI, 1987, COMMUNICATION 0910 GVISHIANI, 1996, COMMUNICATION 0612 HANDLER P, 1972, COMMUNICATION 0721 HODGKIN A, 1972, COMMUNICATION 0629 HOFELE W, 1981, ENERGY FINITE WORLD, V2 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JOHNSON LB, 1966, PRES NAT C ED WRIT C KAYSEN C, 1980, REPORT IIASA KEYWORTH GA, 1982, COMMUNICATION 0320 KLIR GJ, 1980, IIASA EXPECTATIONS A LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 LYONS RD, 1972, NY TIMES 1004 MAECHLING C, 1971, I APPL SYST AN PLANN MAECHLING C, 1971, I APPL SYST ANAL PLA MAECHLING C, 1971, PLANN M OCT 11 12 19 MALONE TF, 1972, COMMUNICATION 0327 MEADOWS DH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH NIXON R, 1969, COMMUNICATION 1007 NORTON GA, 1978, PEST MAN P INT C OCT PECK MJ, 1991, WHAT IS TO BE DONE P RICHARDSON JM, 1978, INT COLLABORATION II SCHMANDT J, 1978, POLICY RES INT I APP SCHULTZ GP, 1984, COMMUNICATION 0922 SITTON PL, 1972, COMMUNICATION 0607 SKLOOT E, 1975, APPENDICES COMMISSIO, V3 THRALL RM, 1980, IIASA WHAT IT IS WHA VASKO T, 1996, COMMUNICATION 0723 WHITEHEAD JR, UNPUB RADAR FUTURE S ZUCKERMAN S, 1969, AID MEM MOSC M 10 11 ZUCKERMAN S, 1988, MONKEYS MEN MISSILES NR 58 TC 0 J9 ANN N Y ACAD SCI BP 55 EP 83 PY 1998 VL 866 GA BM24R UT ISI:000078168800004 ER PT J AU Gjertsen, H Barrett, CB TI Context-dependent biodiversity conservation management regimes: Theory and simulation SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Cornell Univ, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Appl Econ & Management, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gjertsen, H, Cornell Univ, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. AB Ecosystem degradation has motivated a search for successful conservation approaches. The perceived failure of state-directed protected areas in the tropics has prompted experimentation with community management and co-management strategies. Numerous case studies suggest that none of these are effective universally. There exists, however, little analytical or empirical work to identify under what conditions one arrangement will be more effective than another. This paper develops a model of state-dependent, equilibrium conservation management design that identifies the comparative advantage of different managers, in the interest of appropriately locating authority for conservation tasks as a function of prevailing biophysical, economic, and sociopolitical conditions. CR AGRAWAL A, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P1649 BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BELL C, 1989, EC THEORY AGRARIAN I BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRANDON K, 1998, PARKS PERIL PEOPLE P BROWN DN, 1999, MAR POLICY, V23, P549 CHAKRABORTY RN, 1997, COMMUNITY FORESTRY T DOVE MR, 1993, ENVIRON CONSERV, V20, P17 ESWARAN M, 1985, AM ECON REV, V75, P352 GETZ WM, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P1855 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HOBLEY M, 1996, PARTICIPATORY FOREST OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 POMEROY RS, 1999, UNPUB DEVOLUTION FIS RASMUSSEN L, 1995, 11 EPTD IFPRI ENV PR RIBOT JC, 2002, DEMOCRATIC DECENTRAL SKONHOFT A, 1996, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V1, P165 SKONHOFT A, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P16 WELLS M, 1992, PEOPLE PARKS LINKING WESTERN D, 1992, NATURAL CONNECTIONS NR 22 TC 0 J9 LAND ECON BP 321 EP 339 PY 2004 PD AUG VL 80 IS 3 GA 842NO UT ISI:000223011300001 ER PT J AU Debeljak, M TI Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article C1 Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. RP Debeljak, M, Jozef Stefan Inst, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. AB This study treats dead trees and their remnants in the managed and virgin forest of Rajhenavski Rog, Slovenia, at a location of Omphalodo-Fagetum omphalodetosum plant community. The study plots were selected in four forest cycle developmental phases (optimal, mixed, regeneration and juvenile phase) of both managed and virgin forest. The quantity (volume and dry matter) and the structure of coarse woody debris (CWD) were compared between the selected plots within the particular type of the forest, and between the virgin and the managed forest. Belowground CWD was quantified by modeling the tree's biomass and decaying processes of the trees. The results show significant differences in CWD between the virgin forest developmental phases. The highest concentration of CWD in the virgin forest was found in the regeneration phase (626.0 m(3)/ha and 179.3 t(dry matter)/ha), while the juvenile phase (248.3 m(3)/ha and 40.2 t(dry matter)/ha) has the smallest amount of CWD. Managed forest has very evenly distribution of CWD between developmental phases and it ranges from 41.0 m(3)/ha and 49.0 t(dry matter)/ha in the mixed developmental phase to 67.0 m(3)/ha and 56.2 t(dry) (mater)/ha in the juvenile phase. The main reasons for such a large differences are forest management measures (e.g. wood extraction, short rotation time, reduction of natural tree mortality), which decrease quantity, distribution and size of CWD. It was identified that forest management causes reduction and homogenization of CWD on our study plots, which can trigger degradation processes (e.g. soil erosion, reduction of site productivity, reduction of habitats). Tree heights curves show significant differences in maximum tree's height between the virgin and the managed forest. Maximum tree's height is lower in the managed forest which may indicate the reduction of forest productivity due to reduction of CWD. Study has shown some positive effects of forest management on accumulation of underground CWD in the managed forest (from 40.0 t(dry matter)/ha to 48.2 t(dry matter)/ha), which significantly exceeds underground CWD in the virgin forest (from 2.0 t(dry) (matter)/ha to 22.8 t(dry) (matter)/ha). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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STANFORD UNIV,INST INT STUDIES,STANFORD,CA 94305. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. RP ROOT, TL, UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. AB Natural and anthropogenic global changes are associated with substantial ecological disturbances. Multiscale interconnections among disciplines studying the biotic and abiotic effects of such disturbances are needed. Three research paradigms traditionally have been used and are reviewed here: scale-up, scale-down, and scale-up with embedded scale-down components. None of these approaches by themselves can provide the most reliable ecological assessments. A fourth research paradigm, called strategic cyclical scaling (SCS), is relatively more effective. SCS involves continuous cycling between large- and small-scale studies, thereby offering improved understanding of the behavior of complex environmental systems and allowing more reliable forecast capabilities for analyzing the ecological consequences of global changes. 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SCHLESINGER WH, 1991, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY ANAL SCHNEIDER SH, IN PRESS CLIMATE CHA SCHNEIDER SH, 1985, GLOBAL POSSIBLE RESO, P397 SCHNEIDER SH, 1995, P NATO ADV RES WORKS, P9 SHCNEIDER SH, 1984, COEVOLUTION CLIMATE, CH6 SHUGART HH, 1992, PACAAL WARMING BIOL, P147 SHUKLA J, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P1498 SINHA SK, 1991, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V19, P201 SMITH JB, 1990, POTENTIAL EFFECTS GL SMITH SV, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P89 SMITH TM, 1992, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG, P93 STAMM JF, 1995, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V30, P295 TOWNSEND AR, 1992, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V22, P293 TRENBERTH KE, 1992, CLIMATE SYSTEM MODEL VANDEVENDER TR, 1994, HERPETOL NAT HIST, V2, P25 VITOUSEK, 1993, SCALING PHYSL PROCES, P173 WASHINGTON WM, 1986, INTRO 3 DIMENSIONAL WOODWARD FI, 1992, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG WRIGHT HE, 1993, GLOBAL CLIMATES SCIN NR 148 TC 62 J9 SCIENCE BP 334 EP 341 PY 1995 PD JUL 21 VL 269 IS 5222 GA RK427 UT ISI:A1995RK42700030 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, DJ TI Diagnosing ecosystem health SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article RP Schaeffer, DJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,2001 S LINCOLN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801. AB In the past five years, international symposia, new journals emergence of several new societies, redirection of environmental programs, and funding for new degree programs have heralded the birth of the science of ''Ecosystem Health and Medicine.'' This paper develops the fundamental theory of diagnosis. As a medical science, a process for systematically developing an ecosystem ''patient'' history (anamnesis) is required. Taking a history implies that certain types of information, that are specifiable in advance, should be the focus of the preliminary examination. This paper identifies conceptual aspects of the preliminary examination and provides an initial anamnesis form. The primary emphasis of this paper is to present and illustrate a rigorous, formal mathematical procedure for using the data to carry out the deductive process of health determination. As the process is carried out, deductive elimination of spurious signs and diseases will imply the types of detailed studies which are required to identify the combination of diseases (disease complex) occurring in a given ecological system. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. 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Carleton Univ, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Heemskerk, M, Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB To better understand and manage complex social-ecological systems, social scientists and ecologists must collaborate. However, issues related to language and research approaches can make it hard for researchers in different fields to work together. This paper suggests that researchers can improve interdisciplinary science through the use of conceptual models as a communication tool. The authors share lessons from a workshop in which interdisciplinary teams of young scientists developed conceptual models of social-ecological systems using data sets and metadata from Long-Term Ecological Research sites across the United States. Both the process of model building and the models that were created are discussed. The exercise revealed that the presence of social scientists in a group influenced the place and role of people in the models. This finding suggests that the participation of both ecologists and social scientists in the early stages of project development may produce better questions and more accurate models of interactions between humans and ecosystems. Although the participants agreed that a better understanding of human intentions and behavior would advance ecosystem science, they felt that interdisciplinary research might gain more by training strong disciplinarians than by merging ecology and social sciences into a new field. It is concluded that conceptual models can provide an inspiring point of departure and a guiding principle for interdisciplinary group discussions. Jointly developing a model not only helped the participants to formulate questions, clarify system boundaries, and identify gaps in existing data, but also revealed the thoughts and assumptions of fellow scientists. Although the use of conceptual models will not serve all purposes, the process of model building can help scientists, policy makers, and resource managers discuss applied problems and theory among themselves and with those in other areas. CR BRADSHAW GA, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P460 DAILY GC, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P277 GOLDE CM, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P281 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 JACKSON LJ, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P694 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEVINS R, 1966, AM SCI, V54, P421 NAIMAN RJ, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P292 ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY INTR PAVAOZUCKERMAN MA, 2000, J ECOLOGICAL ANTHR, V4, P37 PICKETT STA, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P302 REDMAN CL, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P296 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 STEPP JR, 1999, GEORGIA J ECOLOGICAL, V3, P39 TAYLOR P, 2000, BIOL PHILOS, V15, P197 TURNER MG, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P275 TURNER MG, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH NR 17 TC 2 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 7 IS 3 GA 855HE UT ISI:000223963100011 ER PT J AU Crews-Meyer, KA TI Agricultural landscape change and stability in northeast Thailand: historical patch-level analysis SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geog, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Crews-Meyer, KA, Univ Texas, Dept Geog, 210 W 24th 334,Mailcode A3100, Austin, TX 78712 USA. AB The temporal nature of agricultural landscape change, where both intra- and inter-annual processes and changes are often at work, renders traditional methods of landscape change assessment not completely effective. Additionally, seasonal and longer-term shifting patterns of cultivation can sometimes appear as permanent landscape change when in fact they actually are simply a local change in spatial arrangement. To address these complexities, this work tests an approach that is longitudinal in character and based upon assessing the structure of landscape change as well as the landuse/landcover (LULC) change. Set in rural northeast Thailand, patch dynamics are examined through use of LULC change trajectories built from an image time series and temporal patterns built from pattern metrics. The given unit of observation is the pixel, and its "life history" is constituted by the values derived from the images of a satellite time series, which are then reconstituted at the patch level for better ecological interpretation. The hypothesis that underpins this approach is that the nature of the trajectory is associated with the function of the land in that patch and in the neighborhood of surrounding patches. Hence, different trajectories of LULC spatial arrangement may suggest, for example, differences in the stability or dynamics of LULC over time and space, which are further suggestive of land sustainability or resilience, or conversely land conversion or dynamism. The study area for this research is a marginalized, agrarian environment in northeast Thailand, a region that has undergone deforestation of upland forests for the cultivation of commercial field crops, intensification of lowland rice for subsistence as well as local and regional sales and global export, and LULC scenarios altering the savanna landscape that serves as the background matrix. The analysis here characterizes the relative stability and temporal dynamics of LULC at the patch level. Pattern metrics calculated at the patch level are assessed as the spatial organization of landscape units that represent: (1) transitional areas of LULC dynamics occurring as peripheral expansion, (2) LULC change from forest to agriculture through deforestation, or (3) agriculture to forest through secondary plant succession, with savanna serving as a transitional matrix. In short, this paper proposes and tests a method for assessing the temporal persistence of LULC through pattern metrics. The method contributes a technique for analyzing the landscape ecology of sites as a function of their stability/dynamics within a scale-explicit context, and contributes to the growing body of work on relating scale, pattern, and process. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB Increasingly ecologists have recognized the importance of sudden and unexpected changes in the natural environment-often called ''surprises.'' Organizational scholars have not developed a theory of how to avoid ecological surprise. This article suggests one way to develop such a theory. Using ecology, systems analysis. and a historical comparison of four communities, the article concludes that organizing and managing natural resources in part as community property can play a central role in avoiding surprises. 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SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Delft Hydraul, NL-2600 MH Delft, Netherlands. RIZA, NL-8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands. Alterra, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Klijn, F, Delft Hydraul, POB 177, NL-2600 MH Delft, Netherlands. AB Social pressure on alluvial plains and deltas is large, both from an economic point of view and from a nature conservation point of view. Gradually, flood risks increase with economic development, because the expected damage increases, and with higher dikes, because the flooding depth increases. Global change, changing social desires, but also changing views, require a revision of flood-risk management strategies for the long term. These should be based on resilience as opposed to the resistence strategy of heightening dikes. Resilience strategies for flood-risk management imply that the river is allowed to temporarily flood large areas, whereas the flood damage is minimized by adapting land use. Such strategies are thus based on risk management and 'living with floods' instead of on hazard control. For The Netherlands, one of the most densely populated deltas in the world, alternative resilience strategies have been elaborated and assessed for their hydraulic functioning and 'sustainability criteria'. CR *DWW, 2000, NETH HIGH WAT COUNTR *DWW, 2001, WDWW2001017 *TAW, 2000, EXC PROB FLOOD PROB *WB 21, 2000, WAT POL 21 CENT GIV *WL DELFT HYDR, 1998, RHIN RIV LONG TERM P *WL DELFT HYDR, 2000, ROOM WAT WHAT GROUND ASSELMAN NEM, 1995, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V20, P481 BAAN PJA, 1998, R312410 DELFT HYDR BERVAES J, 1990, ATTILLA BULLDOZER BERVAES J, 1993, LANDSCAPE MEMORY ESS DEBRUIJN KM, 2001, P 29 IAHR C BEIJ DEBRUIJN KM, 2001, R3436 DELFT HYDR DIERMANSE FLM, 2001, PHYS BASED MODELLING MIDDELKOOP H, 1998, EARTH SURF PROC LAND, V23, P561 MIDDELKOOP H, 2000, 952210 NRP OPDAM HJ, 1998, LAND WATER INT, V92, P18 SILVA W, 2001, 2001031 RIZA ARNH DE VANROOIJ SAM, 2000, 190 ALT NR 18 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 141 EP 147 PY 2004 PD MAY VL 33 IS 3 GA 816TN UT ISI:000221132300005 ER PT J AU Scheffer, M Westley, F Brock, WA TI Slow response of societies to new problems: Causes and costs SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Wagening Agr Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. McGill Univ, Fac Management, Montreal, PQ H3A 1G5, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Scheffer, M, Wagening Agr Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Human societies are confronted with a continuous stream of new problems. Many of these problems are caused by a limited sector of society but cause, spillover costs" to society as a whole. Here we show how a combination of mechanisms tends to delay effective regualtion of such situations. Obviously, problems may remain undetected for some time, especially if they are unlike those experienced in the past. However, it is at least as important to address the dynamics preceding the Solution because societies that are systematically slow in suppressing problems in the early phases will pay a high overall cost. Here we show how a combination of mechanisms tends to delay effective regulation. Obviously, problems may remain undetected for some time, especially if it is unlike those experienced in the past. However, even if a problem is recognized by experts, the time lag before society in general recognizes that something should be done can be long because of the hysteresis in change of opinion. This causes abrupt but late shifts in opinion, much as described for Kuhn's paradigm shifts. We use a mathematical model and review empirical evidence to show that this phenomenon will be particularly pronounced for complex problems and in societies that have strong social control, whereas key individuals such as charismatic leaders may catalyze earlier opinion shifts, reducing the time lag between problem and solution. An opinion shift may also be inhibited by downplay of a problem by a credible authority and by competition for attention by simultaneously occurring problems. Even if a problem is generally recognized, actual regulation may come late. We argue that this last phase of delay tends to be longer if a central decision-making authority is lacking and if disproportionately powerful stakeholders that benefit from the unregulated status quo are involved. 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Coastal Habitats & Resources Management Project, Krabi, Thailand. S Indian Fed Fisherman Soc, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. RP Pomeroy, RS, WorldFish Ctr, George Town 11960, Malaysia. AB This paper examines lessons from past approaches to natural disasters, as well as early lessons from the post-2004 Asian tsunami rehabilitation, to draw out general principles for rehabilitating livelihoods in poor coastal communities. We contend that avoiding the mistakes of the past requires: (1) a framework for understanding the diversity of coastal people's livelihood strategies and the sources of their vulnerability, (2) a process for designing interventions that build on this understanding in order to strengthen and revitalize coastal communities, including a means of assessing and selecting the most promising livelihood options, and (3) a focus on the longer-term challenge of building future resilience and sustainability in the communities by addressing the root causes of vulnerability. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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CR 1985, CRITICAL UPLANDS E J ABDOELLAH OS, 1986, TRADITIONAL AGR SE A, P293 BROWN BJ, 1986, TRADITIONAL AGR SE A, P241 CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADMIN, V20, P31 GYMPMANTASIRI P, 1980, INTERDISCIPLINARY PE HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JODHA NS, 1983, ADJUSTMENT CLIMATIC MARTEN GG, 1984, INTRO HUMAN ECOLOGY, P61 MARTEN GG, 1986, 1986 SUAN WORKSH AGR MARTEN GG, 1986, TRADITIONAL AGR SE A, P20 MARTEN GG, 1986, TRADITIONAL AGR SE A, P326 MARTEN GG, 1988, 3RD P SUAN EAPI RES RAMBO A, 1982, SINGAPORE J TROPICAL, V3, P86 RAMBO AT, 1985, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V7, P289 RERKASEM B, 1984, INTRO HUMAN ECOLOGY, P303 RERKASEM K, 1988, 3RD SUAN EAPI REG RE SAJISE PE, 1985, AGROECOSYSTEM RES RU SOEMARWOTO O, 1987, IMPACT DEV HUMAN ACT NR 19 TC 29 J9 AGR SYST BP 291 EP 316 PY 1988 VL 26 IS 4 GA M6979 UT ISI:A1988M697900003 ER PT J AU Nystrom, M TI Redundancy and response diversity of functional groups: Implications for the resilience of coral reefs SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Nystrom, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB To improve coral reef management, a deeper understanding of biodiversity across scales in the context of functional groups is required. The focus of this paper is on the role of diversity within functional groups in securing important ecosystem processes that contribute to the resilience of coral-dominated reef states. Two important components of species biodiversity that confer ecosystem resilience are analyzed: redundancy and the diversity of responses within functional groups to change. Three critical functional groups are used to illustrate the interaction between these two components and their role in coral reef resilience: zooxanthellae (symbiotic micro algae in reef-building corals), reef-building corals, and herbivores. The paper further examines the consequences of undermining functional redundancy and response diversity and addresses strategies to secure ecological processes that are critical for coral reef resilience. 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Part of a larger study that will eventually address other neo-Malthusian concerns, the project seeks insight from these failed prophesies into a future sustainability transition. In retrospect, the perception of a population crisis was based on the unprecedented growth in population. The crisis seemed to ameliorate as evidence that a transition from many births and low life expectancy to fewer births and longer life was well underway in the world. The population growth rate peaked in 1962-1963 and then began a slow decline. Development, family planning efforts, and culture all contributed to the decline, with development playing the major role. The influence of the population Jeremiahs was large in the industrialized countries, significant in some developing countries, and absent in others, including China. In a tradition ever since Malthus, the concern with population growth persists, fueled by evidence for a slowing of the transition and increased concern with the environment. Prospects for a sustainability transition to meet the needs of a doubled population are evaluated by emphasizing long-term trends in population, energy, and materials. Three alternative visions of the transition are examined with the expectation that none of them will suffice. If a successful transition occurs, and success is in doubt, it will represent an amalgam of favorable, but not well-understood, long-term trends and intentional action. 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SO ECOLOGY AB The response of an ecological system to perturbation can be described in terms of its resilience, essentially a measure of the time the system takes to return to its prior state. The resilience of an ecosystem is the result of interactions of the biota and their environment and will therefore change as the biota evolve and environmental conditions change. Ecological systems exist within the constraints of thermodynamic laws that prescribe the transfer of energy. Ecologically defined "thermodynamic imperatives," such as entropy, exergy, and ascendency, provide whole-ecosystem selection pressures that constrain the evolution of individuals within an ecosystem in addition to the selection pressures of individual evolution. The essence of these whole-ecosystem selection pressures may be captured by metrics. We have used a "genetic algorithm" to optimize these metrics, simulating the adaptation of a model ecosystem biota. Our simulations suggest the hypothesis that, within the constraints of the external environment and the genetic potential of their constituent biota, ecosystems will evolve to the state most resilient to perturbation. CR BAZYKIN AD, 1998, NONLINEAR DYNAMICS I BEGON M, 1996, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS BELL PRF, 1995, AMBIO, V24, P208 CARPENTER EJ, 1971, ECOLOGY, V52, P183 CLOSS GP, 1999, ADV ECOL RES, V28, P93 DEANGELIS DL, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P764 DEANGELIS DL, 1992, DYNAMICS NUTR CYCLIN EDWARDS AM, 1999, B MATH BIOL, V61, P303 EPPLEY RW, 1969, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V14, P912 HOLLAND JH, 1975, ADAPTATION NATURAL A HUISMAN J, 1999, NATURE, V402, P407 JOHNSON L, 1988, ENTROPY INFORMATION, P75 JOHNSON L, 1990, HDB ENV CHEM NATURAL, P1 JORGENSEN SE, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V62, P195 JORGENSEN SE, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V120, P75 JORGENSEN SE, 2000, HDB ECOSYSTEM THEORI, P113 JORGENSEN SE, 2000, THERMODYNAMICS ECOLO LENTON TM, 1998, NATURE, V394, P439 LOTKA AJ, 1922, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V8, P151 MACISAAC JJ, 1969, DEEP-SEA RES, V16, P45 MARGALEF R, 1968, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI MCCAULEY E, 1990, NATURE, V343, P455 MCCAULEY E, 1999, NATURE, V402, P653 MOLONEY CL, 1986, J PLANKTON RES, V8, P426 MOORE JC, 1993, SCIENCE, V261, P906 NEUBERT MG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P653 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 ODUM HT, 1955, AM SCI, V43, P331 PRIGOGINE I, 1984, ORDER CHAOS MANS NEW SCHNEIDER ED, 1988, ENTROPY INFORMATION, P107 SMITH VH, 1999, ENVIRON POLLUT, V100, P179 STONE L, 1996, AM NAT, V148, P892 STRASKRABA M, 1999, ECOL MODEL, V117, P3 TOUSSAINT O, 1998, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V120, P3 ULANOWICZ RE, 1980, J THEOR BIOL, V85, P223 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 NR TC 6 BP 2019 EP 2026 PY 2002 PD JUL VL 83 IS 7 UT ISI:000176718100020 ER PT J AU Grumbine, RE TI Reflections on ''what is ecosystem management?'' SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Grumbine, RE, UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,SIERRA INST,SANTA CRUZ EXTENS,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95060. AB I review 10 dominant themes of ecosystem management described in the paper ''What is Ecosystem Management?'' (Grumbine 1994a) based on feedback received from managers actively implementing ecosystem management projects in the field. My emphasis is on practical advice from working Professionals for working professionals. Key points include the importance of managing for ecological integrity, the need for social as well as scientific data, suggestions for implementing cooperation strategies and conservation partnerships, a pragmatic definition of adaptive management and first steps toward changing the structure of natural resource organizations As ecosystem management evolves, the pressure for change within traditional resource management agencies appears to be reaching a critical point. CR *FL DEP ENV PROT, 1995, EC MAN IMPL STRAT AC *MAN I ENV BUS, 1993, CONS PARTN FIELD GUI *MERR WEBST INC, 1986, WEBST 9 NEW COLL DIC BROWN JS, 1991, ORGAN SCI, V2, P40 BRUNNER RD, 1994, POLICY SCI, V27, P1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CLARK TW, 1994, ENDANGERED SPECIES R, P351 CLARK TW, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P423 CLARK TW, 1993, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V36, P497 CLARKE JN, 1985, STAKING OUT TERRAIN CRONON W, 1995, UNCOMMON GROUND REIN FREYFOGLE ET, 1996, U ILLINOIS LAW REV, P173 GOULD K, 1995, HUMBOLDT J SOCIAL RE, V21, P61 GRUBER JE, 1987, CONTROLLING BUREAUCR GRUMBINE RE, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P27 GRUMBINE RE, 1992, GHOST BEARS EXPLORIN GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, ENV POLICY BIODIVERS GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARDESTY J, 1994, ENV POLICY BIODIVERS, P311 HENNE D, 1995, ENDANGERED SPECIES B, V20, P6 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 KEITER RB, 1994, CHI KENT L REV, V69, P911 KNIGHT RL, 1995, NEW CENTURY NATURAL LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC MCNEELY J, 1995, EXPANDING PARTNERSHI MERSMANN TJ, 1993, S EC MAN RES HOT SPR MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P461 NOSS R, 1992, WILD EARTH NOSS R, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC PICKETT STA, 1995, NEW CENTURY NATURAL, P261 SCHON DA, 1983, REFLECTIVE PRACTITIO SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY SOULE ME, 1995, REINVENTING NATURE R WESTLEY F, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P391 WESTRUM R, 1994, ENDANGERED SPECIES R, P327 YAGER JO, IN PRESS ENV PROFESS NR 37 TC 55 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 41 EP 47 PY 1997 PD FEB VL 11 IS 1 GA WJ111 UT ISI:A1997WJ11100010 ER PT J AU Thompson, M Rayner, S TI Risk and governance Part 1: The discourses of climate change SO GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION LA English DT Article C1 Musgrave Inst, London, England. Univ Bergen, Dept Polit, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Thompson, M, Musgrave Inst, London, England. AB JUST OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY AGO TWO SEMINAL PAPERS ON risk were published: Chauncey Starr's 'Social Benefit Versus Technological Risk'(1) and Mary Douglas's 'Environments At Risk'.(2) The former insisted on the fundamental distinction between objective risk and perceived risk; the latter argued that there is often no valid way of drawing that distinction. In the United States, the National Academy of Sciences has consistently held to the objective/perceived distinction (until the last year or so) and the same has been true of Britain's Royal Society (until last year). Over the intervening years, and regardless of how many mattresses (in the form of handbooks and reports from august committees and working groups) were piled on top of one another, Mary Douglas's pea still rubbed its way through. Hence the very recent switch on both sides of the Atlantic.(3) The last mattress-piling effort, in Britain, was in 1992,(4) when the Royal Society set out to re-work its handbook of ten years before.(5) Its launch was not a successful event. CR 1997, TIMES HIGHER S 0314, P18 *NETH SCI COUNC GO, 1995, 44 SCI COUNC GOV POL *ROYAL SOC, 1983, RISK ASS STUD GROUP *ROYAL SOC, 1992, RISK AN PERC MAN BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI BERRY T, 1988, DREAM EARTH BLOOMFIELD BP, 1986, MODELLING WORLD SOCI BOSTROM A, 1992, J SOC ISSUES, V48, P85 BOSTROM A, 1994, RISK ANAL, V14, P959 COTGROVE S, 1994, SOCIAL SCI Q, V4, P1013 CRONON W, 1992, J AM HIST, V78, P1347 DIEKMANN A, 1992, KOLNER Z SOCIOLOGIE, V44, P169 DOUGLAS M, 1972, ECOLOGY SHAPING ENQU, P129 DOUGLAS M, 1997, CULTURE MATTERS ESSA, P121 DUNLAP RE, 1977, J SOC ISSUES, V33, P200 ESTER P, 1982, NETHERLANDS J SOCIOL, V1, P57 FARHAR BC, 1977, ENVIRON BEHAV, V9, P279 FISCHER F, 1993, ARUGMENTATIVE TURN P GRAY DB, 1985, ECOLOGICAL BELIEFS B HABERMAS J, 1981, THEORY COMMUNICATIVE HAJER MA, 1995, POLITICS ENV DISCOUR HARRIS L, 1989, RISING TIDE PUBLIC O HAYS SP, 1987, BEAUTY HLTH PERMANEN HEDGES A, 1993, ATTITUDES ENERGY CON HENDERSONSELLER.A, 1990, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V1, P69 HERBERLEIN TA, 1972, J SOC ISSUES, V28, P79 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOUGHTON J, 1995, SUNDAY TELEGRAP 0910 INGLEHART R, 1977, SILENT REVOLUTION CH INGLEHART R, 1990, CULTURE SHIFT ADV IN JAEGER C, 1993, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V23, P193 KEMPTON W, 1991, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V1, P183 KEMPTON W, 1993, ANNU REV ENERG ENV, V18, P217 KEMPTON W, 1995, ENV VALUES AM CULTUR LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC LINDBLIM C, 1977, POLITICS MARKETS WOR LINDERMAN F, 1930, PLENTY COUPS CHIEF C LOFSTEDT RE, 1991, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V4, P321 LOFSTEDT RE, 1993, ENERGY ENV, V4, P140 LOFSTEDT RE, 1995, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V5, P83 LUDLUM DM, 1987, WEATHERWISE OCT, V40, P255 MACLEAN D, 1983, ENERGY FUTURE MCDANIELS T, 1995, LAY PERCEPTIONS ECOL MEADOWS DL, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MORGAN MG, 1992, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V26, P2048 NASH R, 1967, WILDERNESS AM MIND NASH R, 1989, RIGHTS NATURE HIST E ORIORDAN T, 1996, NEW SCI 0928, P36 READ D, 1994, RISK ANAL, V14, P971 ROLSTON H, 1988, ENV ETHICS DUTIES VA SAMDAHL D, 1989, ENVIRON BEHAV, V1, P57 SCHIPPER L, 1989, ANNU REV ENERGY, V14, P273 STARR C, 1969, SCIENCE, V165, P1232 STEEL BS, 1990, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V3, P331 STEGER MAE, 1989, POLIT BEHAV, V3, P233 STEGER MAE, 1989, WESTERN POLIT QUART, V42, P627 STERN PC, 1986, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V5, P200 STERN PC, 1996, UNDERSTANDING RISK I THOMPSON M, 1987, DESIGN ZUKUNFT, P58 THOMPSON M, 1998, HUMAN CHOICE CLIMATE, V1 VANLIERE KD, 1980, PUBLIC OPIN QUART, V44, P181 WEINBERG A, 1966, U CHICAGO MAGAZI OCT, V59, P6 WHITE L, 1967, SCIENCE, V155, P1203 WHYTE AVT, 1990, SCI PUBLIC REPORT 3, V3 WILLIAMSON H, 1771, T AM PHILOS SOC, V1, P272 WILLIAMSON O, 1975, MARKETS HIERARCHIES NR 66 TC 8 J9 GOVT OPPOS BP 139 EP 166 PY 1998 PD SPR VL 33 IS 2 GA ZL431 UT ISI:000073432200001 ER PT J AU Batabyal, AA TI Human actions, the survival of keystone species, and the resilience of ecological-economic systems SO RESOURCES POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Econ, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Batabyal, AA, Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Econ, 92 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. AB Human (managerial) actions affect the survival probabilities of the keystone species of an ecological-economic system. In turn, the well-being of these keystone species translates into the well-being or the resilience of the underlying ecological-economic system. What are the theoretical connections between human actions, keystone species survival, and the resilience of ecological-economic systems? In this note, we construct a simple stochastic model to draw out the links between this trinity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR BASKIN Y, 1997, NAT HIST, V106, P48 BATABYAL AA, 1999, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V29, P35 BATABYAL AA, 1999, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V30, P27 BATABYAL AA, 2000, INT J ECOLOGY ENV SC, V26, P1 BATABYAL AA, 2000, RESOUR POLICY, V26, P69 BATABYAL AA, 2002, J EC RES, V7, P151 BATABYAL AA, 2003, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V46, P334 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS KREBS CJ, 1994, ECOLOGY KROGH SN, 2002, J ARID ENVIRON, V50, P513 LAWS RM, 1970, OIKOS, V21, P1 PAINE RT, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V15, P93 PERRINGS C, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V11, P503 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 ROSS SM, 2000, INTRO PROBABILITY MO SIMBERLOFF D, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V83, P247 TAYLOR HM, 1998, INTRO STOCHASTIC MOD NR 18 TC 0 J9 RESOUR POLICY BP 153 EP 157 PY 2002 PD SEP-DEC VL 28 IS 3-4 GA 815JF UT ISI:000221037900007 ER PT J AU Conn, PB Kendall, WL TI Evaluating mallard adaptive management models with time series SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Biomath Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conn, PB, Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB Wildlife practitioners concerned with midcontinent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) management in the United States have instituted a system of adaptive harvest management (AHM) as an objective format for setting harvest regulations. Under the AHM paradigm, predictions from a set of models that reflect key uncertainties about processes underlying population dynamics are used in coordination with optimization software to determine an optimal set of harvest decisions. Managers use comparisons of the predictive abilities of these models to gauge the relative truth of different hypotheses about density-dependent recruitment and survival, with better-predicting models giving more weight to the determination of harvest regulations. We tested the effectiveness of this strategy by examining convergence rates of "predictor" models when the true model for population dynamics was known a priori. We generated time series for cases when the a priori model was 1 of the predictor models as well as for several cases when the a priori model was not in the model set. We further examined the addition of different levels of uncertainty into the variance structure of predictor models, reflecting different levels of confidence about estimated parameters. We showed that in certain situations, the model-selection process favors a predictor model that incorporates the hypotheses of additive harvest mortality and weakly density-dependent recruitment, even when the model is not used to generate data. Higher levels of predictor model variance led to decreased rates of convergence to the model that generated the data, but model weight trajectories were in general more stable. We suggest that predictive models should incorporate all sources of uncertainty about estimated parameters, that the variance structure should be similar for all predictor models, and that models with different functional forms for population dynamics should be considered for inclusion in predictor model sets. All of these suggestions should help lower the probability of erroneous learning in mallard ABM and adaptive management in general. 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SO GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Natl Inst Coastal & Marine Management, NL-2500 EX The Hague, Netherlands. Delft Hydraul, NL-2600 MH Delft, Netherlands. RP Klein, RJT, Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, De Boelelaan 1115, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB This paper describes coastal resilience as a measure of the extent to which a coast is able to respond to external pressures without losing actual or potential functions. Such usage of the term gives coastal scientists, planners and managers a new opportunity to express complex coastal dynamics in a simple aggregated form. Coastal resilience has morphological, ecological and socio-economic components, each of which represents another aspect of the coastal system's adaptive capacity to perturbations. Enhancing coastal resilience is increasingly viewed as a cost-effective way to prepare for uncertain future changes while maintaining opportunities for coastal development. The Netherlands has known a long tradition of controlling natural coastal processes by stringent dune management and building hard sea-defence structures. However, both socio-economic and natural adaptive processes have become constrained owing to the limited availability of land and the diminished coastal resilience that has resulted from technological solutions and legal provisions. The recent study Growing with the Sea proposes to restore natural coastal processes along the Dutch coast and let natural and socio-economic systems interact more dynamically. It explores possibilities of enhancing coastal resilience in The Netherlands by allowing managed retreat in areas where it is environmentally acceptable and reclaiming land in other areas. CR *IPCC CZMS, 1992, GLOB CLIM CHANG RIS *MIN TRANPS PUBL W, 1988, TE KUST TER KEUR *MIN TRANPS PUBL W, 1996, KUSTB 1995 TWEED KUS *MIN TRANPS PUBL W, 1997, VIERD NOT WAT ADGER WN, 1997, 9723 CSERGE GEC U E BAAN PJA, 1997, 2136 WAT LAB, V2136 BIJLSMA L, 1996, IMPACTS ADAPTATIONS, P289 BROOKE JS, 1992, J INST WATER ENV MAN, V6, P151 BURD F, 1995, MANAGED RETREAT PRAC CARTER TR, 1994, 1994 TECHN GUID ASS CLARK MJ, 1998, GEOGR J 3, V164, P333 DEBRUIN D, 1987, OOIEVAAR TOEKOMST HE DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EVA DERUIG JHM, 1997, COASTLINE, V6, P4 EMMERSON RHC, 1997, J CHART INST WATER E, V11, P363 FARBER S, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P105 GELDOF, 1997, PUBL WATERLOOPKUND Z, V2136 GREENWAY M, 1996, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V33, P221 HANDMER JW, 1996, IND ENV CRISIS Q, V9, P482 HELMER W, 1996, GROWING SEA CREATING HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KLEIN RJT, IN PRESS AMBIO KOSTER MJ, 1995, J COASTAL RES, V11, P1221 LEAFE R, 1998, GEOGR J 3, V164, P282 LOUISSE CJ, 1991, J COASTAL RES, V7, P1027 MADDRELL RJ, 1996, COAST ENG, V28, P1 NORGAARD RB, 1984, LAND ECON, V60, P160 NORGAARD RB, 1988, FUTURES, V20, P606 NORTON BG, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P133 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TUNSTALL SM, 1998, GEOGR J 3, V164, P319 TURNER RE, 1997, ECOL ENG, V8, P117 TURNER RK, 1991, CLIMATE CHANGE SCI I, P397 TURNER RK, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P159 TURNER RK, 1998, GEOGR J 3, V164, P269 NR 36 TC 5 J9 GEOGR J BP 259 EP 268 PY 1998 PD NOV VL 164 GA 143CC UT ISI:000077269200002 ER PT J AU Norton, BG Hannon, B TI Environmental values: A place-based theory SO ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS LA English DT Article C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT GEOG,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Norton, BG, GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH PUBL POLICY,ATLANTA,GA 30332. AB Several recent authors have recommended that ''sense of place'' should become an important concept in our evaluation of environmental policies. In this paper, we explore aspects of this concept, arguing that it may provide the basis for a new, ''place-based'' approach to environmental values. This approach is based on an empirical hypothesis that place orientation is a feature of all people's experience of their environment. We argue that place orientation requires, in addition to a home perspective, a sense of the space around the home place and that this dual aspect can be modeled using a ''hierarchical'' methodology. We propose a ''triscalar,'' place-oriented system for the analysis of environmental values, explore the characteristics of place-orientation through several examples, and employ these characteristics to distinguish acceptable and unacceptable aspects of the NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) idea. 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RP Clark, WC, Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. AB This Article discusses the challenges and opportunities facing efforts to shape a transition toward more sustainable relations between humans and their planet. It begins with a review of international goals for human development and environmental conservation, past trends in interactions between the Earth's social and natural systems that set the stage for contemporary efforts to meet those goals, and some of the foreseeable problems that will have to be addressed in the years ahead. Arguing that the successful strategies for navigating a sustainability transition will necessarily be knowledge intensive, the Article discusses strategies for social learning about sustainability. It closes with a review of the institutional reforms that will be necessary to implement such strategies. 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Carpenter SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Biographical-Item CR *MILL EC ASS, 2003, EC HUM WELL BEING FR CARPENTER SR, PUBLICATION LIST CARPENTER SR, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P1863 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2005, IN PRESS ECOLOGY CARPENTER SR, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P10002 CLARK JS, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P657 FISHER SG, 1976, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V47, P175 PACE ML, 2004, NATURE, V427, P240 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHINDLER DE, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P248 STOW CA, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P248 NR 12 TC 0 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA BP 9999 EP 10001 PY 2005 PD JUL 19 VL 102 IS 29 GA 947SE UT ISI:000230665800004 ER PT J AU Meretsky, VJ Wegner, DL Stevens, LE TI Balancing endangered species and ecosystems: A case study of adaptive management in Grand Canyon SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Ecosyst Management Int Inc, Durango, CO 81301 USA. Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Meretsky, VJ, Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB Adaptive ecosystem management seeks to sustain ecosystems while extracting or using natural resources. The goal of endangered species management under the Endangered Species Act is limited to the protection and recovery of designated species. and the act takes precedence over other policies and regulations guiding ecosystem management. We present an example of conflict between endangered species and ecosystem management during the first planned flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in 1996. We discuss the resolution of the conflict and the circumstances that allowed a solution to be reached. We recommend that adaptive management be implemented extensively and early in ecosystem management so that information and working relationships will be available to address conflicts as they arise. Though adaptive management is not a panacea, it offers the best opportunity for balanced solutions to competing management goals. CR *BUR RECL, 1995, OP GLEN CAN DAM FIN *BUR RECL, 1996, ENV ASS EXP FLOOD GL *DEP INT, 1997, CHART AD MAN WORK GR *FISH WILDL SERV, 1994, 22193F167 FISH WILDL *FISH WILDL SERV, 1996, BIOL C OP OP GLEN CA *KAIMG, 1997, IMP EXP FLOOD GLEN C BLUMM MC, 1991, ENVIRON LAW, V21, P67 GORE JA, 1989, ALTERNATIVES REGULAT GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HALBERT C, 1993, REV FISH SCI, V1, P261 HARPER DM, 1995, ECOLOGICAL BASIS RIV HAZEL J, 1999, AGU GEOPHYSICAL MONO, V110 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JACKSON DC, 1995, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V15, P845 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GRYOSCOPE IN MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MORGAN RP, 1991, J FRESHWATER ECOL, V6, P419 NASH RF, 1989, RIGHTS NATURE HIST E PATTEN DT, 2000, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL APP PHILIP FL, 1995, RIVER NO MORE COLORA RABINOWITZ D, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P182 RANDLE TJ, 1988, RESULTS ANAL STARS M ROGERS K, 1998, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V2 RUBIN DM, 1998, GEOLOGY, V26, P99 SCHMIDT JC, 2000, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL APP SPAMER EE, 1993, P ACAD NAT SCI PHILA, V144, P21 STANFORD JA, 1996, REGUL RIVER, V12, P391 STEVENS LE, 1995, USING ECOLOGICAL RES, P65 STEVENS LE, 1997, REGUL RIVER, V13, P151 STEVENS LE, 2000, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL APP VASELAAR RT, 1997, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V15, P119 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WALTERS CJ, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P987 WEGNER DL, 1996, WORLD RIVERS REV, V12, P10 WEIRINGA MJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P831 NR 41 TC 5 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 579 EP 586 PY 2000 PD JUN VL 25 IS 6 GA 310PV UT ISI:000086837300001 ER PT J AU Langston, N TI Environmental history and restoration in the Western forests SO JOURNAL OF THE WEST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Langston, N, Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CR *US NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQ EC SYST *USDA FOR SER, MALH RIV WORK CIRCL *WAL COUNT COMM, 1995, WALL COUNT WAT SHED AGEE JK, 1994, FIRE ECOLOGY PACIFIC ALLEN JH, 1940, COMMUNICAITON 0501 BALDWIN D, 1994, PRESERVATION RESTORI BRIGHT G, 1913, RELATIVE MERITS W LA BUCK CJ, 1936, COMMUNICATION 0915 BUSH M, 1997, ECOLOGY CHANGING PLA CAIRNS J, 1995, RESTORATION ECOLOGY CLARY D, 1986, TIMBER FOREST SERVIC COX TR, 1985, THIS WELL WOODED LAN DUNWIDDIE P, 1992, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V10, P116 FALK D, 1990, RESTOR MANAGE NOTES, V8, P71 GAST W, 1991, BLUE MOUNTAIN FOREST GRAVES H, 1912, ANNUAL REPORT FOREST HARMON R, 1995, OREGONIAN 1224, E6 HARPER J, 1987, RESTORATION ECOLOGY, P119 HARRINGTON MG, 1992, OLD GROWTH FORESTS S HIRT P, 1994, CONSPIRACY OPTIMISM JORDAN W, 1995, COMMUNICATION 0213 JUDD CS, LECTURES TIMBER SALE KATZ E, 1991, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V9, P90 KIRBY JL, 1994, PRESERVATION RESTORI, P234 LANGSTON N, 1995, FOREST DREAMS FOREST LANGSTON N, 1995, WILD MANAGED FOREST LAROCCO L, CITED INDIRECTLY MUNGER TT, BASIC CONSIDERATIONS NORRIS LA, 1993, SUSTAINING LONG TERM OLAUGLIN J, 1993, FOREST HEALTH CONDIT, P17 PARRY TB, 1983, J FORESTRY MAR, P150 PERRY D, 1994, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS PERRY, 1988, NW ENV J, V4, P213 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST PIERCE C, 1994, PRESERVATION RESTORI, P226 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PRYNE E, 1994, SEATTLE TIMES 0910 SAGOFF M, ROLE ECOLOGICAL SCI SCHERER D, 1994, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V12, P184 SKOVLIN J, 1991, PNW GTR 266 TECH REP WILKINSON C, 1992, CROSSING NEXT MERIDI WOODLEY S, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY NR 42 TC 0 J9 J WEST BP 45 EP 56 PY 1999 PD OCT VL 38 IS 4 GA 258CF UT ISI:000083820000007 ER PT J AU Thomson, AJ TI Knowledge elicitation tools for use in a virtual adaptive environmental management workshop SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article C1 Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. RP Thomson, AJ, Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Ctr, 506 W Burnside Rd, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. AB Adaptive environmental management (AEM) deals with the complex interactions of social, environmental, and economic systems, and incorporates the knowledge, values and opinions of many stakeholders and experts. AEM has traditionally been centered on a structured series of workshops to define possible management actions and the indicators used to assess the actions, and generally leads to the construction of a model for exploration of the management options in a consensus-building exercise. There is an optimal group size for the workshop process; however this limits the ideal of including all stakeholders in the process. There are also time and cost constraints on the workshop approach. A new approach to the AEM process has been developed based on the concept of a virtual meeting space, in which stakeholders and experts can interact in a distributed system development process over an extended period of time. The AEM system is based on Java applets, which interact over the world wide web. These applets function as graphical knowledge elicitation tools. A stand-alone Version run on a laptop computer by an extension specialist permits use in situations where there is no Internet access, or by individuals or groups who do not have the required computer experience. Crown Copyright (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR AKENHEAD SA, 1996, P EC INF 96 GLOB NET, P39 BARRETT E, 1992, SOCIOMEDIA MULTIMEDI GRUDIN J, 1989, OFFICE TECHNOLOGY PE, V4, P245 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLSAPPLE CW, 1996, DECISION SUPPORT SYS HOWELLS O, 1998, COMPUT ELECTRON AGR, V20, P145 JONES D, 1997, USING MICROSOFT FRON LAKE R, 1993, P CAN C GIS 1993 MAR, P163 SHINDLER B, 1996, J FOREST, V94, P4 STANKEY GH, 1997, PNWGTR394 USDA FOR S, P21 THOMSON AJ, 1979, BCX186 CFS, P19 THOMSON AJ, 1991, BCX329, P18 THOMSON AJ, 1993, AI APPLICATIONS, V7, P61 THOMSON AJ, 1996, AI APPLICATIONS, V10, P1 THOMSON AJ, 1997, AI APPLICATIONS, V11, P69 THOMSON AJ, 1998, COMPUT ELECTRON AGR, V21, P19 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P53 NR 19 TC 1 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGRIC BP 57 EP 70 PY 2000 PD JUN VL 27 IS 1-3 GA 331FT UT ISI:000088008200005 ER PT J AU MUNN, RE TI ENVIRONMENTAL PROSPECTS FOR THE NEXT CENTURY - IMPLICATIONS FOR LONG-TERM POLICY AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES SO TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE LA English DT Article RP MUNN, RE, INT INST APPL SYST ANAL,ENVIRONM PROGRAM,A-2361 LAXENBURG,AUSTRIA. CR *UNEP, 1982, ENV 1982 RETR PROSP *WCP, 1986, WMO661 *WORLD COMM ENV D, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ALCAMO J, 1985, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V21, P47 BROOKS H, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P325 BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 BURTON I, 1983, ECOVILLE URBANIZATIO CLARK WC, TASK FORCE M RISK PO, P287 CLARK WC, 1985, WP8543 INT I APPL SY CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS CLARK WC, 1986, UNPUB SCENARIO GLOBA DICKINSON RE, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P252 FARMAN JC, 1985, NATURE, V315, P207 GLANTZ M, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, P449 GUMBEL EJ, 1981, STATISTICS EXTREMES GWYNNE MD, 1983, ADV SPACE RES, V2, P81 HAGERSTRAND T, 1987, 871 SWED COUNC PLANN HARRIS JM, 1984, GEOPHYSICAL MONITORI, P22 HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HOLDGATE M, 1982, WORLD ENV 1972 1982 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUTCHINSON TC, 1986, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V28, P319 KHALIL MAK, 1985, ATMOS ENVIRON, V19, P397 LINDBLOM CE, 1979, USABLE KNOWLEDGE SOC MCLAREN DJ, 1987, RESOURCES WORLD DEV MUNN RE, 1986, GEOGRAPHY RESOURCES, V2, P326 ORIORDAN T, 1984, IIUG8414 INT I ENV S ORIORDAN, 1985, IIUG851 INT I ENV SO RASMUSSEN RA, 1984, J GEOPHYS RES, V89, P11599 SMITH RA, 1987, SCIENCE, V235, P1607 STIGLIANI W, 1987, UNPUB PROSPECTUS IIA TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P435 TOLBA MK, 1979, UNEP INFORMATION B, V47 VOLKER IA, 1986, COMMUNICATION WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON WM, 1984, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOSP, V89, P9475 WIGLEY TML, 1986, NOV CEC S CO2 OTH GR NR 40 TC 0 J9 TECHNOL FORECAST SOC CHANGE BP 203 EP 218 PY 1988 PD MAY VL 33 IS 3 GA P5256 UT ISI:A1988P525600002 ER PT J AU Okey, TA Banks, S Born, AR Bustamante, RH Calvopina, M Edgar, GJ Espinoza, E Farina, JM Garske, LE Reck, GK Salazar, S Shepherd, S Toral-Granda, V Wallem, P TI A trophic model of a Galapagos subtidal rocky reef for evaluating fisheries and conservation strategies SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Charles Darwin Res Stn, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador. CSIRO, Marine Res, Cleveland, Qld 4163, Australia. Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ San Francisco Quito, Inst Ecol Aplicada, Quito, Ecuador. SARDI Aquat Sci, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia. RP Okey, TA, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB A balanced trophic model of a Galapagos rocky reef system was constructed using Ecopath and Ecosim. The Ecopath approach allowed characterization of food web structure through integration of disparate ecosystem information derived from many years of study of Galdpagos shallow-water rocky reefs. Ecosim and Ecospace routines enabled us to explore various hypotheses about system dynamics as well as potential solutions to conservation concerns about overfishing. A full series of functional group removal simulations resulted in estimations of interaction strengths and 'keystone' potentials for each of the 42 living functional groups in the model. Relative interaction strengths in a pristine unfished system are likely to be quite different from interaction strengths indicated by this present-day model. At present, humans extract food from very low trophic levels (mean trophic level = 2.3) in Galdpagos rocky reef systems because sea cucumbers and detritivorous mullets comprised 71 and 15%, respectively, of the total fisheries catch. Catch rates of sea cucumbers (Stichopus fuscus; referred to here as 'pepinos') are shown to be unsustainable, and the population should be declining rapidly. The exclusion of fishing from 23% of the total reef area, representing a hypothetical non-extractive zone, prevented the functional extinction of pepinos that our analysis predicted to occur with no areas protected (given 1999-2000 capture rates). Even with 23% of the hypothetical area protected, pepinos were predicted to decline overall to a stable 36% of their current estimated biomass. Pepino biomass was predicted to increase to eight times that of current levels if pepino fishing were stopped altogether. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR 2001, ANAL DENSIDAD POBLAC *PIMPP, 2001, INF TECN FIN PESQ PE ABBOTT DP, 1966, GALAPAGOS, P108 ALLEN KR, 1971, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V28, P1573 ALLISON GW, 1998, ECOLOGICAL APPL, V8, P79 ARREGUINSANCHEZ F, 1993, ICLARM C P, V26, P269 AYLING AM, 1981, ECOLOGY, V62, P830 BANKS SA, THESIS OCEANOGRAPHY, P99 BOST CA, 1993, ACTA OECOL, V14, P463 BRANCH GM, 2002, BIODIVERSITY VISION BRAY RN, 1981, FISH B US, V78, P829 BRAY RN, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P204 BREEN PA, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P1278 BUSTAMANTE R, 2000, B I ROYAL SCI NATU S, V70, P31 BUSTAMANTE RH, 1995, ECOLOGY, V76, P2314 BUSTAMANTE RH, 2002, BIODIVERSITY VISION CAMHI M, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P715 CHRISTENSEN V, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V61, P169 CHRISTENSEN V, 2000, ECOPATH ECOSIM USERS CHRISTENSEN V, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V172, P109 CHRISTIE DM, 1992, NATURE, V355, P246 COELLO S, 1993, REV CIEN MAR LIMN, V3, P115 COLINVAUX PA, 1972, NATURE, V240, P17 CONSTANT P, 1993, OCEANORAMA, V21, P9 DAYTON PK, 1995, AQUAT CONSERV, V5, P205 DAYTON PK, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P309 DURBIN AG, 1998, ESTUARIES, V21, P449 ELNER RW, 1990, AM NAT, V136, P108 ESPINOZA E, 2001, INFORME GALAPAGOS 20, P55 ESTES JA, 1974, SCIENCE, V185, P1058 ESTES JA, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P75 FELDMAN GC, 1985, NINO GALAPAGOS ISLAN, P125 FELDMAN GC, 1986, TIDAL MIXING PLANKTO, V17, P77 GLYNN PW, 1979, SCIENCE, V203, P47 GLYNN PW, 1984, CORALS CORAL REEFS G GLYNN PW, 1988, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V19, P309 HALPERN BS, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S117 HARRIS MP, 1969, J ZOOL, V159, P145 HIMMELMAN JH, 1985, NAT CAN, V112, P143 HIXON MA, 1993, ECOL MONOGR, V63, P77 HOUVENAGHEL GT, 1984, KEY ENV, P43 JAMES MJ, 1991, GALAPAGOS MARINE INV JENNINGS S, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V70, P49 KVITEK RG, 1998, MAR MAMMAL SCI, V14, P895 LEVITAN DR, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1597 MANGEL M, 2000, EVOL ECOL RES, V2, P547 MANN KH, 1972, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V29, P603 MARTELL SJD, 2000, B MAR SCI, V66, P729 MCCLANAHAN TR, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P136 MENGE BA, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P14530 MERLEN G, 1995, ORYX, V29, P99 MURRAY SN, 1999, FISHERIES, V24, P11 OKEY TA, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V172, P339 OKEY TA, 2004, NOTICIAS GALAPAGOS, V62, P17 OKSANEN L, 1981, AM NAT, V118, P240 OPITZ S, 1986, 43 ICLARM, P341 ORITZ M, 2002, ECOL MODEL, V148, P227 PALOMARES MLD, 1998, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V49, P447 PAULY D, 1993, ICLARM C P, V26, P1 PAULY D, 1993, ICLARM C P, V26, P236 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PAULY D, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P697 PITCHER TJ, 1998, REINVENTING FISHERIE, P311 PITCHER TJ, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P601 PITCHER TJ, 2003, FISH FUTURE PERSPECT POLIS GA, 1996, FOOD WEBS INTEGRATIO, P275 POLOVINA JJ, 1984, CORAL REEFS, V3, P1 POWER ME, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P609 RECK G, 1984, THESIS KIEL RECK G, 1986, CULTURA, V3, P241 ROBERTS CM, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P1920 RUTTENBERG BI, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1691 SALA E, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V168, P135 SALA E, 1998, OIKOS, V82, P425 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHROETER SC, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P1773 SNELL HM, 1995, NOTICIAS GALAPAGOS, V55, P18 SUTHERLAND JP, 1974, AM NAT, V108, P859 WALTERS CJ, 1997, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V7, P139 WALTERS CJ, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P539 WALTERS CJ, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P70 WELLINGTON GM, 1984, KEY ENV GALAPAGOS, P247 WELLINGTON GM, 2001, B MAR SCI, V69, P27 WELLINGTON GR, 1975, GALAPAGOS COASTAL MA WITMAN JD, 2003, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V12, P25 NR 85 TC 1 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 383 EP 401 PY 2004 PD MAR 1 VL 172 IS 2-4 GA 778EM UT ISI:000189226500017 ER PT J AU Kerenyi, A Csorba, P TI Possibilities of the theoretical and methodological determination of landscape sensitivity shown on examples with small and large scale relations SO EKOLOGIA-BRATISLAVA LA English DT Article RP Kerenyi, A, LAJOS KOSSUTH UNIV,DEPT APPL LANDSCAPE GEOG,EGYET 1,POB 9,DEBRECEN,HUNGARY. AB By landscape sensitivity we mean the basic property of landscapes that they can show slighter or greater resilience, or change at varying degrees, in part or completely, temporarily or for a prolonged period to anthropogenic impacts. On the impact side there are the various anthropogenic activities affecting the landscape, the recipient side is the landscape itself in its full complexity. A plotting of a landscape sensitivity map of the whole-Hungarian territory east of the Danube on the scale of 1 : 500 000 was our first work. Taken into account in the course of this work was the landscape sensitivity to the consequences of six types of anthropogenic impacts: air pollution due to industry and transport surface contamination by solid and liquid pollutants soil cultivation and artificial fertilization changes in land-use construction activities, and finally stress due to recreational activities. Sensitivity to the six anthropogenic impacts is summarised on a coded map. The landscape sensitivity map of one of the half-basins of Tokaj-Hegyalja, prepared on the scale of 1 : 10 000 to assess the climatic-change sensitivity of the area is based on many field measurements. 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CR GUNDERSON LH, 1993, BIOTIC DIVERSITY SE HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P552 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 8 TC 6 J9 BIOSCIENCE BP S66 EP S73 PY 1995 GA RB762 UT ISI:A1995RB76200013 ER PT J AU Fabricius, KE TI Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Review C1 Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. CRC Reef, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RP Fabricius, KE, Australian Inst Marine Sci, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. AB This paper reviews and evaluates the current state of knowledge on the direct effects of terrestrial runoff on (1) the growth and survival of hard coral colonies, (2) coral reproduction and recruitment, and (3) organisms that interact with coral populations (coralline algae, bioeroders, macroalgae and heterotrophic filter feeders as space competitors, pathogens, and coral predators). The responses of each of these groups are evaluated separately against the four main water quality parameters: (1) increased dissolved inorganic nutrients, (2) enrichment with particulate organic matter, (3) light reduction from turbidity and (4) increased sedimentation. This separation facilitates disentangling and understanding the mechanisms leading to changes in the field, where many contaminants and many responses co-occur. The review also summarises geographic and biological factors that determine local and regional levels of resistance and resilience to degradation. It provides a conceptual aid to assess the kind of change(s) likely to occur in response to changing coastal water quality. Crown Copyright (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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ISI:000227762000014 ER PT J AU HUNTER, CL EVANS, CW TI CORAL-REEFS IN KANEOHE BAY, HAWAII - 2 CENTURIES OF WESTERN INFLUENCE AND 2 DECADES OF DATA SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV HAWAII,DEPT GEOG,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,KANEOHE,HI 96744. AB Kaneohe Bay, an estuarine and coral reef ecosystem on the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii, is often cited as an exemplary illustration of the resiliency of a natural system to environmental insult. Impacts to Kaneohe Bay coral reefs have resulted from various effects of natural processes such as freshwater flooding and erosional runoff. Additional impacts to the reef communities have resulted from anthropogenic activities concomitant with land use changes. Initially, agriculture and grazing, and subsequently urbanization, led to increased soil erosion and sedimentation, extensive reef dredging, channelization of streams, and eutrophic conditions ensuing from sewage discharges into the bay. Most of these land use changes occurred during the 1940's through 1970's, prior to and precluding comprehensive and/or quantitative studies of pristine reef conditions in the bay. One of the best documented anthropogenic changes in Kaneohe Bay focused on physical and ecological responses during a one-year period following sewage diversion. After twenty-five years of discharge, two large sewage outfalls were diverted from the bay in 1977-1978, followed by rapid and dramatic decreases in nutrient levels, turbidity, and phytoplankton abundance in the previously affected areas. There was a corresponding change in community structure from one dominated by the green bubble alga, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, and filter or deposit feeders, to one or more closely approaching the ''coral gardens'' described by Kaneohe Bay visitors prior to W.W.II. By 1983, D. cavernosa had decreased to 1/4 of its previous (1970) abundance while coral cover had more than doubled. The last point-source sewage discharge into the bay was diverted in 1986. Recovery of coral-dominated reef communities in Kaneohe Bay was expected to continue with a further decrease in algal cover and an increase in coral abundance. However, a 1990 survey indicated that, on a baywide basis, 1) algal cover had increased between 1983-1990 surveys, and 2) the rate of coral recovery established by surveys in 1970 and 1983 had slowed or, in some cases, reversed. Percent cover of D. cavernosa increased at 5 of 15 sites, while live coral showed slight to significant declines at nine sites compared to 1983 levels. This paper summarizes the recent history of Kaneohe Bay reefs in light of anthropogenic alterations, describes changes in reef communities in the bay over the past two decades, and discusses the potential environmental factors involved in these changes. 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"Sustainability, stability, and resilience" - Impacts of grazing SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material CR LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 NR 2 TC 0 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 6 IS 2 GA 735TH UT ISI:000186130300025 ER PT J AU McMahon, TA Adeloye, AJ Zhou, SL TI Understanding performance measures of reservoirs SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. RP McMahon, TA, Univ Melbourne, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. AB This paper examines 10 reservoir performance metrics including time and volume based reliability, several measures of resilience and vulnerability, drought risk index and sustainability. Both historical and stochastically generated streamflows are considered as inflows to a range of hypothetical storage on four rivers-Earn river in the United Kingdom, Hatchie river in the United States, Richmond river in Australia and the Vis river in South Africa. The monthly stochastic sequences were generated applying an autoregressive lag one model to Box-Cox transformed annual streamflows incorporating parameter uncertainty by the Stedinger-Taylor method and the annual flows disaggregated by the method of fragments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Herrick, JE, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB Soil quality appears to be an ideal indicator of sustainable land management. Soil is the foundation for nearly all land uses. Soil quality, by definition, reflects the capacity to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and promote plant and animal health. By reflecting the basic capacity of the soil to function, it integrates across many potential uses. Nonetheless, few land managers have adopted soil quality as an indicator of sustainable land management. There are a number of constraints to adoption. Most could be overcome through a concerted effort by the research community. Specifically, we need to address the following issues: (1) demonstrate causal relationships between soil quality and ecosystem functions, including biodiversity conservation, biomass production and conservation of soil and water resources. True calibration of soil quality requires more than merely comparing values across management systems; (2) increase the power of soil quality indicators to predict response to disturbance. Although then are many indicators that reflect the current capacity of a soil to function, there are few that can predict the capacity of the soil to continue to function under a range of disturbance regimes. Both resistance and resilience need to be considered; (3) Increase accessibility of monitoring systems to land managers. Many existing systems are too complex, too expensive, or both; (4) Integrate soil quality with other biophysical and socio-economic indicators. Effective early-warning monitoring systems will require not just the inclusion of both biophysical and socio-economic indicators, but also the development of models that incorporate feedbacks between soil quality and socio-economic conditions and trends and (5) Place soil quality in a landscape context. Most ecosystem functions depend on connections through time across different parts of the landscape. In conclusion, soil quality is a necessary but not sufficient indicator of sustainable land management. Its value will continue to increase as limitations are diminished through collaboration between scientists, land managers and policymakers. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 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Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Biol Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. RP Balmford, A, Univ Cape Town, Percy Fitzpatrick Inst African Ornithol, Dept Bot, Private Bag, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. AB Two major international initiatives - the Convention on Biological Diversity's target to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - raise the profile of ecological data on the changing state of nature and its implications for human well-being. This paper is intended to provide a broad overview of current knowledge of these issues. Information on changes in the status of species, size of populations, and extent and condition of habitats is patchy, with little data available for many of the taxa, regions and habitats of greatest importance to the delivery of ecosystem services. However, what we do know strongly suggests that, while exceptions exist, the changes currently underway are for the most part negative, anthropogenic in origin, ominously large and accelerating. The impacts of these changes on human society are idiosyncratic and patchily understood, but for the most part also appear to be negative and substantial. Forecasting future changes is limited by our poor understanding of the cascading impacts of change within communities, of threshold effects, of interactions between the drivers of change, and of linkages between the state of nature and human well-being. In assessing future science needs, we not only see a strong role for ecological data and theory, but also believe that much closer collaboration with social and earth system scientists is essential if ecology is to have a strong bearing on policy makers. 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RP Campbell, DE, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB Energy systems theory provides a theoretical basis for defining, measuring, and interpreting the concepts of ecological integrity and ecosystem health. Ecological integrity is defined as an emergent property of ecosystems operating at maximum power that can be quantified using validated Energy Systems models. The cumulative empower production (emergy) calculated using these models is proposed as a measure of ecological integrity. Ecological integrity must be interpreted within the context of an ecosystem's position within the relevant hierarchies of organization and cycles of change that control system behavior. The local integrity and health of an ecosystem are normative concepts because they are evaluated relative to a standard or reference state. The underlying emergy signature responsible for generating ecosystem organization provides an expectation for this reference state. Ecosystems also have global integrity, which is manifested as the flexibility to maximize empower over time in the face of changing external forcing functions. Global integrity has no fixed reference but can be evaluated by comparing alternative system designs. Because the maximum empower principle is a general law that applies to all self-organizing systems on all scales, these definitions for ecological integrity and ecosystem health apply to both natural ecosystems and ecosystems dominated by human activities. Human-dominated ecosystems with the highest integrity will be those in which the sum of the empower produced by the economy and its supporting ecosystems is close to a maximum. 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Food & Agr Org UN, I-00100 Rome, Italy. RP Allison, EH, Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) combines a conceptual framework with a set of operational principles to provide guidance on policy formulation and development practice. The SLA has been widely used in coastal and fisheries development research and has informed the design of development programmes but experience of operationalising it remains largely undocumented. In the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme, which involves 25 West African countries, the SLA has helped to align fisheries policy with wider poverty reduction initiatives and to identify means of contributing to poverty reduction that do not directly increase pressure on fully or over-exploited fish resources. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *FAO, 1995, COD COND RESP FISH *FAO, 2000, POV COAST FISH COMM *FAO, 2005, INCR CONTR SMALL SCA, V10 *SFLP, SFLPRF15 SFLP COT BE *SFLP, 2005, SFLP LIAIS B, V19, P3 *SFLP, 2005, SFLP LIAISON B, V17 *WORLD FISH CTR, 2005, DECL NEPAD FISH ALL ADGER WN, 2004, 7 U E ANGL TYND CTR ALLISON EH, 2001, MAR POLICY, V25, P377 ALLISON EH, 2005, RURAL LIVELIHOODS PO, P256 ASHLEY C, 1999, SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHO BEBBINGTON A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P2021 BENE C, 2003, J ASIAN AFR STUD, V38, P17 BENE C, 2003, WORLD DEV, V31, P949 BENE C, 2006, 481 FAO BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROCKLESBY MA, 2003, COMMUNITY DEV J, V38, P185 CHAMBERS R, 1992, 296 I DEV STUD DISC CHARLES AT, 2001, SUSTAINABLE FISHERY CHAUVEAU JP, 2000, PECHES PIROGUIERES A CYCON DE, 1986, NAT RESOUR J, V26, P1 DORWARD A, 2003, DEV POLICY REV, V21, P319 ELLIS F, 1998, J DEV STUD, V35, P1 HOREMANS B, 2004, POVERTY SMALL SCALE, P229 KISSLING E, 2005, AIDS, V19, P1939 LEACH M, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P225 MOSSE D, 1998, DEV PROCESS CONCEPTS NARAYAN D, 2001, VOICES POOR CRYING C NEELY C, 2005, 16 FAO ROM NEILAND AE, 2004, POVERTY SMALL SCALE NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR PITTALUGA F, 2004, POVERTY SMALL SCALE, P103 SALMI P, 2005, SOCIOL RURALIS, V45, P22 SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 SEN AK, 1985, COMMODITIES CAPABILI SEN AK, 2000, 1 AS DEV BANK OFF EN SOLESBURY W, 2003, 217 ODI STIRRAT RL, 2004, AQUATIC RESOURCES CU, V1, P25 THORPE A, 2005, MAR POLICY, V29, P328 TONER A, 2002, DEV STUD ASS C RIO P TOWNSLEY P, 1998, SUSTAINABLE RURAL LI, P139 VANOOSTENBRUGGE JAE, 2004, AGR SYST, V82, P57 WHITTINGHAM E, 2003, POVERTY REEFS NR 43 TC 0 J9 MAR POLICY BP 757 EP 766 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 30 IS 6 GA 084UQ UT ISI:000240560300017 ER PT J AU WOOLHOUSE, MEJ HARMSEN, R TI JUST HOW UNSTABLE ARE AGROECOSYSTEMS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article C1 QUEENS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,KINGSTON K7L 3N6,ONTARIO,CANADA. CR CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 ELTON CS, 1958, ECOLOGY INVASIONS AN GOODMAN D, 1975, Q REV BIOL, V50, P237 HUFFAKER CB, 1958, HILGARDIA, V27, P343 MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MURDOCH WW, 1972, ECOLOGY, V53, P819 MURDOCH WW, 1975, J APPL ECOL, V12, P795 OATMAN ER, 1973, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V66, P122 PIMENTEL D, 1961, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V54, P76 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RUMNEY GR, 1969, CLIMATOLOGY WORLDS C VANEMDEN HF, 1974, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V19, P455 WILLIAMSON M, 1984, ECOL ENTOMOL, V9, P239 WOLDA H, 1978, AM NAT, V112, P1017 WOLDA H, 1983, RES POPULATION ECO S, V3, P112 WOOLHOUSE MEJ, 1985, P ENTOMOL SOC ONT, V115, P1 NR 16 TC 5 J9 CAN J ZOOL BP 1577 EP 1580 PY 1987 PD JUL VL 65 IS 7 GA J9325 UT ISI:A1987J932500001 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Robards, MD Huntington, HP Johnstone, JE Trainor, SE Kofinas, GP Ruess, RW Fresco, N Natcher, DC Naylor, RL TI Directional changes in ecological communities and social-ecological systems: A framework for prediction based on Alaskan examples SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, St John, NF A1C FS7, Canada. Stanford Univ, Stanford Inst Environm, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB In this article we extend the theory of community prediction by presenting seven hypotheses for predicting community structure in a directionally changing world. The first three address well-studied community responses to environmental and ecological change: ecological communities are most likely to exhibit threshold changes in structure when perturbations cause large changes in limiting soil or sediment resources, dominant or keystone species, or attributes of disturbance regime that influence community recruitment. Four additional hypotheses address social-ecological interactions and apply to both ecological communities and social-ecological systems. Human responsiveness to short-term and local costs and benefits often leads to human actions with unintended long-term impacts, particularly those that are far from the site of decision making or are geographically dispersed. Policies are usually based on past conditions of ecosystem services rather than expected future trends. Finally, institutions that strengthen negative feedbacks between human actions and social-ecological consequences can reduce human impacts through more responsive (and thus more effective) management of public ecosystem services. Because of the large role that humans play in modifying ecosystems and ecosystem services, it is particularly important to test and improve social-ecological hypotheses as a basis for shaping appropriate policies for long-term ecosystem resilience. 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Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Dept Biol, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Costanza, R, Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Ctr Environm Sci, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB The oceans have long been recognized as one of humanity's most important natural resources. Their vastness has made them appear to be limitless sources of food, transportation, recreation, and awe. The difficulty of fencing and policing them has left them largely as open access resources to be exploited by anyone with the means. However, in recent times we have begun to reach the limits of the oceans and must now begin to utilize and govern them in a more sustainable way. This paper summarizes emerging information on the interrelated ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans, and on developing institutions for their sustainable governance. In addition to their traditional importance as sources of primary and secondary production, and biodiversiy, the importance of the oceans in global material and energy cycles is now beginning to be better appreciated. Integrated models of the global ocean-atmosphere-terrestrial biosphere system reveal the critical role of the oceans in atmospheric gas and climate regulation, and for water, nutrient, and waste cycling. Recent estimates of the economic value of the marketed and non-marketed ecosystem services of the oceans indicate a huge contribution to human welfare from the functions mentioned above plus raw materials, recreational, and cultural services. The oceans have been estimated to contribute a total of similar to 21 trillion US$/year to human welfare (compared with a global GNP of similar to 25 trillion US$), with similar to 60% of this from coastal and shelf systems and the other 40% from the open ocean. and with the oceans contributing similar to 60% of the total economic value of the biosphere (Costanza et al., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260). The social importance of the oceans for global transportation and as a unifying element in the cultures of many coastal countries cannot be overestimated. However, the cultural traditions of open access must be replaced with more appropriate property rights regimes and governance structures. Some alternative sustainable governance ideas are briefly discussed, emphasizing the need for an expanded deliberative process to develop a shared vision of a sustainable use of oceans. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Perz, SG, Univ Florida, Dept Sociol, 3219 Turlington Hall,POB 117330, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB This article critically reviews forest transition theory, which posits a decline in forest cover followed by expansion during the course of development. Whereas case studies in advanced industrial nations provided an empirical foundation, more recent cross-national modeling efforts and studies in developing regions have raised doubts. Forest transition theory has limitations in its concept of forests, its treatment of forest dynamics, its explanation for forest transitions, and its generalizability. This critique provides the basis for research needs to link studies of forest dynamics on various timescales to other land use/land cover research, as via historical-comparative methods and interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks. 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Univ Paris 06, Observ Oceanol Villefranche Mer, CNRS, LOV,Stn Zool, F-06234 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. IFREMER, Direct Ressources Vivantes, Lab Ecol Halieut ECOHAL, F-29280 Plouzane, France. IFREMER, Ctr Nantes, Lab Ecol Halieut ECOHAL, F-44311 Nantes 3, France. RP Souissi, S, Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Stn Marine Wimereux, Ecosyst Complex Res Grp, CNRS,UPRES A 8013,ELICO, 28 Ave Foch,BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France. AB This new numerical approach proposes a solution to a fundamental and difficult question in ecology, consisting of the correct geographical representation of multidimensional structures. Firstly, transformation was applied to the original matrix (n sites x q variables) in order to satisfy the condition of multinormality. Then, a hierarchical cluster analysis was used and cacti hierarchical level was Studied and characterised by a certain probability level. For each cut off level an algorithm based on the computation of the Bayesian probabilities produced a smaller matrix (n sites x c groups). These conditional probabilities measure the chance that each site has in belonging to a predefined group of sites. Spatial distributions of these probability values for each group of sites were mapped using kriging interpolation. Finally, the maps were used to define homogenous zones on a single map by superimposing one map on the other. The maximal value of interpolated probability was used as criterion to assign cacti point of the map to the zones predefined by this classification. This method was applied to map demersal fish habitats by using a dataset from bottom trawl surveys in the Bay of Biscay (France) during October 1990. The boundaries between habitats were identified objectively. Then, the indicator species and species assemblages characterising the different habitats were identified by using an indicator value index. This index integrates the specificity and the fidelity quantities calculated for each species in each habitat. The obtained results showed that this method presented a robust tool to describe the habitat of exploited species. The obtained habitats were validated by their correspondence with depth strata, sediment type and also by the biological characteristics of the indicator species. The proposed method is useful in the study of temporal variations of habitats with regards to species assemblages and can also be generalised to other multivariate databases of different descriptors (physical, chemical, biological, etc.). 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RP Duerden, F, Ryerson Univ, Dept Geog, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. AB It is well recognized that climate change will have considerable impact on the physical landscapes of northern Canada. How these impacts will be transmitted to the level of human activity is not clear, but it needs to be understood by governments and other decision makers to help them identify and implement appropriate approaches to ameliorate the effects of climate change. Translating physical changes into human impacts is not a simple task; communities are not passive players that will respond to changes in the physical environment in easily predictable ways. While many prognoses about change are made on a large scale, human activity is highly localized, and impacts and responses will be conditioned by local geography and a range of endogenous factors, including demographic trends, economic complexity, and experience with "change" in a broad sense. More and more studies are yielding important information about community-level experience, both past and current, with environmental shifts in the North, but research effort by social scientists falls short of what is required to reduce the level of uncertainty, and it compares unfavourably with the physical sciences' dedication to the climate change problem. A pan-northern research effort, building on a long legacy of social science research in the North, would go some way towards translating the promise of change into probable community impacts. 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AB Increasing demands for products and services from tropical forests require solutions that conserve biodiversity while responding to human needs. I review various paradigms of tropical forest resiliency and fragility to focus attention on the management of biodiversity. The management of tropical biodiversity is possible within the context of land use programs that focus on ecosystem management. New ecological paradigms of tropical-forest resiliency underpin tropical-ecosystem management. They can and/or should replace paradigms that highlighted ecosystem fragility and led to the belief that tropical forests cannot be managed. To lead the way in tropical-ecosystem management, ecologists must also consider social, political, and economic factors that affect the way people relate to the biota. Ecosystem management will require use of modern technology to mitigate the negative consequences of poor development and land use practices. In spite of efforts to preserve ecosystems as they occur today, species composition of future tropical forest landscapes will be different than today's. CR 1993, SUSTAINABLE AGR ENV BARRERA A, 1977, BIOTICA, V2, P47 BATISSE M, 1986, NATURE RESOURCES, V22, P2 BAWA KS, 1990, REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY BERGER JJ, 1990, ENV RESTORATION SCI BROWN S, 1990, J TROP ECOL, V6, P1 BROWN S, 1994, EFFECTS LAND USE CHA, P117 BROWN S, 1994, J RESTORATION ECOLOG, V2, P97 BURGESS RL, 1981, ECOLOGICAL STUDIES, V41 BUSH MB, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P251 CUTLER A, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P496 DENSLOW JS, 1987, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V18, P431 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1972, SCIENCE, V177, P762 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1987, INTERCIENCIA, V12, P10 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1987, MEX STUD, V3, P1 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1987, TULANE STUD ZOOL, V26, P19 GOMEZPOMPA A, 1991, RAIN FOREST REGENERA HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANZEN DH, 1990, VIDA SILVESTRE NEOTR, V2, P64 JORDAN WR, 1987, RESTORATION ECOLOGY KING C, 1984, IMMIGRANT KILLERS LAMB D, 1990, EXPLOITING TROPICAL LEIGH EG, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P340 LUGO AE, 1986, VEGETATIO, V68, P83 LUGO AE, 1988, BIODIVERSITY, P58 LUGO AE, 1988, BIOL INT, V19 LUGO AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DEV HUMID LUGO AE, 1988, ENVIRONMENT, V30, P16 LUGO AE, 1988, ENVIRONMENT, V30, P41 LUGO AE, 1991, NATURE RESOUR, V27, P27 LUGO AE, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P1 LUGO AE, 1992, ENV REHABILITATION, V2, P247 LUGO AE, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P106 LUGO AE, 1995, IN PRESS BIODIVERSIT LUGO AE, 1995, TROPICAL FORESTS MAN, P59 MARGALEF R, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P357 NEWMARK WD, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P67 NG FSP, 1983, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST, P359 ORIANS GH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P139 PARROTTA JA, 1992, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V41, P115 PARROTTA JA, 1993, RESTORATION TROPICAL, P63 PIMENTEL D, 1992, BIOSCIENCE, V42, P354 POORE MED, 1991, J I WOOD SCI, V12, P103 RICHARDS PW, 1964, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST SANFORD RL, 1985, SCIENCE, V227, P53 SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18 SCHMIDT R, 1987, UNASYLVA, V39, P2 SCHULZE ED, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST SILVER WL, 1995, IN PRESS BIODIVERSIT, CH4 SOUSA WP, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1918 STEBBINS GL, 1974, FLOWERING PLANTS EVO VANDOBBEN WH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC WADSWORTH FH, 1982, 9 S REC NAT SAN JUAN, P12 WAIDE RB, 1992, TROPICAL FORESTS TRA, P173 WALKER LR, 1991, BIOTROPICA, V23, P313 NR 56 TC 23 J9 ECOL APPL BP 956 EP 961 PY 1995 PD NOV VL 5 IS 4 GA TF375 UT ISI:A1995TF37500011 ER PT J AU Gondard, H Sandrine, J Aronson, J Lavorel, S TI Plant functional types: a promising tool for management and restoration of degraded lands SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, CNRS, UPR 9056, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. IRD, Miss Tunisie, Tunis 1080, Tunisia. RP Gondard, H, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, CNRS, UPR 9056, 1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. AB Throughout the Mediterranean region, vegetation dynamics are affected by human activities which are either 'stresses' or 'disturbances', depending on their frequency, intensity and spatial distribution. To minimize or reduce anthropogenic degradation caused by land use and other disturbances, it is necessary to understand and predict the various responses of plant communities to disturbances. In particular, detailed but integrative approaches are required to assimilate large databases on vegetation and to make them directly useful for managers and restorers. We describe two case studies undertaken to evaluate the effects of logging or overgrazing on plant species diversity in pine forests of southern France and steppe ecosystems of southern Tunisia. Both studies employed the same methodology to identify plant functional traits (morphological, life history and regeneration traits) associated with community response to disturbance. The results of these analyses allowed us to develop state and transition models that could be used to plan and predict ecosystem trajectories, assess ongoing degradation processes and monitor community and ecosystem responses to management and restoration practices. We discuss the relevance and the use of plant functional types (PFTs) as tools for ecosystem management and planning and for monitoring restoration in southern Europe, northern Africa and elsewhere. Using this approach it is possible to improve management strategies for the conservation, restoration and sustainable exploitation of biodiversity and of ecosystems. 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RP Ludwig, D, Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB The management paradigm fails when confronted with complex problems where there are no clearly defined objectives and a plethora Of Mutually contradictory approaches, each of which is plausible in a particular frame of reference. The notion of the disinterested expert cannot withstand scrutiny, and putative experts must earn public trust. Scientists must be prepared to share their advisory and decision-making roles with a variety of interested parties and participate with them on an equal footing. CR *WCFSD, 1999, OUR FOR OUR FUT BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BODLEY J, 1990, VICTIMS PROGR BRANDON K, 1997, POLICY PRACTICAL CON, P90 BRUNK C, 1995, SOCIAL CONFLICT ENV, P235 CALDWELL LK, 1990, 2 WORLDS SCI ENV MEN CLAD JR, 1988, CONSERVATION INDIGEN, P45 CORTNER HJ, 1999, POLITICS ECOSYSTEM M COTGROVE S, 1982, CATASTROPHE CORNUCOP DOVE MR, 1997, HUM ORGAN, V56, P91 FEYERABEND P, 1975, METHOD FISCHEN R, 1990, TECHNOCRACY POLITICS FUNTOWICZ S, 1999, INFORMATION TOOLS EN FUNTOWICZ SO, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P137 GLANTZ MH, 1979, MAR POLICY JUL, P201 GOODLAND R, 1988, TRIBAL PEOPLES EC DE, P13 HACKING I, 1999, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION HAERLIN B, 1999, NATURE, V400, P499 HAMILTON C, 1999, GLOBAL ETHICS ENV, P90 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 HUTCHINGS JA, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1198 KAYSEN C, 1968, PUBLIC INTEREST SUM, P80 KHUN TS, 1970, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU KRAMER R, 1997, LAST STAND PROTECTED LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LINDBLOM CE, 1959, PUBLIC ADMIN REV, V19, P79 LODER N, 1999, NATURE, V400, P490 LODER N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P689 LOW N, 1999, GLOBAL ETHICS ENV MCNEELY JA, 1988, EC BIOL DIVERSITY DE MILLER A, 1993, ENVIRON MANAGE, V17, P563 MORGAN MG, 1996, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V34, P337 MYRDAL G, 1953, POLITICAL ELEMENT DE MYRDAL G, 1973, STREAM NELSON RH, 1987, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P135 OZAWA CP, 1991, RECASTING SCI CONSEN PLATT JR, 1964, SCIENCE, V146, P347 RADOVICH J, 1981, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, P107 RAVETZ JR, 1990, MERGER KNOWLEDGE POW, P261 RITTEL HWJ, 1973, POLICY SCI, V4, P155 ROE E, 1988, TAKING COMPLEXITY SE SAETERSDAHL G, 1980, CONSEIL INT EXPLORAT, V177, P55 SANDERSON SL, 1997, BIODIVERSITY POLITIC, P115 SAVILLE A, 1979, CONSEIL INT EXPLORAT, V177, P513 SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1993, BURYING UNCERTAINTY SIMON HA, 1983, REASON HUMAN AFFAIRS VANSCHAIK CP, 1997, SILENT CRISIS STATE, P64 WALTERS CJ, 1996, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V6, P125 WELLS M, 1992, PEOPLE PARKS LINKING WELLS M, 1999, INVESTING BIODIVERSI WHITTEMORE AS, 1983, RISK ANAL, V3, P23 NR 51 TC 12 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 758 EP 764 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 4 IS 8 GA 504DE UT ISI:000172841400006 ER PT J AU Perrings, C Stern, DI TI Modelling loss of resilience in agroecosystems: Rangelands in Botswana SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ York, Dept Environm Econ & Environm Management, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Perrings, C, Univ York, Dept Environm Econ & Environm Management, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. AB Economists have recently begun to consider the questions raised by the ecological concept of resilience - a measure of the degree to which a system can be perturbed before it switches from one stability domain to another. At a theoretical level, it has been argued that the loss of resilience in an ecological-economic system involves a change in its long-run productive potential, but no consideration has yet been given to the empirical investigation of this. This paper discusses an econometric approach to the problem, using the example of semi-arid rangelands. The long-run productive potential of the system is regarded as an unobserved state variable, change in which is irreversible or at least only slowly reversible. It is estimated by applying the extended (nonlinear) Kalman filter. The paper illustrates the approach using data from Botswana for the period 1965-1993. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters associated with the loss of resilience mechanism are non-zero. They indicate a small loss of resilience event at the end of the long drought in the 1980s. However, these parameters are very imprecisely estimated and are therefore statistically insignificant. We find that the sensitivity of the system to exogenous shocks varies with fluctuations in both economic and non-economic parameters. Contrary to what is usually thought to be the case, the sensitivity of the system to exogenous shocks is only weakly affected by variations in offtake prices, but is very strongly affected by variations in the cost of herd maintenance. This suggests that offtake prices may be a weak tool for controlling the size of cattle stocks and preventing a loss of resilience. On the other hand, taxes on cattle stocks or grazing fees may be very effective. CR *AGR STAT UN PLANN, BOTSW AGR STAT *CENTR STAT OFF RE, STAT B *EC INT UN, 1994, COUNTR REP NAM BOTSW *FOOD AGR ORG UN, 1994, FAO YB PROD, V47 *IMF, 1994, INT FIN STAT ABEL N, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P113 ARNTZEN JW, 1988, ENV PRESSURE ADAPTAT ARNTZEN JW, 1988, PROFILE ENV DEV BOTS ARNTZEN JW, 1994, 3 BIENN C INT SOC EC BERNDT EK, 1974, ANN ECON SOC MEAS, V3, P653 BERNDT ER, 1979, J POLITICAL EC, V87, P1220 BRAAT LC, 1990, DRYLAND MANAGEMENT E CAPALBO SM, 1987, W J AGR EC, V13, P53 CLEVELAND CJ, 1998, THEORY IMPLEMENTATIO, P113 COLLIER P, 1984, WORLD DEV, V12, P1007 CONWAY GR, 1993, EC ECOLOGY NEW FRONT COUCLELIS H, 1988, ENVIRON PLANN A, V20, P99 DASGUPTA P, 1998, ECOL ECON, V24, P139 DEJONG P, 1991, ANN STAT, V19, P1073 DEJONG P, 1991, J TIME SER ANAL, V12, P143 FIDZANI NH, 1993, THESIS BOSTON U GRANGER CWJ, 1993, EC J GRANGER CWJ, 1993, MODELLING NONLINEAR GREENE WH, 1990, ECONOMETRIC ANAL HARVEY AC, 1989, FORECASTING STRUCTUR HARVEY AC, 1991, APPL ECON, V23, P1077 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PERRINGS C, 1995, ECON APPL, V48, P121 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 PERRINGS CA, 1993, 57 WORLD BANK ENV DE PERRINGS CA, 1994, ANN REGIONAL SCI, V28, P3 PERRINGS CA, 1994, BIODIVERSITY CONSERV PERRINGS CA, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PERRINGS CA, 1996, SUSTAINABLE DEV POVE PESARAN MH, 1995, J ECONOMETRICS, V67, P61 PICKUP G, 1991, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V10, P463 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PINDYCK RS, 1981, ECONOMETRIC MODELS E SLADE ME, 1989, J ECONOMETRICS, V41, P363 STERN DI, 1992, ENVIRON PLANN A, V24, P1431 STERN DI, 1994, THESIS BOSTON U BOST THEIL H, 1961, EC FORECASTS POLICY TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P23 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P577 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHITE H, 1980, INT ECON REV, V21, P149 NR 48 TC 2 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 185 EP 210 PY 2000 PD JUN VL 16 IS 2 GA 306WK UT ISI:000086620600003 ER PT J AU Black, AE Morgan, P Hessburg, PE TI Social and biophysical correlates of change in forest landscapes of the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Black, AE, US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, USDA, RMRS, 790 E Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. AB Understanding multi-scale interactions among human activities and biophysical factors in ecosystem dynamics is a critical step toward managing for long-term ecological integrity. Studying variation and change over multiple spatial and temporal scales (100-100 000 ha and 1-500 yr) allows one to tease apart the relative roles of these factors. Using meso-scale data predominantly from the recent Interior Columbia River Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP), we assessed the role of several economic, demographic, cultural, climatic, topographic, and geologic factors in forest spatial pattern changes (from the 1930s to the 1990s) across 800 000 km(2) of the interior Northwest, USA. Our 228 forested subwatersheds (similar to10 000 ha) lie in 76 counties in six states. We identified key correlates of change; their hierarchical scale, and the scale of vegetation classification at which these correlates explained most change. We used general linear models and partial. multiple regression analysis, supplemented by logistic and correlation analysis. Models explained 40-93% of total variation. Changes were not necessarily correlated to factors of the same scale. Broad-scale social systems encompassing land ownership systems, economic market structures, and cultural value systems appear in all significant models regardless of the response scale. Biophysical parameters describing growing site conditions moderated or exacerbated changes. 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RP MCCLANAHAN, TR, WILDLIFE CONSERVAT SOC,CORAL REEF CONSERVAT PROJECT,POB 99470,MOMBASA,KENYA. AB An aggregated energy-based coral reef simulation model was developed and used to perform fishing experiments where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model is composed of two groups of primary producers (coral and algae), herbivores (herbivorous fishes and sea urchins) and carnivores (piscivores and predators of invertebrates). Gross and net primary production are calculated from coral and algal production and respiration parameters, while the calcium carbonate balance is calculated from deposition by coral and algae and erosion by sea urchins and herbivorous fish. Simulation results indicate that fishing affects the coral reef's ecology and the benefits of the fisheries yield must be weighed against impacts on reef structure and processes. The model predicts that removing all fish groups will eventually result in reef dominance by sea urchins once their predators have been removed. This results in a rapid and dramatic drop in fisheries yields and reduced algal and coral biomass and productivity. Net calcium carbonate deposition is particularly sensitive to the effect of sea urchins or fishermen on living coral. Fishing only piscivores results in low fisheries yields but high reef accretion by indirectly releasing coral from competition with algae. A management strategy of fishing only piscivores and herbivorous fishes results in the highest and most stable fisheries yields. However, under this management strategy, high levels of fishing results in increased algae that competitively exclude coral and produces a temporary reduction in calcium carbonate deposition. But, at the highest algal biomass, calcium carbonate deposition is high and solely attributable to algal deposition. Nonetheless, this form of calcium carbonate deposition may not provide the reef structure required for fish habitat and shoreline protection. It may therefore prove beneficial, over the long term, to keep fishing below this level. 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Soil Qual Inst, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Dept Agr, Ames, IA USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Karlen, DL, Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. AB During the past decade, soil quality research and education programs have increased exponentially throughout the world. Educational and assessment approaches, ranging from simple scorecard and test-kit monitoring to comprehensive quantitative assessments and indexing using soils databases, have been pursued. The programs have emphasized that soil quality is not "an end in itself" but rather a tool for evaluating and understanding the effects of soil management on a specific soil resource. The approaches have stressed that to determine how well a soil is functioning, inherent and dynamic soil properties and processes must be evaluated using biological, chemical, and physical indicators. No soil quality researcher has ever envisioned the concept would replace modern soil survey programs or diminish the importance of scientifically based soil management strategies. Herein, we present the scientific merits of soil quality research. CR 1998, FEDERAL LAW GAZETTE, V1, P502 *NRC, 1993, SOIL WATER QUALITY A *USDA NRCS, 1998, SOIL QUAL TEST KIT G *USDA NRCS, 1999, AGR HDB USDA NRCS, V436 *USDA NRCS, 2000, SOIL RATING PLANT GR ALEXANDER M, 1971, ENV IMPROVEMENT AGR, P66 ANDREWS SS, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V1760, P1 ANDREWS SS, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P1573 ANDREWS SS, 2002, AGRON J, V94, P12 ANDREWS SS, 2003, IN PRESS GEODERMA, V114, P187 BEARE MH, 1999, BEST SOIL MANAGEMENT, P81 BERRY EC, 1993, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V8, P21 BLUM WEH, 1998, METHODS ASSESSMENT S, P1 BREJDA JJ, 2000, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V64, P2115 CANNON K, 2001, SOIL QUALITY BENCHMA DORAN JW, 1994, SOIL SCI SOC AM SPEC, V35 DORAN JW, 1996, ADV AGRON, V5, P1 DORAN JW, 1996, SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICA, V49, P410 DORAN JW, 2000, APPL SOIL ECOL, V15, P3 ESWARAN H, 1999, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V14, P136 HALVORSON JJ, 1997, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V52, P26 HERRICK JE, 1998, ADV SOIL S, P405 HERRICK JE, 2000, APPL SOIL ECOL, V15, P75 HERRICK JE, 2002, AGRON J, V94, P3 HOPER H, 2000, NAT COOP SOIL SURV C HUDSON B, 2003, COMMUNICATION AUG KARLEN DL, 1994, SOIL TILL RES, V31, P149 KARLEN DL, 1994, SOIL TILL RES, V32, P313 KARLEN DL, 1994, SSSA SPEC PUBL, V35, P53 KARLEN DL, 1997, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V61, P4 KARLEN DL, 1998, J PROD AGRIC, V11, P56 KARLEN DL, 1999, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V54, P439 KARLEN DL, 2001, ADV AGRON, V74, P1 KARLEN DL, 2003, MANAGING SOIL QUALIT, P17 LAL R, 2000, SOIL SCI, V165, P57 LAMARCA CC, 1996, STUBBLE SOIL VITAL R LARSON WE, 1991, EVALUATION SUSTAINAB, V2, P175 NOWOTNY H, 1975, Z SOCIOL, V4, P37 OUEDRAOGO E, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V84, P259 PARKIN TB, 1996, SOIL SCI SOC AM SPEC, V49 PIMENTEL D, 2000, ECOSYST HEALTH, V6, P221 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 SCHJONNING P, 2003, IN PRESS MANAGING SO, P1 SHEPHERD TG, 2000, VISUAL SOIL ASSESSME, V1 SHEPHERD TG, 2001, PRECISION TOOLS IMPR, P119 SOJKA RE, 1999, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V63, P1039 SOJKA RE, 2003, ADV AGRON, V79, P1 SPARROW LA, 2000, COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN, V31, P1717 WANDER MM, 2000, APPL SOIL ECOL, V15, P61 WARKENTIN BP, 1977, P INT SEM SOIL ENV F, P594 NR 50 TC 2 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV BP 171 EP 179 PY 2003 PD JUL-AUG VL 58 IS 4 GA 736UD UT ISI:000186190800010 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR TI Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: Bistability and soil phosphorus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Eutrophication (the overenrichment of aquatic ecosystems with nutrients leading to algal blooms and anoxic events) is a persistent condition of surface waters and a widespread environmental problem. Some lakes have recovered after sources of nutrients were reduced. In others, recycling of phosphorus from sediments enriched by years of high nutrient inputs causes lakes to remain eutrophic even after external inputs of phosphorus are decreased. Slow flux of phosphorus from overfertilized soils may be even more important for maintaining eutrophication of lakes in agricultural regions. This type of eutrophication is not reversible unless there are substantial changes in soil management. Technologies for rapidly reducing phosphorus content of overenriched soils, or reducing erosion rates, are needed to improve water quality. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2005, SYNTH REP *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQ EC SCI TECHN BENNETT EM, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P69 BENNETT EM, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P227 BROCK WA, 2005, IN PRESS THEORETICAL CARACO NF, 1991, COMP ANAL ECOSYSTEMS, P241 CARPENTER SR, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P559 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2003, REGIME SHIFTS LAKE E COOKE GD, 1993, RESTORATION MANAGEME GACHTER R, 2003, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V48, P929 GENKAIKATO M, 2005, ECOLOGY, V86, P210 JEPPESON E, 1998, STRUCTURING ROLE SUB LARSEN DP, 1979, WATER RES, V13, P1259 LATHROP RC, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P69 LATHROP RC, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P1169 LUDWIG D, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P1135 NURNBERG GK, 1984, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V29, P111 NURNBERG GK, 1998, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V43, P1544 REEDANDERSEN T, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P561 RICHARDSON CJ, 1999, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V33, P1545 SAS H, 1989, LAKE RESTORATION RED SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHINDLER DW, 1977, SCIENCE, V195, P260 SCHINDLER DW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P26 SMITH VH, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION, P7 SONDERGAARD M, 2000, LAKES RESERVOIRS RES, V5, P151 SORANNO PA, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P865 STERNER RW, 2002, ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOM WILSON MA, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P772 NR 31 TC 9 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA BP 10002 EP 10005 PY 2005 PD JUL 19 VL 102 IS 29 GA 947SE UT ISI:000230665800005 ER PT J AU Cioccio, L Michael, EJ TI Hazard or disaster: Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria SO TOURISM MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Events Tourism Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. La Trobe Univ, Sch Sport Tourism & Hospital Managaememt, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. RP Michael, EJ, Events Tourism Victoria, GPO Box 2219, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. AB In recent years, analysts have focussed on building a range of strategic responses to enhance the ability of communities and businesses to manage and recover from natural disasters. The experience from each new crisis adds further to the process of hazard management. The results in tourism research have expanded the community's collective capacity to respond to such circumstances, but little consideration has been given to how small firms, which are the mainstay of the industry, actually deal with the impacts of a regional catastrophe. The 2003 bushfires in northeast Victoria (Australia) devastated over 1.1 million hectares, destroying the livelihood of some operators and leaving more than one thousand small tourism firms without a revenue base. This paper examines how they prepared for, and recovered from, the event. Perhaps not surprisingly, it exposes their vulnerability and lack of preparedness for dealing with a hazard of this magnitude. On the other hand, it demonstrates the resilience of real-world operators and their reliance on accumulated experience to manage their own recovery. There are lessons here that may well apply in similar circumstances. For example, the paper notes the inadequacy of insurance as a risk management strategy, but emphasizes the value of collective approaches to marketing to rebuild the confidence of future visitors. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *DEP SUST ENV, 2003, PUBL LAND FIR BOUND *MIN TASKF BUSHF R, 2003, FIN REP *NAT TOUR ALL, 2002, PUBL LIAB INS *SMALL BUS COAL, 2003, DEF SMALL BUS *STAT GOV VICT DEP, 2003, REP INQ 2002 2003 VI ANDERSON B, 2003, SUSTAINING BUSINESS BARROW CJ, 1999, ENV MANAGEMENT PRINC BROWN J, 1989, ENV THREATS CANNON T, 1994, DISASTERS DEV ENV CASSEDY K, 1991, CRISIS MANAGEMENT PL CHAPKIS W, 1997, LIFE SEX ACTS WOMEN CHAPMAN D, 1994, NATURAL HAZARDS COVELLO VT, 1993, RISK ASSESSMENT METH CROSS JA, 1990, INT J MASS EMERGENCI, V8, P31 DRABEK TE, 1991, INT J MASS EMERGENCI, V9, P219 DRABEK TE, 1994, ENV PROFESSIONAL, V16, P327 DRABEK TE, 1995, INT J MASS EMERGENCI, V13, P7 DUROCHER J, 1994, CORNELL HOTEL RESTAU, V35, P66 EDWARDS P, 2003, AGE 0216 FAULKNER B, 2001, TOURISM MANAGE, V22, P135 FAULKNER B, 2001, TOURISM MANAGE, V22, P331 GOODRICH JN, 2002, TOURISM MANAGE, V23, P573 HALL CM, 2002, CURRENT ISSUES TOURI, V5, P458 HEINRICH K, 2003, AGE 0202, A6 HENDERSON JC, 2003, TOURISM MANAGE, V24, P279 HUANG JH, 2002, TOURISM MANAGE, V23, P145 JOHNSON BB, 1987, SOCIAL CULTURAL CONS KEOWNMCMULLAN C, 1997, DISASTER PREVENTION, V6, P4 MACHIAVELLI N, 1640, PRINCE MANSFELD Y, 1999, J TRAVEL RES, V38, P30 MARSH V, 2001, FINANCIAL TIMES 0528 MILLER GA, 2003, CURRENT ISSUES TOURI, V6, P150 MORGAN D, 2003, J HOSPITALITY TOURIS, V10, P46 PRIDEAUX B, 2003, TOURISM MANAGE, V24, P475 QUARENTELLI EL, 1998, WHAT IS DISASTER PER RIESSMAN CK, 2002, QUALITATIVE RES COMP ROGERS OG, 1991, J HAZARD MATER, V27, P3 VARLEY A, 1994, DISASTERS DEV ENV VEAL AJ, 1992, RES METHODS LEISURE NR 39 TC 0 J9 TOURISM MANAGE BP 1 EP 11 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 28 IS 1 GA 112VV UT ISI:000242556800001 ER PT J AU Dormaar, JF Carefoot, JM TI Implications of crop residue management and conservation tillage on soil organic matter SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Dormaar, JF, AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,RES CTR,LETHBRIDGE,AB T1J 4B1,CANADA. AB Under natural grassland or native prairie, aboveground residue or surface litter modifies the microenvironment. It promotes water infiltration and, by insulating the soil surface, moderates soil temperatures and limits evaporation. Root mass decomposes and transforms within the conditions created by surface litter. Together with root exudates, this below-ground residue or subsurface litter reacts with soil minerals to form aggregates, lower bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. Bringing such soils under cultivation leads to lower soil organic matter content, thereby increasing bulk density. The role of surface litter becomes even more important, as it affects wind and water erosion, reduces the impact of raindrops, prevents crusting, protects the soil from drying by sublimation, and captures snow. Management of crop residues depends on the role of the residue. A distinction must be made between above- and below-ground residues: their roles are distinctly different. Aboveground crop residue protects the soil and creates the conditions for below-ground residue to decompose and transform. These decomposition products, in turn, create favourable soil structure for plant growth. Research is needed on the effect of repeated harvesting of ''excess'' aboveground residues. 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RP PAUTOU, G, UNIV JOSEPH FOURIER,GRENOBLE,FRANCE. AB The authors demonstrate the difficulties inherent in predicting vegetation changes in floodplains affected by hydroelectric developments. The results are based on phytoecological studies in the Rhone River valley between Geneva and Lyon. The study is based in a 200-km stretch of river where the floodplain can attain 10 km in width. Vegetation is described for the area prior to the construction of four dams and compared with the situations 8 yr later. Research methods include systematic sampling of geomorphological, soils, and floristic factors; collection of a data base of spatial information; and large-scale vegetation mapping. CR BLACKBURN WH, 1982, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V37, P298 BOUATIT M, 1988, THESIS LYON GRENOBLE BRAVARD JP, 1983, REV GEOGRAPHIE ALPIN, V71, P363 BRAVARD JP, 1986, OIKOS, V47, P92 BRAVARD JP, 1986, RECHERCHES INTERDISC, P17 BROOKES A, 1988, CHANNELIZED REIVERS CANTERS L, 1988, ENV IMPACT WATER RES CARBIENER R, 1970, VEGETATIO, V20, P97 CARBIENER R, 1983, B ECOL, V14, P249 CHALEMONT J, 1985, THESIS J FOURIER U G CHALEMONT J, 1989, 2 INDICES PREVISIONN DECAMPS H, 1989, RECHERCHE, V20, P310 EVERITT BL, 1980, ENVIRON GEOL, V3, P77 GENTIL S, 1984, REV GEOGRAPHIE ALPIN, V71, P353 GIREL J, 1987, B MENSUEL SOC LINNEE, V56, P19 HILL AR, 1987, PROG PHYS GEOG, V11, P315 KOZLOWSKI TT, 1984, FLOODING PLANT GROWT MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1988, NATURE, V333, P204 PAUTOU G, 1975, THESIS J FOURIER U G PAUTOU G, 1981, C PHYTOSOCIOLOGIQUES, V10, P333 PAUTOU G, 1983, REV GEOGR ALP, V71, P331 PAUTOU G, 1985, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V104, P13 PAUTOU G, 1985, COLL PHYOSOC, V13, P655 PAUTOU G, 1988, DOCUMENTS CARTOGRAPH, V21, P73 PAUTOU G, 1989, 112 EM C NAT SOC SAV, P61 PETTS GE, 1983, IMPOUNDED RIVERS PER PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RISSER P, 1989, CHANGING LANDSCAPES, P45 ROCHE PA, 1989, RECHERCHE, V212, P17 SCHNITZLER A, 1988, THESIS L PASTEUR U S SHUGART HH, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P353 SIMON T, 1988, ABSTR BOT, V12, P65 SPARKS RE, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P699 WHITE PS, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P3 NR 34 TC 9 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 231 EP 242 PY 1992 PD MAR-APR VL 16 IS 2 GA HF767 UT ISI:A1992HF76700010 ER PT J AU Choy, YK TI Sustainable development and the social and cultural impact of a dam-induced development strategy - the Bakun experience SO PACIFIC AFFAIRS LA English DT Article C1 Keio Univ, Tokyo, Japan. RP Choy, YK, Keio Univ, Tokyo, Japan. AB This article investigates sustainable development from the perspective of indigenous communities, based on empirical studies of the Bakun Dam project in Malaysia. It analyzes the socio-economic and ecological implications of the links between Bakun's growth vision and the socio-cultural sustainability of the indigenous communities in Sarawak. It emphasizes that promoting sustainable development should mean protecting the source of the indigenous communities' social fabrics and cultural identity-in this case, the Bakun forest ecosystem. CR *BAK EIA, 1995, PRIV BAK HYDR PROJ V *EPU, 2001, 8 MAL PLAN 2001 2005, P318 *I SOC AN INSAN, 1996, POW PLAY WHY WE COND, P1 *IDEAL, 1999, TAN PENG KIT, CH2 *MUR EIA, 1994, MUR HYDR PROJ FEAS A, V3 *MUR EIA, 1994, MUR HYDR PROJ FEAS B, V3 *SAM, 1996, SOC IMP BAK HYDR DAM ANDERSON LG, 1977, BENEFIT COST ANAL PR AYRES RU, 1993, ECOL ECON, V8, P189 BOULDING KE, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING, P3 DALY HE, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P15 DAUVERGNE P, 1993, PAC AFF, V66, P499 EASTERLIN RA, 1974, NATIONS HOUSEHOLDS E, P89 GABUNGAN, 1999, EMPTY PROMISES DAMNE, P19 GABUNGAN, 1999, THEMATIC REV 1 2 DAM HARTWICK JM, 1977, AM ECON REV, V67, P972 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MATUTINOVI I, 2001, ECOLOGICAL EC, V39, P241 MEADOWS DH, 1974, LIMITS GROWTH REPORT MISHAN EJ, 1980, J ECON ISSUES, V14, P146 PERRINGS C, 1987, EC ENV THEORETICAL E PREMACHANDRA A, 2001, MODERN MALAYSIA GLOB, P13 ROUSSEAU J, 1994, BAKUN PROJECT REV SO ROUSSEAU J, 1995, C BAK HYDR PROJ KUAL, P9 RYDER G, 2000, PROBE INT 0503 SOLOW RM, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1 SOLOW RM, 1974, REV ECON STUD, V41, P29 NR 28 TC 0 J9 PAC AFF BP 50 EP + PY 2004 PD SPR VL 77 IS 1 GA 841IW UT ISI:000222924500003 ER PT J AU PICKUP, G BASTIN, GN CHEWINGS, VH TI REMOTE-SENSING-BASED CONDITION ASSESSMENT FOR NONEQUILIBRIUM RANGELANDS UNDER LARGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL GRAZING SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP PICKUP, G, CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,CTR ARID ZONE RES,ALICE SPRINGS,NT 0871,AUSTRALIA. AB Range condition assessment procedures that rely on field-collected botanical data face major problems in nonequilibrium rangelands, which are spatially variable and extensively grazed. These problems include the difficulty of interpreting changes in plant species composition and the logistics of obtaining representative data for large areas. Consideration of ecosystem behavior through time and in space shows that certain spatial and temporal patterns exist that may be used to isolate the impact of grazing from other processes. The patterns also make it possible to distinguish between temporary changes and those that are more long term. All relevant patterns may be expressed in terms of total plant cover and may be monitored from remote sensing satellites. It is therefore possible to derive a set of range condition indicators that may be measured and monitored from space. These indicators use trends in average vegetation cover with distance from water at the end of very wet periods, trends in cover variance with distance from water, and the magnitude of observed vegetation response at individual points in the landscape compared with that which is expected when vegetation recovers fully from grazing. It is also possible to use spatial variability in the rate of cover depletion after rainfall to infer relative differences in the amount of forage present. When used in combination, the methods offer a realistic alternative to field-based assessment and are capable of detecting many types of rangeland degradation. They are also considerably cheaper to use. CR ANDERSON DJ, 1971, SPATIAL PATTERNS STA, V1, P271 ASH AJ, 1992, 17TH INT GRASSL C PL BASTIN G, 1993, LAND DEGRADATION ASS BASTIN GN, IN PRESS LAND DEGRAD BASTIN GN, 1989, NO TERRITORY DEP PRI, V151 BEHNKE RH, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P1 CAUGHLEY G, 1987, KANGAROOS THEIR ECOL CRANE RB, 1971, 11TH P INT S REM SEN, P731 CRIDLAND S, IN PRESS DEV DISSEMI CURRY PJ, 1990, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V30, P295 DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DRAPER NR, 1966, APPLIED REGRESSION A ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P450 FORAN BD, 1984, AUST RANGELAND J, V6, P59 FORAN BD, 1986, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P67 FRIEDEL MH, 1984, AUST J ECOL, V9, P27 FRIEDEL MH, 1987, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P297 FRIEDEL MH, 1987, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P309 FRIEDEL MH, 1990, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V12, P21 FRIEDEL MH, 1993, J ARID ENVIRON, V24, P241 GRAETZ RD, 1982, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENG, V48, P4721 GRAETZ RD, 1986, J ARID ENVIRON, V19, P53 GRAETZ RD, 1988, INT J REMOTE SENS, V9, P1201 HAGGETT P, 1966, LOCATIONAL ANAL HUMA HANAN NP, 1991, J APPL ECOL, V28, P173 HARRISON BA, 1990, INTRO IMAGE PROCESSI HODDER RM, 1978, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V1, P95 HODGKINSON KC, 1992, DESERTIFIED GRASSLAN, P77 HOLM AM, 1987, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V9, P14 LAYCOCK WA, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P1 LOW WA, 1978, 4 COMM SCI IND RES O LOW WA, 1981, J APPL ECOL, V18, P11 LYNCH JJ, 1974, INT UNION CONSERVATI, V24, P697 MARKHAM BL, 1987, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V522, P39 MCDANIEL KC, 1982, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REMOT, V48, P441 MENTIS MT, 1989, S AFR J SCI, V85, P684 MILES RL, 1990, 6TH AUSTR RANG C PER, P170 NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 OKUBO A, 1980, DIFFUSION ECOLOGICAL PERRY RA, 1962, GENERAL REPORT LANDS, V6 PICKUP G, IN PRESS INT J REMOT PICKUP G, IN PRESS J APPLIED E PICKUP G, IN PRESS J ARID ENV PICKUP G, 1985, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V7, P114 PICKUP G, 1987, AUSTR GEOGRAPHER, V18, P19 PICKUP G, 1988, FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOG, P105 PICKUP G, 1988, INT J REMOTE SENS, V9, P1469 PICKUP G, 1988, J REMOTE SENSING, V9, P69 PICKUP G, 1989, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V11, P74 PICKUP G, 1993, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V43, P243 ROBINOVE CJ, 1982, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENG, V48, P781 SCANLAN JC, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P191 SENFT RL, 1987, BIOSCIENCE, V37, P789 SMITH AM, 1990, WATER SA, V16, P195 SMITH DMS, 1984, THESIS AUSTR NATIONA SMITH DMS, 1988, 628 NEWS MEX STAT U SMITH EL, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P103 SMITH MS, 1993, RANGE ECOLOGY DISEQU, P196 STODDART LA, 1975, RANGE MANAGEMENT TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P23 TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V12, P54 TUELLER PT, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P442 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILSON AD, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P77 WILSON AD, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P475 WINKWORTH RE, 1967, AUSTR J BOTANY, V15, P107 NR 69 TC 32 J9 ECOL APPL BP 497 EP 517 PY 1994 PD AUG VL 4 IS 3 GA NZ308 UT ISI:A1994NZ30800008 ER PT J AU de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Whitford, WG Neale, A Tallent-Hallsel, N Herrick, JE Havstad, KM TI Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP de Soyza, AG, Environm Res & Wildlife Dev Agcy, Terr Environm Res Ctr, POB 45553, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. AB Early-warning indicators of rangeland health can be used to estimate the functional integrity of a site and may allow sustainable management of desert rangelands. The utility of several vegetation canopy-based indicators of range land health at 32 Great Basin rangeland locations was investigated. The indicators were originally developed in rangelands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Soil resources are lost through wind and water-driven erosion mainly from areas unprotected by plant canopies (i.e. bare soil). Study sites in Idaho had the smallest bare patches, followed by sites in Oregon. The more arid Great Basin Sagebrush Zone sites in Utah had the largest bare patches. Several vegetational indicators including percent cover by vegetation, percent cover by life-form, percent cover by sagebrush, and percent cover by resilient species were negatively related to mean bare patch size and are potential indicators of Great Basin rangeland condition. Plant community composition and the range of bare patch sizes were different at sites in the three locations in Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Therefore, expected indicator values are location specific and should not be extrapolated to other locations. The condition of study sites were often ranked differently by different indicators. Therefore, the condition of rangeland sites should be evaluated using several indicators. (C) 2000 Academic Press. CR BAXTER G, 1988, RANGELANDS, V20, P14 BUFFINGTON LC, 1965, ECOL MONOGR, V35, P139 CANFIELD RH, 1941, J FOREST, V39, P388 DESOYZA AG, 1997, ECOSYST HEALTH, V3, P44 DESOYZA AG, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V39, P101 HERRICK JE, 1995, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V50, P237 KITCHEN SG, 1996, P SHRUBL EC DYN CHAN, P102 LAYCOCK WA, 1967, J RANGE MANAGE, V20, P206 MACMAHON JA, 1985, DESERTS MUEGGLER WF, 1950, J RANGE MANAGE, V3, P308 PECHANEC JF, 1937, ECOLOGY, V18, P490 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SKIDMORE EL, 1986, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V9, P209 STUBBENDIECK J, 1993, N AM RANGE PLANTS WHITFORD WG, 1998, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V51, P179 NR 15 TC 8 J9 J ARID ENVIRON BP 289 EP 304 PY 2000 PD AUG VL 45 IS 4 GA 359DB UT ISI:000089595300001 ER PT J AU Krause-Jensen, D Greve, TM Nielsen, K TI Eelgrass as a bioindicator under the European Water Framework Directive SO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Freshwater Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. RP Krause-Jensen, D, Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. AB Eelgrass is the most widespread plant in temperate coastal waters. It is regarded as a useful indicator of water quality because water clarity regulates its extension towards deeper waters, i.e. the depth limit. This study analyses the use of eelgrass depth limits as a bioindicator under the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD demands that ecological status is classified by relating the actual level of bioindicators to a so-called 'reference level', reflecting a situation of limited anthropogenic influence. The directive further demands that reference levels are defined for 'water body types' with similar hydromorphological characteristics, and that the classification thereby becomes 'type-specific'. A large historic data set on depth limits of eelgrass around 1900 was used to characterise reference levels, and a large data set from the Danish National Monitoring and Assessment Programme to characterise actual depth limits. Data represented a wide range of Danish coastal water bodies that were grouped into 10 water body types based on differences in salinity and water depth. The analyses clearly illustrate that the definition of ecological status classes markedly influence the assessment of ecological status according to the WFD. Moreover, the study demonstrates that the use of type-specific classification implies a risk of misinterpreting ecological status. Classification problems were pronounced in spite of a unique data material on reference conditions, and the problems are likely to be even greater in cases where reference conditions are less well defined. A more robust classification was obtained by using reference levels for individual sites in a site-specific classification. In conclusion, when classifying water quality on the basis of eelgrass depth limits, site-specific reference levels are recommended if such data are available. If more general information on reference levels is used, local conditions known to affect depth limits must be taken into account. CR AERTEBJERG G, 2003, NUTR EUTROPHICATION, P68 BOSTROM C, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V205, P123 BOSTROM C, 2003, WORLD ATLAS SEAGRASS, P310 CONLEY DJ, 2000, ESTUARIES, V23, P820 CONLEY DJ, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V410, P87 DENHARTOG C, 1970, SEAGRASSES WORLD DOMIN A, 2004, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V514, P29 DUARTE CM, 1991, AQUAT BOT, V40, P363 DUARTE CM, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P87 DUARTE CM, 1999, AQUAT BOT, V65, P159 GREVE TM, IN PRESS MAR BIOL KAUTSKY L, 2004, 20040112 U STOCKH BO KRAUSEJENSEN D, 2001, NOVA TEKNISK ANVISNI, CH12 NIELSEN K, 2001, 369 NERI NIELSEN K, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P287 NIELSEN SL, 2002, ESTUARIES, V5, P1025 NIELSEN SL, 2002, ESTUARIES, V5, P930 ORFANIDIS S, 2001, MEDITERRANEAN MARINE, V2, P45 ORFANIDIS S, 2003, ECOL INDIC, V3, P27 OSTENFELD CH, 1908, BERETNING LANDBRUGSM, V16 PANAYOTIDIS P, 2004, J APPL PHYCOL, V16, P49 RICHARDSON K, 1995, OPHELIA, V41, P317 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 WARD LG, 1984, MAR GEOL, V59, P85 NR 24 TC 4 J9 WATER RESOUR MANAG BP 63 EP 75 PY 2005 PD FEB VL 19 IS 1 GA 907UX UT ISI:000227744600004 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, PR Wolff, G Daily, GC Hughes, JB Daily, S Dalton, M Goulder, L TI Knowledge and the environment SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Conservat Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Inst Int Studies, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Ehrlich, PR, Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Conservat Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. AB Some recent analyses suggest that future increases in knowledge will, more or less automatically, alleviate or even eliminate future environmental problems. Here we examine this issue. First, we discuss whether a knowledge explosion is indeed occurring, addressing some of the problems with assessing knowledge-growth We next consider whether growth in knowledge will help the environment; we ask whether future advances in knowledge are likely to assure benign environmental outcomes, and discuss physical limitations of reducing resource consumption. Finally, we outline policy interventions that would help produce and implement environmentally helpful knowledge. Although knowledge-growth can help attenuate future environmental problems, we are skeptical as to the ability of advances in knowledge to offset fully the adverse environmental impacts of continued growth of population and per-capita consumption. The ongoing shift from a material-based to a services-based economy reduces, but does not eliminate, the significant environmental impacts associated with the increasing scale of economic output. in addition, the ability of the economy to replace certain key natural resource inputs with knowledge inputs must eventually encounter limits. Public policy has a crucial role both in discouraging environmentally damaging forms of consumption, and in promoting the generation and diffusion of environmentally beneficial knowledge. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Maryland, Sch Publ Affairs, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Govt & Polit, Harrison Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Patterson, T, Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, 0105 Cole Field House, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AB This article describes an integrated dynamic model of The Commonwealth of Dominica, a small Caribbean island state. The modeling approach emphasizes whole-systems assessment and trans-disciplinary analysis, providing a framework to conceptualize the impacts of different tourism development strategies, accounting for interactions between ecology, economy and society. Our use of dynamic modeling differs from established techniques such as simulation, predictive, or mediated modeling; we use the modeling environment primarily as an accounting tool to track the interaction of a large set of heterogeneous data and assumptions. We believe that a model such as ours can provide a valuable tool for the synthesis of data and theories about development alternatives. New data can be added as it becomes available, structural elements can be included as deemed important within a given milieu, and the largely explicit assumptions of the model can be changed to examine alternative views. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Math & Sci Ctr 262, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Farina, A, Univ Urbino, Inst Ecol & Environm Biol, Campus Sci Sogesta, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. AB The Mediterranean region is characterised by a high diversity mainly due to the integration between natural (land heterogeneity) and human (stewardship) processes. Cultural landscapes are the results of such coevolutive processes. A better understanding of the mechanisms that have assured along the millennia, the maintenance of biological as well as ecological processes seems of extreme importance for our future survival. In North America, a frontier mentality persists in the cultural mindset and rich biodiversity is associated only with remote areas, reflecting a model of an empty world in which human development is completely isolated from the natural (wild) processes. This vision is in contrast with the full world vision of the Mediterranean dwellings. Plasticity, adaptation to disturbance, and the persisting of biological refugia can be considered the most relevant factors responsible for the Mediterranean dynamics. These factors are rare or impossible to find in the North America context from which the dominance of the economic capital over the natural and cultural ones is a very popular model exported worldwide. In this commentary the full world paradigm is presented as an extension of the concept of resilience and ascendancy to propose a new grammar that incorporates self-organisation of natural and human dominated systems into a process of diffuse globalisation of economics and human behaviour. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Intercooperat, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Testing & Res EMPA, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland. ATICA, PROFOR, Cochabamba, Bolivia. RP Robledo, C, Intercooperat, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Testing & Res EMPA, MAulbeerstr 10, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland. CR *IISD IUCN SEI B, LIV CLIM CHANG COMB NR 1 TC 0 J9 MT RES DEV BP 14 EP 18 PY 2004 PD FEB VL 24 IS 1 GA 802MY UT ISI:000220168800004 ER PT J AU Reeves, GH Bisson, PA Rieman, BE Benda, LE TI Postfire logging in riparian areas SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Olympia Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Earth Syst Inst, Mt Shastia, CA 96067 USA. RP Reeves, GH, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB We reviewed the behavior of wildfire in riparian zones, primarily in the western United States, and the potential ecological consequences of postfire logging. Fire behavior in riparian zones is complex, but many aquatic and riparian organisms exhibit a suite of adaptations that allow relatively rapid recovery after fire. Unless constrained by other factors, fish tend to rebound relatively quickly, usually within a decade after a wildfire. Additionally, fire and subsequent erosion events contribute wood and coarse sediment that can create and maintain productive aquatic habitats over time. The potential effects of postfire logging in riparian areas depend on the landscape context and disturbance history of a site; however, available evidence suggests two key management implications: (I) fire in riparian areas creates conditions that may not require intervention to sustain the long-term productivity of the aquatic network and (2) protection of burned riparian areas gives priority to what is left rather than what is removed. Research is needed to determine how postfire logging in riparian areas has affected the spread of invasive species and the vulnerability of upland forests to insect and disease outbreaks and how postfire logging will affect the frequency and behavior of future fires. The effectiveness of using postfire logging to restore desired riparian structure and function is therefore unproven, but such projects are gaining interest with the departure of forest conditions from those that existed prior to timber harvest fire suppression, and climate change. In the absence of reliable information about the potential consequence of postfire timber harvest, we conclude that providing postfire riparian zones with the same environmental protections they received before they burned is justified ecologically. Without a commitment to monitor management experiments, the effects of postfire riparian logging will remain unknown and highly contentious. 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RP Zurlini, G, Univ Lecce, Dept Biol & Environm Sci & Technol, Landscape Ecol Lab, Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB Vegetation or habitat types are ecological phases, which can assume multiple states, and transformations from one type of phase to another are ecological phase transitions. If an ecological phase maintains its condition of normality in the linked processes and functions that constitute ecosystems then is believed healthy. An adaptive cycle, such as in Holling's model, has been proposed as a fundamental unit for understanding complex systems and their dynamics. Such model alternates between long periods of aggregation and transformation of resources and shorter periods that create opportunities for innovation. The likelihood of shifts among different phases largely depends on resilience; thereby, a clear and measurable definition of resilience has become paramount. Different resilience levels are expected to be intertwined with different scale ranges of real habitats, in relation to the kind and intensity of natural and human disturbances. We argue that the type, magnitude, length and timing of external pressure, its predictability, the exposure of habitats, and the habitat's inherent resistance have important interactive relationships which determine resilience at multiple scales. In this paper, we provide an operational framework to derive operational indices of short-term retrospective resilience of real grasslands in a northern Italy watershed, from multi-scale analysis of landscape patterns, to find scale domains for habitat edges where change is most likely, i.e. resilience is lowest and fragility highest. That is achieved through cross-scale algorithms like fractal analysis coupled with change detection of ecological response indices. The framework implements the integration of habitat edge fractal geometry, the fitting of empirical power functions by piecewise regressions, and change detection as a procedure to find scale domains for grassland habitat where retrospective resilience is lowest. The effects of external pressure are significantly related to habitat scale domains, resulting from the interactions among ecological, physical, and social controls shaping the systems. Grassland scale domains provide evidence and support for identifying and explaining scale invariant ecological processes at various scales, from which much insight can be gained for characterizing grassland adaptive cycles and capabilities to resist disturbances. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Cumming, GS, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Scale is a concept that transcends disciplinary boundaries. In ecology and geography, scale is usually defined in terms of spatial and temporal dimensions. Sociological scale also incorporates space and time, but adds ideas about representation and organization. Although spatial and temporal location determine the context for social and ecological dynamics, social-ecological interactions can create dynamic feedback loops in which humans both influence and are influenced by ecosystem processes. We hypothesize that many of the problems encountered by societies in managing natural resources arise because of a mismatch between the scale of management and the scale(s) of the ecological processes being managed. We use examples from southern Africa and the southern United States to address four main questions: ( 1) What is a "scale mismatch?" ( 2) How are scale mismatches generated? ( 3) What are the consequences of scale mismatches? ( 4) How can scale mismatches be resolved? Scale mismatches occur when the scale of environmental variation and the scale of social organization in which the responsibility for management resides are aligned in such a way that one or more functions of the social-ecological system are disrupted, inefficiencies occur, and/or important components of the system are lost. They are generated by a wide range of social, ecological, and linked social-ecological processes. Mismatches between the scales of ecological processes and the institutions that are responsible for managing them can contribute to a decrease in social-ecological resilience, including the mismanagement of natural resources and a decrease in human well-being. Solutions to scale mismatches usually require institutional changes at more than one hierarchical level. Long-term solutions to scale mismatch problems will depend on social learning and the development of flexible institutions that can adjust and reorganize in response to changes in ecosystems. Further research is needed to improve our ability to diagnose, understand, and resolve scale mismatches in linked social-ecological systems. 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RP Aggarwal, RM, So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. AB In this paper, we draw upon models from ecology and New Institutional Economics to examine the various mechanisms through which globalization can lead to loss in resilience of ecosystems and thus increase the vulnerability of poor people who depend on it. To illustrate eco-logical dynamics, we examine a semi-arid savanna ecosystem that is characterized by nonlinearities and multiple steady states. We discuss how traditional knowledge and institutions affect resource use patterns and resilience of such an ecosystem in the absence of trade. Then we examine the effects of trade liberalization and international technology transfers on institutional and ecological dynamics, and consequently, on poverty. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB This essay identifies the major trends and theoretical underpinnings of South African environmental history, and places them within the context of recent political, social, and economic developments in the post-apartheid era. Skeptical about Western conservation models, attentive both to the concerns of local communities and to transnational themes, and alert to issues of power, space, agency, and identity, this new historiography has reconfigured the colonial past in environmental terms and set an ambitious agenda for future research. 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VANSITTERT L, 1998, ENVIRON HIST, V3, P333 VANSITTERT L, 2000, J S AFR STUD, V26, P655 VANSITTERT L, 2002, KRONOS, V28, P102 VANSITTERT L, 2005, J AFR HIST, V46, P269 WEINER DR, 2000, MODELS NATURE ECOLOG, R8 WEINER DR, 2005, ENVIRON HIST, V10, P404 WILSON EO, 1998, CONSILIENCE UNITY KN WOLMER W, 2003, J S AFR STUD, V29, P261 WORBY E, 1994, J S AFR STUD, V20, P371 WORSTER D, 1996, ENVIRON HIST, V2, P3 WORSTER D, 2005, NORD ENV HIST C FINL NR 138 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON HIST BP 804 EP 829 PY 2006 PD OCT VL 11 IS 4 GA 099SB UT ISI:000241614700006 ER PT J AU Luck, MA Jenerette, GD Wu, JG Grimm, NB TI The urban funnel model and the spatially heterogeneous ecological footprint SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ W, Dept Life Sci, Phoenix, AZ 85069 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Luck, MA, Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Urban ecological systems are characterized by complex interactions between the natural environment and humans at multiple scales; for an individual urban ecosystem, the strongest interactions may occur at the local or regional spatial scale. At the regional scale, external ecosystems produce resources that are acquired and transported by humans to urban areas, where they are processed and consumed. The assimilation of diffuse human wastes and pollutants also occurs at the regional scale, with much of this process occurring external to the urban system. We developed the urban funnel model to conceptualize the integration of humans into their ecological context. The model captures this pattern and process of resource appropriation and waste generation by urban ecosystems at various spatial scales. This model is applied to individual cities using a modification of traditional ecological footprint (EF) analysis that is spatially explicit; the incorporation of spatial heterogeneity in calculating the EF greatly improves its accuracy. The method for EF analysis can be further modified to ensure that a certain proportion of potential ecosystem services are left for in situ processes. Combining EF models of human appropriation with ecosystem process models would help us to learn more about the effects of ecosystem service appropriation. By comparing the results for food and water, we were able to identify some of the potentially limiting ecological factors for cities. A comparison of the EFs for the 20 largest US cities showed the importance of urban location and interurban competition for ecosystem services. This study underscores the need to take multiple scales and spatial heterogeneity into consideration to expand our current understanding of human-ecosystem interactions. The urban funnel model and the spatially heterogeneous EF provide an effective means of achieving this goal. 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AB In the Canada-United States transboundary region, ecological ideas and the concept of 'ecosystem management' are being increasingly used in discussions of Great Lakes issues, and to a degree, they are incorporated into programs of binational cooperation focused on the Lakes. Conceptual underpinnings for 'ecosystem management' are derived from ecophilosophy, ecology/ecosystem science, and political ecology. The application of ecosystem management in various Great Lakes programs is noted. While the concept is beginning to be used in practice, the larger implications of the concept have not been realized. The International Joint Commission (IJC) has played a crucial facilitating role to advance Basin-wide discussions about the concept and its application in practice. 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RP Rinkevich, B, Natl Inst Oceanog, Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, POB 8030, IL-31080 Haifa, Israel. AB 1. Forest restoration through silviculture (gardening) programs revives productivity, biodiversity, and stability. As in silviculture approaches, the coral 'gardening' strategy is based on a two-step protocol. 2. The first step deals with the establishment of in situ and/or ex situ coral nurseries in which corals are farmed (originating from two types of source material: asexual [ramets, nubbins], and sexual [planula larvae, spat] recruits). 3. The second is the reef rehabilitation step, where maricultured colonies are transplanted into degraded sites. 4. We compare here the rationale of forest restoration to coral reef ecosystem restoration by evaluating major key criteria. As in silviculture programs, a sustainable mariculture operation that focuses on the prime structural component of the reef ('gardening' with corals) may promote the persistence of threatened coral populations, as well as that of other reef taxa, thus maintaining genetic diversity. In chronically degrading reef sites this may facilitate a halt in biodiversity depletion. 5. Within the current theoretical framework of ecosystem restoration, the recovery of biodiversity indices is considered a core element since a rich species diversity provides higher ecosystem resilience to disturbances. 6. The gardening measure may also be implemented worldwide, eliminating the need to extract existing colonies for transplantation operations. At degraded reef sites, the coral gardening strategy can assist in managing human and non-human stakeholders' requirements as is done in forest management. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 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Populat Project, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. Austrian Acad Syst, Inst Demog, Vienna, Austria. Univ Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. RP Curran, SR, Princeton Univ, Undergrad Studies Sociol, 153 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. 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Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Konar, B, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, POB 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB Two distinct organizational states of kelp forest communities, foliose algal assemblages and deforested barren areas, typically display sharp discontinuities. Mechanisms responsible for maintaining these state differences were studied by manipulating various features of their boundary regions, Urchins in the barren areas had significantly smaller gonads than those in adjacent kelp stands, implying that food was a limiting resource for urchins in the barrens. The abundance of drift algae and living foliose algae varied abruptly across the boundary between kelp beds and barren areas. These observations raise the question of why urchins from barrens do not invade kelp stands to improve their fitness, By manipulating kelp and urchin densities at boundary regions and within kelp beds, we tested the hypothesis that kelp stands inhibit invasion of urchins. Urchins that were experimentally added to kelp beds persisted and reduced kelp abundance until winter storms either swept the urchins away or caused them to seek refuge within crevices. Urchins' invaded kelp bed margins when foliose algae were removed but were prevented from doing so when kelps were replaced with physical models. The sweeping motion of kelps over the seafloor apparently inhibits urchins from crossing the boundary between kelp stands and barren areas, thus maintaining these alternate stable states. Our findings Suggest that kelp stands are able to defend themselves from their most important herbivore, by combining their flexible morphology with the energy of wave-generated surge. The inhibitory influence of this interaction may be an important mechanism maintaining the patchwork mosaics of barren areas and kelp beds that characterize many kelp forest ecosystems. 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Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Management Dryland S, Naracoorte, SA 5271, Australia. S Australian Res & Dev Inst, Naracoorte, SA 5271, Australia. Charles Sturt Univ, Sch Agr & Vet Sci, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Management Dryland S, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Management Dryland S, Rutherglen, Vic 3685, Australia. Primary Ind Res Victoria, Rutherglen, Vic 3685, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Management Dryland S, Albany, WA 6330, Australia. Dept Agr & Food Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Management Dryland S, Hamilton, Vic 3300, Australia. Primary Ind Res Victoria, Hamilton, Vic 3300, Australia. Farming Syst Anal Serv, Kojonup, WA 6395, Australia. RP Masters, D, CSIRO, Livestock Ind & Cooperat Res Ctr Plant Based Mana, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. AB Management of dryland salinity in Australia will require changes in the design and utilisation of plant systems in agriculture. These changes will provide new opportunities for livestock agriculture. In areas already affected by salt, a range of plants can be grown from high feeding value legumes with moderate salt tolerance through to highly salt tolerant shrubs. A hectare of these plants may support between 500 and 2000 sheep grazing days per year. The type of plants that can be grown and the subsequent animal production potential depend on a range of factors that contribute to the 'salinity stress index' of a site, including soil and groundwater salinity, the extent and duration of waterlogging and inundation, the pattern and quantity of annual rainfall, soil texture and chemistry, site topography and other site parameters. Where the salinity stress index is high, plant options will usually include a halophytic shrub that accumulates salt. High salt intakes by grazing ruminants depress feed intake and production. Where high and low salt feeds are available together, ruminants will endeavour to select a diet that optimises the overall feeding value of the ingested diet. In areas that are not yet salt affected but contribute to groundwater recharge, perennial pasture species offer an opportunity for improved water and salt management both on-farm and at the catchments. If perennial pasture systems are to be adopted on a broad scale, they will need to be more profitable than current annual systems. In the high rainfall zones in Victoria and Western Australia, integrated bioeconomic and hydrological modelling indicates that selection of perennial pasture plants to match requirements of a highly productive livestock system significantly improves farm profit and reduces groundwater recharge. In the low to medium rainfall zones, fewer perennial plant options are available. However, studies aiming to use a palette of plant species that collectively provide resilience to the environment while maintaining pro. table livestock production may also lead to new options for livestock in the traditional cropping zone. 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RP PIMM, SL, UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT ZOOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. CR 1983, IDENTIFICATION OVERE BEDDINGTON JR, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P307 BEDDINGTON JR, 1980, MATH BIOSCI, V51, P261 BRAUER F, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V8, P55 BRIAND F, 1984, NATURE, V307, P264 CHRISTIE WJ, 1974, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V31, P827 CODY ML, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO COHEN JE, 1977, NATURE, V270, P165 COURTENAY WR, 1984, DISTRIBUTION BIOL MA CRAWLEY MJ, 1986, COLONIZATION SUCCESS CROWDER LB, 1984, COPEIA, P878 CROWDER LB, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P141 DIAMOND JM, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO, P342 DIAMOND JM, 1985, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY DOUBLEDAY WG, 1976, ICNAF SEL PAP, V1, P141 DRAKE JA, 1985, THESIS PURDUE U LAFA EHLER LE, 1982, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V11, P1 EVANS DO, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P249 FINDLEY JS, 1985, AM NAT, V126, P800 FRASER JM, 1978, T AM FISH SOC, V107, P505 GATZ AJ, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P711 GREENWAY JC, 1967, EXTINCT VANISHING BI GULLAND JA, 1971, 1970 P ADV STUD I DY, P450 HALL RW, 1979, B ENTOMOL SOC AM, V25, P280 HERBOLD B, 1986, AM NAT, V128, P751 HOLT RD, 1977, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V12, P197 HUTCHINSON GE, 1959, AM NAT, V93, P117 JEFFRIES MJ, 1984, BIOL J LINN SOC, V23, P269 JEFFRIES MJ, 1985, FRESHWATER BIOL, V15, P105 KING AW, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P229 KITCHELL JF, 1987, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V44, P384 LAWTON JH, 1981, AM NAT, V118, P317 LEIGH EG, 1979, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION CO, P51 LEWIN R, 1983, SCIENCE, V221, P636 LEWIN R, 1983, SCIENCE, V221, P737 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, AM NAT, V101, P377 MACIOLEK JA, 1984, DISTRIBUTION BIOL MA, P131 MAY RM, 1972, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V69, P1109 MAY RM, 1978, MATH BIOSCI, V42, P219 MAYO RK, 1976, INT COMM NW STL FISH, V1, P31 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 MOULTON MP, 1985, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, P80 MOYLE PB, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO MOYLE PB, 1986, ROLE FISH CULTURE FI NISBET RM, 1982, MODELLING FLUCTUATIN PAINE RT, 1980, J ANIM ECOL, V49, P667 PETERMAN RM, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P321 PIMM SL, 1979, OIKOS, V33, P351 PIMM SL, 1980, OIKOS, V35, P139 PIMM SL, 1982, FOOD WEBS PIMM SL, 1984, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITI, P397 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POST WM, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V64, P169 RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 REGIER HA, 1972, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V29, P959 ROUGHGARDEN J, 1985, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, P492 SCHOENER TW, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P240 SHEPHERD JG, 1977, ICES CM1977F27 SIMBERLOFF D, 1981, BIOTIC CRISES ECOLOG, P53 SIMBERLOFF D, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO SISSENWINE MP, 1977, INT COMM NW ATL FISH, V29, P137 SISSENWINE MP, 1984, EXPLOITATION MARINE, P59 SPITZER K, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V62, P91 STAUFFER JR, 1984, DISTRIBUTION BIOL MA, P8 STRONG DR, 1984, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITI STRONG DR, 1984, INSECTS PLANTS COMMU TURELLI M, 1978, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V13, P244 WERNER EE, 1984, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITI, P360 WILLIAMSON MH, 1957, NATURE, V180, P422 ZARET TM, 1973, SCIENCE, V182, P449 ZARET TM, 1980, PREDATION FRESHWATER NR 71 TC 22 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 84 EP 94 PY 1987 VL 44 GA M6760 UT ISI:A1987M676000011 ER PT J AU Armitage, DR TI Collaborative environmental assessment in the Northwest Territories, Canada SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. RP Armitage, DR, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB Recent trends in environmental assessment theory and practice indicate a growing concern with collaboration and learning. Although there are few examples of the institutional, organizational, and socio-political forms and processes required to foster this collaboration and learning, the establishment of an environmental planning, management, and assessment regime in Canada's Northwest Territories offers useful insights. Consequently, this paper identifies and examines the institutional, organizational, and socio-political conditions that have encouraged more collaborative forms of environmental assessment practice in the Northwest Territories. Key issues highlighted include: (1) the development of decentralized regulatory organizations more responsive to changing circumstances; (2) strategies for more effective communication and participation of community interests; (3) efforts to build a collaborative vision of economic and social development through region-specific land use plans; (4) the integration of knowledge frameworks; and (5) a concern with the capacity required to encourage effective intervention in the assessment process. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. CR *GNWT, 1993, TRAD KNOWL POL *MVEIRB, 2001, GUID ENV IMP ASS MAC *MVEIRB, 2003, INC TRAD KNOWL ENV I *SLWB, 2002, TRAD ENV KNOWL *TERR IER, 2001, PREL SCREEN ENV ASS ARGYRIS A, 1976, INCREASING LEADERSHI ARMITAGE DR, 2005, IN PRESS ENV IMPACT BARROW C, 1997, ENV SOCIAL IMPACT AS BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BORRINIFEYERBAN.G, 1996, COLLABORATIVE MANAGE BROWN AL, 2000, IMPACT ASSESSMENT PR, V18, P183 DIDUCK A, 2003, J ENV ASSESS POLICY, V5, P339 DIDUCK A, 2005, IN PRESS BREAKING IC DONIHEE J, 2001, IMPLEMENTING COMANAG FISCHER TB, 2003, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V23, P155 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB GEORGE C, 1999, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V19, P175 GIBSON R, 2001, UNPUB SPECIFICATION HANSON S, 2003, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDG JONES ML, 1985, NEW DIRECTIONS ENV I, P21 LANE MB, 2001, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V14, P657 LAWRENCE DP, 2000, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V20, P607 NOBLE BF, 2000, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V20, P97 OREILLY K, 1999, ABORIGINAL PEOPLES I OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS PETERS EJ, 1999, ARCTIC, V52, P395 SCHUSLER TM, 2003, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P309 SHERRY E, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P345 SILLITOE P, 1998, CURR ANTHROPOL, V39, P223 SILLITOE P, 2002, INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SINCLAIR AJ, 2001, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V21, P113 SOSA I, 2001, IMPACT BENEFIT AGREE STEVENSON MG, 1996, ARCTIC, V49, P278 STEVENSON MG, 1997, POLICY OPTIONS, V18, P25 USHER PJ, 2000, ARCTIC, V53, P183 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WEBLER T, 1995, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V15, P443 WEITZNER V, 2001, CROSSING BOUNDARIES, P253 NR 38 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON IMPACT ASSESS REV BP 239 EP 258 PY 2005 PD APR VL 25 IS 3 GA 913MA UT ISI:000228154600003 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, D JONES, DD HOLLING, CS TI QUALITATIVE-ANALYSIS OF INSECT OUTBREAK SYSTEMS - SPRUCE BUDWORM AND FOREST SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,INST RESOURCE ECOL,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. RP LUDWIG, D, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,INST APPL MATH & STAT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. CR BAZYKIN AD, 1974, PROBLEMS MATH GENETI, P103 BOWDEN PB, 1953, J ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOG, V46, P307 GEORGE JL, 1948, J FOREST, V46, P454 HOLLING CS, 1959, CAN ENTOMOL, V91, P293 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JONES DD, 1976, BUDWORM SITE MODEL JONES DS, 1975, RR7515 INT I APPL SY KENDEIGH SC, 1947, 1 DIV RES ONT DEP LA MITCHELL RT, 1952, J FOREST, V50, P387 MORRIS RF, 1958, ECOLOGY, V39, P487 MORRIS RF, 1963, 21 ENT SOC CAN MEM THOM R, 1970, TOWARDS THEORETICAL THOM R, 1975, STRUCTURAL STABILITY ZEEMAN EC, 1972, TOWARD THEORETICAL B ZEEMAN EC, 1976, SCI AM, V234, P65 NR 15 TC 181 J9 J ANIM ECOL BP 315 EP 332 PY 1978 VL 47 IS 1 GA ER329 UT ISI:A1978ER32900021 ER PT J AU Stenseke, M TI Biodiversity and the local context: linking seminatural grasslands and their future use to social aspects SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Human & Econ Geog, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Stenseke, M, Univ Gothenburg, Dept Human & Econ Geog, POB 630, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. AB The seminatural grasslands are some of the most species-rich biotopes in Sweden. The creation and maintenance of their biological and cultural values are dependent on continuous management. However, due to the diminishing number of grazing animals, there has been a substantial loss of seminatural grasslands during the last century. The paper discusses how the seminatural grasslands, their biodiversity and future use are linked to social aspects. One underlying aim has been to explore how geographical perspectives can help to bridge the gap between social and natural science in nature resource management research. Case studies, including interviews with farmers, have been carried out in four rural areas in Sweden. The local contexts are described by using components in Norgaard's structural frame of the integrated relation man-environment, co-evolution; environment, social organization, value systems and knowledge. The concept of resilience provides an analytical frame for discussing the conditions and prospects for the future management of seminatural grasslands. The result shows similarities between the areas as regards possible options and measures for the enhancement of seminatural grassland management. There are also significant differences, indicating the need for flexible landscape policies, allowing adaptive management in various local contexts. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *RSKR, 2001, 20010236 RSKR *STAT SWED, OFF STAT DAT AGR FOR *SWED BOARD AGR, 2000, 2000132 SJVFS *SWED ENV PROT AG, 2005, 5420 SWED ENV PROT A BERGMAN KO, 2004, ECOGRAPHY, V27, P619 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROUWER F, 2000, CAP REGIMES EUROPEAN BROWN G, 2004, APPL GEOGR, V24, P161 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 COUSINS SAO, 2003, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V18, P315 DEUTSCH L, 2003, ECOL ECON, V44, P205 EMANUELSSON U, 2001, MANAGEMENT SEMINATUR EVANS N, 2003, LAND USE POLICY, V20, P231 FORSBERG G, 1993, 107 UPPS U DEP HUM GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUSTAVSSON R, 2003, LANDSCAPE SERIES, V1, P319 HAGERSTRAND T, 1993, 19931 NORDREFO, P14 HAGERSTRAND T, 1995, 17 LLASS U COLL DUBL HARRISON C, 2000, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V9, P1115 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 INGOLD T, 1993, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V25, P2 LINDBORG R, 2004, THESIS STOCKHOLM U MAZORRA AP, 2001, J RURAL STUD, V17, P81 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO OLSSON P, 2003, THESIS STOCKHOLM U PINTOCORREIA T, IN PRESS LANDSCAPE E PRED A, 1986, PLACE PRACTICE STRUC PYKALA J, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P705 ROBERTSON DP, 2003, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V6, P399 SELMAN P, 2004, J ENV PLANN MANAGE, V47, P365 STENSEKE M, 2000, RESHAPING RURAL ECOL, P285 STENSEKE M, 2004, CHOROS, V1 STENSEKE M, 2004, EUROPEAN RURAL LANDS, P397 TERKENLI TS, 2001, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V57, P197 THACKWAY R, 1999, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V44, P87 TRESS B, 2001, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V57, P137 VOLKER K, 1997, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V63, P107 YARWOOD R, 2003, APPL GEOGR, V23, P137 ZACHRISSON A, 2004, 1 UM MOUNT MISTR PRO NR 39 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY BP 350 EP 359 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 9 IS 4 GA 055TK UT ISI:000238473100005 ER PT J AU Tahvonen, O Withagen, C TI Optimality of irreversible pollution accumulation SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS & CONTROL LA English DT Article C1 EINDHOVEN UNIV TECHNOL,NL-5600 MB EINDHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Tahvonen, O, FINNISH FOREST RES INST,HELSINKI 00170,FINLAND. AB This paper considers optimal pollution accumulation when the decay function has an inverted-U shape. Such decay functions have empirical relevance but they lead to nonconvexities in dynamic optimization. The nonconvexity problem is handled here by applying a two-stage optimization procedure. The analysis shows that two qualitatively different optimality candidates may exist simultaneously. We identify cases where the choice can be made on a priori grounds and cases where it requires computation of the present values of both optimality candidates. An optimal emission trajectory leading to irreversible pollution is typically nonmonotonic. CR ARROW K, 1974, Q J ECON, V98, P85 BAUMOL WJ, 1964, AM ECON REV, V54, P358 BROCK WA, 1989, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO CAPUTO M, 1995, INT ECON REV, V36, P217 CESAR H, 1994, LECT NOTES EC MATH S, V416 CESAR H, 1994, SUSTAINABILITY GREEN CLARKE HR, 1994, J ECON DYN CONTROL, V18, P991 COMOLLI P, 1977, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V4, P289 DASGUPTA P, 1982, CONTROL RESOURCES FIEDLER K, 1992, NATURWISSENSCHAFTLIC FORSTER BA, 1975, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V2, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KEELER E, 1972, J ECON THEORY, V4, P19 LEWIS TR, 1977, INT ECON REV, V18, P535 ODUM EP, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY PETHIG R, 1993, ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS PLOURDE CG, 1972, CANADIAN J EC, V5, P119 SEIERSTAD A, 1987, OPTIMAL CONTROL THEO SEIERSTAD A, 1988, SIAM J CONTROL OPTIM, V26, P155 STARRETT DA, 1972, J ECON THEORY, V4, P180 STROM S, 1972, DYNAMICS POLLUTION C TAHVONEN O, 1989, THESIS SCH EC HELSIN, P67 NR 22 TC 11 J9 J ECON DYN CONTROL BP 1775 EP 1795 PY 1996 PD SEP-OCT VL 20 IS 9-10 GA VM943 UT ISI:A1996VM94300013 ER PT J AU Tisdell, C Wilson, C Nantha, HS TI Policies for saving a rare Australian glider: economics and ecology SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Tisdell, C, Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. AB This paper considers the economics of conserving a species with mainly non-use value, the endangered mahogany glider. Three serial surveys of Brisbane residents provide data on the knowledge of respondents about the mahogany glider. The results supply information about the attitudes of respondents to the mahogany glider, to its conservation and relevant public policies, and about variations in these factors as the knowledge of participants of the mahogany glider alters. Similarly, data are provided and analysed about the willingness to pay of respondents to conserve the mahogany glider and how it changes. Population viability analysis is applied to estimate the required habitat area for a minimum viable population of the mahogany glider to ensure at least a 95% probability of its survival for 100 years. Places are identified in Queensland where the requisite minimum area of critical habitat can be conserved. Using the survey results as a basis, the likely willingness of groups of Australians to pay for the conservation of the mahogany glider is estimated and consequently their willingness to pay for the minimum required area of its habitat. Methods for estimating the cost of protecting this habitat are outlined. Australia-wide benefits are estimated to exceed the costs. Establishing a national park containing the minimum viable population of the mahogany glider is an appealing management option. This would also be beneficial in conserving other endangered wildlife species and ecosystems. Therefore, additional economic benefits to those estimated on account of the mahogany glider itself can be obtained. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *AUSTR BUR STAT, 2002, 2001 CENS BAS COMM P *AUSTR BUR STAT, 2003, POP AG SEX AUSTR STA *AUSTR GOV DEP ENV, 2003, SUBJ MOR LAND CLEAR *IUCN, 2003, 2003 IUCN RED LIST T *QUEENSL ENV PROT, 2002, MAH GLID CRIT HAB *QUEENSL ENV PROT, 2003, KEY COAST SIT COAST, CH3 *QUEENSL ENV PROT, 2004, COAST PROT *QUEENSL PARKS WIL, 2001, MAH GLID REC PLAN 20 AJZEN I, 1992, J CONSUM PSYCHOL, V1, P297 AJZEN I, 1996, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V30, P43 BATEMAN IJ, 2002, EC VALUATION STATED BEISSINGER SR, 2002, POPULATION VIABILITY BISHOP RC, 1990, EC VALUATION NATURAL, P81 BLACKMAN JG, 1994, KEY MANAGEMENT ISSUE BOWMAN DMJS, 2001, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V10, P535 BOYCE MS, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P481 BOYLE KJ, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P381 BROUWER R, 1999, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V14, P95 CARO TM, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P805 CARSON RT, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P80 CARSON RT, 2001, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V19, P173 CIRIACYWANTRUP SV, 1968, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO DESVOUSGES WH, 1993, CONTINGENT VALUATION, P91 DETTMANN ME, 1995, PALYNOLOGY, V19, P137 FOOSE TJ, 1993, RHINOCEROS BIOL CONS, P32 FREDMAN P, 1995, J FOREST EC, V1, P307 FREEMAN AM, 2003, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO GILPIN ME, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P19 GOLDINGAY RL, 1995, BIOL CONSERV, V71, P41 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAIGHT RG, 2004, BIOL CONSERV, V117, P61 HANEMANN WM, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P19 HOHL A, 1993, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V2, P168 JACKSON SM, 1998, THESIS J COOK U NORT JACKSON SM, 1999, AUST J ZOOL, V47, P47 JACKSON SM, 1999, PACIFIC CONSERVATION, V5, P56 JACKSON SM, 2000, J ZOOL, V253, P1 JACKSON SM, 2000, MAMMAL REV, V30, P9 JACKSON SM, 2000, WILDLIFE RES, V27, P21 JACKSON SM, 2000, WILDLIFE RES, V27, P49 KAHNEMAN D, 1992, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V22, P57 KRUTILLA JV, 1967, AM ECON REV, V57, P777 LAURANCE WF, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V57, P205 LINDENMAYER DB, 2002, CONSERVING FOREST BI LOOMIS J, 2000, ECOL ECON, V33, P103 MILLER PS, 2003, VORTEX STOCHASTIC SI MOORHOUSE M, 2004, ECOTONE NEWSLETTER C MURPHY DD, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P3 NOSS RF, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC NYHUS PJ, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P923 REITANO F, 2004, RURAL PROPERTY LISTI SCHAETZL RJ, 1989, VEGETATIO, V79, P165 SOULE ME, 1986, BIOL CONSERV, V35, P19 SPASH CL, 2002, J ECON PSYCHOL, V23, P665 THOMAS JW, 1990, CONSERVATION STRATEG TISDELL CA, 1996, BOUNDED RATIONALITY VANDYCK S, 1993, MEMOIRS QUEENSLAND M, V33, P77 VANDYCK S, 1998, MAMMALS AUSTR, P232 VENKATACHALAM L, 2004, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V24, P89 WALSH RG, 1984, LAND ECON, V60, P14 WATSON LH, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V122, P173 WILSON KA, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V122, P99 ZARNIKAU J, 2003, ENERG POLICY, V31, P1661 NR 63 TC 0 J9 BIOL CONSERV BP 237 EP 248 PY 2005 PD MAY VL 123 IS 2 GA 900AG UT ISI:000227187200009 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Herrero, S Wright, RG Pease, CM TI Science and management of Rocky Mountain grizzly bears SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV CALGARY,FAC ENVIRONM DESIGN,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. UNIV TEXAS,DEPT ZOOL,AUSTIN,TX 78712. RP Mattson, DJ, UNIV IDAHO,DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,NATL BIOL SERV,MOSCOW,ID 83843. AB The science and management of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Rocky Mountains of North America have spawned considerable conflict and controversy. Much of this can be attributed to divergent public values, but the narrow perceptions and incomplete and fragmented problem definitions of those involved have exacerbated an inherently difficult situation. We present a conceptual model that extends the traditional description of the grizzly bear conservation system to include facets of the human domain such as the behavior of managers, elected officials, and the public. The model focuses on human-caused mortality, the key determinant of grizzly bear population growth in this region and the interactions and feedback loops among humans that have a major potential influence on bear mortality. We also briefly evaluate existing information and technical methods relevant to understanding this complex human-biophysical system. We observe not only that the extant knowledge is insufficient for prediction (and in some cases for description), but also that traditional positivistic science alone is not adequate for dealing with the problems of grizzly bear conservation. We recommend changes in science and management that could improve learning and responsiveness among the involved individuals and organizations, clarify some existing uncertainty, and thereby increase the effectiveness of grizzly bear conservation and management. Although adaptive management is a promising approach, we point out some key-as yet unfulfilled-contingencies for implementation of a method such as this one that relies upon social processes and structures that promote open learning and flexibility in all facets of the policy process. 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RP Gross, M, Univ Bielefeld, Fak Soziol, Inst Wissensch & Technikforsch, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. AB Real-world experiments are forms of experimentation which include both natural and social elements. They occur outside of the laboratory. Hence, the institutional borders between the application of knowledge and the production of knowledge become blurred. Scientific strategies of cognition and social processes are connected in processes of recursive learning. The acceptability of real-world experiments can only be gained via a social robustness of these processes of learning. Using the case of a lake rehabilitation as a touchstone, it is argued that the notion of robustness should not be taken as an indicator of knowledge per se, but rather as a desirable quality of design strategies. It is furthermore suggested that social robustness cannot substitute for scientific reliability, but that a methodology based on real world experimentation has the potential to strengthen scientific rationality. 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UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. AB As the human population grows and natural resources decline, there is pressure to apply increasing levels of top-down, command-and-control management to natural resources. This is manifested in attempts to control ecosystems and in socioeconomic institutions that respond to erratic or surprising ecosystem behavior with more control. Command and control, however, usually results in unforeseen consequences for both natural ecosystems and human welfare in the form of collapsing resources, social and economic strife, and losses of biological diversity. We describe the ''pathology of natural resource management,'' defined as a loss of system resilience when the range of natural variation in the system is reduced encapsulates the unsustainable environmental, social, and economic outcomes of command-and-control resource management. If natural levels of variation in system behavior are reduced through command-and-control, then the system becomes less resilient to external perturbations, resulting in crises and surprises. We provide several examples of this pathology in management. An ultimate pathology emerges when resource management agencies, through initial success with command and control, lose sight of their original purposes, eliminate research and monitoring, and focus on efficiency of control. They then become isolated from the managed systems and inflexible in structure. Simultaneously, through overcapitalization, society becomes dependent upon command and control, demands it in greater intensity, and ignores the underlying ecological change or collapse that is developing. Solutions to this pathology cannot come from further command and control (regulations) but must come from innovative approaches involving incentives leading to more resilient ecosystems, more flexible agencies, more self-reliant industries, and a more knowledgeable citizenry. We discuss several aspects of ecosystem pattern and dynamics at large scales that provide insight into ecosystem resilience, and we propose a ''Golden Rule'' of natural resource management that we believe is necessary for sustainability: management should strive to retain critical types and ranges of natural variation in resource systems in order to maintain their resiliency. 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SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Tompkins, EL, Univ E Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Emerging insights from adaptive and community-based resource management suggest that building resilience into both human and ecological systems is an effective way to cope with environmental change characterized by future surprises or unknowable risks. We argue that these emerging insights have implications for policies and strategies for responding to climate change. We review perspectives on collective action for natural resource management to inform understanding of climate response capacity. We demonstrate the importance of social learning, specifically in relation to the acceptance of strategies that build social and ecological resilience. Societies and communities dependent on natural resources need to enhance their capacity to adapt to the impacts of future climate change, particularly when such impacts could lie outside their experienced coping range. This argument is illustrated by an example of present-day collective action for community-based coastal management in Trinidad and Tobago. The case demonstrates that community-based management enhances adaptive capacity in two ways: by building networks that are important for coping with extreme events and by retaining the resilience of the underpinning resources and ecological systems. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP McMichael, AJ, Australian Natl Univ, Natl Ctr Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB Attaining sustainability will require concerted interactive efforts among disciplines, many of which have not yet recognized, and internalized, the relevance of environmental issues to their main intellectual discourse. The inability of key scientific disciplines to engage interactively is an obstacle to the actual attainment of sustainability. For example, in the list of Millennium Development Goals from the United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002, the seventh of the eight goals, to "ensure environmental sustainability," is presented separately from the parallel goals of reducing fertility and poverty, improving gains in equity, improving material conditions, and enhancing population health. A more integrated and consilient approach to sustainability is urgently needed. 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RP Hjortso, CN, Royal Vet & Agr Univ, KVL, Dept Econ & Nat Respurces, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. AB This article presents a case study where a modified version of strategic option development and analysis (SODA) is applied to enhance the level of citizens' participation in a strategic forest management planning process managed by the Danish Forest and Nature Agency. The case is interesting because of structural differences between traditional Soft OR and public participation settings. Research shows that SODA can nevertheless improve public involvement in several ways, including stakeholders' perception of being involved, stakeholders' commitment, structuring of the planning context, communication of stakeholder perspectives, identification and management of conflicts, decision process transparency, and agency accountability for final planning outcomes. The primary problems encountered relate to the difficulty of reading the cognitive maps, time requirements, and selection of facilitator. The general impression is that SODA can improve the present practice, and moreover provide a feasible platform for wider integration of stakeholder groups in the tactical planning process. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *INT LAB OFF, 2000, PUBL PART FOR EUR N *UNCED, 1992, UN C ENV DEV RIO DE *UNECE, 1998, CONV ACC INF PUBL PA ACKERMANN F, 1994, DECIS SUPPORT SYST, V12, P381 ACKERMANN F, 2001, MANAGEMENT SCI THEOR ACKERMANN F, 2001, RATIONAL ANAL PROBLE, P43 ACKOFF RL, 1974, REDESIGNING FUTURE ANDERSEN BE, 2001, COMMUNICATION ANDERSON J, 1998, UNASYLVA, V49, P3 ARNSTEIN SR, 1969, J AM I PLANNERS, V35, P216 BANXIA, 1996, DECISION EXPLORER RE BAZERMAN MH, 1998, JUDGMENT MANAGERIAL BOON TE, 2000, FORESTRY, V73, P155 BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 1996, COLLABORATIVE MANAGE BOSTROM RP, 1988, HUMAN FACTORS MANAGE CHECKLAND P, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS CHECKLAND P, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO COOK SDN, 1993, J MANAGEMENT INQUIRY, V2, P373 DANIELS SE, 1996, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V16, P71 DANIELS SE, 2001, WORKING ENV CONFLICT DUKES EF, 1996, RESOLVING PUBLIC CON EDEN C, 1988, EUROPEAN J OPERATION, V36, P1 EDEN C, 1989, RATIONAL ANAL PROBLE EDEN C, 1990, LONG RANGE PLANN, V23, P35 EDEN C, 1992, J MANAGE STUD, V29, P261 EDEN C, 1992, J MANAGE STUD, V29, P309 EDEN C, 1993, J OPERATIONAL RES SO, V44, P625 EDEN C, 1998, MAKING STRATEGY EDEN C, 2001, RATIONAL ANAL PROBLE, P21 FINN C, 1996, CREATING COLLABORATI FISHER R, 1997, GETTING YES NEGOTIAT FORESTER J, 1999, DELIBERATIVE PRACTIT FREEMAN RE, 1984, STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRIEND J, 1987, PLANNING PRESSURE ST GILLHAM B, 2000, RES INTERVIEW GRAY B, 1985, HUM RELAT, V38, P911 GRAY B, 1989, COLLABORATING FINDIN GRIMBLE R, 1997, AGR SYST, V55, P173 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEALEY P, 1997, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI HELLSTROM E, 1997, EPI P, V14 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HUXHAM C, 1996, CREATING COLLABORATI HUXHAM C, 2000, HUM RELAT, V53, P771 KEKES J, 1993, MORALITY PLURALISM KELLY GA, 1955, PSYCHOL PERSONAL CON KOLB DA, 1983, EXPT LEARNING EXPERI KVALE S, 1996, INTERVIEWS INTRO QUA LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEWICKI RJ, 1994, NEGOTIATION LITWIN MS, 1995, MEASURE SURVEY RELIA MILES MB, 1984, QUALITATIVE DATA ANA PHILLIPS LD, 1984, ACTA PSYCHOL, V56, P29 PRISCOLI JD, 1997, EFI P, V14 RAMIREZ R, 1999, CULTIVATING PEACE CO RITTEL HWJ, 1973, POLICY SCI, V4, P155 ROLING N, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN ROSENHEAD J, 1989, RATIONAL ANAL PROBLE ROSENHEAD J, 2001, RATIONAL ANAL PROBLE SCHEIN E, 1992, ORG CULTURE LEADERSH SCHUMAN SP, 1996, CREATING COLLABORATI, P126 SMITH GR, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P419 SOLBERG B, 1997, EFI P, V14 SORENSEN KW, 2001, COMMUNICATION SUSSKIND L, 1987, BREAKING IMPASSE CON TAKET A, 2000, PARTNERSHIP PARTICIP WONDOLLECK JM, 1996, SOCIOL PERSPECT, V39, P249 YAFFEE SL, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P381 NR 68 TC 1 J9 EUR J OPER RES BP 667 EP 683 PY 2004 PD FEB 1 VL 152 IS 3 GA 737RR UT ISI:000186246000011 ER PT J AU Nelson, KC TI Commentary on "Hierarchy theory in sociology, ecology, and resource management: A conceptual model for natural resource or environmental sociology and socioecological systems'' by W. Warren SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Coll Nat Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Nelson, KC, Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Coll Nat Resources, 115 Green Hall,1530 Cleveland Ave No, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. CR *NAT SCI FDN, 2000, ENV SCI ENG 21 CENT *NSF ADV COMM ENV, 2003, COMPL ENV SYST SYNTH ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY BARRY J, 1999, ENV SOCIAL THEORY BELL MM, 1998, SOCIOLOGY NEW CENTUR BLAU P, 1975, APPROACHES STRUCTURA DUNLAP RE, 2002, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY GIDDENS A, 1984, CONSTITUTION SOC GIDDENS A, 1987, SOCIAL THEORY MODERN GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P733 MACHLIS GE, 1997, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V10, P347 MEHTA MD, 1995, ENV SOCIOLOGY THEORY ODUM EP, 1996, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, P279 REDCLIFT M, 1997, INT HDB ENV SOCIOLOG SEWELL WH, 1992, AM J SOCIOL, V1, P1 TUCKER RC, 1970, MARXENGELS READER NR 17 TC 0 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 467 EP 470 PY 2005 PD MAY-JUN VL 18 IS 5 GA 923BX UT ISI:000228884800005 ER PT J AU Horwitz, P Wilcox, BA TI Parasites, ecosystems and sustainability: an ecological and complex systems perspective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Edith Cowan Univ, Consortium Hlth & Ecol, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia. Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Asia Pacific Inst Trop Med & Infect Dis, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Horwitz, P, Edith Cowan Univ, Consortium Hlth & Ecol, 100 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia. AB Host-parasite relationships can be conceptualised either narrowly, where the parasite is metabolically dependent on the host, or more broadly, as suggested by an ecological-evolutionary and complex systems perspective. In this view Host-parasite relationships are part of a larger set of ecological and co-evolutionary interdependencies and a complex adaptive system. These interdependencies affect not just the hosts, vectors, parasites, the immediate agents, but also those indirectly or consequentially affected by the relationship. Host-parasite relationships also can be viewed as systems embedded within larger systems represented by ecological communities and ecosystems. So defined, it can be argued that Host-parasite relationships may often benefit their hosts and contribute significantly to the structuring of ecological communities. The broader, complex adaptive system view also contributes to understanding the phenomenon of disease emergence, the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms involved, and the role of parasitology in research and management of ecosystems in light of the apparently growing problem of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife and humans. An expanded set of principles for integrated parasite management is suggested by this perspective. (c) 2005 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *I MED, 2003, MICR THREATS HLTH EM ALLEN TFR, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ANDERSON RM, 1979, NATURE, V280, P361 ANDERSON RM, 1991, INFECT DIS HUMANS DY BESIER RD, 2002, ANIM PROD AUST, V25, P13 BIRKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC BROWN MJF, 2003, J ANIM ECOL, V72, P994 BROWNSTEIN JS, 2005, ECOHEALTH, V2, P38 DAMBORENEA MC, 2001, J NAT HIST, V35, P1103 DASZAK P, 2000, SCIENTIST, V14, P14 DAUGHTON CG, 1999, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S6, V107, P907 DOBSON A, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1488 EWALD PW, 1983, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V14, P465 FLATT T, 2004, J THEOR BIOL, V228, P241 GALVANI AP, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P132 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P33 GUNTHER F, 1993, J BIOL SYST, V1, P257 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P25 HOLT RD, 2003, ECOL LETT, V6, P837 HOWE HF, 1982, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V13, P201 HUBALEK Z, 2003, EMERG INFECT DIS, V9, P403 JANSSEN MA, 2005, ECOHEALTH, V2 LAFFERTY KD, 1999, LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAP, V44, P564 LAFFERTY KD, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P593 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LOGIUDICE K, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P567 LYLES AM, 1993, J ZOO WILDLIFE MED, V24, P315 MACKENZIE JS, 1994, ARCH VIROL, V136, P447 MORET Y, 2001, NATURE, V414, P506 PALUMBI SR, 2003, RESISTANCE PHENOMENO, P21 PATZ JA, 2000, INT J PARASITOL, V30, P1395 PATZ JA, 2004, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V112, P1092 PRENTER J, 2004, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V19, P385 REES WE, 1998, ECOL ECON, V25, P49 SMYTH JD, 1994, INTRO ANIM PARASITOL STEERE AC, 2004, J CLIN INVEST, V113, P1093 SUMMERS K, 2003, BIOL REV, V78, P639 THOMAS F, 2000, PARASITOL TODAY, V16, P533 WELLS A, 1999, INTEGRATED PARASITE, P9 WILCOX BA, 2005, ENV HLTH PREV MED, V10 YUILL TM, 1986, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V17, P189 NR 43 TC 1 J9 INT J PARASITOL BP 725 EP 732 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 35 IS 7 GA 940XE UT ISI:000230178400004 ER PT J AU LARSEN, JB TI ECOLOGICAL STABILITY OF FORESTS AND SUSTAINABLE SILVICULTURE SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP LARSEN, JB, ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,FORESTRY UNIT,THORVALDSENSVEJ 57,DK-1871 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. AB The ecological stability of forests is described and subsequently analyzed and discussed in relation to human impact. Forest management and utilization have a considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. Additionally, other human activities such as pollution and global climate change affect the present and future stability of our forests. The main components of stability are resistance (inertia, immovability) and resilience (recoverability). These are analyzed with respect to genetic diversity within and between species and in relation to the biogeochemical cycle. The possibilities and constraints of silviculture are then discussed in relation to sustainable management practices and strategies, i.e. choice of provenances and species, including species mixtures, tree breeding, harvesting practices, as well as the silvicultural system applied. Finally, forest decline is discussed in relation to stability by means of a stress integration model. 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RP Pickett, STA, Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. AB The ecosystem is a fundamental ecological concept that is not as simple as it first appears. We explore three key dimensions of the concept that make it both complex and broadly useful-its basic definition, its application via models to concrete or specific situations, and its metaphorical connotations as used in general communication within the domain of science and with the public at large. Clarity in identifying what the dimensions are and how they are related can help to maintain the rigor of the concept for specific scientific uses while also allowing enough flexibility for its use in the integration of scientific principles, as well as in public discourse. This analysis of the ecosystem as a multidimensional concept is likely to be generalizable to other important concepts in ecology. 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Bur Land Management, Santa Fe, NM 87502 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Bestelmeyer, BT, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB State-and-transition models have received a great deal of attention since the introduction of the concept to range management in 1989. Nonetheless, only recently have sets of state-and-transition models been produced that can be used by agency personnel and private citizens, and there is little guidance available for developing and interpreting models. Based upon our experiences developing models for the state of New Mexico, we address the following questions: 1) how is information assembled to create site-specific models for entire regions, 2) what ecological issues should be considered in model development and classification, and 3) how should models be used? We review the general structure of state-and-transition models, emphasizing the distinction between changes among communities within states (pathways) that are reversible with changes in climate and "facilitating practices" (e.g. grazing management), and changes among states (transitions) that are reversible only with "accelerating practices" such as seeding, shrub control, or the recovery of soil stability and historical hydrologic function. Both pathways and transitions occur, so these models are complementary. Ecological sites and the climatically-defined regions within which they occur (land resource units) serve as a framework for developing and selecting models. We illustrate the importance of clearly delineating ecological sites to produce models and describe how we have dealt with poorly-delineated sites. Producing specific models requires an understanding of the multiple ecological mechanisms underlying transitions. We show how models can represent and distinguish alternative and complementary hypotheses for transitions. Although there may be several mechanisms underlying transitions, they tend to fall within discrete categories based upon a few, fundamental ecological processes and their relationships can be readily understood. A knowledge of, mechanisms is closely related to the use of ecological indicators to anticipate transitions. We conclude that models should include 1) reference values for quantitative indicators, 2) lists of key indicators and descriptions of changes in them that suggest an approach to a transition, and 3) a rigorous documentation of the theory and assumptions (and their alternatives) underlying the structure of each model. 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CR ANDRONOV AA, 1937, DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR, V14, P247 BENNDORF J, 1981, WATER QUALITY B, V6, P68 BENNDORF J, 1982, ECOL MODEL, V17, P129 BENNETT JW, 1983, SECONDARY METABOLISM, P20 CASTI J, 1979, CONNECTIVITY COMPLEX CASTI J, 1981, IIASA NEWS REP, V3, P4 FIERING MB, 1974, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V1, P301 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JONES DD, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P2829 JONES DD, 1977, NEW DIRECTIONS ANA 2, P133 JORGENSEN SE, 1977, ECOL MODEL, V3, P39 KEMPF J, 1980, ISEM J, V2, P55 KOSCHEL R, 1983, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V98, P380 LEVIN SA, 1979, 3RD INT C PROBL MO 1, P164 LJAPUNOV AM, 1949, PROBLEME GENERALE ST LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MARSDEN JE, 1976, HOPF BIFURCATION ITS MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MEHRA RK, 1977, P JOINT AUTOMATIC CO, P823 POSTON T, 1978, CATASTROPHE THEORY I RADTKE E, 1980, ECOL MODEL, V9, P247 RECKNAGEL F, 1982, INT REV GES HYDROBIO, V67, P113 RECKNAGEL F, 1983, WISS Z TU DRESDEN, V32, P167 RECKNAGEL F, 1984, ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, V26, P77 RECKNAGEL F, 1984, THESIS U TECHNOLOGY RENGUET E, 1981, SYSTEM DYNAMICS ANAL, P277 SHAPIRO J, 1975, CONTRIB U MINNESOTA, V143 SMITH JM, 1981, CHEM ENG KINETICS, P23 THOM R, 1975, STRUCTURAL STABILITY UHLMANN D, 1980, DEV HYDROBIOLOG, V2, P235 WASHBURN RB, 1980, JOINT AUTOMATIC CONT WILSON AG, 1981, CATASTROPHE THEORY B, P1 ZEEMAN EC, 1976, SCI AM, V234, P65 ZEEMAN EC, 1977, CATASTROPHE THEORY ZEEMAN EC, 1981, CATASTROPHE THEORY A, P11 NR 36 TC 6 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 221 EP 234 PY 1985 VL 27 IS 3-4 GA AHY54 UT ISI:A1985AHY5400004 ER PT J AU HARADA, Y SAKURAMOTO, K TANAKA, S TI ON THE STABILITY OF THE STOCK-HARVESTING SYSTEM CONTROLLED BY A FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE SO RESEARCHES ON POPULATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP HARADA, Y, TOKYO UNIV FISHERIES,DEPT FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN. AB Stability of the stock-harvesting system regulated by a feedback control procedure of catch quota is examined. In the procedure considered, catch quota is changed proportionally to the difference between current and the target stock level (with a proportionality constant h) and to the annual stock growth rate (with a proportionality constant g). Condition for the local stability of the target equilibrium is obtained as a function of the stock-recruitment relation, survival probability of adults, target stock level, time lag before implementation of regulation, age of sexual maturity of the stock, and proportionality constants g and h. It is shown that, (1) the procedure has the stabilizing effect; it can stabilize the target stock level that is unstable under constant harvest, (2) lower target stock level favors larger g and smaller h, when the target is set around MSYL (the stock level that gives MSY), (3) the degree of stability, measured by the time required to recover the target stock level, is an increasing function of the target stock level, (4) stability and sustainable yield are in trade-off, (5) time delay caused by the time needed before sexual maturity does not affect the stability significantly, but the effect of the time lag before implementation of regulation is significant. Comparison between harvest-control and effort-control procedures is also made, and the advantage of the latter in terms of stability is shown. CR BERGH MO, 1988, J MATH BIOL, V26, P551 CLARK CW, 1976, J MATH BIOL, V3, P381 DEANGELIS DL, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P764 FISHER ME, 1984, J MATH BIOL, V19, P147 GETZ WM, 1980, MATH BIOSCI, V48, P272 GETZ WM, 1989, POPULATION HARVESTIN GOH BS, 1977, MATH BIOSCI, V33, P359 LEVIN SA, 1976, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V9, P178 LEVIN SA, 1980, J MATH BIOL, V9, P245 MAY RM, 1974, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MURRAY JD, 1989, MATH BIOL PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 REED WJ, 1980, BIOMETRICS, V36, P579 SAKURAMOTO K, 1989, SIMULATION STUDY MAN, P199 TANAKA S, 1980, NIPPON SUISAN GAKK, V46, P1477 NR 15 TC 1 J9 RES POP ECOL BP 185 EP 201 PY 1992 PD JUN VL 34 IS 1 GA JM434 UT ISI:A1992JM43400013 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Lathrop, RC TI Lake restoration: capabilities and needs SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Madison, WI 53716 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Lake degradation results from excessive nutrient inputs, toxic substances, habitat loss, overfishing, species invasions and extirpations. The scientific basis of lake degradation is generally well understood, although each restoration project requires some level of new site-specific research. Remediation may require management actions which are difficult to implement for social or institutional reasons. Even where large-scale remediations are attempted, it is difficult to sustain scientific assessments for long enough to evaluate success. Collaborations of scientists and managers have sometimes succeeded in overcoming limitations to lake restoration, and produced important advances in our capability to restore lakes. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, REST AQ EC BETZ CR, 1998, PUBLICATION WISCONSI BROCK TD, 1985, EUTROPHIC LAKE LAKE CARPENTER SR, 1980, CAN J BOT, V58, P527 CARPENTER SR, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P822 CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324 CARPENTER SR, 1997, RESILIENCE RESTORATI, V1 CARPENTER SR, 1998, AUST J ECOL, V23, P68 CARPENTER SR, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P559 CHRISTENSEN DL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1143 COOKE GD, 1993, RESTORATION MANAGEME DEPPE E, 1993, T WIS ACAD SCI ARTS, V81, P47 DRISCOLL CT, 1994, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V28, P137 GULATI RD, 1990, DEV HYDROBIOLOGY, V61 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARPER DM, 1992, EUTROPHICATION FRESH HECK KL, 1991, HABITAT STRUCTURE PH, P281 HILBORN R, 1992, FISHERIES, V17, P6 HILBORN R, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P25 JOHNSON BM, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P353 JOHNSON BM, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P808 JOHNSON DL, 1979, AM FISHERIES SOC SPE, V6 KITCHELL JF, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT KITCHELL JF, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P31 KITCHELL JF, 1993, COMPONENTS ECOSYSTEM, P111 LATHROP RC, 1990, VERH INT VER LIMNOL, V24, P457 LATHROP RC, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P71 LATHROP RC, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V235, P353 LATHROP RC, 1992, TECH B WIS DEP NAT R, V181 LATHROP RC, 1996, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V53, P2250 LATHROP RC, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P1169 LIVERMORE DF, 1969, EUTROPHICATION CAUSE, P494 LODGE DM, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P133 LYONS J, 1989, CAN J ZOOL, V67, P2910 MAGNUSON JJ, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P195 MASER C, 1994, FOREST SEA ECOLOGY W MOSS B, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P71 NICHOLS SA, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P153 NICHOLS SA, 1994, AQUAT BOT, V47, P225 POIANI KA, 1995, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V50, P613 POSTEL S, 1997, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RUDSTAM LG, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P507 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SORANNO PA, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P865 STAGGS MD, 1992, FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT, P525 STOW CA, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P752 SWACKHAMER DL, 1986, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V20, P879 ZEDLER JB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P33 NR 48 TC 1 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 19 EP 28 PY 1999 PD FEB VL 396 GA 238TL UT ISI:000082727900004 ER PT J AU Castillo, GC Li, HW Rossignol, PA TI Absence of overall feedback in a benthic estuarine community: A system potentially buffered from impacts of biological invasions SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Castillo, GC, Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Ctr Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. AB Species introductions are among the most dramatic human-induced impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems around the world. Stability patterns of an estuarine benthic community were investigated through guild interaction models representing the community before and after human-mediated species invasions. The study area was Yaquina Bay, a developed estuary on the central Oregon coast, U.S., where at least 12 species of nonindigenous invertebrates have been inadvertently introduced. Three of the introduced species (the polychaetes Hobsonia florida and Pseudopolydora kempi and the cumacean Nippoleucon hinumensis) are probably among the 10 most abundant invertebrate species in the intertidal benthic community. To estimate effects and potential risks of species introductions on the native community we constructed 2 types of community models based on functional-group interactions, namely, activity guild models and trophic guild models. In both cases we observed that overall feedback has a strong tendency towards zero in pre-invasion and post-invasion models. We generated 12,000 random models of similar size and could not detect this tendency. We suggest that the weak or absent overall feedback in this community may be an ecological property and not an intrinsic property of large systems as such. The reduced response to input from either invertebrate invasions or removal of native top predators, may to some extent buffer the community from such impacts. Alternative guild models suggested increased risk of stability decline in the invaded community even after accounting for potential complexity effects on stability. Further species introductions in this intermediately invaded estuary should be avoided. 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RP Nystrom, M, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Facing a human-dominated world, ecologists are now reconsidering the role of disturbance for coral reef ecosystem dynamics. Human activities alter the natural disturbance regimes of coral reefs by transforming pulse events into persistent disturbance or even chronic stress, by introducing new disturbance, or by suppressing or removing disturbance. Adding these alterations to natural disturbance regimes will probably result in unknown synergistic effects. Simultaneously. humans are altering the capacity of reefs to cope with disturbance (e.g. by habitat fragmentation and reduction of functional diversity), which further exacerbates the effects of altered disturbance regimes. A disturbance that previously triggered the renewal and development of reefs might, under such circumstances, become an obstacle to development. The implications of these changes for reef-associated human activities, such as fishing and tourism, can be substantial. 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RP Pinnegar, JK, Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Fisheries Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. AB Modelling may significantly enhance our understanding of the potential impacts of fisheries at larger spatial scales and on groups that would otherwise be very difficult to study. An aggregated biomass-based simulation model of a Mediterranean infralittoral zone was developed and used to carry out fishing 'experiments' where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model was constructed for the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, and was composed of 27 compartments, including seabirds, 11 groups of fish, 12 groups of invertebrates, 2 primary producers, bacteria and detritus. Several instances of indirect fishing effects ('trophic cascades' and 'keystone predation') have been proposed from anecdotal evidence in the western Mediterranean. Model outcomes provided little support for the widely accepted paradigm that fishing, by removing invertebrate-feeding fish, allows increases in the biomass of sea urchins and as a consequence the formation of overgrazed 'barrens' of bare substrate. Simulated harvesting of sea urchins by humans did, however, results in an increase of macroalgal biomass as reported previously. Intensified fishing pressure on 'macrocarnivorous' fish resulted in a 'release' of small fish species (e.g. blennies), and as a consequence a decline in the biomass of some small invertebrates on which they feed (e.g. amphipods). Increased fishing on large 'piscivores' resulted in increases in other small fish groups and consequential effects on other benthic invertebrate groups (e.g. polychaetes). Depletion of piscivorous fish resulted in a dramatic increase in the biomass of seabirds, which apparently compete with piscivores for small demersal and pelagic fish. An intensification of fishing pressure overall resulted in an increase in cephalopod biomass. Responses of target species to increased fishing pressure were most marked within the first 5 years of the new fishing regime. Indirect responses exhibited varying degrees of inertia, and biomasses of many groups did not assume a new equilibrium within the first 20 years of the simulation. The Mediterranean infralittoral rocky-bottom ecosystem was predicted to be relatively resilient to pulses of increased fishing and exhibited a high degree of detritus recycling. However, the speed and magnitude of ecosystem responses was shown to depend greatly on the extent of 'top-down' or 'bottom-up' control assumed for components within the system. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB Approaches to resource and environmental management based on outdated notions about nature and the development of complex systems must be updated by new approaches that mix leading-edge ecosystem science and management. New approaches should be endowed with an appropriate mix of ecological theory, data, creativity, and flexibility in an overall framework that emphasizes adaptability and experimentation. Guided by societal goals of achieving (or maintaining) ecological integrity and natural resource sustainability, a management framework based on clinical ecology-a prescriptive scientific management regime informed by theory and empirical generalization-may represent the type of approach needed to proceed in an orderly fashion toward resolving many resource and environmental management problems. CR *COMM APPL EC THEO, 1986, EC KNOWL ENV PROBL S BOTKIN DB, 1990, DISCORDANT HARMONIES CLARK WC, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P5 EHRENFELD D, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P135 HASKELL BD, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P3 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1991, PLANET STRESS CHALLE, P285 KARR JR, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P249 KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KAY JJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P201 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 NORTON BG, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P23 RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 RAPPORT DJ, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P144 REES W, 1990, ECOLOGIST, V20, P18 REGIER HA, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P3 RISSER PG, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P585 SONNTAG NC, 1987, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS A SPRUGEL DG, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V58, P1 STEEDMAN RJ, 1990, GREAT LAKES FISHERY, V904, P257 NR 22 TC 1 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 465 EP 481 PY 1996 PD SEP-OCT VL 9 IS 5 GA VR544 UT ISI:A1996VR54400002 ER PT J AU Noss, RF TI Beyond Kyoto: Forest management in a time of rapid climate change SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Conservat Sci Inc, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Noss, RF, Conservat Sci Inc, 7310 NW Acorn Ridge, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. AB Policies to reduce global warming by offering credits of carbon sequestration have neglected the effects of forest management on biodiversity. I review properties of forest ecosystems and management options for enhancing the resistance and resilience of forests to climate change. Although forests, as a class, have proved resilient to past changes in climate, today's fragmented and degraded forests are more vulnerable. Adaptation of species to climate change can occur through phenotypic plasticity, evolution, or migration to suitable sites, with the latter probably the most common response in the past. Among the land-use and management practices likely to maintain forest biodiversity and ecological functions during climate change are (1) representing forest types across environment gradients in reserves; (2) protecting climatic refugia at multiple scales; (3) protecting primary forests; (4) avoiding fragmentation and providing connectivity, especially parallel to climatic gradients: (5) providing buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; (6) practicing low-intensity forestry and preventing conversion of natural forests to plantations; (7) maintaining natural fire regimes; (8) maintaining diverse gene pools; and (9) identifying and protecting functional groups and keystone species. Good forest management in a time of rapidly changing climate differs little from good forest management under more static conditions, but there is increased emphasis on protecting climatic refugia and providing connectivity. 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ECOL MONOGR, V69, P47 WALKER BH, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P747 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WHITFORD WG, 1999, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V57, P21 WHITMORE TC, 1998, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V39, P429 WHITTAKER RH, 1960, ECOL MONOGR, V30, P279 WILLIAMS DW, 1995, J BIOGEOGR, V22, P665 WILLIS KJ, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P1406 WILSON JB, 1992, J BIOGEOGR, V19, P183 WINNETT SM, 1998, CLIMATE RES, V11, P39 WUETHRICH B, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P793 ZOBEL DB, 1976, ECOL MONOGR, V46, P135 NR 161 TC 17 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 578 EP 590 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 15 IS 3 GA 441HY UT ISI:000169226000005 ER PT J AU Shafer, CL TI Inter-reserve distance SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review C1 Natl Pk Serv, Nat Resources Stewardship & Sci, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Shafer, CL, Natl Pk Serv, Nat Resources Stewardship & Sci, 1849 C St NW, Washington, DC 20240 USA. AB Since the mid-1970s, reserve planners have been advised to locate reserves in close proximity to facilitate biotic migration. The alternative, putting great distance between reserves as a safeguard against catastrophe or long-standing chronic degradation forces, has received little discussion. The demise of a population can be caused by both natural and anthropogenic agents and the latter, including poaching and global warming, could be the bigger threat. Reserves sharing biotic components, whether close together or far apart, have advantages as well as costs. We need to consider whether the result of adopting the proximate reserve design guideline to preserve maximum species number will contribute to the potential extinction or extirpation of some rare flagship species? Should such extinctions occur, will society be understanding of science-based advise? Current conservation dogma that claims reserves should be located in close proximity demands more scrutiny because that choice may be tested this century. 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CONSERV BIOL, V8, P410 NR 173 TC 5 J9 BIOL CONSERV BP 215 EP 227 PY 2001 PD AUG VL 100 IS 2 GA 445WK UT ISI:000169481400007 ER PT J AU Bolte, JP Hulse, DW Gregory, SV Smith, C TI Modeling biocomplexity - actors, landscapes and alternative futures SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioengn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Landscape Architecture, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bolte, JP, Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioengn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB Increasingly, models (and modelers) are being asked to address the interactions between human influences, ecological processes, and landscape dynamics that impact many diverse aspects of managing complex coupled human and natural systems. These systems may be profoundly influenced by human decisions at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and the limitations of traditional process-level ecosystems modeling approaches for representing the richness of factors shaping landscape dynamics in these coupled systems has resulted in the need for new analysis approaches. New tools in the areas of spatial data management and analysis, multicriteria decision-making, individual-based modeling, and complexity science have all begun to impact how we approach modeling these systems. The term "biocomplexity" has emerged as a descriptor of the rich patterns of interactions and behaviors in human and natural systems, and the challenges of analyzing biocomplex behavior is resulting in a convergence of approaches leading to new ways of understanding these systems. Important questions related to system vulnerability and resilience, adaptation, feedback processing, cycling, non-linearities and other complex behaviors are being addressed using models employing new representational approaches to analysis. The complexity inherent in these systems challenges the modeling community to provide tools that capture sufficiently the richness of human and ecosystem processes and interactions in ways that are computationally tractable and understandable. We examine one such tool, EvoLand, which uses an actor-based approach to conduct alternative futures analyses in the Willamette Basin, Oregon. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *NAS, 2001, ASS TMDL APPR WAT QU ARTHUR WB, 1997, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX BAK P, 1989, PHYS TODAY JAN BAKER JP, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P313 BELLA DA, 1997, J BUS ETHICS, V16, P977 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 CHATTOE E, 1998, J ARTIFICIAL SOC SOC, V1 COLWELL RA, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P786 DANIELS M, 1999, AG SIM APPL MOD TOOL EMERY FE, 1965, HUM RELAT, V18, P21 ETIENNE M, 2003, J ARTIFICIAL SOC SOC, V6 FERNANDEZ P, 2003, 0310055 SFI GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR HOLLAND JH, 1995, HIDDEN ORDER ADAPTIO HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HULSE D, 2000, LANDSCAPE J, V19, P1 HULSE DW, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P325 KAUFFMAN SA, 1969, J THEOR BIOL, V22, P437 LEPPERHOFF N, 2002, J ARTIFICIAL SOC SOC, V5 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 MANSON SM, 2001, GEOFORUM, V32, P405 MAXWELL T, 1995, INT J COMPUTER SIMUL, V5, P247 NOTH M, 2000, 20001201 U WASH DEP PARKER DC, 2003, ANN ASS AM GEOGRAPHE, V93 SANTELMANN M, 2001, APPL ECOLOGICAL PRIN, P226 SENGUPTA RR, 2003, INT J GEOGR INF SCI, V17, P157 SHEFFER M, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P195 STEINITZ C, 2001, APPL ECOLOGICAL PRIN, P165 VANSICKLE J, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P368 VOINOV AA, 1999, J ECOSYSTEM MODELING, V14, P473 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 NR 32 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW BP 570 EP 579 PY 2007 PD MAY VL 22 IS 5 GA 133JO UT ISI:000244009400003 ER PT J AU Peterson, GD TI Estimating resilience across landscapes SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Peterson, GD, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Although ecological managers typically focus on managing local or regional landscapes, they often have little ability to control or predict many of the large-scale, long-term processes that drive changes within these landscapes. This lack of control has led some ecologists to argue that ecological management should aim to produce ecosystems that are resilient to change and surprise. Unfortunately, ecological resilience is difficult to measure or estimate in the landscapes people manage. In this paper, I extend system dynamics approaches to resilience and estimate resilience using complex landscape simulation models. I use this approach to evaluate cross-scale edge, a novel empirical method for estimating resilience based on landscape pattern. Cross-scale edge provides relatively robust estimates of resilience, suggesting that, with some further developments it could be used as a management tool to provide rough and rapid estimates of areas of resilience and vulnerability within a landscape. CR *U FLOR NAT CONS T, 1993, EGL AIR FORC BAS NAT CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 GLITZENSTEIN JS, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P441 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARDESTY J, 2000, CONSERVATION BIOL PR, V1, P26 HEYWARD F, 1939, ECOLOGY, V20, P287 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 KNOWLTON N, 1992, AM ZOOL, V32, P674 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MILNE BT, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P805 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 1999, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI PLATT WJ, 1993, TALL TIMBERS ECOLOGY, P275 REBERTUS AJ, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P60 RINALDI S, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P507 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SKLAR FH, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P239 SKLAR FH, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P379 STAUFFER D, 1994, INTRO PERCOLATION TH USHER MB, 1992, PLANT SUCCESSION THE, P215 WALTERS CJ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P189 NR 25 TC 4 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 6 IS 1 GA 591QW UT ISI:000177892600005 ER PT J AU Jansson, A Folke, C Rockstrom, J Gordon, L TI Linking freshwater flows and ecosystem services appropriated by people: The case of the Baltic Sea drainage basin SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RELMA, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Humanity's dependence on ecosystem support is "mentally hidden" to large segments of society; it has no price in the market and is seldom accounted for in decision making. Similarly the needs of ecosystems for fresh water for generation of nature's services are largely invisible. Freshwater assessments predominantly have focused on human uses of liquid water in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. We estimated the spatial appropriation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems-the ecological footprint-of the 85 million inhabitants in the Baltic Sea drainage basin with regard to consumption of food and timber and waste assimilation of nutrients and carbon dioxide. We also estimated the amount of fresh water-the water vapor flow-that the inhabitants depend upon for their appropriation of these ecosystem services. The ecological footprint estimate corresponds to an area as large as 8.5-9.5 times the Baltic Sea and its drainage basin with a per capita ecosystem appropriation of 220,000-250,000 m(2). This large estimate is mainly attributed to carbon sequestering by marine ecosystems and forests. The water vapor flow of the ecological footprint of forests, wetlands, agriculture, and inland water bodies for making the human appropriation of ecosystem services possible is estimated at 1175-2875 km(3) y(-1). Human dependence on water vapor flows for ecosystem services is as great as 54 times the amount of freshwater runoff that is assessed and managed in society. Decision making on an increasingly human-dominated planet will have to address explicitly the critical interdependencies between freshwater flows and the capacity of ecosystems to generate services. We advocate a dynamic ecohydrological landscape-management approach upstream and downstream in watersheds to reduce unintentional impacts, irreversible change, and further loss of freshwater resources, ecosystem. services, and resilience. 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AB The optimal harvesting rule for a lichen-reindeer system with stochastic environmental variation is compared to a corresponding deterministic model. It is found that the optimal harvesting rule can be expressed as a function of lichen biomass only. The deterministic and stochastic solutions differ in three ways. Firstly, mortality risk of the reindeer increases the discount rate. This results in a heavier use of the lichen resources and consequently the optimal target lichen biomass is in the stochastic model lower than in the deterministic case. Secondly, when the current lichen biomass is below the optimal target level, during lichen recovery more reindeer are left alive in the stochastic model, in order to avoid overharvesting the reindeer population. Thirdly, if the amount of lichen is greater than the optimal biomass value, more animals can be left alive in the deterministic model in order to reduce the lichen biomass back to the optimal value. 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Univ Nebraska, Ctr Sustainable Agr Syst, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Oslo, Nord Sch Nutr, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Natl Inst Consumer Res, N-1324 Lysaker, Norway. Hedmark Coll, N-2332 Ridabu, Norway. SLU, Ctr Sustainable Agr, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Dept Anim Environm & Hlth, SE-53223 Skara, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Torslunda Expt Stn, Farjestaden, Sweden. Univ Helsinki, Dept Plant Prod, F-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Agr Res Ctr, F-51900 Partala, Juva, Finland. RP Francis, C, Agr Univ Norway, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Ecol Agr Program, POB 5022, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway. AB Three graduate-level short courses on ecological agriculture and food systems were held in 1995-1997 in Norway to introduce systems thinking, creative research methods, and innovative learning approaches. In 1999, a three-day evaluation and planning workshop was held to assess course impacts, to determine relative importance of content areas, to compare learning methods with special attention to case studies, and to vision and develop action plans fur future education in the region. Students and faculty agreed that soft systems research methods and varied learning processes in the course were more valuable than specific technical content that can be learned in other venues. Nine priority education areas were identified for ecological agriculture: (1) systems thinking, (2) research methods, (3) farmer/stakeholder participation, (4) improving production methods, (5) relating agriculture to ti,od systems, (6) learning about learning, (7) values and ethics, (8) faculty development and institutional change, and (9) agricultural and food policy. We explored current knowledge and future educational importance of each area, and found that case studies can integrate many of these topics. Four specific priority educational needs were identified through visioning toward an action plan fur the region: (1) publish a Nordic teaching text in ecological agriculture, (2) expand the network of educators and researchers with a short course for faculty, (3) broaden the focus from farm production to food systems by including additional disciplines and themes, and (4) coordinate thesis research activities in ecological agriculture among universities. Evaluation and planning were efficient and productive in this short workshop, due to prior organization and creating ownership in the process and the future education plans, and all participants were involved in writing this final document. CR ALTIERI MA, 1995, AGROECOLOGY SCI SUST BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 FLETCHER J, 1993, NACTA J, V37, P18 FRANCIS C, 1995, EXTENSION ED MAT SUS, V3 GLIESSMAN SR, 1998, AGROECOLOGY ECOLOGIC ISON RL, 1996, SYSTEMS ORIENTED RES, P369 LAMPKIN N, 1994, EC ORGANIC FARMING I LIEBLEIN G, 1995, RES METHODS ECOLOGY LIEBLEIN G, 1996, SYSTEMS RES ECOLOGIC LIEBLEIN G, 1997, FARMING SYSTEMS FOOD LIEBLEIN G, 1999, IN PRESS NORDIC J ED LIEBLEIN G, 1999, J AGR ED EXTENSION, V6, P31 LOOMIS RS, 1992, CROP ECOLOGY PRODUCT OLIEN WC, 1994, NACTA J, V38, P19 ROLING NG, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN, P3 SALVADOR RJ, 1995, J NAT RESOURCES LIFE, V24, P58 SAMMIS TW, 1996, J NAT RESOURCES LIFE, V25, P58 TIGERSTEDT P, 1998, J NAT RESOURCES LIFE, V27, P70 TIVY J, 1990, AGR ECOLOGY WOODS SJ, 1995, NACTA J, V39, P22 NR 20 TC 0 J9 J SUSTAINABLE AGR BP 49 EP 69 PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 GA 351TM UT ISI:000089174300005 ER PT J AU Petrosillo, I Zurlini, G Grato, E Zaccarelli, N TI Indicating fragility of socio-ecological tourism-based systems SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lecce, Dept Biol & Environm Sci & Technol, Landscape Ecol Lab, Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. RP Petrosillo, I, Univ Lecce, Dept Biol & Environm Sci & Technol, Landscape Ecol Lab, Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. AB The analysis of socio-ecological systems requires new, qualitatively different evaluation schemes that enable an integrated assessment of ecological, social, and economic factors through the use of appropriate indicators. This paper addresses the risk assessment of negative impacts from tourism pressure for 10 socio-ecological systems in the Salento region of southern Italy. Two models are combined to perform the assessment. The first is Holling's conceptual sustainability model, which is proposed as an alternative to Butler's Life Cycle model. The second is a fragility model, where fragility is modelled as resource value combined with stress (pressure). Pressure is the number of tourists in each sub-region, and resource value is the proportion of protected area that draws tourists to a sub-region. In this way, the fragility model has a combination of socio- and ecological terms. A new approach is developed to improve the estimates of pressure and fragility, and to provide relevant operational indicators. The number of official (counted) tourist visits generally underestimates the true number of visits, but the discrepancy varies among sub-regions. In order to estimate underhand (uncounted) tourist visits, a separate procedure relating "number of people" to "solid urban waste production" is developed, and then it is used to correct the official estimates. The results suggest that relative risk of sub-regions from tourism pressure may not be adequately represented by official counted visits. The set of developed indicators allow identifying two specific sub-regions as the highest risk areas, and these are discussed in terms of Holling's sustainability model. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *AP REG, 2002, ASS AMB UFF PARCH RI *EPA, 1992, EPA630R92001 US EPA *ESRI, 2003, ARCGIS US GUID VERS BERKES F, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P128 BUTLER RW, 1980, CAN GEOGR, V24, P5 CAAGRANDI R, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 COOLEY WW, 1971, MULTIVARIATE DATA AN DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICE SOC DAILY GC, 2000, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V3, P333 DALY H, 1989, COMMON GOOD REDIRECT FERNANDEZMORALES A, 2003, ANN TOURISM RES, V30, P942 FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 GOODLAND R, 1991, ENV SUSTAINABLE EC D, P15 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HILLERY M, 2001, ANN TOURISM RES, V28, P853 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P32 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P25 HUNTER C, 1995, TOURISM ENV SUSTAINA KERR JT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1094 KUSS FR, 1990, RECREATION IMPACTS C LUBCHENCO J, 1998, SCIENCE, V29, P91 LUCK GW, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P331 MIHALIC T, 2000, TOURISM MANAGE, V21, P65 NILSSON C, 1995, J APPL ECOL, V32, P677 PRESSEY RL, 1994, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V3, P242 RATCLIFFE DA, 1977, NATURE CONSERVATION SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 ZURLINI G, 1999, ECOSYST HEALTH, V5, P296 ZURLINI G, 2003, MANAGING HLTH ECOSYS, P639 ZURLINI G, 2004, ECOSYSTEMS, V42, P4 NR 34 TC 1 J9 ECOL INDIC BP 104 EP 113 PY 2006 PD JAN VL 6 IS 1 GA 018WU UT ISI:000235796300010 ER PT J AU Peterson, GD TI Scaling ecological dynamics: Self-organization, hierarchical structure, and ecological resilience SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Peterson, GD, Univ Florida, Dept Zool, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Assessing impacts of global change is complicated by the problems associated with translating models and data across spatial and temporal scales. One of the major problems of ecological scaling is the dynamic, self-organized nature of ecosystems. Ecological organization emerges from the interaction of structures and processes operating at different scales. The resilience of ecological organization to changes in key cross-scale processes can be used to assess the contexts within which scaling methods function well, need adjustment, and break down. 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Royal Danish Sch Pharm, Dept Environm Chem, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. RP Fath, BD, Towson State Univ, Dept Biol, Towson, MD 21252 USA. AB One of the most important features of biosystems is how they are able to maintain local order (low entropy) within their system boundaries. At the ecosystem scale, this organization can be observed in the thermodynamic parameters that describe it, such that these parameters can be used to track ecosystem growth and development during succession. Thermodynamically, ecosystem growth is the increase of energy throughflow and stored biomass, and ecosystem development is the internal reorganization of these energy mass stores, which affect transfers, transformations, and time lags within the system. Several proposed hypotheses describe thermodynamically the orientation or natural tendency that ecosystems follow during succession, and here, we consider five: minimize specific entropy production, maximize dissipation, maximize exergy storage (includes biomass and information), maximize energy throughflow, and maximize retention time. These thermodynamic orientors were previously all shown to occur to some degree during succession, and here we present a refinement by observing them during different stages of succession. We view ecosystem succession as a series of four growth and development stages: boundary, structural, network, and informational. We demonstrate how each of these ecological thermodynamic orientors behaves during the different growth and development stages, and show that while all apply during some stages only maximizing energy throughflow and maximizing exergy storage are applicable during all four stages. Therefore, we conclude that the movement away from thermodynamic equilibrium, and the subsequent increase in organization during ecosystem growth and development, is a result of system components and configurations that maximize the flux of useful energy and the amount of stored exergy. Empirical data and theoretical models support these conclusions. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. 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RP MCNICOLL, G, POPULAT COUNCIL,DIV RES,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. AB Contradicting alarmist accounts, the ''revisionist'' view of the effects of rapid population growth is that on balance such growth is a fairly neutral factor in economic development. The arguments supporting this view encapsulate much of what modern economics has to say on the topic, as contained in the research summarized in the 1986 US National Academy of Sciences report, Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions, and in a number of studies undertaken subsequently. Yet these conclusions remain controversial. This essay probes the sources of that controversy by asking a series of questions beyond those addressed by the 1986 report. The questions concern the scope of application of the mainline arguments and approaches, potentially relevant issues that have been sidelined, and the framing of the population-growth debate. The resulting discussion points to significant aspects of the population problem that appear to elude economic analysis. The comparisons it calls for are among possible worlds rather than among income differences that a few years' growth could offset. 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USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Weltz, MA, USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, 301 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. AB Rangelands and pastures are found in every state and cover 55% of the land surface of the United States. Taken as a whole, from Western deserts and grasslands to meadows and woodlands, rangelands comprise some 364 million ha or 80% of the land in the 17 Western states. The vast expanses and remoteness of rangelands make assessing economic and ecological sustainability a difficult task. Currently, there is no national monitoring framework in place to collect data on long-term or episodic processes and agents of change over time. There are no defined methods for summarizing the health of rangelands. Thus individual conclusions about the health or sustainability of the nation's rangelands vary from person to person and organization to organization. Over one million people derive some portion of their income from farm and ranch activities on rangelands and pastures in the western United States. These individuals own and operate over 406,000 farms and ranches with revenues from selling beef cattle exceeding $13 billion in the 17 Western states. Their continued economic survival is dependent on the environmental sustainability of rangelands. Moreover, organizations and individuals charged with selection of best management systems on rangelands are under increasing pressure to consider not only livestock production issues, but also sustainability and health under multiple land use. As a result, ranchers, government agencies, and other organizations have a critical need for improved methods to balance the economic viability of ranchers, the well being of rural America, and the health and sustainability of the nation's range- and grazinglands. Therefore, a coordinated national research and technology transfer effort is required to successfully develop and transfer to ranchers and rangeland managers a science-based, monitoring system to determine the effect of management practices on sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. 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SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Moir, WH, US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. AB Adaptive management (AM) is the process of implementing land management activities in incremental steps and evaluating whether desired outcomes are being achieved at each step. If conditions deviate substantially from predictions, management activities are adjusted to achieve the desired outcomes. Thus, AM is a kind of monitoring, an activity that land management agencies have done poorly for the most part, at least with respect to ground-based monitoring. Will they do better in the future? We doubt it unless costs, personnel, acid future commitment are seriously addressed. Because ecosystem responses to management impacts can ripple into the distant future, monitoring programs that address only the near future (e.g., -10-20 years), are probably unreliable for making statements about resource conditions in the distant future. We give examples of this. Feedback loops between ecosystem response and adjustment of management actions are often broken, and therefore AM again fails. Successful ground-based monitoring must address these and other points that agencies commonly ignore. As part of the solution, publics distrustful of agency activities should be included in any monitoring program. CR *FEMAT, 1993, FOR EC MAN EC EC OC *NAT RES COUNC, 1994, RANG HLTH NEW METH C *USDI, 1995, REC MEX SPOTT OWL ST, V1 BALLING RC, 1995, TRUE STATE PLANET, P83 BASKERVILLE G, 1985, FOREST CHRON, V61, P171 BORMANN BT, 1994, PNWGTR341 USDA FOR S BROWN D, 1986, PATH HERE INTEGRATED CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CORTNER HJ, 1999, POLITICS ECOSYSTEM M ELZINGA CL, 1997, INTGTR352 USDA FOR S ELZINGA CL, 1998, 17301 BLM DENV EVERETT R, 1994, PNWGTR318 USDA FOR S, P361 FISCHER F, 1990, TECHNOCRACY POLITICS GAUCH HG, 1982, MULTIVARIATE ANAL CO GIBBS JP, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P935 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HALVORSON WL, 1996, SCI ECOSYSTEM MANAGE HARDIN G, 1985, FILTERS FOLLY SURVIV HAYNES RW, 1996, PNWGTR374 USDA FOR S HESS K, 1993, ROCKY TIMES ROCKY MO HIGGS ES, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P338 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 LUDWIG JA, 1987, STRATEGIES CLASSIFIC, P214 MANLEY PN, 1993, GUIDELINES MONITORIN MASER C, 1996, SUSTAINABLE COMMUNIT MOIR WH, 1989, SECONDARY SUCCESSION, P49 MOIR WH, 1995, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V73, P239 MORRISON ML, 1996, T N AM WILDL NAT RES, V61, P463 MULDAVIN E, 1990, RM190 USDA FOR SERV MUNN RE, 1988, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V11, P203 ODUM EP, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P419 PARKER KW, 1959, TECHNIQUES METHODS M, P55 RAPPORT DJ, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P193 ROBBINS CS, 1986, USDI FISH WILDLIFE R, V157 SAVAGE M, 1996, ECOSCIENCE, V3, P310 SAVORY A, 1999, HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT SWETNAM TW, 1990, SCIENCE, V249, P1017 TERBRAAK CJF, 1988, ADV ECOL RES, V18, P271 TURNER MG, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS URBAN DL, 1994, SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGIC, P127 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WHITE GC, 1999, T N AM WILDL NAT RES, V64, P292 WONDZELL S, 1995, J VEG SCI, V6, P377 NR 43 TC 4 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 141 EP 148 PY 2001 PD AUG VL 28 IS 2 GA 442UR UT ISI:000169303800001 ER PT J AU Blacklow, WM TI Prospects for biodiversity in salinising landscapes - Preface SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Western Australia, Fac Nat & Agr Sci, Sch Plant Biol, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Blacklow, WM, Univ Western Australia, Fac Nat & Agr Sci, Sch Plant Biol, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. CR *ANZECC TASK FORC, 2001, IMPL SAL BIOD CONS M *ENV AUSTR, 2001, NAT OBJ TARG BIOD CO *MURR DARL BAS MIN, 1999, SAL AUD 100 YEAR PER *NAPSWQ, 2002, NAT ACT PLAN SAL WAT *NAT LAND WAT RES, 2001, NAT LAND WAT RES AUD *PMSEIC, 2002, SUST OUR NAT SYST BI *WENTW GROUP, 2002, BLUEPR LIV CONT A WA BERESFORD Q, 2001, SALINITY CRISIS FLANNERY TF, 1994, FUTURE EATERS ECOLOG GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 MORTON SR, 2002, SUSTAINING OUR NATUR MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 SEXTON M, 2003, SILENT FLOOD AUSTR S WHITE ME, 1997, LISTEN OUR LAND IS C WHITE ME, 2000, RUNNING DOWN WATER C NR 15 TC 0 J9 AUST J BOT BP I EP IV PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 GA 750FG UT ISI:000186980200001 ER PT J AU Ludwig, JA Bastin, GN Wallace, JF McVicar, TR TI Assessing landscape health by scaling with remote sensing: when is it not enough? SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Trop Savannas Cooperat Res Ctr, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Ctr Arid Zone Res, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. CSIRO Math & Informat Sci, Floreat, WA 6151, Australia. CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. eWater Cooperat Res Ctr, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Ludwig, JA, Trop Savannas Cooperat Res Ctr, POB 780, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. AB Assessment of the health of landscapes, by monitoring their condition over space and time, is needed to better understand the processes for sustaining or, in many cases, repairing them. Remote sensing is a tool that can efficiently identify and assess areas of landscape damage at different scales and help land managers solve specific problems. Remote sensing may appear to be a panacea for all monitoring situations but sometimes the information it provides is not enough by itself. In this paper we give examples of both scenarios-when remote sensing alone is adequate and when it is not. When remotely sensed data alone is not sufficient, monitoring problems can be solved by incorporating additional finer scale data. We use a five-step procedure based on scaling to help land managers answer the question: when is remote sensing data alone not sufficient to underpin the information needs required to achieve a specific management goal? CR *MILL EC ASS, 2003, EC HUM WELL BEING FR ASH A, 2004, HLTH RANGELANDS PRIN, P69 BARTLEY R, 2006, IN PRESS HYDROLOGY P BASTIN GN, 2005, AUSTR COLLABORATIVE BASTIN GN, 2006, ECOL MANAG RESTOR S1, V7, S71 BROOKER L, 2002, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V60, P185 CACCETTA PA, 2000, P 10 AUSTR REM SENS, P97 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOBBS RJ, 1990, AUSTR ECOSYSTEMS 200, P93 LAMBECK RJ, 1993, ASSESSMENT CONSERVAT LAMBECK RJ, 1999, 2 URL DEP ENV HERT B LUDWIG JA, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P20 LUDWIG JA, 2006, IN PRESS ECOL INDIC MCVICAR TR, 1998, AGR SYST, V57, P399 MCVICAR TR, 2002, IAR MONOGRAPH, V84, P205 MCVICAR TR, 2003, REV PREDICTIVE MODEL PATIL GP, 2002, MANAGING HLTH ECOSYS, P559 PRINCE SD, 2002, GLOBAL DESERTIFICATI, P23 PRINGLE HJR, 2006, IN PRESS LANDSC ECOL, V21 RYAN P, 2004, ECOL MANAGE RESTOR, V5, P85 SAUNDERS DA, 1987, NATURE CONSERVATION SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18 SMITH DMS, 2000, AUSTR J ENV MANAGEME, V7, P190 TONGWAY DJ, 2004, LANDSCAPE FUNCTION A WALLACE J, 2006, ECOL MANAG RESTOR S1, V7, S31 WALLACE JF, 1998, STATE ENV TECHNICAL WALLACE JF, 2004, AUSTRAL ECOL, V29, P100 WESSMAN CA, 2006, SCALING UNCERTAINTY, P147 WHITE DH, 2000, AGR SCI, V13, P27 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 WOINARSKI JCZ, 2003, RANGELAND J, V25, P157 WOODCOCK CE, 1987, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V21, P311 WU J, 1999, CANADIAN J REMOTE SE, V25, P367 WU J, 2006, SCALING UNCERTAINTY, V3 NR 34 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL BP 163 EP 169 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 22 IS 2 GA 130UG UT ISI:000243823900001 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Peterson, GD Berkes, F Callaghan, TV Angelstam, P Apps, M Beier, C Bergeron, Y Crepin, AS Danell, K Elmqvist, T Folke, C Forbes, BC Fresco, N Juday, G Niemela, J Shvidenko, A Whiteman, G TI Resilience and vulnerability of northern regions to social and environmental change SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB The arctic tundra and boreal forest were once considered the last frontiers on earth because of their vast expanses remote from agricultural land-use change and industrial development. These regions are now, however, experiencing environmental and social changes that are as rapid as those occurring anywhere on earth. This paper summarizes the role of northern regions in the global system and provides a blueprint for assessing the factors that govern their sensitivity to social and environmental change. 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RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Community-based conservation (CBC) is based on the idea that if conservation and development could be simultaneously achieved, then the interests of both could be served. It has been controversial because community development objectives are not necessarily consistent with conservation objectives in a given case. I examined CBC from two angles. First, CBC can be seen in the context of paradigm shifts in ecology and applied ecology. I identified three conceptual shifts-toward a systems view, toward the inclusion of humans in the ecosystem, and toward participatory approaches to ecosystem management-that are interrelated and pertain to an understanding of ecosystems as complex adaptive systems in which humans are an integral part. Second, I investigated the feasibility of CBC, as informed by a number of emerging interdisciplinary fields that have been pursuing various aspects of coupled systems of humans and nature. These fields-common property, traditional ecological knowledge, environmental ethics, political ecology, and environmental history-provide insights for CBC. They may contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary conservation science with a more sophisticated understanding of social-ecological interactions. The lessons from these fields include the importance of cross-scale conservation, adaptive comanagement, the question of incentives and multiple stakeholders, the use of traditional ecological knowledge, and development of a cross-cultural conservation ethic. 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RP Singleton, S, Western Washington Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. AB Collaborative, place-based environmental policy-making has been broadly embraced by elected officials, policy-makers and many academics, and some proponents have even argued that its promise of broad participation, greater regulatory flexibility and decentralisation coupled with broad accountability offers a new model for democratic practice. This article seeks to test the claims made for collaborative, place-based natural resource management by looking at three cases of watershed planning in the Pacific Northwest. The conclusion is that the success of such efforts is impressive in some areas, while in others is limited by the collaborative movement's difficulty in confronting, or developing institutions to resolve, core conflicts over equity, the distributive effects of natural resource planning, and competing visions of nature and the goals of watershed planning. This is especially true in the (many) cases that concern migratory resources and 'nested watersheds', which test the viability of 'community control' when both the causes and effects of environmental problems reach beyond local boundaries. CR *EPA OFF WETL OC W, 1996, WAT APPR *NAT AC PUBL ADM, 1995, SETT PRIOR GETT RES *NAT RES COUNC, 1992, WAT TRANSF W EFF EQ *NAT RES LAW CTR, 1998, STAT ROL W WAT IN *W WAT POL REV ADV, 1998, WAT W CHALL NEXT CEN AXLINE M, 1999, ECOL LAW QUART, V25, P611 BABBITT B, 1997, COMMUNICATION 0714 BINGHAM G, 1986, RESOLVING ENV DISPUT BINGHAM G, 1998, WATER W CHALLENGE NE BLOOMFIELD EW, 1995, THESIS CENTRAL WASHI BRICK P, 2001, ACROSS GREAT DIVIDE CHERTOW MR, 1997, THINKING ECOLOGICALL COGGINS GC, 1998, CHRONICLE COMMUNITY, V2, P27 COGGINS GC, 1999, ECOLOGY LAW Q, V25, P603 COGLIANESE C, 1999, ENVIRONMENT, V41, P28 DEWITT J, 1994, CIVIC ENV DURAM LA, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P455 ELSTER J, 1998, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRA FREEMAN J, 1997, UCLA LAW REV, V45, P1 GORDON JA, 1998, MONITORING EVALUATIO GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HUBER J, 1997, CITIZENS WATERSHED M KEMMIS D, 1990, COMMUNITY POLITICS P KENNEY DS, 1997, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT KENNEY DS, 1999, ANAL I INNOVATION NA KENNEY DS, 2000, ARGUING CONSENSUS EX KENNEY DS, 2000, NEW WATERSHED SOURCE KNOPMAN DS, 1999, ENVIRONMENT, V41, P24 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GRYOSCOPE IN MCCLOSKY M, 1999, ECOL LAW QUART, V25, P624 MCGINNIS MV, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P1 MOOTE MA, 1997, ENVIRON MANAGE, V21, P877 NELSON CG, 1994, THESIS EVERGREEN STA PELKEY N, 1999, 1999 ANN M ASS PUBL PRESS D, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P289 SABEL C, 2000, BACKYARD ENV COMMUNI SCHATTSCHNEIDER EE, 1960, SEMISOVEREIGN PEOPLE SINGLETON S, 2000, ENVIRON POLIT, V9, P1 STEELMAN TA, 1997, POLICY SCI, V30, P71 STONE D, 1997, POLICY PARADOX ART P SUSSKIND L, 1987, BREAKING IMPASSE CON TULER S, 1999, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V12, P437 WONDOLLECK JM, 2000, MAKING COLLABORATION WSEBER E, 1998, PLURALISM RULES CONF NR 44 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON POLIT BP 54 EP 75 PY 2002 PD FAL VL 11 IS 3 GA 599UC UT ISI:000178352700003 ER PT J AU Pratchett, MS Wilson, SK Baird, AH TI Long-term monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Pratchett, MS, James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB This study documented temporal variation in the abundance of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at Trunk Reef, on the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia, from May 2000 to March 2005. During this period, live coral cover declined by > 90%, mostly due to severe coral bleaching. There were no short-term changes (within 4 months) in the abundance of butterflyfishes following initial declines in live coral cover. Surveys conducted in 2005, however, revealed significant declines in the abundance of Chaetodon baronessa, Chaetodon lunulatus, Chaetodon trifascialis, Chaetodon plebeius and Chaetodon rainfordi, all of which are obligate hard-coral feeders. In contrast, there was no significant change in the abundance of Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon aureofasciatus, Chaetodon citrinellus, Chaetodon melannotus or Chaetodon vagabundus, which are much less reliant on scleractinian coral for food. Clearly, extensive coral depletion, such as that caused by severe coral bleaching, can have a major effect on the abundance of butterflyfishes. Specific responses of butterflyfishes varied according to their reliance on hard corals for food and their ability to utilize alternate prey types. (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. 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Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Anthropol & Social Work, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Endter-Wada, J, Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. AB We propose a framework for understanding the role that the social sciences should play in ecosystem management. Most of the ecosystem management literature assumes that scientific understanding of ecosystems is solely the purview of natural scientists. While the evolving principles of ecosystem management recognize that people play an important role, social considerations are usually limited to political and decision-making processes and to development of environmental education. This view is incomplete. The social science aspect of ecosystem management has two distinct components: one that concerns greater public involvement in the ecosystem management decision-making process, and one that concerns integrating social considerations into the science of understanding ecosystems. Ecosystem management decisions based primarily on biophysical factors can polarize people, making policy processes more divisive than usual. Ecological data must be supplemented with scientific analysis of the key social factors relevant to a particular ecosystem. Objective social science analysis should be included on an equal basis with ecological science inquiry and with data from public involvement. A conceptual framework is presented to communicate to ecological scientists the potential array of social science contributions to ecosystem management. 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APPL, V5, P97 NR 121 TC 21 J9 ECOL APPL BP 891 EP 904 PY 1998 PD AUG VL 8 IS 3 GA 107PZ UT ISI:000075219300029 ER PT J AU Redman, CL Kinzig, AP TI Resilience of past landscapes: Resilience theory, society, and the Longue Duree SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Redman, CL, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. AB Resilience theory is an expanding body of ideas that attempts to provide explanations for the source and role of change in adaptive systems, particularly the kinds of change that are transforming. Scholars from various disciplines have contributed to the current state of this formulation. This article proposes that resilience theory would benefit from an increasing collaboration with archaeologists, who would provide a long-term perspective on adaptive cycles. Although archaeologists and anthropologists have written provocatively about studying the resilience of past and present societies, such an approach has not become common in these disciplines. We suggest, however, that a resilience framework offers a potential mechanism for reinvigorating the conceptual base of archaeological and anthropological disciplines. To make this case, we (1) highlight three features of resilience theory, including cross-scale interactions, information flow, and phases of the adaptive cycle; (2) examine the extent to which purely natural or social science analyses would give complementary or contradictory conclusions; and (3) discuss the implications of using a long-term integrative perspective for understanding linked social and ecological systems. 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Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Janssen, MA, Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Institut Populat & Environm Change, 408 N Indiana Ave, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. AB Savanna rangelands are characterized by dynamic interactions between grass, shrubs, fire and livestock driven by highly variable rainfall. When the livestock are grazers (only or preferentially eating grass) the desirable state of the system is dominated by grass, with scattered trees and shrubs. However, the system can have multiple stable attractors and a perturbation such as a drought can cause it to move from such a desired configuration into one that is dominated by shrubs with very little grass. In this paper, using the rangelands of New South Wales in Australia as an example, we provide a methodology to find robust management strategies in the context of this complex ecological system driven by stochastic rainfall events. The control variables are sheep density and the degree of fire suppression. By comparing the optimal solution where it is assumed the manager has perfect knowledge and foresight of rainfall conditions with one where the rainfall variability is ignored, we found that rainfall variability and the related uncertainty lead to a reduction of the possible expected returns from grazing activity by 33%. Using a genetic algorithm, we develop robust management strategies for highly variable rainfall that more than doubles expected returns compared to those obtained under variable rainfall using an optimal solution based on average rainfall (i.e., where the manager ignores rainfall variability). Our analysis suggests some key features of a robust strategy. The robust strategy is precautionary and is forced by rainfall variability. It is less reactive with respect to grazing pressure changes and more reactive with respect to fire suppression than is an optimum strategy based on a deterministic system (no rainfall variability). Finally, the costs associated with implementing a robust strategy are far less than the expected economic losses when uncertainty is not taken into account. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. CR ALBERS HJ, 2000, RESOUR ENERGY ECON, V22, P261 ANDERIES JM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P23 BEYER HG, 2000, COMPUT METHOD APPL M, V186, P239 CADENILLAS A, 1995, SIAM J CONTROL OPTIM, V33, P590 CARANDE VG, 1995, J RANGE MANAGE, V48, P68 CARPENTER SA, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOL, V3 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP COOPER K, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V97, P59 FORAN BD, 1991, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V33, P17 GOLDBERG D, 1989, GENETIC ALGORITHMS S JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 LANDSBERG R, 1997, FIRE MANAGEMENT N AU LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION MICHALEWICZ Z, 1996, GENETIC ALGORITHMS D NOBLE JC, 1986, AUSTR RANGELANDS J, V8, P118 PASSMORE G, 1991, AUSTR J AGR EC, V35, P131 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 PRESS WH, 1988, NUMERICAL RECIPES AR PURVIS JR, 1986, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V8, P110 RUST J, IN PRESS ECONOMETRIC RUST J, 1997, ECONOMETRICA, V65, P487 SANTOS MS, 1999, HDB MACROECONOMICS, P311 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHORT J, 1985, J APPL ECOL, V22, P435 STANDIFORD RB, 1992, AM J AGR ECON, V74, P421 UHLENBECK GE, 1930, PHYS REV, V36, P823 URST J, 1996, HDB COMPUTATIONAL EC, P619 WANG KM, 1997, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V50, P147 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 ZHAI W, 1996, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V23, P131 NR 31 TC 0 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAGE BP 140 EP 162 PY 2004 PD JAN VL 47 IS 1 GA 757PL UT ISI:000187570600008 ER PT J AU Sherman, BH Epstein, PR TI Past anomalies as a diagnostic tool for evaluating multiple marine ecological disturbance events SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 Consortium Conservat Med, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Med Educ, Ctr Hlth & Global Environm,Holmes Soc, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Sherman, BH, Consortium Conservat Med, 61 Route 9W Nafe House, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. AB In the search for the best ecological and economic indicators of ecosystem change, a unifying solution for joining data from disparate fields appears as a general rule: Organize data into space/time/topic hierarchies that permit convergence of data resulting from shared and appropriate scaling. The scale of the data selects for compatible methodologies, leading to data integration and the discovery of new relationships. Information technology approaches include bibliographic keyword searches, data-mining, data-modeling and geographic information system design. The approach was used within the "HEED" (Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions) study, which reconstructed historic marine disturbance events within the Northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The object of the study was to retrospectively derive co-occurring Multiple Marine Ecological Disturbances (MMEDs). Disturbances include indices of morbidity, mortality and disease events affecting humans, marine invertebrates, flora, and wildlife populations. Correlations between space/time occurrence, event coincidence, climate and oceanographic forcing are used to better define multiple marine ecological disturbance types. Systematic derivation of these types is part of diagnostic approach that can assist or guide marine ecological risk assessment. 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RP Lachapelle, PR, Montana State Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. CR ARENDT H, 1958, HUMAN CONDITION BARKER A, 2003, J LAND RESOURCES ENV, V23, P67 COGGINS GC, 1998, ECOL LAW Q, V25, P602 DAHL RA, 1957, BEHAV SCI, V2, P201 FISCHER F, 2000, CITIZENS EXPERTS ENV FRIEDMANN J, 1987, PLANNING PUBLIC DOMA GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HUDSON BM, 1979, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V45, P387 KEMMIS D, 2003, LAND USE LAW ZONING, V55, P3 LACHAPELLE PR, 2005, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V18, P279 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MCCLOSKEY M, 2000, VAL U L REV, V34, P423 MCCOOL S, 2003, G WRIGHT SOC BIENN C NIE M, 2004, J ENV L LITIG, V19, P223 OSTROM V, 1997, MEANING DEMOCRACY VU SANDEL MJ, 1984, POLIT THEORY, V12, P81 STANKEY GH, 2005, GTR654 PNW WILLIAMS BA, 1995, DEMOCRACY DIALOGUE E WILLIAMS DR, 1992, LEISURE SCI, V14, P29 YANKELOVICH D, 1991, COMING PUBLIC JUDGME NR 20 TC 0 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 193 EP 197 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 20 IS 2 GA 135AG UT ISI:000244125500008 ER PT J AU Carr, A Hazell, D TI Talking frogs: the role of communication in ecological research on private land SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Dept Infrastruct Planning & Nat Resources, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia. So Rivers Catchment Management Author, Braidwood, NSW 2622, Australia. RP Carr, A, Dept Infrastruct Planning & Nat Resources, GPO Box 39, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia. AB This paper argues that improving the communication between landholders and ecologists will result in better conservation outcomes for ecosystem management on private land. It examines a case study of ecological research on frogs undertaken on private, agricultural land in south-eastern Australia. The paper questions the traditional separation of ecological science from landholders specifically and the public in general. In addressing this issue the authors wish to improve the relevance of ecology for landholders, raise the profile of social science for ecologists working on private land and examine the implications of improving ecologist - landholder relationships. For landholders, an improved understanding of the ecological context of their agricultural activities may lead to sustainability gains. For ecologists, a deeper appreciation for the social context of their ecological research provides an opportunity to see how their work is perceived and/or acted upon in practice. For both parties, a communicative relationship may minimise future need for ecosystem repair. Such an approach (for both landholders and ecologists) can lead to the break down of stereotypes and/or a greater appreciation of the others' perspectives, constraints and values with respect to conservation on private land. In the productive discussions arising from conversations between landholders and ecologists, new approaches to sustainable land management and nature conservation may emerge. 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RP Greenberg, MR, Rutgers State Univ, Edward J Bloustein Sch Planning & Publ Policy, 33 Livingston Ave,Suite 100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. AB The number and magnitude of devastating natural and human events make it imperative that we actively and systematically estimate the costs and benefits of policy decisions in affected localities, regions, states, and nations. Such strategic risk management preparedness efforts should forecast well into the future and include scenarios with and without enhanced engineered structures; with reduced vulnerability through land-use planning and design; with the impact of resiliency and mitigation; with evacuation and relocation; and with the costs and benefits of recovery and restoration. We describe different kinds of regional economic models that can be used in these preparedness planning efforts, explore critical data needs, and advocate a shared federal-state-local strategic planning effort to accomplish the objective. 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Nanjing Univ, Coll Environm Sci, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. RP Qin, BQ, Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. AB A review about lake naturally eutrophicating, the internal loading of nutrients from lake sediment as well as the mechanism of algal blooms and the control practices was made, especially the eutrophication problem of shallow lakes since seventy percent of fresh water lakes in China are shallow lakes. It was found that shallow lakes are apt toward eutrophication than deep lakes. Without any influences of human activity, shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River are still easily eutrophicated, which may be owing to the effects of flood in this area. In shallow lakes, sediments are frequently disturbed by wind-wave and resuspended, which result in huge nutrients release to overlying water. This may be the major reason for higher internal loading of nutrients in shallow lakes than in deep lakes. Algal bloom is an extreme response of lake ecosystem to the eutrophication. Appearance of algal blooms is related to physical condition of lakes, such as underwater radiation (or transparency), temperature, and hydrodynamic conditions, or related to geochemical conditions of lakes, like concentrations of nutrients and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, as well as the physiological advantage of cyanobacteria such as vacuole for moving towards the radiant energy-rich zone and the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) for resisting the harm of ultraviolet radiation. In shallow lakes, these advantages of cyanobacteria are favorable in the competition than in deep lakes. Also being the shallowness, it is more difficult to reduce nutrient loading and to control algae blooms in shallow lakes. For the control of eutrophication, people should follow the sequence from pollution sources control, ecological restoration to catchment management. To control the internal nutrient release, physical, chemical, biological techniques, and even bionic techniques could be selected. The idea of ecological restoration for a eutrophic lake is to shift the ecosystem from phytoplankton-dominant state to macrophyte-dominant state. To realize the shift of ecosystem state, environmental condition improvement is the fundamental work. Nowadays, we should do more work on environmental condition improvement than on planting of macrophytes since we are lack of the knowledge about the relationship between macrophyte and lake ecosystem. Emphasizing the macrophyte planting, therefore, has blindness at present. Because all lakes have different characteristics of environment and ecosystem, applicable lake harness techniques should be selected based on the distinct ecosystem types and environmental problems. 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Univ New Brunswick, Fac Forestry & Environm Management, Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Fac Forestry & Environm Management, Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2, Canada. RP Keppie, DM, Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, POB 44555, Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2, Canada. AB A principal focus of ecological research should be to learn the influence of scale on ecological processes and to determine appropriate spatial and temporal scales with which to study the problem of interest. To date, little attention has been given to scale issues in grouse research, and we conclude that this is a major weakness. The problem affects not only our interpretations of individual events and processes, but also our interpretation of relative effects of various factors and processes, which likely act at different scales. Investigators should provide evidence for the choices made for the scale of resolution/grain used in field studies and analyses, and should conduct analyses at multiple scales. The current research problem also hinders the quality of forecasts that can be made about management interventions. To help illustrate the effect that scale of resolution can have upon research results, we provide two examples on grouse, one temporal and the other spatial. 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Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Olsson, P, Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The case studies of Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden; the Northern Highlands Lake District and the Everglades in the USA; the Mae Nam Ping Basin, Thailand; and the Goulburn-Broken Catchment, Australia, were compared to assess the outcome of different actions for transforming social-ecological systems (SESs). The transformations consisted of two phases, a preparation phase and a transition phase, linked by a window of opportunity. Key leaders and shadow networks can prepare a system for change by exploring alternative system configurations and developing strategies for choosing from among possible futures. Key leaders can recognize and use or create windows of opportunity and navigate transitions toward adaptive governance. Leadership functions include the ability to span scales of governance, orchestrate networks, integrate and communicate understanding, and reconcile different problem domains. Successful transformations rely on epistemic and shadow networks to provide novel ideas and ways of governing SESs. We conclude by listing some rules of thumb" that can help build leadership and networks for successful transformations toward adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. 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RP Blondel, J, CNRS, CEFE, F-34293 Montpellier 05, France. AB What makes the structure and dynamics of coupled natural and human systems difficult to interpret in the Mediterranean is the extreme diversity in space and time of both environments and human societies. The succession of civilizations that waxed and waned in the Mediterranean Basin over several millennia has had great impacts on biota and ecosystems everywhere in the basin. A complex 'coevolution' has been claimed to shape the interactions between ecosystem components and human societies. Two opposing schools of thought traditionally have considered the consequences of human pressures on Mediterranean ecosystems. The 'Ruined Landscape' or 'Lost Eden theory' argues that human action resulted in a cumulative degradation and desertification of Mediterranean landscapes. The second school argues that humans actually contributed to keeping Mediterranean landscapes diverse since the last glacial episode. With this debate in mind, I show the following: (1) One cannot understand the components and dynamics of current biodiversity in the Mediterranean without taking into account the history of human-induced changes; (2) The various systems of land use and resource management that provided a framework for the blossoming of Mediterranean civilizations also had profound consequences on the distribution and dynamics of species, communities, and landscapes; (3) The processes of domestication of plant and animal species, which first occurred in the eastern Mediterranean area some 10,000 years ago, contributed to the increase of certain components of biodiversity at several spatial scales. Positive and negative feedback cycles between cultural practices and natural systems at the local and regional levels have kept ecosystems robust and resilient; (4) Assuming that human action can, to a certain extent, be considered a large-scale surrogate for natural sources of ecosystem disturbance, such patterns give support to the diversity-disturbance hypothesis-specifically, intermediate levels of disturbance have promoted biological diversity; (5) Intraspecific adaptive variation increased as a result of human-induced habitat changes over millennia, resulting in bursts of differentiation during the later Holocene of local ecotypes and gene pools of domesticated and wild plant and animal species, with region-specific characters fitting them to local climate and environmental conditions. High intraspecific adaptive variation also arose from earlier natural processes of the Pleistocene, mainly from a combination of periodic refugia formation and climate dynamics. During the Holocene, the main sources of disturbance came increasingly from humans, specifically from the coupled cultural and natural modifications of community and landscape structure. It is concluded that a high degree of resilience of Mediterranean ecosystems resulted in a dynamic coexistence of human and natural living systems, which in some cases provided stability, while fostering diversity and productivity (Blondel and Aronson, 1999). The word "design" used in the title and elsewhere in this paper metaphorically indicates that the long-lasting influence of human impacts resulted in an unintentional shaping of individual components of landscapes. 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RP Ayres, RU, INSEAD, Ctr Environm Management Resources, Blvd Constance, F-77305 Fontainebleau, France. AB Too much has been written about forecasting trends via "envelope curves." To plot a straight line on log-paper is a no-brainer. The special phenomenology of phase changes, catastrophes, or "crashes," and their key evolutionary role is the subject of this article. There is net unique way of forecasting such events, but one indicator is an apparent inconsistency between two or more extrapolations with each other. Alternatively, a catastrophe may be signalled when a trend extrapolation encounters a natural limit. A number of possible discontinuity scenarios are sketched, although overall, the article laments the lack of theorization in forecasting disconuities. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. 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RP Burns, M, CSIR, POB 320, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. AB SCIENCE HAS CONSIDERABLE POTENTIAL to contribute to sustainable development. Much of this potential remains latent, however, due to the divisions that exist within and between the producers of scientific information and the users of this and other sources of knowledge. A response to this situation has seen the emergence of 'sustainability science', which aims to overcome divisions between knowledge sources of various forms, including the social and natural sciences and alternative epistemologies that warrant acknowledgement. We review the key defining characteristics of sustainability science, and describe some examples of science-based South African initiatives, aimed at promoting sustainable development, that incorporate many of these characteristics. We suggest that, with some reinforcement of their sustainability science base, these examples provide good templates for broader application. To retain the experience gained through such projects and to build organizational memory, there is a strong case for the establishment of trans-disciplinary centres for sustainability science in South Africa. 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Univ Haifa, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel. RP Kimhi, S, Tel Hai Acad Coll, IL-12210 Upper Galilee, Israel. AB Against the background of the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, we investigated the relationship between perceived community resilience and the effect of stress and life satisfaction. The research sample included 741 adults, aged 18-85. The participants were divided into four groups, three of which live close to the Israel-Lebanon border and were directly exposed to the threat created by war and terror. The fourth group was considered as a control group and included subjects from the central region of Israel, who were not directly exposed to the war with Lebanon and to the possible outcomes of withdrawal. Questionnaires were distributed to the participants immediately after the withdrawal from Lebanon and were completed by them between 1 and 3 weeks after the withdrawal. The items were designed to measure perceived community resilience, the effects of stress, and life satisfaction, and demographic background. The results show that the level of threat has a significant impact on community resilience, namely, that living in situations with a high level of threat over a long period of time results in a lower level of community resilience. In addition, community resilience serves as a partial mediator between the level of threat and the effect of stress and life satisfaction. The results highlight the importance of perceived community resilience as an individual resource for coping with the threat created by war and terror, thereby connecting between micro- and macro-levels in events related to political violence. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD 20668 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD 20668 USA. RP Ruth, M, Boston Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. AB This paper assesses the changing role of dynamic modeling for understanding and managing complex ecological economic systems. it discusses new modeling tools for problem scoping and consensus building among a broad range of stakeholders and describes four case studies in which dynamic modeling has been used to collect and organize data, synthesize knowledge, and build consensus about the management of complex systems. The case studies range from industrial systems (mining, smelting, and refining of iron and steel in the United Stales) to ecosystems (Louisiana coastal wetlands, and Fynbos ecosystems in South Africa) to linked ecological economic systems (Maryland's Patuxent River basin in the United States). They illustrate uses of dynamic modeling to include stakeholders in ail stages of consensus building, ranging from initial problem scoping to model development. The resultant models are the first stage in a three-stage modeling process that includes research and management models as the later stages. 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RP Franzle, O, Univ Kiel, Inst Geog, D-24089 Kiel, Germany. AB The complex subject-matter of the 21(st) century world presents an enormous challenge to a discipline-based scientific system. Transdisciplinarity is demanded; it goes beyond interdisciplinarity and focuses both on the relevance of research to the problem at hand and on the feasibility of conducting and implementing it. Problem areas in which different sectors of society and academia may make effective contributions to include new technologies like genetic engineering, biotechnologies, energy, mobility, and nutrition; the creation, organization, and distribution of welfare and resources; human health, age, urban and regional development, and North-South cooperation; new modes of learning, new social systems and decision-making processes; and environmental issues like climate, biodiversity, soil, water, air, recycling, and waste. Real-world problems determine the kind of action to be taken and not, or at least to a distinctly lesser degree, the competence or the instruments available at any given time. Transdisciplinary research adopts an integrative approach to identifying such problems and working towards solutions. Industry, business, public administration, non-governmental organizations, and consulting firms all possess know-how which may be as important to developing new solutions as the knowledge generated and collected by universities or other scientific institutions. Thus, transdisciplinarity is a vital means of appropriately confronting many of the challenges of the present century, It also promises better and quicker solutions at lower costs, since its value lies not only in its potential for efficiently solving real-world problems but also in its ability to identify such problems at an early stage. It is the purpose of the present contribution to show, by way of example, how Alexander von Humboldt, who received his education in a time when the modern clear-cut distinction of science and art did not yet exist, aimed at an inter- and transdisciplinary comprehension of his World, and how his ideas became implemented in the second half of the past century in the form of application-oriented long-term ecosystem research. 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RP Wohl, E, Colorado State Univ, Dept Geosci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB Mountain streams are here defined as channel networks within mountainous regions of the world. This definition encompasses tremendous diversity of physical and biological conditions, as well as history of land use. Human effects on mountain streams may result from activities undertaken within the stream channel that directly alter channel geometry, the dynamics of water and sediment movement, contaminants in the stream, or aquatic and riparian communities. Examples include channelization, construction of grade-control structures or check dams, removal of beavers, and placer mining. Human effects can also result from activities within the watershed that indirectly affect streams by altering the movement of water, sediment, and contaminants into the channel. Deforestation, cropping, grazing, land drainage, and urbanization are among the land uses that indirectly alter stream processes. An overview of the relative intensity of human impacts to mountain streams is provided by a table summarizing human effects on each of the major mountainous regions with respect to five categories: flow regulation, biotic integrity, water pollution, channel alteration, and land use. This table indicates that very few mountains have streams not at least moderately affected by land use. The least affected mountainous regions are those at very high or very low latitudes, although our scientific ignorance of conditions in low-latitude mountains in particular means that streams in these mountains might be more altered than is widely recognized. Four case studies from northern Sweden (arctic region), Colorado Front Range (semiarid temperate region), Swiss Alps (humid temperate region), and Papua New Guinea (humid tropics) are also used to explore in detail the history and effects on rivers of human activities in mountainous regions. The overview and case studies indicate that mountain streams must be managed with particular attention to upstream/downstream connections, hillslope/channel connections, process domains, physical and ecological roles of disturbance, and stream resilience. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Sinclair, AJ, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R2T 2N2, Canada. AB India and Canada share a common heritage in natural resources management. Both have a colonial background, settlers and indigenous peoples; there is a history of management agencies with utilitarian attitudes, and a history of treating public lands as commodities for commerce rather than as resources for local livelihoods. This historical context guided the overall goal of this study, which was policy development for the sustainable use of mountain environments. Interviews, workshops and seminars were held with local people and resource management professionals in a comparative case study in two regions; the Kullu area in Himachal Pradesh, India and the Arrow Lakes area in British Columbia, Canada. The paper is organized around two main objectives of the work relating to the successes and failures of mountain environment resource management policies and the development of criteria for assessing and monitoring sustainability in mountain environments, in particular, criteria for examining relevant cross-cultural dimensions of sustainable development in these environments. By way of conclusion the paper considers further ways in which traditional resource policy development and implementation is being challenged by changing values and priorities; ecosystems management with people; and co-management and public participation. 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RP Janssen, MA, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB A new perspective for studying the complex interactions between human activities and ecosystems is proposed. It is argued that biological immune systems share a number of similarities with ecological economic systems in terms of function. These similarities include the system's ability to recognize harmful invasions, design measures to control and destroy these invasions, and remember successful response strategies. Studying both the similarities and the differences between immune systems and ecological economic systems can provide new insights on ecosystem management. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 DASGUPTA D, 1999, ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SY HOFMEYR SA, 2000, EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTA, V7, P45 HOFMEYR SA, 2001, IN PRESS DESIGN PRIN HOLLAND JH, 1995, HIDDEN ORDER HOW ADA HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P3 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 KEPHART JO, 1997, SCI AM, V277, P88 LANSING JS, 1999, DYNAMICS HUMAN PRIMA, P207 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PIMENTEL D, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P53 TARAKANOV A, 2000, BIOSYSTEMS, V55, P151 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WHITE SR, 2000, ANATOMY COMMERCIAL G WILLIAMSON M, 1996, BIOL INVASIONS NR 18 TC 4 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 EP 13 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 5 IS 1 GA 458XV UT ISI:000170221500015 ER PT J AU Bartell, SM TI Ecological risk assessment: Progressing through experience or stalling in debate SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article RP Bartell, SM, OAK RIDGE INC,CTR RISK ANAL,102 DONNER DR,OAK RIDGE,TN 37830. CR *US EPA, 1992, EPA630R92001 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALLEN TFH, 1984, RM110 USDA ROCK MOUN HAIMES YY, 1989, RISK ANAL MANAGEMENT HAIMES YY, 1990, RISK BASED DECISION HELTON JC, 1993, NUCL TECHNOL, V101, P18 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KAPLAN S, 1981, RISK ANAL, V1, P11 KING AW, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P479 ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT RUBENSTEIN MF, 1975, PATTERNS PROBLEM SOL WEINBERG GM, 1975, INTRO GEN SYSTEMS TH NR 12 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 822 EP 825 PY 1997 PD NOV-DEC VL 21 IS 6 GA XX882 UT ISI:A1997XX88200008 ER PT J AU Mayer, AL Thurston, HW Pawlowski, CW TI The multidisciplinary influence of common sustainability indices SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mayer, AL, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 498, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. AB Sustainability is often poorly defined and difficult to measure. We describe several concepts from ecology, economics, and physics, that have contributed to sustainability indices, and discuss their positive and negative aspects. Indices range from mostly ecological (such as ecosystem resilience and global human carrying capacity), to those inspired by both economics and ecology (green income and maximum sustainable yield), to a mix of ecology and physics (exergy and emergy). Economic concepts such as substitutability of natural and human capital (the "weak" versus "strong" sustainability debate), and throughput of natural resources through an economic system, are the basis for several strictly economic indices. The second law of thermodynamics, which dictates the decrease in usable energy, has also had an increasing influence on sustainability discussions. The indices described here address different aspects of the interactions between human societies and ecosystems, and are therefore probably most effective when used in combination. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1999, COMM JOURN TRANS SUS ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 ASHEIM GB, 1994, SCAND J ECON, V96, P257 BASTIANONI S, 1998, ECOL MODEL, V113, P163 BOCKSTAEL NE, 2000, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V34, P1384 BOULDING KE, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING BROWN MT, 2001, POPUL ENVIRON, V22, P471 CAMPISTOL J, 1998, B INFORMATIVO SENP, V5, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CASTLE EN, 1996, NAT RESOUR J, V36, P715 CHAPIN FS, 1996, AM NAT, V148, P1016 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 CROPP R, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P2019 DALY HE, 1987, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V14, P323 DASGUPTA P, 1979, EC THEORY EXHAUSTIBL EHRLICH PR, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P1212 FEMIA A, 2001, POPUL ENVIRON, V23, P157 FISCHERKOWALSKI M, 2001, POPUL ENVIRON, V23, P7 GIAMPIETRO M, 2000, POPUL ENVIRON, V22, P109 GOODLAND R, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1002 GRIMM V, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V109, P323 HABERL H, 2001, POPUL ENVIRON, V23, P49 HARTWICK JM, 1990, J PUBLIC ECON, V43, P291 HEAL G, 2000, NATURE MARKETPLACE C HOFSTETTER P, 1998, PERSPECTIVES LIFE CY HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JORGENSEN SE, 1981, PROGR ECOLOGICAL MOD JORGENSEN SE, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P150 KAIVOOJA J, 2001, POPUL ENVIRON, V23, P193 KAY JJ, 1992, ECOL INDICATORS, V1 LIU JG, 2003, NATURE, V421, P530 MALER KG, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P1 MCMICHAEL AJ, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1919 MOLDEN B, 1997, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC NORGAARD RB, 1991, ECOL EC SCI MAN SUST ODUM HT, 1996, ENV ACCOUNTING EMERG ORR DW, 2002, CONSERV BIOL, V16, P1457 PEARCE D, 2002, ANNU REV ENERG ENV, V27, P57 PRICE D, 1999, POPUL ENVIRON, V21, P5 RAVEN PH, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P954 REES WE, 2002, NATURE, V420, P267 SOLOW R, 1999, RFF READER ENV RESOU SZARGUT J, 1988, EXERGY ANAL THERMAL SZARLOW R, 1988, RFF READER ENV RES M ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, ECOLOGY ASCENDENT PE WACKERNAGEL M, 1997, ECOL ECON, V20, P3 WACKERNAGEL M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P9266 WAGGONER PE, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P7860 WEITZMAN ML, 1976, Q J ECON, V90, P156 ZABEL RW, 2003, AM SCI, V91, P150 NR 52 TC 0 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON BP 419 EP 426 PY 2004 PD OCT VL 2 IS 8 GA 860OD UT ISI:000224352000016 ER PT J AU Roux, DJ TI Strategies used to guide the design and implementation of a national river monitoring programme in South Africa SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 CSIR, Div Water Environm & Forestry Technol, Pretoria, South Africa. RP Roux, DJ, CSIR, Div Water Environm & Forestry Technol, Pretoria, South Africa. AB This article explores the strategies that were, and are being, used to facilitate the transition from scientific development to operational application of the South African River Health Programme (RHP). Theoretical models from the field of the management of technology are used to provide insight into the dynamics that influence the relationship between the creation and application of environmental programmes, and the RHP in particular. Four key components of the RHP design are analysed, namely the (a) guiding team, (b) concepts, tools and methods, (c) infra-structural innovations and (d) communication. These key components evolved over three broad life stages of the programme, which are called the design, growth and anchoring stages. CR *DWAF, 1996, NBP REP SER, V5 *EPA, 2000, ENV MON ASS PROGR *LWRRDC, 2000, AUSTR NAT RIV HLTH P *NAT RES COUNC, 1995, REV EPAS ENV MON ASS *STAT CROC RIV, 1998, REP S AFR RIV HLTH P GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOHLS DR, 1996, NBP REPORT SERIES, V1 KARR JR, 1986, ILLINOIS NATURAL HIS, V5 KARR JR, 1997, 235R97001 EPA U WASH KLEYNHANS CJ, 1996, J AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, V5, P1 KOTTER JP, 1996, LEADING CHANGE LEONARDBARTON D, 1994, HARVARD BUSINESS SEP, P121 MURRAY K, 1999, NBP REPORT SERIES, V8 PALMER RW, 1998, PROCEDURES ENSURE QU ROGERS EM, 1995, DIFFUSION INNOVATION ROUSSEL PA, 1991, 3 GENERATOIN R D MAN ROUX DJ, 1997, NBP REPORT SERIES, V6 ROUX DJ, 1999, WATER SA, V25, P501 SENGE PM, 1994, 5 DISCIPLINE FIELDBO STEELE LW, 1989, MANAGING TECHNOLOGY STEVENS DL, 1994, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V42, P1 UTTERBACK JM, 1994, MASTERING DYNAMICS I UYS MC, 1996, NBP REPORT SERIES VANVLIET BM, 1992, PUBLICATION WATER RE, P316 WRIGHT JF, 1993, EUROPEAN WATER POLLU, V3, P15 NR 25 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS BP 131 EP 158 PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 GA 441BJ UT ISI:000169210900002 ER PT J AU HUTCHINGS, JA MYERS, RA TI WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE COLLAPSE OF A RENEWABLE RESOURCE - ATLANTIC COD, GADUS-MORHUA, OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,SCI BRANCH,DEPT FISHERIES & OCEANS,ST JOHNS,NF A1C 5X1,CANADA. AB Temporal changes in demography, population sustainability, and harvest rates support the hypothesis that overexploitation precipitated the commercial extinction of northern cod, Gadus morhua, off Newfoundland and Labrador in 1992. Annual estimates of realized population growth (r) indicate that the stock was rarely sustainable at the age-specific survival and fecundity rates experienced since 1962. A twofold decline in annual survival probabilities in the 1980s was concomitant with increased inshore and offshore fishing effort, declining catch rate, and spatial shifts in gillnetting effort from areas of low (inshore) to high (offshore) catch rates. We reject hypotheses that attribute the collapse of northern cod to environmental change. Water temperature was associated neither with juvenile nor adult abundance nor with adult distribution by depth. Harvests equivalent to those of the past decade were sustainable in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a considerably colder environment. An updated analysis of previous work indicates that salinity has little effect on recruitment. We conclude that the collapse of northern cod can be attributed solely to overexploitation and that population sustainability indices such as r provide a means by which the susceptibility and resilience of exploited populations can be assessed and their probability of commercial extinction reduced. CR 1952, STATISTICS LANDINGS 1984, STATISTICAL B, V29 1992, NAFO9220 SCI COUNC S 1993, REPORT STATUS GROUND ANDERSON JT, 1993, ICES S COD CLIMATE C, V11 BAIRD JW, 1991, CAFSAC9153 RES DOC BAIRD JW, 1991, NAFO SCI COUNC STUD, V16, P111 BAIRD JW, 1992, NAFO9218 SCI COUNC R BEDDINGTON JR, 1978, REP INT WHAL COMM, V28, P165 BELTRAMI H, 1992, TERRA NOVA, V5, P21 BEVERTON RJH, 1990, J FISH BIOL, V37, P5 BISHOP CA, 1982, NAFO82VI68 SCI COUNC BISHOP CA, 1993, DFO9370 ATL FISH RES BISHOP CA, 1993, NAFO9386 SCI COUNC R CAUGHLEY G, 1977, ANAL VERTEBRATE POPU CELL GT, 1982, NEWFOUNDLAND DISCOVE CHARLESWORTH B, 1980, EVOLUTION AGE STRUCT CLEVELAND WS, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P829 COLBOURNE E, 1994, IN PRESS ICES MAR SC COLE LC, 1954, Q REV BIOL, V29, P103 CONSER R, 1993, NAFO SCI COUNC STUD, V17, P83 COOKE JG, 1985, IMA J MATH APPL MED, V2, P1 CRAM DL, 1981, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, P137 CRECCO V, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P385 CUSHING DH, 1971, J CONSEIL, V33, P340 DAVIS MB, 1994, DFO9432 ATL FISH RES DELOTURE R, 1949, 213 US FISH WILDL SE DEYOUNG B, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P2729 DRINKWATER KF, 1994, DFO9411 ATL FISH RES FINLAYSON AC, 1994, FISHING TRUTH SOCIOL FLEMING AM, 1952, THESIS U TORONTO TOR GAVARIS S, 1988, CAFSAC8829 RES DOC GOSLING WG, 1910, LABRADOR ITS DISCOVE GULLAND JA, 1973, FISH B, V71, P325 GULLAND JA, 1983, FISH STOCK ASSESSMEN HARRIS L, 1990, INDEPENDENT REV STAT HARRISON GW, 1979, AM NAT, V113, P659 HARWOOD J, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P413 HASTIE TJ, 1990, GENERALIZED ADDITIVE HEAD CG, 1976, 18TH CENTURY NEWFOUN HILBORN R, 1992, QUANTITATIVE FISHERI HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUTCHINGS JA, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P2468 HUTCHINGS JA, 1993, ECOLOGY, V74, P673 HUTCHINGS JA, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V108, P21 HUTCHINGS JA, 1995, IN PRESS ISLAND FISH JACOBY GC, 1983, ARCTIC ALPINE RES, V13, P409 KIRBY MJL, 1982, NAVIGATING TROUBLED LANDE R, 1988, SCIENCE, V241, P1455 LEAR WH, 1993, CAN B FISH AQUAT SCI, V226, P55 LILLY GR, 1994, IN PRESS ICES MAR SC LOCKWOOD SJ, 1987, J CONSEIL, V43, P279 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 MAY AW, 1967, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V24, P1531 MAY RM, 1974, J ANIM ECOL, V43, P747 MESSTORFF J, 1984, NAFO84VI91 SCI COUNC MILLAR RB, 1990, MODELLING ENV INDUCE MOHN RK, 1993, NAFO SCI COUNC STUD, V17 MYERS RA, 1992, CAFSAC9297 RES DOC MYERS RA, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P1576 MYERS RA, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P1599 MYERS RA, 1995, IN PRESS CAN J FISH, V52 NEIS B, 1992, NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES, V8, P155 NEWELL JP, 1991, THESIS U COLORADO BO NEWELL JP, 1992, 5TH P INT M STAT CLI, P87 NEWELL JP, 1993, ARCTIC, V46, P205 PETRIE B, 1992, ATMOS OCEAN, V30, P120 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE ECOLO RADOVICH J, 1981, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, P107 RICHARDS LJ, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P1214 ROFF DA, 1992, EVOLUTION LIFE HIST ROSE GA, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P843 ROSENBERG AA, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P828 ROTHSCHILD BJ, 1977, FISH POPULATION DYNA, P97 SCHAFFER WM, 1974, ECOLOGY, V55, P291 SHELTON PA, 1993, NAFO9337 SCI COUNC R SINCLAIR PR, 1985, TRAPS DRAGGERS DOMES STEARNS SC, 1992, EVOLUTION LIFE HIST STEELE DH, 1992, NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES, V8, P34 SUTCLIFFE WH, 1983, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V40, P1692 TEMPLEMAN W, 1965, ICNAF SPEC PUBL, V6, P137 TEMPLEMAN W, 1966, B FISH RES BOARD CAN, V154 WARNER WW, 1977, DISTANT WATER FATE N NR 84 TC 145 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 2126 EP 2146 PY 1994 PD SEP VL 51 IS 9 GA QF320 UT ISI:A1994QF32000023 ER PT J AU Zhang, MH Geng, S Smallwood, KS TI Assessing groundwater nitrate contamination for resource and landscape management SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Zhang, MH, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB Groundwater nitrate concentrations increased and sometimes exceeded public health standards during the last 50 years in Tulare County, California, where ecological health and agricultural productivity are at risk. This study explained same of the spatial variation in groundwater nitrate concentration by spatial coincidence of soil leaching potential, agricultural land uses, and the groundwater elevation. Groundwater nitrate concentration increased where excess nitrogen loads in soils were greatest, soils rated highest for leaching potential, and groundwater elevation was higher. The high-risk nitrate leaching and contamination sites were most prevalent on townships where citrus, nut orchards, and vineyard crops were grown on coarse-textured soils, The assessment made use of available data at a spatial scale appropriate for devising management solutions, and the maps communicated the information effectively. Farmers and planners can use this information to adjust farm-management practices and landuse strategies to minimize nitrate contamination risks in groundwater. 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Univ Crete, Dept Econ, Crete, NE USA. RP Walker, BH, CSIRO, GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CR AUSUBEL JH, 2000, TECHNOL SOC, V22, P289 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM NR 4 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON BP 183 EP 186 PY 2002 PD FEB VL 7 GA 522EW UT ISI:000173883600013 ER PT J AU MARGULES, CR USHER, MB TI CRITERIA USED IN ASSESSING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION POTENTIAL - A REVIEW SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review RP MARGULES, CR, UNIV YORK,DEPT BIOL,HESLINGTON YO1 5DD,YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. 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Traditional knowledge and science in the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Fernandez-Gimenez, ME, Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has become a focus of increasing attention by natural resource managers over the past decade, particularly in the context of the shared management authority between resource users and government agencies (co-management). Little work has been done on how TEK can be successfully integrated with science and applied in contemporary science-based resource management institutions, and the efficacy and legitimacy of co-management and associated attempts to document TEK or integrate it with science have recently been questioned. The cooperative research programme of one co-managernent group, the Alaska Beluga. Whale Committee (ABWC), was studied to describe how TEK and science are integrated and applied in the research process, document perceptions and attitudes of native hunters and scientists towards TEK and science, and identify organizational characteristics that facilitate knowledge integration. Hunters and TEK played a variety of roles in ABWC's research programme, including hypothesis generation, sample collection and data interpretation. Hunters and scientists defined TEK similarly, but differed in their views of science, which hunters often perceived as a tool of state control. Despite political undercurrents, the ABWC displayed several indicators of successful knowledge integration. Organizational characteristics that facilitated integration included a membership structure fostering genuine power-sharing and a range of opportunities for formal and informal interactions among hunters and scientists leading to long-term relationships and an organizational culture of open communication and transparency in decision-making. Given the importance of long-term relationships between scientists and hunters for successful knowledge integration, this study raises questions about (1) the potential for meaningful integration in short-term projects such as environmental impact assessment and (2) the use of TEK documentation studies in the absence of other forms of active participation by TEK-holders. 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CR 1973, DAEDALUS FAL *CEPAL, 1984, REV INT PLAN, V18, P9 ADAMS RN, 1975, ENERGY STRUCTURE THE BARNETT HJ, 1963, SCARCITY GROWTH EC R BEANLANDS GE, 1981, ECOLOGICAL BASIS ENV BIFANI P, 1980, CUARDENOS CIFCA, V24 GALLOPIN GC, 1983, OPINIONES TECNOLOGIA, V1 GLIGO N, 1985, 1 SEM LAT SIST AMB P GUTMAN JP, 1986, PROBLEMAS CONOCIMIEN HERRERA A, 1976, CATASTROPHE NEW SOC HERRERA, 1976, CATASTOPHE NEW SOC L HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LEFF E, 1975, COMERCIO EXTERIOR, V25, P84 LEFF E, 1976, 1 S EC MEX LEFF E, 1985, ECOLOGIA CAPITAL HAC LEFF E, 1985, REV INTERAMERICANA P, V19, P56 LEFF E, 1986, PROBLEMAS CONOCIMIEN MANNHEIM K, 1972, IDEOLOGY UTOPIA MCNEELY JA, 1985, CULTURE CONSERVATION MEADOWS DH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MEADOWS, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MORELLO J, 1983, OPINIONES RECURSOS N, V5 NELSON M, 1977, APPROVECHAMIENTO TIE RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 RAPPAPORT RA, 1971, SCI AM, V224, P116 RODIN LE, 1974, 1ST INT C EC THE HAG ROSENZWEIG ML, 1971, SCIENCE, V171, P385 SACHS I, 1971, SOCIAL SCI INFORMATI, V10, P41 SACHS I, 1980, STRATEGIES ECODEVELO SACHS I, 1982, ECODESARROLLO DESARR NR 30 TC 1 J9 SOC SCI INFORM BP 681 EP 702 PY 1986 PD SEP VL 25 IS 3 GA E3786 UT ISI:A1986E378600005 ER PT J AU Tompkins, EL TI Planning for climate change in small islands: Insights from national hurricane preparedness in the Cayman Islands SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Southampton, Dept Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Tompkins, EL, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB This paper examines contemporary national scale responses to tropical storm risk in a small island in the Caribbean to derive lessons for adapting to climate change. There is little empirical evidence to guide national planners on how to adapt to climate change, and less still on how to build on past adaptation experiences. The paper investigates the construction of institutional resilience and the process of adaptation to tropical storm risk by the Cayman Islands' Government from 1988 to 2002. It explains the roles of persuasion, exposure and collective action as key components in developing the ability to buffer external disturbance using models of institutional economics and social resilience concepts. The study finds that self-efficacy, strong local and international support networks, combined with a willingness to act collectively and to learn from mistakes appear to have increased the resilience of the Cayman Islands' Government to tropical storm risk. The lessons learned from building resilience to storm risk can contribute to the creation of national level adaptive capacity to climate change, but climate change has to be prioritised before these lessons can be transferred. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Lengnick-Hall, CA, Univ Texas, Dept Management, 6900 N Loop 1604 W, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. AB Previous research has examined a variety of ways by which firms adapt to environmental change and surprise. Most recommendations emphasize ways to achieve an adaptive fit between a firm and its environment. The authors propose that an alternate response to the uncertainty caused by a dynamic environment-robust transformation-should be examined as well. Organizational routines for dealing with complexity are seen as shaping the institutional response to environmental uncertainty. Resilience capacity is introduced as an internal factor that influences the repertoire of available routines and helps a firm decide whether routines directed toward adaptive fit or robust transformation are more appropriate to implement. 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RP Gulati, RD, Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, Rijksstr Weg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. AB This article starts with a brief description of the origin and eutrophication of shallow Dutch lakes, followed by a review of the various lake restoration techniques in use and the results obtained. Most freshwater lakes in the Netherlands are very shallow (< 2 m), and owe their origins to large-scale dredging and removal of peat during the early 17th century. They vary in area from a few hectares to a few thousand hectares, and are generally found in the northern and western part of the country. Most of them lie in the catchment areas of the major rivers: the Rhine, the Meuse and the Schelde. Because of their natural and aesthetic value, these lakes fulfil a recreational function. The lakes are important to the hydrology, water balance and agriculture in the surrounding polder country. The external input to the lakes of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and of polluted waters from the rivers and canals have been the major cause of eutrophication, which began during the 1950s. In addition, more recently climate changes, habitat fragmentation and biotic exploitation of many of these waters have probably led to loss of resilience and thus to accelerated eutrophication. Lake eutrophication is manifested essentially in the poor under-water light climate with high turbidity (Secchi-disc, 20-40 cm) caused usually by cyanobacterial blooms (e.g. Oscillatoria sp.), and loss of littoral vegetation. Despite recent perceptible reductions in external P inputs, non-point sources, especially of N from agriculture, still remain high and constitute a major challenge to the lake restorers. Lake recovery is also invariably afflicted by in-lake nutrient sources. These include P loading from the P-rich sediments, mineralization in the water and release by the foraging and metabolic activities of the abundant benthivorous and planktivorous fish, mainly bream (Abramis brama). A variety of restoration techniques have been employed in the Dutch lakes: hydrological management, reduction of P in the external loads, in-lake reduction or immobilisation of P, and complementary ecological management. This last involves biomanipulation, or the top-down control of the food web. Hydrological management has resulted in an improvement in the lake water quality only in a few cases. The failure of lake restoration measures (e. g. in the Loosdrecht lakes, described as a case study) has led water managers to use biomanipulation in other lakes under restoration. Lake biomanipulation principally involves reducing the existing planktivore population, bream in most cases, and introducing piscivores such as northern pike (Esox lucius). Lake Zwemlust is discussed as a case study, with brief mention of some other small lakes which have been biomanipulated. The restoration studies reveal that decrease of P to low levels is no guarantee that cyanobacterial populations will also follow suit. This is because cyanobacteria can withstand great variation in their P content and thus in their C: P ratios. Thus, for a unit weight of P, the Cyanobacteria can yield relatively more biomass and cause greater turbidity than, for example, green algae, which have relatively lower C: P ratios. This is possibly an explanation for the success of these filamentous Cyanobacteria in many Dutch lakes, and the failure of restoration endeavours. In addition, a falling trend in chlorophyll-a content in these shallow lakes does not set off an immediate increase in lake transparency because of resuspension of seston and inorganic suspended matter from the lake bottom by both wind-induced waves and fish foraging activity. The zooplankton-grazing peak in spring, caused usually by large-bodied grazers, Daphnia spp., is invariably the first step in bringing about a clear-water phase. Subsequently, summer light conditions trigger optimal growth conditions for macrophytes, which then maintain the high water clarity by competing successfully with phytoplankton for nutrients, especially N. The 'return' of macrophytes, especially stoneworts(Chara spp.) in some lakes, has contributed to the sustaining of improved light conditions and success of the restoration measures. In addition to competing with phytoplankton for nutrients, the macrophytes exert their positive influence in manifold ways. They act as a major nutrient sink, provide refuges for zooplankton and young pike and reduce wind- and fish-induced bioturbation of sediment. Most restoration accomplishments in recent years have been attributed to the success of aquatic macrovegetation. In general, the achievements of restoration work in the Dutch lakes, especially those using biomanipulation measures, are questionable: there are probably more examples of failures than of successes. The failures are generally linked not only to insufficient or no decrease at all in the autochthonous or in-lake nutrient loadings, but also to rapid increase of the planktivorous fish in the years following their reduction. A 75% reduction in the existing planktivore population has often been used as an arbitrary yardstick for effective reduction, but may not be sufficient. However, fish stock reductions to <50 kg FW ha(-1) and maintenance at that level might have a greater chance of success, though maintaining the existing fish population at preconceived levels is difficult since for reasons not yet fully understood, piscivores, pike in particular, fail to develop sizeable populations. Studies so far have helped us recognise that for sustainability of the positive effects on water quality, 'natural development' should be central to future lake restoration programmes. Future restoration plans typically visualise lakes as integral parts of their landscape, and envisage their 'nature development'. Such thinking aims at reinforcing the lakes' shoreline vegetation to prevent erosion and improve the subtlety of the land-water transition (e.g. Volkerak Zoommeer lake system). Where in-lake P stocks have retarded the pace of lake recovery (e.g. Loosdrecht Lakes), excavation of 20-30 m deep pits in shallower lake areas to allow wind- induced shifting of the nutrient-rich upper sediment layers and burial in the pits in order to hinder P releases from the sediments is now under way. For some lakes the creation of artificial islands to reduce the wind fetch factor and erosion has been planned; in other cases, more natural development of the quasi-aquatic ecosystems by water-level management in order to encourage the shoreline macrovegetation to develop has been planned. Such plans also have the provision of extending the upper and lower limits for permissible annual water-level fluctuations and exploring the effects of transient draw-downs. Ideally, near-natural water levels, unlike the current levels, are under consideration as possibly being the best option, also bearing climate change in mind. However, the consequences of flooding and recessions on the ecosystems and other water uses by man still need to be thoroughly investigated. In short, the experiences acquired from the failures and some successes of the last two decades should pave the way to development of more enduring strategies for sustainable restoration of our lake ecosystems. 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HYDROBIOLOGIA, V415, P335 VANNES EH, 2002, THESIS U WAGENINGEN VERSTRAELEN PJT, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V233, P235 VISSER PM, 1996, FRESHWATER BIOL, V36, P436 VOLLENWEIDER RA, 1987, SCHWEIZ Z HYDROL, V49, P129 WALZ N, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V408 WILSON H, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V396, P389 WOLFENDEN K, 1993, AUST J RURAL HLTH, V1, P3 ZARET TM, 1980, PREDATION FRESHWATER NR 150 TC 6 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 73 EP 106 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 478 IS 1-3 GA 614BR UT ISI:000179168500005 ER PT J AU Wei, YM Fan, Y Lu, C Tsai, HT TI The assessment of vulnerability to natural disasters in China by using the DEA method SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Policy & Management, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Wei, YM, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Policy & Management, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. AB China has been greatly affected by natural disasters, so that it is of great importance to analyze the impact of natural disasters on national economy. Usually, the frequency of disasters or absolute loss inflicted by disasters is the first priority to be considered, while the capability of regions to overcome disasters is ignored. The concept of vulnerability is used to measure the capability to overcome disasters in different regions with distinctive economies. Traditional methods for vulnerability analysis calculate sub-indices based on disaster frequency, loss, the economic impact and the population of each region, and then add the sub-indices to get a composite index for regional vulnerability. But those methods are sensitive to the weights selected for sub-indices when multi-indexes are added up to get an index of total vulnerability. The analytic results are less convincing because of the subjectivity of different weighting methods. A data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based model for analysis of regional vulnerability to natural disasters is presented here to improve upon the traditional method. This paper systematically describes the DEA method to evaluate the relative severity of disasters in each region. A model for regional vulnerability analysis is developed, based on the annual governmental statistics from 1989 to 2000. The regional vulnerabilities in China's mainland are illustrated as a case study, and a new method for the classification of regional vulnerability to natural disasters in China is proposed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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In this case study, we identify and analyze property rights and user patterns related to small-scale coastal fisheries in the Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden. User patterns and user groups have changed significantly over the last century, as commercial fishing has been increasingly replaced by recreational activities. Interviews with local resource users and owners of water properties in two different areas, Moja and Orno parishes within the Stockholm Archipelago, revealed a very diverse pattern of property and user rights, with a large number of water and fishing rights owners. Recreational fisheries, including both sport and household fishing, seem to predominate in both areas, but ownership differs. In Moja, most waters are collectively owned, whereas in Orno, individual ownership predominates. Very few examples of local influence on fisheries management were found in either area, although the social structure for joint management does exist in Moja. Instead, larger-scale institutions at the regional, national, or international level regulate fisheries, often not addressing local conditions and fish populations. The ongoing shift in resource use has created a heterogeneous user group, and the limitations of centralized management authorities in dealing with the diversity in the coastal ecosystem have created mismatches within the social ecological system. Combined with a large-scale decline in coastal fish stocks, these mismatches challenge the existing local property rights arrangements as well as the more centralized regulatory management structure. A key issue for fisheries management is how to develop and stimulate appropriate distribution of management functions at different geographical scales and organizational levels. The complexity and diversity in archipelago fisheries call for multilevel arrangements and cross-scale coordination, and initiatives have been taken by both central governmental authorities and local user groups to collaborate concerning habitat restoration and protection of important spawning grounds. CR *AGR MIN, 1992, 19977 AGR MIN *FISK FATT, 2004, 200425 FIFS *GOV SWED, 2003, KUST OCH INSJ SAMT V *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING SY *NAT BOARD FISH, 1984, FRITT HANDR *NAT BOARD FISH, 2001, SMASK KUSTF INSJ AN *SFS, 1981, 1981533 SFS *SFS, 1993, 1993787 SFS *SFS, 1994, 19941716 SFS *SFS, 1998, 19981343 SFS *SOU, 1968, 196813 SOU *SOU, 2003, 200372 SOU *SVENSK FORF SFS, 1950, 1950595 SFS *UNEP, 2000, 5 M C PART CONV BIOL *US FISH WILDL SER, 2002, 2001 NAT SURV FISH H ALMESJO L, 2001, MINSKANDE BESTAND RE ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 ANDERSSON HC, 2003, 200319 STOCKH COUNT ANDERSSON J, 1998, FISKERIVERKET INFORM, V1, P1998 ANDERSSON K, 1999, SOCIOL RURALIS, V39, P377 ASK L, 2004, RESURS MILJOOVERSIKT ASK L, 2005, FISKBESTAND MILJO HA BENGTSSON B, 2000, FISKE 2000 UNDERSOKN BERKES F, 1989, COMMON PROPERTY RESO BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROMLEY DW, 1991, ENV EC PROPERTY RIGH BRUCKMEIER K, 2003, P C RIGHTS DUT COAST BRUCKMEIER K, 2005, AMBIO, V34, P91 CARLSSON L, 2005, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V75, P65 COLEMAN FC, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P1958 COSTANZA R, 1997, RIVERS SEA, P237 COSTANZA R, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P171 DAILY GC, 1997, ISSUES ECOL, V2, P2 EGGERT H, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P525 FEUNTEUN E, 2002, ECOL ENG, V18, P575 FINLAYSON AC, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P311 FOLKE C, 1998, PROBLEM FIT ECOSYSTE GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GARDMARK A, 2004, KUSTFISK FISKE TILLS HAMMER M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P97 HAMMER M, 1994, THESIS STOCKHOLM U S HAMMER M, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS SOCI, P141 HAMMER M, 2003, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V46, P527 HANNA SS, 1996, GETTING DOWN EARTH P, P381 HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG HANSSON S, 1990, AMBIO, V19, P123 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLMLUND CM, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V33, P799 HULTKRANTZ L, 1995, 199547 DS HULTKRANTZ L, 1997, 199781 DS JENTOFT S, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P227 JENTOFT S, 1998, MAR POLICY, V22, P423 JOHANNES RE, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P349 JONSON M, 2002, FISKETURISTISKT FORE KVALE S, 1997, KVALITATIVA FORSKNIN LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LJUNGGREN L, 2005, FINFO LOFGREN O, 1977, MARITIME HUNTERS IND NILSSON J, 2004, BOREAL ENVIRON RES, V9, P295 NILSSON M, 1990, FRITIDSFISKE 90 NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR OLBURS C, 2000, UTHALLIGT FISKE VATT OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P OSTROM E, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P127 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PIRIZ L, 2004, THESIS GOTHENBURG U POMEROY RS, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V27, P143 ROVA C, 2004, THESIS U TECHNOLOGY ROXBERGER A, 2004, SLUTREDOVISNING STAT SANDSTROM O, 2002, TEMA NORD, P521 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 SEN S, 1996, MAR POLICY, V20, P405 STORA N, 1985, STUDIA FENNICA, V30, P112 STROH E, 2003, 98 LUNDS U SUTINEN JG, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P471 SVEDANG H, 1998, 11998 NAT BOARD FISH TRISAK J, 2005, FISH RES, V75, P164 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILSON CJ, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P435 NR 83 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 3 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 11 IS 2 GA 123FD UT ISI:000243280800007 ER PT J AU Bengtsson, J Angelstam, P Elmqvist, T Emanuelsson, U Folke, C Ihse, M Moberg, F Nystrom, M TI Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 SLU, Dept Ecol & Crop Product Sci, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. SLU, Dept Conservat Biol, Grimso Res Stn, SE-73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. Swedish Biodivers Ctr, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Unit Ecol Geog, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Bengtsson, J, SLU, Dept Ecol & Crop Product Sci, Box 7043, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. AB In a world increasingly modified by human activities, the conservation of biodiversity is essential as insurance to maintain resilient ecosystems and ensure a sustainable flow of ecosystem goods and services to society. However, existing reserves and national parks are unlikely to incorporate the long-term and large-scale dynamics of ecosystems. Hence, conservation strategies have to actively incorporate the large areas of land that are managed for human use. For ecosystems to reorganize after large-scale natural and human-induced disturbances, spatial resilience in the form of ecological memory is a prerequisite. The ecological memory is composed of the species, interactions and structures that make ecosystem reorganization possible, and its components may be found within disturbed patches as well in the surrounding landscape. Present static reserves should be complemented with dynamic reserves, such as ecological fallows and dynamic successional reserves, that are part of ecosystem management mimicking natural disturbance regimes at the landscape level. CR *WRI, 1996, BIOD, P258 *WRI, 2000, PEOPL EC FRAYING WEB ALCALA AC, 1988, AMBIO, V17, P194 ALLISON GW, 1998, ECOLOGICAL APPL, V8, P79 ANGELSTAM P, 1993, NATURE CONSERVATION, V3, P109 ANGELSTAM PK, 1998, J VEG SCI, V9, P593 ATTIWILL PM, 1994, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V63, P247 BENGTSSON J, 1994, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V9, P246 BENGTSSON J, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V132, P39 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2001, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BRYANT D, 1998, REEFS RISK MAP BASED BUCHMANN S, 1996, FORGOTTEN POLLINATOR BYLUND H, 1995, THESIS SLU UPPSALA CABEZA M, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P242 CALDECOTT J, 1996, DESIGNING CONSERVATI CHRISTENSEN NL, 1989, BIOSCIENCE, V39, P678 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CISSEL JH, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P1217 COUSENS J, 1974, INTRO WOODLAND ECOLO COX PA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P448 DALE VH, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P546 DANELL O, 1999, REINDRIFT NORDVEST E, P19 DICASTRI F, 1981, MEDITERRANEAN TYPE S DIXON JA, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P117 DONE TJ, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V247, P121 DONE TJ, 1997, SCI MANAGEMENT GREAT EHRLEN J, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P1667 ELLIOTT C, 1996, CERTIFICATION FOREST, P137 ELMQVIST T, 1994, BIOTROPICA, V26, P384 ELMQVIST T, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 ESSEEN PA, 1997, ECOLOGICAL B, V46, P16 FINEGAN B, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P119 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 FOLKE C, 1998, 2 IHDP FOSTER DR, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P497 FRANKLIN JF, 1995, LINKING SPECIES ECOS, P326 FRANKLIN JF, 2000, SCIENCE, V288, P1183 GAARE E, 1999, REINDRIFT I NORDVEST, P57 GROOMBRIDGE B, 1992, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HANSKI I, 1999, METAPOPULATION ECOLO HJERPE J, 2001, BIOTROPICA, V33, P249 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOWE HF, 1982, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V13, P201 HUGHES TP, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR 2, V44, P932 IHSE M, 1998, RENNARINGEN MILJON, P31 JACKSON JBC, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P475 JANZEN DH, 1982, SCIENCE, V215, P19 JANZEN DH, 1983, OIKOS, V41, P402 JUSKA A, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P1350 KAREN O, 1997, ACTA U AGR SUECIAE S, V33 KAYHKO J, 1994, POLAR RES, V13, P115 KELLEHER GG, 1982, AMBIO, V11, P262 MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MCCLANAHAN TR, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1187 MOEN J, 1993, ARCTIC ALPINE RES, V25, P130 NAEEM S, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P39 NIKLASSON M, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P1484 NILSSON C, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P232 NILSSON SG, 1997, ECOLOGICAL B, V46, P117 NILSSON SG, 1997, ECOLOGICAL B, V46, P61 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 OKSANEN L, 1992, ECOGRAPHY, V15, P226 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 PAINE RT, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P535 PERRY DA, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P266 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PICKETT STA, 1978, BIOL CONSERV, V13, P27 POIANI KA, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P133 POLIS GA, 1997, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V28, P289 RAINEY WE, 1995, S ZOOL SOC LOND, V67, P47 ROBERTS CM, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P1454 SAMSON FB, 1996, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHWARTZ MW, 1999, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V30, P83 SELANDER S, 1955, LEVANDE LANDSKAPET S SOULE ME, 1979, BIOL CONSERV, V15, P259 THIES C, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P89 THOMPSON JN, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P15 THORNTON I, 1996, DESTRUCTION REASSEMB TURNER MG, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P493 TURNER MG, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P511 UDVARDY MDF, 1969, DYNAMIC ZOOGEOGRAPHY UHL C, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P942 VARE H, 1996, ECOGRAPHY, V19, P245 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WARDLE DA, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1296 WATT AS, 1947, J ECOL, V35, P1 WEIBULL AC, 2000, ECOGRAPHY, V23, P743 WEIHER E, 1999, ECOLOGICAL ASSEMBLY WESLIEN J, 1999, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V115, P267 WHITE PS, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P3 WHITMORE TC, 1989, J ECOL, V77, P469 NR 98 TC 3 J9 AMBIO BP 389 EP 396 PY 2003 PD SEP VL 32 IS 6 GA 737BE UT ISI:000186207900004 ER PT J AU van der Meulen, MJ van der Spek, AJF de Lange, G Gruijters, SHLL van Gessel, SF Nguyen, BL Maljers, D Schokker, J Mulder, JPM Krogt, RAAD TI Regional sediment deficits in the Dutch lowlands: Implications for long-term land-use options SO JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS LA English DT Article C1 Geol Survey Netherlands, TNO, Build Environm & Geosci, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. RIKZ, Natl Inst Coastal & Marine Management, NL-2500 EX The Hague, Netherlands. Univ Twente, Dept Water Engn & Management, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. RP van der Meulen, MJ, Geol Survey Netherlands, TNO, Build Environm & Geosci, POB 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. AB Background, Aim and Scope. Coastal and river plains are the surfaces of depositional systems, to which sediment input is a parameter of key-importance. Their habitation and economic development usually requires protection with dikes, quays, etc., which are effective in retaining floods but have the side effect of impeding sedimentation in their hinterlands. The flood-protected Dutch lowlands (so-called dike-ring areas) have been sediment-starved for up to about a millennium. In addition to this, peat decomposition and soil compaction, brought about by land drainage, have caused significant land subsidence. Sediment deficiency, defined as the combined effect of sediment-starvation and drainage-induced volume losses, has already been substantial in this area, and it is expected to become urgent in view of the forecasted effects of climate change (sea-level rise, intensified precipitation and run-off). We therefore explore this deficiency, compare it with natural (Holocene) and current human sediment inputs, and discuss it in terms of long-term land-use options. Materials and Methods. We use available 3D geological models to define natural sediment inputs to our study area. Recent progress in large-scale modelling of peat oxidation and compaction enables us to address volume loss associated with these processes. Human sediment inputs are based on published minerals statistics. All results are given as first-order approximations. Results. The current sediment deficit in the diked lowlands of the Netherlands is estimated at 136 +/- 67 million m(3)/a. About 85% of this volume is the hypothetical amount of sediment required to keep up with sea-level rise, and 15% is the effect of land drainage (peat decomposition and compaction). The average Holocene sediment input to our study area (based on a total of 145 km(3)) is similar to 14 million m(3)/a, and the maximum (millennium-averaged) input similar to 26 million m(3)/a. Historical sediment deficiency has resulted in an unused sediment accommodation space of about 13.3 km(3). Net human input of sediment material currently amounts to similar to 23 million m(3)/a. Discussion. As sedimentary processes in the Dutch lowlands have been retarded, the depositional system's natural resilience to sea-level rise is low, and all that is left to cope is human countermeasure. Preserving some sort of status quo with water management solutions may reach its limits in the foreseeable future. The most viable long-term option therefore seems a combination of allowing for more water in open country (anything from flood-buffer zones to open water) and raising lands that are to be built up (enabling their lasting protection). As to the latter, doubling or tripling the use of filling sand in a planned and sustained effort may resolve up to one half of the Dutch sediment deficiency problems in about a century. Conclusions, Recommendations and Perspectives. We conclude that sediment deficiency-past, present and future-challenges the sustainable habitation of the Dutch lowlands. In order to explore possible solutions, we recommend the development of long-term scenarios for the changing lowland physiography, that include the effects of Global Change, compensation measures, costs and benefits, and the implications for long-term land-use options. CR 2004, NOTA RUIMTE NATL SPA 2006, BODEMVISIE ZUID HOLL *COB, 2000, PLAN VIS OND RUIMT V *TNO, 2006, DELFST ONL *TNO, 2006, DIN INT PORT GEO INF BEETS DJ, 2000, NETH J GEOSCI, V79, P3 BRILS J, 2002, J SOIL SEDIMENT, V2, P2 BRILS J, 2003, J SOIL SEDIMENT, V3, P127 DEBAKKER H, 1982, ILRI PUBLICATION, V30 DELANGE G, 2004, P INT C FIN EL MOD M DEMULDER EFJ, 2003, ONDERGROND NEDERLAND DUFOUR FC, 2000, GROUND WATER NETHERL DUMOULIN P, 2004, MONITORING OPHOOGZAN ERKEND G, 2006, IAHS PUBL, V306, P406 MIDDELKOOP H, 1997, THESIS UTRECHT U UTR OWENS PN, 2005, J SOILS SEDIMENTS, V5, P201 TIELROOIJ F, 2000, WATERBELEID VOOR 21 ULSTHOORN AA, FNU75 HAMB U CTR MAR VANALPHEN JSLJ, 1989, GEOL MIJNBOUW, V68, P433 VANDERMEULEN M, 2006, IN PRESS GEOLOGY NET VANDERMEULEN MJ, 2003, AARDK MEDEDEL, V13, P19 VANDERMEULEN MJ, 2005, GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL, V250, P225 VANDERMEULEN MJ, 2005, NETH J GEOSCI, V84, P379 VANDERMEULEN MJ, 2006, J SOIL SEDIMENT, V6, P163 VANDERSPEK AJF, 2004, TID 2004 6 INT C TID, P167 VANHUISSTEDEN J, 2007, NETH J GEOSCI, V85, P3 VONKONINGSVELD M, 2004, J COASTAL RES, V20, P375 NR 27 TC 0 J9 J SOILS SEDIMENTS BP 9 EP 16 PY 2007 PD FEB VL 7 IS 1 GA 138SQ UT ISI:000244383200003 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, E TI Changes in agriculture and the environment in an upland region of the Massif Central, France SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Geog, Cork, Ireland. RP O'Rourke, E, Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Geog, Cork, Ireland. AB This paper presents a case study of an upland region in the Massif Central, which has over the years struggled to find some demographic, economic, ecological and cultural 'equilibrium'. The field site forms part of the Cevennes National Park, and contains habitats and landscapes of considerable ecological and cultural value. The society and landscape of the uplands studies have essentially been defined by low input agrarian land use practices, which are today increasingly in question. The decoupling of traditional agriculture from the environment brings to the fore changes in the ecology and the landscape. This research highlights the links between social, agrarian and ecological systems, and by implication the entwinement of cultural and biological diversity. It examines some of the opportunities and challenges facing European uplands today, including policies promoting high nature value farming. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *EUR COMM, 2001, MOUNT AR RUR DEV *INSEE, 2001, REC GEN POP 1991 *REV PARC NAT CEV, 1981, 181920 REV PARC NAT *REV PARC NAT CEV, 1988, 3637 REV PARC NAT CE ALLEN PM, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, V119, P81 BALDOCK D, 1996, FRAMING MARGINS BENOIT G, 1997, B SOC LANGUEDOCIENNE, V3, P101 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CHASSANY JP, 1978, CAUSSE MEJAN, V1 COHEN M, 1995, GRANDS CAUSSES NOUVE, P207 COLLIN G, 1990, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V19, P173 CROIX N, 2000, CAMPAGNES VIVANTES M FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 FUNNELL D, 2001, MOUNTAIN ENV COMMUNI HAYWARD C, 2004, SOCIOL RURALIS, V44, P95 HERVIEU B, 1994, CHAMPS FUTURS HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JOUTARD P, 1995, CEVENNES MONTAGNE HO KAYSER B, 1993, NAISSANCE NOUVELLES LARDON S, 1996, CAHIER EC MERIDIONAL, V21, P25 LEGER D, 1979, RETOUR NATURE LEPART J, 2000, NATURES SCI SOC, V8, P16 MACDONALD D, 2000, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V59, P47 MARRES P, 1935, ETUDE GEOGRAPHIE PHY, V1 MARRES P, 1935, ETUDE GEOGRAPHIE PHY, V2 NETTING MC, 1981, BALANCING ALP ECOLOG OROURKE E, IN PRESS BIODIVERS C OROURKE E, 1999, ECUMENE, V6, P29 OROURKE E, 1999, LANDSCAPE RES, V24, P141 OROURKE E, 2005, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V70, P69 PETIT F, 1978, CAUSSE MEJAN, V2 RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 ROUSSET O, 1999, FOURRAGES, V159, P223 STRIJKER D, 2005, BASIC APPL ECOL, V6, P99 TUBRIDY M, 1994, CULTURE TOURISM DEV, P163 NR 35 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY BP 370 EP 375 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 9 IS 4 GA 055TK UT ISI:000238473100007 ER PT J AU Kohler, P Huth, A TI Simulating growth dynamics in a South-East Asian rainforest threatened by recruitment shortage and tree harvesting SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review C1 Univ Gesamthsch Kassel, Ctr Environm Syst Res, D-34109 Kassel, Germany. Ctr Environm Res Leipzig Halle, Dept Ecol Modelling, D-04301 Leipzig, Germany. RP Kohler, P, Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, POB 12 01 61, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. AB There is increasing evidence that the future recruitment in South-East Asian dipterocarp trees species depending on mast-fruiting events might be endangered by climate change or enhanced seed predation in forest fragments. Especially in combination with the ongoing tree harvesting in this region the recruitment threat imposes a severe danger on the species richness and forest structure of the whole area. We here assess with the process-based forest growth model FORMIND2.0 the impacts of common tree-logging strategies in those recruitment endangered forests. FORMIND2.0 is based on the calculations of the carbon balance of individual trees belonging to 13 different plant functional types. Even single logging events in those rainforests threatened by a lack of recruitment led to shifts in the abundances of species, to species loss, and to forest decline and dieback. The results show that current logging practices in South-East Asia seriously overuse the forests especially in the light of changing climate conditions. 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Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Res Nat Resources & Environm CNM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Scheffer, M, Wageningen Univ, Dept Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change in a smooth way. However, studies on lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests and arid lands have shown that smooth change can be interrupted by sudden drastic switches to a contrasting state. Although diverse events can trigger such shifts, recent studies show that a loss of resilience usually paves the way for a switch to an alternative state. This suggests that strategies for sustainable management of such ecosystems should focus on maintaining resilience. CR BROVKIN V, 1998, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V103, P31613 CARPENTER SR, 1997, OIKOS, V78, P3 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOLOGY ACHIEVEMENT CHARNEY J, 1975, Q J ROY METEOR SOC, V101, P193 CLAUSSEN M, 1999, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V26, P2037 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 CURY P, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P603 DEMENOCAL P, 2000, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V19, P347 DONE TJ, 1992, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V247, P121 DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147 ELLNER S, 1995, AM NAT, V145, P343 HALL CAS, 1992, OIKOS, V65, P377 HARE SR, 2000, PROG OCEANOGR, V47, P103 HOELZMANN P, 1998, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V12, P35 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLMGREN M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P151 IVES AR, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P1039 JEPPESEN E, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V396, P419 JOLLY D, 1998, J BIOGEOGR, V25, P1007 KASSAS M, 1995, J ARID ENVIRON, V30, P115 KNOWLTON N, 1992, AM ZOOL, V32, P674 KUZNETSOV YA, 1995, ELEMENTS APPL BIFURC LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MCCOOK LJ, 1999, CORAL REEFS, V18, P357 MEIJER ML, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V276, P457 MEIJER ML, 2000, BIOMANIPULATION NETH, P1 NICHOLSON S, 2000, REV GEOPHYS, V38, P117 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 PAINE RT, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P535 RAHMSTORF S, 1995, NATURE, V378, P145 REID PC, 1998, NATURE, V391, P546 REID PC, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P495 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P241 RINALDI S, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P507 SCHEFFER M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P475 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P272 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHELSKE C, 1992, RESTORATION AQUATIC, P393 SCHELSKE CL, 1999, P 14 DIAT S 1996, P367 SHIOMOTO A, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V150, P75 TAYLOR K, 1999, AM SCI, V87, P320 TILMAN D, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P281 TONGWAY DJ, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FU, P49 TUCKER CJ, 1999, AMBIO, V28, P587 VANDEKOPPEL J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P352 VANDERMEER J, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P1817 VERITY PG, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V130, P277 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WALKER BH, 1989, CONSERVATION 21 CENT, P121 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WANG GL, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P795 WANG GL, 2000, WATER RESOUR RES, V36, P1013 WILSON JB, 1992, ADV ECOL RES, V23, P263 ZENG N, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P1537 NR 61 TC 149 J9 NATURE BP 591 EP 596 PY 2001 PD OCT 11 VL 413 IS 6856 GA 480WE UT ISI:000171485700039 ER PT J AU Kesavan, PC Swaminathan, MS TI Managing extreme natural disasters in coastal areas SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 MS Swaminathan Res Fdn, Taramani Inst Area, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Kesavan, PC, MS Swaminathan Res Fdn, Taramani Inst Area, 3rd Cross St, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India. AB Extreme natural hazards, particularly the hydro-meteorological disasters, are emerging as a cause of major concern in the coastal regions of India and a few other developing countries. These have become more frequent in the recent past, and are taking a heavy toll of life and livelihoods. Low level of technology development in the rural areas together-with social, economic and gender inequities enhance the vulnerability of the largely illiterate, unskilled, and resource-poor fishing, farming and landless labour communities. Their resilience to bounce back to pre-disaster level of normality is highly limited. For the planet Earth at crossroads, the imminent threat, however, is from a vicious spiral among environmental degradation, poverty and climate change-related natural disasters interacting in a mutually reinforcing manner. These, in turn, retard sustainable development, and also wipe out any small gains made thereof. To counter this unacceptable trend, the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation has developed a biovillage paradigm and rural knowledge centres for ecotechnological and knowledge empowerment of the coastal communities at risk. Frontier science and technologies blended with traditional knowledge and ecological prudence result in ecotechnologies with pro-nature, pro-poor and pro-women orientation. The rural communities are given training and helped to develop capacity to adopt ecotechnologies for market-driven eco-enterprises. The modern information and communication-based rural knowledge centres largely operated by trained semi-literate young women provide time- and locale-specific information on weather, crop and animal husbandry, market trends and prices for local communities, healthcare, transport, education, etc. to the local communities. The ecotechnologies and time- and locale-specific information content development are need-based and chosen in a 'bottom-up' manner. The use of recombinant DNA technology for genetic shielding of agricultural crops for coastal regions against abiotic stress (induced by the water- and weather-related natural disasters), strengthens the foundations of sustainable agriculture undertaken by the resource poor small farm families. 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Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Drake, DC, US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. AB Detrimental effects of introduced fishes on native amphibian populations have prompted removal of introduced cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki), rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from naturally fishless lakes at Mt. Rainier National Park Washington (U.S.A.). Using paleolimnological indicators (diatoms, invertebrates, and sediment characteristics) in eight 480-year-old sediment cores from eight lakes we (1) derived estimates of baseline environmental conditions and natural variation, (2) assessed the effects of stocking naturally fishless lakes and (3) determined whether lakes returned to predisturbance conditions after fish removal (restoration). Diatom floras were relatively stable between 315 and 90 years before present in an lakes; we used this time period to define lake;specific "baseline" conditions. Dissimilarity analyses of diatoms revealed sustained, dramatic changes in diatom floras that occurred approximately, 80 years ago (when fish were introduced) in four of five stocked lakes whereas the diatom floras in two unstocked lakes had nor changed significantly in the last 315 years Diatoms were not preserved in an eighth lake. State changes also occurred in two lakes over 200 years before European settlement of the Pacific Northwest Preserved invertebrate densities fluctuated dramatically over time in all cores, providing a Pool reference for assessing the effects of fishes. Nevertheless, fish-invertebrate interactions have been demonstrated in other paleolimnological studies and may be useful for lower-elevation or more productive lakes Because diatom communities have not returned to predisturbance assemblages in restored lakes even 20-30 years after fish removal, we conclude that Mt Rainier lakes were not successfully restored by the removal of fishes. 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Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arct Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Berman, M, Univ Alaska, Inst Social & Econ Res, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. AB Climate warming and resource development could alter key Arctic ecosystem functions that support fish and wildlife resources harvested by local indigenous communities. A different set of global forces-government policies and tourism markets-increasingly directs local cash economies that communities use to support subsistence activities. Agent-based computational models (ABMs) contribute to an integrated assessment of community sustainability by simulating how people interact with each other and adapt to changing economic and environmental conditions. Relying on research and local knowledge to provide rules and parameters for individual and collective decision making, our ABM generates hypothetical social histories as adaptations to scenario-driven changes in environmental and economic conditions. The model generates projections for wage employment, cash income, subsistence harvests, and demographic change over four decades based on a set of user-defined scenarios for climate change, subsistence resources, development, and government spending. Model outcomes assess how scenarios associated with economic and climate change might affect the local economy, resource harvests, and the well-being of residents for the Western Arctic Canadian community of Old Crow, Yukon. The economic and demographic outcomes suggest implications for less quantifiable social and cultural changes. The model can serve as a discussion tool for a fuller exploration of community sustainability and adaptation issues. 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Perry Inst Marine Sci, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, New York, NY 10024 USA. Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Affairs & Policy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Arizona, Bur Appl Res Anthropol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Cranfield Univ, Inst Water & Environm, Silsoe MK45 4DT, Beds, England. RP Mumby, PJ, Univ Exeter, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Sch Biosci, Prince Wales Rd, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England. AB Since the mass mortality of the urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983, parrotfishes have become the dominant grazer on Caribbean reefs. The grazing capacity of these fishes could be impaired if marine reserves achieve their long-term goal of restoring large consumers, several of which prey on parrotfishes. Here we compare the negative impacts of enhanced predation with the positive impacts of reduced fishing mortality on parrotfishes inside reserves. Because large-bodied parrotfishes escape the risk of predation from a large piscivore (the Nassau grouper), the predation effect reduced grazing by only 4 to 8%. This impact was overwhelmed by the increase in density of large parrotfishes, resulting in a net doubling of grazing. Increased grazing caused a fourfold reduction in the cover of macroalgae, which, because they are the principal competitors of corals, highlights the potential importance of reserves for coral reef resilience. CR BROWMAN HI, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V274, P269 BRUGGEMANN JH, 1995, THESIS RIJKSUNIVERSI CARPENTER RC, 1986, ECOL MONOGR, V56, P345 CARPENTER RC, 1990, MAR BIOL, V104, P67 CLARO R, 2001, ECOLOGY MARINE FISHE DIAZPULIDO G, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V232, P115 EGGLESTON DB, 1998, B MAR SCI, V63, P111 GILL AB, 2003, J FISH BIOL A, V63, P105 GRAHAM NAJ, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P200 HAWKINS JP, 2004, BIOL CONSERV, V115, P213 HIXON MA, 1993, ECOL MONOGR, V63, P77 HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 JOMPA J, 2002, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V47, P527 KRAMER PA, 2003, ATOLL RES B, V496, P1 LESSIOS HA, 1984, SCIENCE, V226, P335 POLUNIN NVC, 1993, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V100, P167 RAKITIN A, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V131, P97 RUSS GR, 2002, CORAL REEF FISHES DY, P421 SLUKA RD, 1996, BAHAMAS J SCI, V3, P17 SOGARD SM, 1997, B MAR SCI, V60, P1129 STENECK RS, 1997, P 8 INT COR REEF S P, V1, P695 WAINWRIGHT PC, 2002, CORAL REEF FISHES DY, P33 WILLIAMS ID, 2001, CORAL REEFS, V19, P358 WINN HE, 1964, Z TIERPSYCHOL, V21, P798 NR 24 TC 13 J9 SCIENCE BP 98 EP 101 PY 2006 PD JAN 6 VL 311 IS 5757 GA 001ON UT ISI:000234546300042 ER PT J AU Shipworth, D Kenley, R TI Fitness landscapes and the Precautionary Principle: The geometry of environmental risk SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Melbourne, Fac Architecture Bldg & Planning, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RP Shipworth, D, Univ Melbourne, Fac Architecture Bldg & Planning, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. AB A generalized mathematical model for exploring the implications of the Precautionary Principle is developed. This model draws on recent developments in the field of complex adaptive systems theory. The existence and importance of the Precautionary Principle in the field of environmental law is taken as given and used as justification for the development of models for exploring the principle's implications. The Precautionary Principle is a legal mechanism for managing the environmental risk arising from incomplete scientific knowledge of a proposal's impacts. The Precautionary Principle is applied to actions that carry with them the potential for serious or irreversible environmental change. The model proposed in this paper draws on methods used in a range of disciplines for modeling (potentially highly nonlinear) interactions between multiple parts of a complex system. These methods have been drawn together under the common mathematical umbrella of Fitness Landscape Theory. It is argued that the model, called "Environmental Impact Fitness Landscapes," allows statements about the sensitivity of the gross effect from a set of impacts to be made when the number of impacts in the set, and/or their degree of interaction, is varied. It is argued that this can be achieved through identification of "meta" or "emergent" properties of the set itself, without reference to the specific causal chains determining behavior in specific instances. While such properties are very general, they may at least allow for the parameterization of the effects of sets of impacts where interactions are highly uncertain and empirical data severely limited, i.e., situations that would typically invoke the Precautionary Principle. 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SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Zurich Irchel, Inst Umweltwissensch, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Fairfield Univ, Fairfield, CT 06430 USA. RP Schlapfer, F, Univ Zurich Irchel, Inst Umweltwissensch, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. AB Recent ecological experiments suggest that the interannual stability of ecosystem productivity may be determined by the diversity of organisms present in the system. We investigate whether such effects of biotic diversity on ecosystem stability may translate into economic values and possibly into an economic argument for the maintenance of biodiversity in managed habitats. Applying a stochastic model from financial economics to long-term harvest data from a grassland ecosystem we examine the potential ``insurance'' value of plant diversity on the stability of yields and economic returns in a drought-sensitive agricultural setting. Putative insurance premiums priced as put options on revenues from hay yield were higher for fertilized low-diversity grassland than for unfertilized species-rich glassland. From this perspective the annual ``insurance value'' (differential insurance premiums required to lock in specific rates of returns) of diverse plant communities may amount to $3.50 to $6.00 per acre. The results suggest that increased costs of risk in species-poor fertilized grassland may affect the optimum level of fertilization making lower fertilizer input and concomitantly higher plant community diversity more desirable. CR *USDA, AGR STAT 1983 97 ACUTT M, 1999, M EUR ASS ENV RES EC BLACK F, 1973, J POLITICAL EC, V81, P637 CHAPIN FS, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P500 CHICHILNISKY G, 1997, PAINE WEBBER WORKING, V9706 CLARK RT, 1991, J PROD AGRIC, V4, P233 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES EHRLICH PR, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P758 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 FOSSE ER, 1993, B AM METEOROL SOC, V74, P1703 GIBSON R, 1988, OPTION VALUATION ANA GOSCHL T, 2000, ANAL RELATIONSHIP DE HANLEY N, 1995, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V5, P249 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUSTON MA, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V110, P449 LEPS J, 1982, VEGETATIO, V50, P53 MALHI SS, 1997, J PROD AGRIC, V10, P490 MCGRADYSTEED J, 1997, NATURE, V390, P162 MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 MELLINGER MV, 1975, ECOL MONOGR, V45, P161 METRICK A, 1998, J ECON PERSPECT, V12, P21 MONTGOMERY CA, 1994, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V26, P111 NAEEM S, 1997, NATURE, V390, P507 PERRINGS C, 2000, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V16, P185 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RIND D, 1990, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V95, P9983 SCHLAPFER F, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P893 SCHLAPFER F, 2001, JB OKOLOGISCHE OKONO, V2 SIMPSON RD, 1996, J POLIT ECON, V104, P163 SMITH C, 1979, HDB FINANCIAL EC SWANSON T, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P75 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 TILMAN D, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P350 TUCKER M, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P85 TUCKER M, 1998, MONOCULTURE VERSUS I WEITZMAN ML, 1992, Q J ECON, V107, P363 ZHU YY, 2000, NATURE, V406, P718 NR 38 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 89 EP 100 PY 2002 PD JAN VL 21 IS 1 GA 530HZ UT ISI:000174353400005 ER PT J AU Ross, A Pickering, K TI The politics of reintegrating Australian Aboriginal and American Indian indigenous knowledge into resource management: The dynamics of resource appropriation and cultural revival SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci Anthropol & Archaeol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Sch Nat & Rural Syst Management, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. RP Pickering, K, Colorado State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB As the United States and Australia struggle with contemporary crises over competing uses of rapidly depleting natural resources, there are striking parallels between American Indian and Australian Aboriginal communities demanding a place at the management table and offering culturally based understandings of and solutions for the ecosystems at risk. These efforts to integrate indigenous knowledge into mainstream natural resource management are part of larger legal and political debates over land tenure, the locus of control, indigenous self-governance, and holistic ecosystems management. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Deutsch, L, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. 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Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. PBS&J, Ecol Sci Div, Miami, FL 33172 USA. RP Aronson, RB, Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. AB Some authors argue that overfishing is an important reason that reef corals have declined in recent decades. Their reasoning is that overfishing removes herbivores, releasing macroalgae to overgrow and kill the corals. The evidence suggests, however, that global climate change and emergent marine diseases make a far greater contribution to coral mortality, and that macroalgae generally grow on the exposed skeletal surfaces of corals that are already dead. Macroalgal dominance, therefore, is an effect rather than a cause of coral mortality. Marine protected areas (MPAs), which are usually established to protect stocks of reef fish, foster populations of herbivorous fish under at least some circumstances. 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2006 PD AUG VL 25 IS 3 GA 074VQ UT ISI:000239840300019 ER PT J AU Sherman, K Duda, AM TI An ecosystem approach to global assessment and management of coastal waters SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Global Environm Facil Secretariat, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Sherman, K, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. AB Since the Rio Summit in 1992 the public has become increasingly aware that coastal ecosystems are under significant threat from pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. However, little progress has been made in sustained global actions to reverse their degraded state. It has been no small feat for the world community to come to agreement on international instruments identifying environmental and resource problems, but it is another matter altogether to muster the scientific community and the political will to enact necessary policy reforms and devote necessary funding to restore and protect valuable marine ecosystems. An ecosystems approach is emerging for the assessment and management of coastal waters around the globe utilizing modular strategies for linking science-based assessments of the changing states of large marine ecosystems to socioeconomic benefits expected from achieving long-term sustainability of their resources. To assist developing countries in implementing the ecosystems approach to marine resources development and sustainability in international waters, the Global Environment Facility and its $2 billion trust fund has been opened to universal participation that builds on partnerships with the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the World Bank. 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Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bradshaw, GA, USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB As global environmental problems intensify, ecology is increasingly drawn into the social arena, and many ecologists feel caught between two competing models of science: a science apart from society and a science directly engaged with society. Interdisciplinary research and integrative theories are helping resolve this conflict by providing a common framework for both biophysical and social sciences. The incorporation of the human dimension into ecology is reversing a century-old trend of separation and reintegrating science into the human experience. 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Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Turner, NJ, Univ Victoria, Sch Environm Studies, POB 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 DEUR D, 2005, KEEPING IT LIVING TR DIAMOND J, 2005, COLLAPSE SOC CHOOSE REDMAN C, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT TAINTER JA, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC TURNER NJ, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1275 TURNER NJ, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P439 TURNER NJ, 2005, EARTH BLANKET TRADIT NR 11 TC 0 J9 HUM ECOL BP 475 EP 478 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 34 IS 4 GA 090VQ UT ISI:000240981100001 ER PT J AU Allenby, BR TI Earth systems engineering and management SO IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 AT&T Headquarters, Environm Hlth & Safety, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920 USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Int & Publ Affairs, New York, NY USA. RP Allenby, BR, AT&T Headquarters, Environm Hlth & Safety, 150 Mt Airy Rd, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920 USA. 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CR ADAMS RM, 1978, P AM PHILOS SOC, V122, P329 BUCKLEY W, 1968, MODERN SYSTEMS RES B, P490 BUTZER KW, AM ANTIQUITY BUTZER KW, 1976, EARLY HYDRAULIC CIVI BUTZER KW, 1980, CAUSES CONSEQUENCES CHORLEY RJ, 1971, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY S CLARKE DL, 1968, ANAL ARCHAEOLOGY MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 RAPPAPORT RA, 1977, EVOLUTION SOCIAL SYS, V1, P49 WITTFOGEL K, 1957, ORIENTAL DESPOTISM NR 10 TC 24 J9 AMER SCI BP 517 EP 523 PY 1980 VL 68 IS 5 GA KJ437 UT ISI:A1980KJ43700008 ER PT J AU Holling, CS Allen, CR TI Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, CR, Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. AB Strong inference is a powerful and rapid tool that can be used to identify and explain patterns in molecular biology, cell biology, and physiology. it is effective where causes are single and separable and where discrimination between pairwise alternative hypotheses can be determined experimentally by a simple yes or no answer. But causes in ecological systems are multiple and overlapping and are not entirely separable. Frequently, competing hypotheses cannot be distinguished by a single unambiguous test, but only by a suite of tests of different kinds, that produce a body of evidence to support one line of argument and not others. We call this process "adaptive inference". Instead of pitting each member of a pair of hypotheses against each other, adaptive inference relies on the exuberant invention of multiple, competing hypotheses, after which carefully structured comparative data are used to explore the logical consequences of each. Herein we present an example that demonstrates the attributes of adaptive inference that have developed out of a 30-year study of the resilience of ecosystems. 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STANFORD UNIV,CTR CONSERVAT BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP Roughgarden, J, STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. AB With the collapse of fisheries in many parts of the world causing widespread economic harm, attention is focused on a possible cause and remedy of fishery collapse, Economic theory for managing a renewable resource, such as a fishery, leads to an ecologically unstable equilibrium as difficult to maintain as balancing a marble on top of a dome, A fishery should be managed for ecological stability instead-in the analogy, as easy to maintain as keeping a marble near the base of a bowl, The goal of ecological stability is achieved if the target stock is above that producing maximum sustainable yield and harvested at less than the maximum sustainable yield, The cost of managing for ecological stability, termed ''natural insurance,'' is low if the fishery is sufficiently productive, This cost is shown to pay for itself over the long term in a variable and uncertain environment, An ecologically stable target stock may be attained either with annually variable quotas following current practice or, preferably, through a market mechanism whereby fish are taxed at dockside if caught when the stock was below target and are untaxed otherwise, In this regulatory environment, the goal of maximizing short-term revenue coincides with the goal of ecological stability, thereby also maximizing long-term revenue, This new approach to fishery management is illustrated with the recently collapsed Newfoundland fishing industry. The Newfoundland cod fishery is expected to rebuild to an ecologically stable level in about 9 years and thereafter support an annual harvest of about 75% of the 1981-1990 average. 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PEI Dept Agr & Forestry, Charlottetown, PE C1A 7N3, Canada. St Marys Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. RP Nowak, J, Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hort, Saunders Hall 0327, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. AB Historically, agricultural production has relied on practices designed to manage nutrients, water, weeds, and crop diseases. Precision agriculture and integrated pest management programs have gone one step further by recognizing the need to target inputs where they are required in the field. The major objective of these programs has been to minimize adverse environmental impacts of intensive agriculture practices and reduce per unit production costs. This review surveys the literature, examining the manipulation of microbial (primarily bacterial) populations as linked to agricultural production, and discusses new approaches that involve the precision management of microorganisms in the agro-ecosystem. 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YUNASA IAM, 2003, PLANT SOIL, V257, P261 ZAHIR ZA, 1998, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V30, P2185 ZANETTI S, 1996, PLANT PHYSIOL, V112, P575 ZECHMEISTERBOLTENSTERN S, 1998, BIOL FERT SOILS, V26, P354 ZELLES L, 1992, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V24, P317 ZHENG XY, 2000, BIOCONTROL, V45, P223 NR 308 TC 0 J9 CRIT REV PLANT SCI BP 175 EP 193 PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 GA 814RR UT ISI:000220992300005 ER PT J AU Madlener, R Stagl, S TI Sustainability-guided promotion of renewable electricity generation SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 ETH Zentrum, CEPE, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Madlener, R, ETH Zentrum, CEPE, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. AB in recent years, the threat of global climate change, high fuel import dependence, and rapidly rising electricity demand levels have intensified the quest for more sustainable energy systems. This in turn has increased the need for policy makers to promote electricity generation from renewable energy sources. Guaranteed prices coupled with a buy-back obligation for electricity fed into the grid is a popular renewables promotion instrument, especially in Europe. More recently, driven mainly by electricity market liberalisation efforts, quota targets for the share of renewables in combination with tradable 'green' certificates (TGC) have received considerable attention. TGC offer a greater theoretical potential for economic efficiency gains, due to price competition and the greater flexibility assigned to the obliged parties. While guaranteed prices and TGC schemes support the operation of renewable energy technology systems, bidding schemes for renewable energy generation capacity are used to raise economic efficiency on the plant construction side. All of these policy instruments suffer from the shortcoming that they do not explicitly account for the often widely varying environmental, social and economic impacts of the technologies concerned. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the design of renewable energy policy instruments that is based on integrated assessment. In particular, we argue that using participatory multicriteria evaluation as part of the design of renewable energy promotion policies would make it possible: (1) to differentiate the level of promotion in a systematic and transparent manner according to their socio-ecological economic impact, and (2) to explicitly account for the preferences of stakeholders. A further problem of existing TGC and bidding schemes is that diversity of supply could be severely diminished, if few low-cost technologies were allowed to dominate the renewable energy market. To ensure a certain diversity of technologies, our scheme suggests the use of different technology bands for technologies that are relatively homogeneous with respect to their maturity. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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TSOUTSOS T, 2005, ENERG POLICY, V33, P289 VATN A, 2004, LAND ECON, V80, P1 VERBRUGGEN A, 2004, ENERG POLICY, V32, P165 VRIES HJ, 2003, ECNC03071 WALSH M, 2002, P WORLD REN EN C 7 W WALTON AL, 1990, CONTEMP POLICY ISSUE, V8, P240 WATSON J, 2004, ENERG POLICY, V32, P1981 WEEDY BM, 1989, ELECTR POW SYST RES, V16, P217 WEITZMAN ML, 1974, REV ECON STUD, V41, P477 WISER R, 1998, UTILITIES POLICY, V8, P107 WOHLGEMUTH N, 2000, NAEE C INT EUR EN MA WYNNE B, 1992, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V2, P111 NR 133 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 147 EP 167 PY 2005 PD APR 15 VL 53 IS 2 GA 928LZ UT ISI:000229274400001 ER PT J AU Paine, RT Tegner, MJ Johnson, EA TI Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Calgary, Kananaskis Field Stn, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Paine, RT, Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AB All species have evolved in the presence of disturbance, and thus are in a sense matched to the recurrence pattern of the perturbations. Consequently, disturbances within the typical range, even at the extreme of that range as defined by large, infrequent disturbances (LIDs), usually result in little long-term change to the system's fundamental character. We argue that more serious ecological consequences result from compounded perturbations within the normative recovery time of the community in question. We consider both physically based disturbance (for example, storm, volcanic eruption, and forest fire) and biologically based disturbance of populations, such as overharvesting, invasion, and disease, and their interactions. Dispersal capability and measures of generation time or age to first reproduction of the species of interest seem to be the important metrics for scaling the size and frequency of disturbances among different types of ecosystems. We develop six scenarios that describe communities that have been subjected to multiple perturbations, either simultaneously or at a rate faster than the rate of recovery, and appear to have entered new domains or "ecological surprises." In some cases, three or more disturbances seem to have been required to initiate the changed state. We argue that in a world of ever-more-pervasive anthropogenic impacts on natural communities coupled with the increasing certainty of global change, compounded perturbations and ecological surprises will become more common. Understanding these ecological synergisms will be basic to environmental management decisions of the 21st century. 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RP ARRHENIUS, E, UNIV STOCKHOLM,INST MAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. AB Population growth rate has been shown to decline with development. The flow of greenhouse active gases to and from the atmosphere, which is associated with several activities in society, is used to demonstrate that development, based on present techniques and projections of developed countries' industrial systems, is associated with insurmountable economic constraints and is also not sustainable. It is argued that this is because present development organization is hampered in its efficient natural-resource management by conservative procurement activities. This is claimed to be due to the fact that the market-oriented economic theory which dominates present development activities, has a low capacity to pragmatically attack the problem complex of natural-resource management, a process where several independent infrastructure subsystems interact with the same function in ecological systems by different mechanisms. It is proposed that the governance of development should be analyzed in terms of management, transactions and property rights and their influence on the structure and function of the development organization, emphasizing the efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. CR 1990, CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC 1991, OTAE486 1991, WORLD DEV REPORT 1992, IN PRESS ASSESSMENT ARRHENIUS E, 1990, 78 WORLD BANK DISC P ARRHENIUS E, 1990, GREENHOUSE EFFECT PO ARRHENIUS E, 1990, PROSPECTS REDUCING G ARRHENIUS S, 1896, PHILOS MAG 5, V41, P237 BOUWMAN AF, 1990, SOILS GREENHOUSE EFF COASE R, 1992, IN PRESS PRIX NOBEL FOURIER JB, 1827, MEM ACAD R SCI I FRA, V7, P569 GOLDEMBERG J, 1988, ENERGY SUSTAINABLE W HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JHIRAD D, 1990, ANNU REV ENERGY, V15, P365 KEYFITZ N, 1991, PRESERVING GLOBAL EN, P39 KIM OK, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P56 OSHIMA HT, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P102 NR 17 TC 2 J9 AMBIO BP 9 EP 13 PY 1992 PD FEB VL 21 IS 1 GA HL287 UT ISI:A1992HL28700003 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ TI The 2000 Kenneth Boulding Memorial Award SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Design & Rural Planning, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med & Dent, London, ON, Canada. RP Rapport, DJ, Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Design & Rural Planning, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. CR BOULDING KE, 1945, EC PEACE BOULDING KE, 1956, IMAGE KNOWLEDGE LIFE BOULDING KE, 1962, CONFLICT DEFENSE GEN BOULDING KE, 1970, PRIMER SOCIAL DYNAMI BOULDING KE, 1973, EC LOVE FEAR PREFACE BOULDING KE, 1978, ECODYNAMICS NEW THEO BOULDING KE, 1978, STABLE PEACE BOULDING KE, 1985, HUMAN BETTERMENT BOULDING KE, 1989, BIBLIO AUTOBIOGRAPHY, P3 GUNDERSON LH, 2001, IN PRESS CREATING SU HOLLING CS, 1965, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V45, P1 HOLLING CS, 1966, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V48, P1 HOLLING CS, 1969, S BROOKH S BIOL, V22 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, BIOSCIENCE, V23, P13 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P552 HOLLING CS, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC HOLLING CS, 1995, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 RAPPORT DJ, 1996, ECOL ECON, V17, P67 NR 23 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 361 EP 364 PY 2001 PD FEB VL 36 IS 2 GA 401XB UT ISI:000166953200017 ER PT J AU Keilis-Borok, VI Shebalin, PN Zaliapin, IV TI Premonitory patterns of seismicity months before a large earthquake: Five case histories in Southern California SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Int Inst Earthquake Predict Theory & Math Geophys, Moscow 113556, Russia. RP Zaliapin, IV, Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. AB This article explores the problem of short-term earthquake prediction based on spatio-temporal variations of seismicity. Previous approaches to this problem have used precursory seismicity patterns that precede large earthquakes with "intermediate" lead times of years. Examples include increases of earthquake correlation range and increases of seismic activity. Here, we look for a renormalization of these patterns that would reduce the predictive lead time from years to months. We demonstrate a combination of renormalized patterns that preceded within 1-7 months five large (M greater than or equal to 6.4) strike-slip earthquakes in southeastern California since 1960. An algorithm for short-term prediction is formulated. The algorithm is self-adapting to the level of seismicity: it can be transferred without readaptation from earthquake to earthquake and from area to area. Exhaustive retrospective tests show that the algorithm is stable to variations of its adjustable elements. This finding encourages further tests in other regions. The final test, as always, should be advance prediction. The suggested algorithm has a simple qualitative interpretation in terms of deformations around a soon-to-break fault: the blocks surrounding that fault began to move as a whole. A more general interpretation comes from the phenomenon of self-similarity since our premonitory patterns retain their predictive power after renormalization to smaller spatial and temporal scales. The suggested algorithm is designed to provide a short-term approximation to an intermediate-term prediction. It remains unclear whether it could be used independently. It seems worthwhile to explore similar renormalizations for other premonitory seismicity patterns. 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UN,COMMISS SUSTAINABLE DEV,NEW YORK,NY 10017. RP vanAsselt, MBA, EAWAG,HUMAN ECOL GRP,UEBERLANDSTR 133,CH-8600 DUBENDORF,SWITZERLAND. AB In the context of integrated assessment, the authors address the issue of uncertainty and subjectivity in modelling, In relating bias to different perspectives, the authors introduce the methodology of multiple model routes, which are reflections of different perceptions of reality and various policy preferences, As heuristic they use three perspectives, which are distinguished in cultural theory, The article describes case studies on the population and climate issue in order to illustrate the possibilities of their approach, The article concludes with discussing the achievements and limitations. 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RP Breckenridge, LP, Northeastern Univ, Sch Law, Boston, MA 02115 USA. CR 1994, CHI KENT L REV, V69, P847 1994, TULANE ENV LJ, V8, P1 1995, FED REG, V60, P53799 1995, FED REG, V60, P63053 1996, DUKE ENV L POLY F, V7, P1 1997, ECOLOGY LQ, V24, P619 1997, FED REG, V62, P48445 1998, FED REG, V63, P14109 1998, FED REG, V63, P17667 1998, FED REG, V63, P41949 1998, FED REG, V63, P45156 1998, NATURE CONSERVAN MAY, P12 *BUR RES PROT, 1998, GRANT LOAN PROGR OPP *CARN COMM SCI TEC, 1993, FAC GOV NONG ORG SCI *DEP AGR, 1998, EPA840R98001, P81 *KEYST CTR, 1996, KEYST NAT POL DIAL E *NAT CONS CTR COMP, 1996, CIT GUID ACH HLTH CO *US EPA ASS WAT PR, 1995, EPA841R95003 ASS WAT *US EPA OFF WAT, 1997, EPA840F97001 OFF WAT *US EPA OFF WAT, 1997, EPA841B97008 OFF WAT *US EPA OFF WAT, 1997, EPA841R97011 OFF WAT *US EPA OFF WAT, 1997, MON WAT QUAL EPA VOL *US EPA, 1995, EPA841R95004 ASS WAT *US EPA, 1996, EPA840S96001 *US EPA, 1997, 230B96003 EPA OFF SU *US EPA, 1997, EPA100R97003 *US EPA, 1997, GUID FIN TOOLS ADLER RW, 1995, ENV L, V25, P973 ANKERSEN TT, 1996, J LAND USE ENV L, V11, P473 BEATLEY T, 1995, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI, P75 BERNARD T, 1997, ECOLOGY HOPE COMMUNI BOSSELMAN FP, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P707 BRECKENRIDGE LP, 1995, VT L REV, V19, P363 BRECKENRIDGE LP, 1995, VT L REV, V19, P403 BRODY E, 1996, NEW YORK LAW SCH LAW, V40, P457 BURESH JC, 1986, YALE LAW J, V95, P1433 CAPUTO D, 1997, ENV L REP, V27, P10574 CHEEVER F, 1996, DENV U L REV, V73, P1087 CHEEVER F, 1996, DENVER U LAW REV, V73, P1077 CLARK D, 1996, J ENV L LITIG, V11, P9 DIMAGGIO PJ, 1991, NEW I ORG ANAL, P63 DOREMUS H, ECOLOGY LQ, V25, P708 DOREMUS H, 1991, ECOL LAW QUART, V18, P265 DUANE TP, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P771 EBBIN MJ, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P695 ENDICOTT E, 1993, LAND CONSERVATION PU FARRIER D, 1995, HARV ENV L REV, V19, P346 FARRIER D, 1995, HARVARD ENVIRON LAW, V19, P303 FLOURNOY AC, 1996, DUKE ENV L POLY F, V7, P105 FLOURNOY AC, 1996, DUKE ENV L POLY F, V7, P120 FRAMPTON G, 1996, DUKE ENV L POLY F, V7, P39 FREEMAN J, 1997, UCLA LAW REV, V45, P1 FREEMAN J, 1997, UCLA LAW REV, V45, P18 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN HALL PD, 1987, NONPROFIT SECTOR RES, P3 HALL PD, 1992, INVENTING NONPROFIT, P13 HANSMANN H, 1996, OWNERSHIP ENTERPRISE, P4 HOUCK OA, 1989, U COLO L REV, V60, P773 HOUCK OA, 1989, U COLO L REV, V60, P836 HOUCK OA, 1997, ENV L REP, V27, P10391 HOUCK OA, 1997, MINN LAW REV, V81, P869 JASANOFF S, 1990, 5 BRANCH SCI ADV POL, P14 KNAUER NJ, 1997, NYL SCH L REV, V41, P945 LIN AC, 1996, ECOL LAW QUART, V23, P369 LONG FJ, 1995, POWER ENV PARTNERSHI MANDELKER DR, 1989, CHI KENT L REV, V65, P479 MANDELKER DR, 1989, CHI KENT L REV, V65, P480 MICHAELS S, 1999, IN PRESS POLY STUD J, V27 MILOFSKY C, 1988, COMMUNITY ORG STUDIE OSBORNE D, 1993, REINVENTING GOVT ENT OSTROM E, 1993, NONPROFIT ORG MARKET, P23 OSTROM E, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS ENV, P33 RUHL JB, 1991, SW LAW J, V44, P1393 RUHL JB, 1995, U COLO L REV, V66, P555 RUHL JB, 1996, DUKE LAW J, V45, P849 RUHL JB, 1996, VANDERBILT LAW REV, V49, P1407 RUHL JB, 1997, HOUS L REV, V34, P933 SALAMON LM, 1995, PARTNERS PUBLIC SERV, P8 SAWHILL JC, 1996, ENV MGMT, V20, P790 SAWHILL JC, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P789 SAWHILL JC, 1998, NATURE CONSERVAN JAN, P5 SAWHILL JC, 1998, NATURE CONSERVAN JAN, P5 SAWHILL JC, 1998, NATURE CONSERVAN JAN, P6 SAX J, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P883 SCOTT WR, 1998, ORG RATIONAL NATURAL, P82 SMITH SR, 1993, NONPROFITS HIRE WELF STEINZOR RI, 1998, HARVARD ENVIRON LAW, V22, P103 TARLOCK AD, 1993, U CHICAGO LAW REV, V60, P555 TARLOCK AD, 1993, U CHICAGO LAW REV, V60, P562 TARLOCK AD, 1996, PAC LJ, V27, P1629 TARLOCK AD, 1996, PAC LJ, V27, P1652 TOBER JA, 1989, WILDLIFE PUBLIC INTE WARE A, 1989, PROFIT STATE INTERME, P257 WEINER J, 1994, BEAK FINCH STORY EVO WEISBROD BA, 1997, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V16, P541 WELNER J, 1995, STANFORD LAW REV, V47, P319 WELNER J, 1995, STANFORD LAW REV, V47, P346 WHEELER DP, 1997, ECOL LAW QUART, V24, P623 WIENER JB, 1995, ECOL LAW QUART, V22, P325 WIENER JB, 1995, ECOLOGY LQ, V22, P334 NR 100 TC 6 J9 ECOL LAW QUART BP 692 EP 706 PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 GA 189WF UT ISI:000079928600014 ER PT J AU Pickup, G Bastin, GN Chewings, VH TI Identifying trends in land degradation in non-equilibrium rangelands SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Ctr Arid Zone Res, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. RP Pickup, G, CSIRO Land & Water, POB 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. AB 1. Change in environmental conditions in the complex non-equilibrium rangelands of arid Australia is difficult to monitor. We show how trends in rangeland condition can be identified from changes over time in the pattern of vegetation growth across gradients of differing grazing intensity. 2. Grazing intensity was measured indirectly using distance from water. Vegetation growth was derived from remotely sensed vegetation index values before and after large rainfalls, The amount of growth was adjusted for initial vegetation cover to give a standard measure of vegetation response. 3. A vegetation response ratio was derived by comparing areas less than 4 km from water with benchmark areas further away. Systematic changes in this ratio over time indicate a trend. 4. Ratio values from test areas suggested decline, improvement and no change, consistent with recent management history. 5. The method can be applied where the whole area is affected by grazing and relatively pristine benchmarks are unavailable. It could therefore be useful in the semi-arid rangelands where paddocks are smaller than in the arid part of Australia. It also has possible uses in the rangelands of Africa and the Americas. There is potential for applying the method to traditional grazing systems as well as to commercial pastoralism. 6. The method is cheaper and more effective than other techniques and increases the capacity of grazing gradient-based monitoring schemes for arid and semi-arid areas. 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Univ Lapland, Arctic Ctr, FIN-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Fac Biosci, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Whiteman, G, Erasmus Univ, Rotterdam Sch Management, Dept Business Soc Management, POB 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. AB This paper discusses the role of companies in high-latitude regions, which are conceptualized as socially and economically mediated ecosystems, and identifies a number of important social actors within the business environment. We present three examples of corporate activity at high latitudes and discuss a variety of common threads. Notably, we argue that business theory and practice needs to move beyond a narrow social or economic concept of organizational resilience and embrace the ecological resilience of high-latitude regions as a business management goal. We also suggest that regional ecosystem resilience needs to become a meaningful measure of sustainable corporate governance, one that corporate boards of directors can review and commit to. The paper concludes with a call for a detailed research agenda on the role of transnational and national companies within high-latitude regions. CR CHAPIN FS, 1996, AM NAT, V148, P1016 CHAPIN FS, 1998, CONSERV ECOL, V2, P1 CHAPIN FS, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P344 COUTU DL, 2002, HARVARD BUS REV, V5, P46 DRIESSEN P, 2002, BP PETROLEUM PROBITY DRIESSEN P, 2003, REV I PUBLIC AFFAIRS, V1, P13 FOLKE C, 2002, ICSU TECH REPORT, V3, P1 FORBES BC, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P377 FORBES BC, 2004, ENCY ENERGY, P93 FREEMAN SF, 2003, ACAD MGMT BEST PAPER GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HART SL, 2003, ACAD MANAGE EXEC, V2, P56 HELLSTROM E, 1995, EUROPEAN FOREST I RE, V3 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JEFFERIES RL, 2002, APPL VEG SCI, V5, P7 KING A, 1995, ACAD MANAGE REV, V20, P961 MURPHY C, 2002, FORTUNE 0916 NESMITH J, 2003, SEATTLE POST 0723 REED D, 2002, J BUS ETHICS, V3, P223 REVKIN AC, 2002, NY TIMES 1118, V18, P20 SHRIVASTAVA P, 1994, ORGAN STUD, V15, P705 WEICK K, 1993, ADM SCI Q, V38, P638 WESTLEY F, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P391 WHITEMAN G, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 NR 24 TC 2 J9 AMBIO BP 371 EP 376 PY 2004 PD AUG VL 33 IS 6 GA 848OZ UT ISI:000223478300020 ER PT J AU Habron, GB TI Adoption of conservation practices by agricultural landowners in three Oregon watersheds SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Sociol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Habron, GB, Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. AB A community-based adaptive management framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek, rand Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects, and 2) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners. Data are derived from a 1998 landowner mail survey with a 53% response rate. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting, and installing fish screens on irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation, and discussion of conservation with others. The key factors predicting adoption of best management practices depended on the kind of best management practice implemented. CR ABOUD A, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P447 BORMANN BT, 1999, ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSH CARLSON JE, 1983, RURAL SOCIOL, V48, P183 CHRISTIANSON EH, 1992, HUM ORGAN, V51, P99 CODY RP, 1997, APPL STAT SAS PROGRA COUGHENOUR CM, 2003, RURAL SOCIOL, V68, P278 FELDMAN S, 1995, RURAL SOCIOL, V60, P23 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HABRON G, 2003, ENVIRON MANAGE, V31, P29 HABRON GB, 2002, ENV VIEWS RESTLESS W, P101 HILBORN R, 1987, N AM J FISH MAN, V7, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KRAFT SE, 1996, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V51, P494 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LOCKERETZ W, 1990, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V45, P517 MCBETH MK, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P401 MOBERG M, 1994, HUM ORGAN, V53, P160 NAPIER TL, 2002, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V57, P229 NOWAK PJ, 1987, RURAL SOCIOL, V52, P208 PAMPEL F, 1977, RURAL SOCIOL, V42, P57 RAMSEY FL, 1997, STAT SLEUTH COURSE M ROGERS EM, 1983, DIFFUSION INNOVATION SALANT P, 1994, CONDUCT YOUR OWN SUR SALTIEL J, 1994, RURAL SOCIOL, V59, P333 SCHUSTER EG, 1983, INT320 USDA FOR SERV SOLECKI WD, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P441 SROFF MC, 1995, THESIS OREGON STATE VANES JC, 1987, RURAL SOCIOL, V52, P389 WEJNERT B, 2002, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V28, P297 WU JJ, 1998, AM J AGR ECON, V80, P494 NR 30 TC 0 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV BP 109 EP 115 PY 2004 PD MAY-JUN VL 59 IS 3 GA 821WJ UT ISI:000221493500006 ER PT J AU de la Torre-Castro, M TI Beyond regulations in fisheries management: The dilemmas of the "beach recorders" Bwana dikos in Zanzibar, Tanzania SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP de la Torre-Castro, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Institutions and organizations are considered key elements for the successful management of natural resources. However, much of the work in this field has focused mainly on regulations. This paper identifies other factors, i.e., normative, cultural-cognitive, and psychological, affecting institutional performance, management, and feedback. Using the case of Zanzibar, Tanzania, it is illustrated through the analysis of the Bwana Dikos, which are public officials placed in villages and landing sites for monitoring purposes, how a well-designed organization and clear regulations might be necessary, but not sufficient, to achieve successful management. Through triangulation of interviews, document reviews, and participant observation, it was found that four dilemmas, i.e., kinship, loyalty, poverty, and control, interfered with institutional performance, thereby decreasing efficiency. Poverty was the main driving factor explaining the Bwana Diko's performance, but loyalty elements crosscut the other dilemmas as well. Psychological aspects were important and deserve further research. The control dilemma refers to the institutional mismatches in spatial and cognitive terms. Lack of institutional replication at the proper spatial scales negatively affected the resilience of the whole institutional setting. Furthermore, the importance of embeddedness, coproduction, and windows of opportunities to improve the institutional setting and the poverty condition of the Bwana Diko is discussed. This paper shows that a broad view of institutions is urgently needed to understand the complexity of social-ecological systems, achieve sustainability goals, tackle development, and meet our fundamental challenge, poverty alleviation. 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SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Comparat Polit, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. Univ Bergen, Norwegian Res Ctr Org & Management, Bergen, Norway. RP Grendstad, G, Univ Bergen, Dept Comparat Polit, Christies Gate 15, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. AB Cultural Theory distinguishes between myths of human and physical nature as two integrated aspects of four cultural biases: hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism,These biases serve as individuals' key orientations toward, for example, risk perception, public policy, and political preference. Myths of human and physical nature draw upon different intellectual histories, and an epistemological merger between the two aspects is not unproblematic. A self-administered mail survey of organized environmentalists in Norway included the theory's graphical description of myths of physical nature and verbal descriptions of myths of human nature. The respondents understood the logic of the myths of physical nature well and did not have problems in ranking them, thereby disconfirming the theory's claim that any of the myths appear irrational from the perspective of any other. The empirical results show that respondents gave the highest priority to the hierarchical myth of physical nature and that they also endorsed the egalitarian myth of human nature. Although this outcome may appear irrational from a theoretical perspective, the authors argue that (Grid/group) Cultural Theory is best served by treating the myths of physical and human nature as logically independent of one another. 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CR 1975, AGR PRODUCTION EFFIC 1979, BROWN PLANT HOPPER T 1980, IRRI1979 ANN REP, P202 1981, IRRI1980 ANN REP, P202 1982, AGROECOSYSTEM ANAL N 1982, TAMBON VILLAGE AGR S 1984, OBJECTIVES STRATEGY 1984, SUSTAINABILITY AGR I 1985, CRITICAL UPLANDS E J 1985, SWAMPLAND AGROECOSYS 1986, WATER POLLUTION FARM ALTIERI MA, 1986, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V1, P30 AMMERMAN AJ, 1971, MAN, V6, P674 ASTON TH, 1981, SOCIAL RELATIONS IDE ATKINSON AB, 1970, J ECON THEORY, V2, P244 ATKINSON AB, 1975, EC INEQUALITY AULT W, 1965, T AM PHILOS SOC, V55, P5 BAKER JH, 1983, ENVIRON POLLUT A, V31, P149 BAUMHOFF MA, 1963, U CALIFORNIA PUBLICA, V49, P155 BENDER B, 1975, FARMING PREHISTORY H BOSERUP E, 1965, CONDITIONS AGR GROWT BOWERS JK, 1983, AGR COUNTRYSIDE LAND BRAIDWOOD RJ, 1960, STUDIES ANCIENT ORIE, V31 BRAIDWOOD RJ, 1962, VIKING FUND PUBL ANT, V32 BRAY W, 1977, HUNTERS GATHERERS 1S, P225 BROWN LR, 1984, 60 WORLDW I WORLDW P CHAMBERS R, 1986, POVERTY INDIA CONCEP CHECKLAND P, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS CHILDE VG, 1936, MAN MAKES HIMSELF CHORLEY GPH, 1981, ECON HIST REV, V34, P71 CLARK G, 1976, PHIL T ROY SOC LON B, V265, P5 CLARK JGD, 1965, P PREHIST SOC, V21, P58 CLEAVER HM, 1972, AM ECON REV, V72, P177 COHEN MN, 1977, FOOD CRISIS PREHISTO COLLIER WL, 1973, B INDONES ECON STUD, V9, P36 COLLIER WL, 1974, FOOD RES I STUD, V13, P169 COLLIER WL, 1977, DEV CHANGE, V8, P351 CONWAY GR, 1982, AGROECOSYSTEM ANAL N CONWAY GR, 1982, COMMUNICATION CONWAY GR, 1983, NATURE, V302, P288 CONWAY GR, 1984, PAPERS SCI TECHNOLOG, V6 CONWAY GR, 1985, ACIAR P, V11 CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADMIN, V20, P31 CONWAY GR, 1985, AGROECOSYSTEM ANAL N CONWAY GR, 1986, AGROECOSYSTEM ANAL R CONWAY GR, 1986, AGROECOSYSTEMS BUHI CROSSON PR, 1982, RESOURCE ENV EFFECTS DENNELL RW, 1975, PALAEOECONOMY ENGELBERG J, 1979, AM NAT, V114, P317 ERNLE, 1961, ENGLISH FARMING PAST FIELDS GS, 1980, POVERTY INEQUALITY D FLANNERY KV, 1969, DOMESTICATION EXPLOI FRANKEL FR, 1971, INDIAS GREEN REVOLUT FRISSEL MJ, 1977, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V4, P1 GASTWIRTH JL, 1972, REV ECON STAT, V54, P306 GINI C, 1912, VARIABILITA MUTABILI GRABOWSKI R, 1981, EC DEV CULTURAL CHAN, V29, P177 GRAS NSB, 1925, HIST AGR GRAY HL, 1915, ENGLISH FIELD SYSTEM GRIFFIN K, 1974, POLITICAL EC AGRARIA GRIME JP, 1979, PLANT STRATEGIES VEG GYMPANTASIRI P, 1980, INTERDISCIPLINARY PE HARLAN JR, 1967, ARCHAEOLOGY, V20, P197 HAURI I, 1974, UNRISD744 REP HAYAMI Y, 1981, EC DEV CULTURAL CHAN, V29, P177 HELMS D, 1985, AGR HIST, V59, P103 HIGGS ES, 1972, PAPERS EC PREHISTORY HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JACOBSEN T, 1958, SCIENCE, V128, P1251 JORDAN CF, 1981, AM NAT, V118, P284 KAKWANI NC, 1980, INCOME INEQUALITY PO KERRIDGE E, 1955, EC HIST REV, V8, P390 KNIGHT RL, 1981, AM NAT, V117, P991 KROEBER AL, 1939, AM ARCHAEOLOGY ETHNO, V38 KUNZNETS S, 1955, AM EC REV MAR, P1 LARSON WE, 1983, SCIENCE, V219, P458 LAYARD PRG, 1978, MICROECONOMIC THEORY LIMPINUNTANA V, 1984, HDB NERAD TAMBONS LOEVINSOHN ME, 1984, THESIS U LONDON LORENZ MO, 1905, J AM STATISTICAL ASS, V9 LOUCKS OL, 1977, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V8, P177 LOWRANCE R, 1984, AGR ECOSYSTEMS UNIFY MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO MAUNDER A, 1983, GROWTH EQUITY AGR DE MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1981, AM NAT, V117, P985 MCNEIL M, 1972, CARELESS TECHNOLOGY, P591 MILSUM JH, 1972, TRENDS GENERAL SYSTE MORGAN RPC, 1985, GEOGR J, V151, P11 MORGAN RPC, 1985, SOIL USE MANAGE, V1, P127 MURDOCH WW, 1980, POVERTY NATIONS POLI NICKEL JL, 1973, B ENTOMOL SOC AM, V19, P136 OAKES DB, 1981, C MANAGEMENT CONTROL ORIANS GH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P64 ORME B, 1977, HUNTERS GATHERERS 1S, P41 PALMER I, 1976, UNRISD766 REP PARKER RAC, 1955, EC HIST REV, V8, P156 PATTEN BC, 1981, AM NAT, V118, P886 PEARSE A, 1980, SEEDS POVERTY SEEDS PLUMB JH, 1952, ECON HIST REV, V5, P86 POSTEL S, 1984, 62 WORLDW I WORLDW P POSTEL S, 1985, 67 WORLDW I WORLDW P PRETTY JN, 1981, THESIS U LONDON REED CA, 1969, DOMESTICATION EXPLOI RICHES N, 1967, AGR REVOLUTION NORFO SEN AK, 1973, EC INEQUALITY SEN AK, 1976, ECONOMETRICA MAR, P219 SENANAYAKE R, 1984, AGR SUSTAINABILITY C SHARMA GR, 1980, BEGINNINGS AGR HUNTI SIMON HA, 1962, P AM PHILOS SOC, V106, P467 SPEDDING CRW, 1979, INTRO AGR SYSTEMS STENTON DM, 1965, ENGLISH SOC EARLY MI TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 THEIL H, 1967, EC INFORMATION THEOR TIMMER CP, 1973, B INDONES ECON STUD, V9, P57 TITOW JZ, 1969, ENGLISH RURAL SOC 12 TITOW JZ, 1972, WINCHESTER YIELDS ST UCKO PJ, 1969, DOMESTICATION EXPLOI WESTMAN WE, 1978, BIOSCIENCE, V28, P705 WHYTE LL, 1969, HIERARCHICAL STRUCTU WILKINSON WB, 1982, PHIL T R SOC LOND B, V296, P459 YOUNG CP, 1976, GROUND WATER, V14, P426 NR 121 TC 76 J9 AGR SYST BP 95 EP 117 PY 1987 VL 24 IS 2 GA H5947 UT ISI:A1987H594700002 ER PT J AU KASPERSON, RE DOW, KM TI DEVELOPMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL EQUITY IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE - A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS SO EVALUATION REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 CLARK UNIV,GRAD SCH GEOG,EARTH TRANSFORMED PROGRAM,WORCESTER,MA 01610. 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CR DOHAN MR, 1977, ECOSYSTEM MODELLING GORB P, 1979, LIVING DESIGN HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 PAPANEK V, 1972, DESIGN REAL WORLD PIELOU EC, 1969, INTRO MATH ECOLOGY NR 6 TC 0 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 103 EP 109 PY 1988 PD MAR VL 26 IS 2 GA M9433 UT ISI:A1988M943300002 ER PT J AU Weichselgartner, J Sendzimir, J TI Resolving the paradox - Food for thought on the wider dimensions of natural disasters SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. RP Weichselgartner, J, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Schlosspl 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. CR *MUN RE GROUP, 2001, TOP 2000 NAT CAT CUR DEUTSCH M, 2000, ERFURTER GEOGRAPHISC, V9, P7 KASPERSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK PFISTER C, 1999, CLIMATIC VARIABILITY SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SENDZIMIR J, 1999, ENVIRONMENTS, V27, P115 STERMAN JD, 2002, SYST DYNAM REV, V18, P501 WELCHSELGARTNER J, 2002, ENV HAZARDS, V4, P73 WELCHSELGARTNER J, 2002, HYDROLOGIE WASSERBEW, V46, P102 NR 9 TC 0 J9 MT RES DEV BP 4 EP 9 PY 2004 PD FEB VL 24 IS 1 GA 802MY UT ISI:000220168800002 ER PT J AU Denton, F TI Gender and climate change: Giving the "Latecomer" a head start SO IDS BULLETIN-INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LA English DT Article AB Climate change and related environmental hazards serve to highlight the economic and social conditions of communities desperately trying to survive on the periphery of a world economy that has barely permeated the lives of rural Africa since the colonial intrusion. Differential income, capacity and ability to adapt to the negative consequences of climate change means that vulnerability and resilience of different social groups necessitates a gendered approach. The article looks at the inherent human security issues that are integral to climate change, in terms of adaptation and mitigation. It focuses briefly on the "neglect" of gender issues within the overall climate debate and makes suggestions why gender issues were initially sidetracked from the main debate. Climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and energy are explored and inherent links with gender are made. The article underscores the importance of integrating key lessons from the development discourses into the climate regime. CR *GEF UNDP UNOPS, 2003, COMM ACT ADDR CLIM C *GLOB ENV OUTL, 2002, PAST PRES FUT PERPS *UNEP UNFCCC, 2001, CLIM CHANG INF KIT *WORLD BANK, 2003, WORLD DEV REP DENTON F, 2000, ENERGIA NEWS OCT, V3 DENTON F, 2002, GENDER DEV CLIMATE C GOETZ AM, 1991, GENDER INT RELATIONS GUPTA J, 1999, RECIEL, V8, P200 MAGADZA CH, 2003, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPT MASIKA R, 2002, GENDER DEV CLIMATE C MOSER CON, 1991, GENDER INT RELATIONS MWANDOSYA MJ, 1999, SURIVIVAL EMISSIONS NEUE HU, METHANE EMISSION RIC SKUSTCH M, 2002, CLIMATE CHANGE PROCE SOKONA Y, 2004, LPG INTRO SENEGAL WAMUKONYA N, 2001, ENERGIA NEWS, V4 NR 16 TC 0 J9 IDS BULL-INST DEVELOP STUD BP 42 EP + PY 2004 PD JUL VL 35 IS 3 GA 844HK UT ISI:000223148700007 ER PT J AU Kay, JJ Regier, HA Boyle, M Francis, G TI An ecosystem approach for sustainability: addressing the challenge of complexity SO FUTURES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Environm & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Inst Environm Studies, Toronto, ON, Canada. Network Ecosyst Hlth, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Kay, JJ, Univ Waterloo, Dept Environm & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. AB The dynamics of ecosystems and human systems need to be addressed in the context of post-normal. science grounded in complex systems thinking. We portray these systems as Self-Organizing Holarchic Open (SOHO) systems and interpret their behaviours and structures with reference to non-equilibrium thermodynamics: holons, propensities and canons; and information and attractors. Given the phenomena exhibited by SOHO systems, conventional science approaches to modelling and forecasting are inappropriate, as are prevailing explanations in terms of linear causality and stochastic properties. Instead, narratives in the form of scenarios to depict morphogenetic causal loops, autocatalysis, and multiple possible pathways for development need to be considered. Short examples are given. We also link SOHO system descriptions to issues of human preferences and choices concerning the preferred attributes of particular SOHO systems, and to the implications for achieving them through adaptive management, monitoring and appropriate structures for governance. A heuristic framework to guide reasoning for this is presented, and reiterative steps for applying it are identified. In this way we provide a coherent conceptual basis, in the workings of both natural systems and decision systems, for the practice of post-normal science. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY ALLEN TFH, 1993, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH T BLINDOW I, 1993, FRESHWATER BIOL, V30, P159 CARPENTER SR, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOL, V1 CASTI JL, 1994, COMPLEXIFICATION EXP CHASEDUNN C, 1997, RISE DEMISE COMP WOR DEANGELIS DL, 1986, POSITIVE FEEDBACK NA DICASTRI F, 1987, ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMEN, P1 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1993, FUTURES, V25, P735 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 JANTSCH E, 1980, SELF ORG UNIVERSE SC KAY J, IN PRESS INT S STAT KAY JJ, 1984, THESIS U WATERLOO WA KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KAY JJ, 1992, P INT S EC IND FT LA, P159 KAY JJ, 1997, 167 CTR INT AGR TROP, P69 KING AW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P19 KOESTLER A, 1978, JANUS SUMMING UP LISTER NM, 1999, IN PRESS CANADIAN PE LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOL, V1 MARUYAMA M, 1980, CURR ANTHROPOL, V21, P589 MURRAY TP, IN PRESS ADAPTIVE ME NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR NICOLIS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY PEACOCKE AR, 1983, PHYSICAL CHEM BIOL P POPPER KR, 1990, WORLD PROPENSITIES RAPPORT DJ, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P617 RAPPORT DJ, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART, P397 REGIER HA, 1996, J AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, V5, P3 SCHEFFER M, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P475 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHNEIDER ED, 1994, FUTURES, V24, P626 SCHNEIDER ED, 1994, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V19, P25 STIGLIANI WM, 1988, INT J ENV MON ASSESS, V10, P95 TAINTER JA, 1989, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC ULANOWICZ RE, 1996, EVOLUTION ORDER COMP, P217 ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, ASCENDENT PERSPECTIV ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, BIOL MODELS, P125 WICKEN JS, 1987, EVOLUTION THERMODYNA NR 43 TC 17 J9 FUTURES BP 721 EP 742 PY 1999 PD SEP VL 31 IS 7 GA 220AM UT ISI:000081641700007 ER PT J AU Brockett, BH Biggs, HC van Wilgen, BW TI A patch mosaic burning system for conservation areas in southern African savannas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article C1 Pilanesberg Natl Pk, ZA-0314 Mogwase, South Africa. RP Brockett, BH, Pilanesberg Natl Pk, POB 1201, ZA-0314 Mogwase, South Africa. AB Fire-prone savanna ecosystems in southern African conservation areas are managed by prescribed burning in order to conserve biodiversity. A prescribed burning system designed to maximise the benefits of a diverse fire regime in savanna conservation areas is described. The area burnt per year is a function of the grass fuel load, and the number of fires per year is a function of the percentage area burnt. Fires are point-ignited. under a range of fuel and weather conditions, and allowed to burn out by themselves. The seasonal distribution of planned fires over a year is dependent on the number of fires. Early dry season fires (May-June) tend to be small because fuels have not yet fully cured, while late season fires (August-November) are larger. More fires are ignited in the early dry season, with fewer in the late dry season. The seasonality, area burnt, and fire intensity are spatially and temporally varied across a landscape. This should result in the creation of mosaics, which should vary in extent and existence in time. Envelopes for the accumulated percentage to be burnt per month, over the specified fire season, together with upper and lower buffers to the target area are proposed. The system was formalised after 8 years of development and testing in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. The spatial heterogeneity of fire patterns increased over the latter years of implementation. This fire management system is recommended for savanna conservation areas of >20 000 ha in size. CR ACOCKS JPH, 1975, MEMOIRS BOT SURVEY S, V40 BAILEY AW, 1993, AFR J RANGE SCI, V10, P25 DESHMUKH IK, 1984, AFR J ECOL, V22, P181 DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147 DUPLESSIS WP, 1997, KOEDOE, V40, P63 FROST P, 1986, BIOL INT ILLIUS AW, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P798 LAW BS, 1998, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V7, P323 MAGOME DT, 1991, THESIS U WITWATERSRA MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MENTIS MT, 1978, LAMMERGEYER, V26, P19 MENTIS MT, 1979, P GRASSLAND SOC SO A, V14, P75 MENTIS MT, 1981, BIOL CONSERV, V21, P247 MENTIS MT, 1990, J GRASSLAND SOC S AF, V7, P81 MINNICH RA, 1983, SCIENCE, V219, P1287 PARR CL, 1999, KOEDOE, V42, P117 PICKETT STA, 1978, BIOL CONSERV, V13, P27 ROWEROWE DT, 1986, S AFR J WILDL RES, V16, P32 RUSSELLSMITH J, 1994, WORKSH P FIR MAN CON, P89 RUSSELLSMITH J, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P748 SAXON EC, 1984, ANTICIPATING INEVITA SCHOLES RJ, 1993, AFRICAN SAVANNA SYNT SNYMAN HA, 1993, AFRICAN J RANGE FORA, V10, P21 SNYMAN HA, 1994, AFR J RANGE FOR SCI, V11, P82 STANDER PE, 1993, AFR J ECOL, V31, P282 TOMLIN CD, 1990, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATI VANWILGEN BW, 1997, FIRE SO AFRICAN SAVA, P27 VANWILGEN BW, 1998, KOEDOE, V41, P69 VANWILGEN BW, 2000, S AFR J SCI, V96, P167 VENTER FJ, 1990, THESIS U S AFRICA WALKER BH, 1986, S AFR J SCI, V82, P172 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 32 TC 4 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE BP 169 EP 183 PY 2001 VL 10 IS 2 GA 463UK UT ISI:000170495500009 ER PT J AU Teague, WR TI A research framework to achieve sustainable use of rangeland SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article RP Teague, WR, TEXAS A&M UNIV,RES CTR,POB 1658,VERNON,TX 76384. AB This paper presents a structured research design to achieve an economically viable and ecologically sustainable land use. It includes the major elements required to achieve a predictive capability at ranch, watershed and regional scales. A management protocol is proposed, incorporating client feedback to aid in producing relevant technology and information in a useable format. Sustainable land use depends on: (1) accounting for environmental effects, (2) decreasing reliance on depletable and polluting non-renewable resources, and (3) maintaining ecosystem resilience. CR *NRC, 1990, FOR RES MAND CHANG *USDA FOR SERV, 1989, 26 FSR USDA *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT, P43 ABER JD, 1993, ECOL MODEL, V67, P37 AGREN GI, 1990, ECOL MODEL, V50, P213 ARCHER S, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E BAND LE, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V56, P171 BARBAULT R, 1992, ACTA OECOL, V13, P137 BEHAN RW, 1990, J FOREST, V88, P12 BENDER EA, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1989, ECOLOGY, V70, P1142 CASWELL H, 1988, ECOL MODEL, V43, P33 CHRISTENSEN PP, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P17 CLARK R, 1994, P 8 BIENN C AUSTR RA, P70 COUGHENOUR MB, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P530 COWLING RM, 1994, J ARID ENVIRON, V27, P141 EWELL P, 1988, 2 OFCOR INT SERV NAT EWELL P, 1989, 4 OFCOR INT SERV NAT FAETH P, 1991, PAYING FARM BILL US FAETH P, 1993, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V46, P161 FOLSE LJ, 1990, AI APPLICATIONS, V4, P41 FRANK DA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P2043 FROST P, 1985, RESPONSES SAVANNAS S GAUDET CL, 1988, NATURE, V334, P242 HALL CAS, 1990, ECOLOGIST, V20, P99 HEITSCHMIDT RK, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 IRWIN LL, 1985, WILDLIFE SOC B, V13, P434 JIGGINS J, 1993, P 17 INT GRASSL C, P615 JORGENSEN SE, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V62, P195 KEDDY PA, 1989, COMPETITION KEDDY PA, 1990, BIOL APPROACHES EVOL, P387 KELLEY TG, 1995, AGR SYST, V49, P177 KESSLER WB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P221 KOLSTROM T, 1991, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V42, P63 LIKENS GE, 1985, J ECOL, V73, P381 LOEHLE C, 1987, ECOL MODEL, V38, P191 LUBCHENCO J, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 MAXWELL TJ, 1990, ANN REPORT MENTIS MT, 1980, S AFR J SCI, V76, P536 MENTIS MT, 1991, J GRASSL SOC S AFR, V8, P29 MERRILLSANDS DM, 1991, EXP AGR, V27, P343 MULLER F, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V63, P215 MURPHY DD, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P203 NOBLE IR, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P3 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 ODUM EP, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY ORTIZ R, 1991, 2 ISNAR OFCOR PACKARD JM, 1990, INTERPRETATION EXPLA, V2 PARTON WJ, 1988, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V5, P109 PEIPER RD, 1988, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V43, P133 POPPER KR, 1959, LOGIC SCI DISCOVERY RUSHTON SP, 1994, J APPL ECOL, V3, P313 RYKIEL EJ, 1989, ECOL MODEL, V46, P3 SAVORY A, 1986, HOLISTIC RESOURCES M SHAMBERGER M, 1982, T N AM NAT RES C, V47, P154 SHAROV AA, 1992, OIKOS, V63, P485 SLATYER RO, 1991, ENVIRON CONSERV, V18, P7 TEAGUE WR, 1992, J GRASSL SOC S AFR, V9, P60 THORNLEY JHM, 1980, PLANT CELL ENVIRON, V3, P233 TRIPP R, 1990, AGR DEV 3 WORLD WALKER BH, 1978, J APPL ECOL, V15, P481 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1982, ECOLOGY TROPICAL SAV, P556 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P19 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WOODS E, 1993, INFORMATION EXCHANGE NR 70 TC 4 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON BP 91 EP 102 PY 1996 PD MAY VL 57 IS 2-3 GA UV525 UT ISI:A1996UV52500002 ER PT J AU Ballard, HL Huntsinger, L TI Salal harvester local ecological knowledge, harvest practices and understory management on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ballard, HL, Univ Calif Davis, Sch Educ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB Despite growing interest in traditional and local ecological knowledge for conservation and resource management, the role of migrant resource users is largely unexplored. Challenging many assumptions about what constitutes "local knowledge," migrant and immigrant harvesters of non-timber forest products on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington possess useful ecological knowledge of overstory-understory relationships and how forestry practices affect understory biological and commercial production. Harvesters of salal (Gaultheria shallon), a shrub used in the multi-million dollar floral greens industry, were interviewed in Mason County, Washington in 2001-2003. Interviews revealed that harvesters possess different kinds of resource management knowledge depending on whether they are experienced harvesters or more recent newcomers to the area. These differences may also correlate with differences in their harvesting practices. Understanding how resource management knowledge differs between experienced and newcomer harvesters can inform forest managers in their efforts to develop effective management and permitting policies for floral greens and other non-timber forest resources in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. CR *MAS COUNT CHAMB C, 2005, JOB MARK *WA DEP NAT RES, 2003, SUST FOR DRAFT ENV I, CH3 *WA NAT PLANT SOC, 2004, W LOWL FOR EC ALCORN JB, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P424 BAILEY JD, 1998, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V112, P289 BAKER M, 2003, COMMUNITY FORESTRY U BALLARD H, 2004, THESIS U CALIFORNIA BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BORCHERS J, 2003, COMMUNITY FORESTRY U BROMLEY DW, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS, P428 BROWN BA, 2000, VOICES WOODS LIVES E CALHEIROS DF, 2000, J APPL ECOL, V37, P684 COOMES OT, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V140, P39 DAVIS A, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P463 ENDRESS BA, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P822 EVERETT Y, 1997, PSWGTR162 USDA FOR S FERNANDEZGIMENEZ ME, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1318 FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GASTEYER S, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P589 GILCHRIST HG, 2000, ARCTIC, V53, P61 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANSIS R, 2002, NONTIMBER FOREST PRO HE FL, 2000, CAN J FOREST RES, V30, P566 HENDERSON JA, 1989, 00188 USDA FOR SERV HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 HUNTINGTON HP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1270 JANSSEN GM, 1999, PLASMA SOURCES SCI T, V8, P1 JONES EJ, 2002, NONTIMBER FOREST PRO KERNS BK, 2003, COMPATIBLE FOREST MA KLOOSTER DJ, 2002, ECON GEOGR, V78, P43 KOHM KA, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LYNCH K, 2003, FLORAL GREENS ACCESS MACK RJS, 2001, J CATARACT REFR SURG, V27, P4 MALLORY ML, 2003, ARCTIC, V56, P293 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MCLAIN RJ, 1997, IIED GATEKEEPER SERI MCLAIN RJ, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P615 MOLINA R, 1998, CREATING FORESTRY 21 MURPHREE M, 1993, IIED GATGEKEEPER SER, V36 NABHAN GP, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1288 NYHUS PJ, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P192 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PATTENGILLSEMME.CV, 2003, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V8, P43 PIEROTTI R, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1333 PINKERTON E, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO SAVAGE M, 1995, J FOREST, V93, P6 SCHLOSSER WE, 1991, WEST J APPL FOR, V6, P67 SHANNON MA, 1996, NORTHWEST SCI, V70, P66 SHINDLER B, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 SILLITOE P, 1998, CURR ANTHROPOL, V39, P223 STEVENSON MG, 1996, ARCTIC, V49, P278 THOMAS SC, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P864 TICKTIN T, 2002, ECON BOT, V56, P177 TURNER NJ, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1275 USHER PJ, 2000, ARCTIC, V53, P183 VONHAGEN B, 1999, PNWGTR473 USDA FOR S WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS NR 67 TC 0 J9 HUM ECOL BP 529 EP 547 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 34 IS 4 GA 090VQ UT ISI:000240981100005 ER PT J AU Coombes, P Barber, K TI Environmental determinism in Holocene research: causality or coincidence? SO AREA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Palaeoecol Lab, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Coombes, P, Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. AB The past decade has seen a revival of environmental determinism in palaeoenvironmental research, with palaeoclimatic shifts implicated in the collapse of many past civilizations. Implicit in these studies is a belief that the observed cultural transitions can be causally related to the magnitude of climatic change. However, examination of the processes of these declines suggests that many exhibit patterns characteristic of complexity cascading within self-organized systems. if so, the nonlinear nature of these systems' responses to external forcing means that the assumption of causality in many of these cases should be considered questionable. 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RP Lal, P, Australian Natl Univ, Natl Ctr dev Studies, POB 4, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB Integrated natural resource management (INRM) and its many closely related approaches are generally considered to be more effective than single-disciplinary approaches for managing the complex resource issues currently facing many countries. INRM approaches aim to integrate several disciplines and involve different stakeholders operating in their own subsystems across different spatial and temporal scales. These approaches focus on identifying management strategies for sustaining natural resource stocks and flows of goods and services as well as their underlying ecological processes. Changes in the behavior of consumers and producers and in the allocation of resources among uses, users, time, and space will be necessary to achieve sustainable development. To accomplish this, changes in focus, attitudes, and approaches to research and management will also be necessary. This paper argues that the key focus of INRM should not be the natural resource itself, but rather the interactions of humans with each other and with their natural environment, and the decisions they make about using and managing resources. Such decision-making processes aim to identify and implement action-oriented strategies and to apply economic and noneconomic instruments that motivate behavioral changes, allowing for different responses to various economic imperatives. This process should be guided by constructivist philosophy and supported by rigorous cross-disciplinary research and active stakeholder participation. It must be compatible with dialectic decision making to reflect the different views and objectives of the stakeholders, the presence of incomplete information, and, at times, the fact that researchers have only a poor understanding of the dynamics of subsystems and their interactions. There must also be iterative, regular monitoring and fine-tuning of the management strategies chosen. We prefer to call the entire process an adaptive decision-making process (ADMP). Here we propose a four-phase ADMP illustrated by projects in Fiji and Thailand, both of which are supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. The role of research, researchers, and other stakeholders in the ADMP is also discussed. CR *RES ASS COMM, 1993, INT RES MAN AUSTR ALLEN WJ, 1996, MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE D, P51 ANTUNES P, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P215 BELLAMY JA, 2000, ENVIRON MANAGE, V25, P265 BLAIKIE N, 2000, DESIGNING SOCIAL SCI BORN SM, 1993, INTEGRATED ENV MANAG BORN SM, 1995, ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P167 BUCKLES D, 2000, CULTIVATING PEACE CO, P1 CAIRNS J, 1991, NEED INEGRATED ENV S CHAMALA S, 1994, PARTICIPATIVE APPROA CICINSAIN B, 1993, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V21, P376 CORNWALL A, 1995, SOC SCI MED, V41, P1667 COSTANZA R, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P171 DIXON JA, 1986, WATERSHED RESOURCES, P3 DOVER S, 1999, SOCIAL EC LEGAL POLI, P78 DOWNS PW, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P299 GUBA EG, 1990, PARADIGM DIALOG, P17 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 JANSSEN W, 1996, AGR SYST, V51, P259 KERSTEN G, 2000, DECISION SUPPORT SYS KUHN TS, 1970, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU LEE MW, 1999, ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF, V3, P3 MARGERUM RD, 1995, J ENV PLANNING MANAG, V38, P371 MAY PJ, 1992, J PUBLIC POLICY, V12, P331 OKALI C, 1994, FARMER PARTICIPATORY PANAYOTOU T, 1998, INSTRUMENTS CHANGE M RITTEL HWJ, 1973, POLICY SCI, V4, P155 TACCONI L, 2000, BIODIVERSITY ECOLOGI TANABE S, 1994, ECOLOGY PRACTICAL TE WALKER A, 1999, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT NR 31 TC 0 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2002 PD JAN VL 5 IS 2 GA 521NX UT ISI:000173848000009 ER PT J AU Waltner-Toews, D TI Mad cows and bad berries SO ALTERNATIVES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Network Ecosyst Sustainabil & Hlth, Waterloo, ON, Canada. RP Waltner-Toews, D, Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. CR *STAT CAN, 1995, APP CAP FOOD CONS CA ALMENDARES J, 1993, LANCET, V342, P1400 BOYLE M, 1996, STATE LANDSCAPE REPO DANIELS SE, 1996, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V16, P71 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 LEDERBERG J, 1992, EMERGING INFECT MICR NATHANSON N, 1997, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V145, P959 NELL AJ, 1998, LIVESTOCK ENV RAMSEY RD, 1997, THESIS U GUELPH WILESMITH JW, 1991, VET REC, V128, P199 WINSON A, 1992, INTIMATE COMMODITY F NR 11 TC 0 J9 ALTERN J BP 39 EP 44 PY 1999 PD WIN VL 25 IS 1 GA 166AP UT ISI:000078554300022 ER PT J AU Troell, M Pihl, L Ronnback, P Wennhage, H Soderqvist, TS Kautsky, N TI Regime shifts and ecosystem services in Swedish coastal soft bottom habitats: when resilience is undesirable SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Ecosystems can undergo regime shifts where they suddenly change from one state into another. This can have important implications for formulation of management strategies, if system characteristics develop that are undesirable from a human perspective, and that have a high resistance to restoration efforts. This paper identifies some of the ecological and economic consequences of increased abundance of filamentous algae on shallow soft bottoms along the Swedish west coast. It is suggested that a successive increase in the sediment nutrient pool has undermined the resilience of these shallow systems. After the regime shift has occurred, self-generation properties evolve keeping the system locked in a high-density algae state. The structural and functional characteristics of the new system state differ significantly from the original one, resulting in less valuable ecosystem goods and services generated for society. In Sweden, loss of value results from the reduced capacity for mitigating further coastal eutrophication, reduced habitat quality for commercial fishery species, and the loss of aesthetic and recreational values. 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RP de Mazancourt, C, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. AB Using a model, we test the prediction that herbivory can result in grazing optimization of primary production in a nitrogen-limited system where large losses of nitrogen occur in annual fires. The model is based on the nitrogen budget of the humid savanna of Lamto, Ivory Coast, estimated from field data. At present, the ecosystem contains few herbivores, but buffalo and kob populations are increasing. We show that grazing optimization through recycling of nitrogen would occur at Lamto in the short term (i.e., several decades) if the percentage of nitrogen lost from the system out of the amount ingested by herbivores is <24%, and in the long term (i.e., several centuries) if it is <19%. When 25% of nitrogen is lost by herbivores, primary production is maintained at a high level up to very high consumption rates. Because losses due to herbivores are likely to be lower than these values in this particular ecosystem, we conclude that grazing optimization is likely to occur in the Lamto savanna. 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Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Pascarella, JB, Valdosta State Univ, Dept Biol, Valdosta, GA 31698 USA. AB Although deforestation continues to be a major threat to tropical biodiversity, abandonment of agricultural land in Puerto Rico provides an opportunity to study long-term patterns of secondary forest regeneration. Using aerial photographs from 1937, 1967, and 1995, we determined land-use history for 2443 ha in the Cayey Mountains. Pastures were the dominant land cover in 1937 and <20% of the area was classified as forest. Between 1937 and 1995, forest cover increased to 62% due to widespread abandonment of agriculture. To examine the effect of historic land use on current forest structure and species composition, we sampled secondary forests in 24 abandoned pastures, 9 abandoned coffee plantations and 4 old-growth forest sites. Sites were located on two soil types along an elevational gradient (125-710 m) and included a chronosequence from 4 to over 80 years old. After 25-30 years, basal area and species richness in secondary forest sites derived from abandoned pastures and coffee plantations were similar to old-growth forest sites. The species composition of secondary forests derived from abandoned pastures and coffee plantations remained distinct from old-growth forest. In addition to historic land use, age and elevation were important environmental variables explaining variation in secondary forest species composition. Nonindigenous species were common in recently abandoned pastures and coffee plantations, but their importance declined in the older sites. This study demonstrates that secondary forests on private land can be an important component of the conservation of tropical tree biodiversity. 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SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article RP Garcia, CM, UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID,MADRID,SPAIN. AB The various environmental assessment studies (ordination, diagnosis, audits, impacts) are in general, extremely analytic and disciplinary, describing isolated and unconnected processes. We have tried to establish a conceptual frame that picks up the ecological foundations, privileging the diverse elements considered in Venezuela's vegetation classification: incorporating some concepts of the ''ecogeography'' or ''landscape ecology'' also. The vegetation has been considered like a key component to structuring information required for the environmental assessment (cruzidisciplinary focus), this design was developed and named as an ''Operative Ecological Assessemnt Frame''. The nominative scheme contains five phases, established in logical form following a scheme sequential and operative work. 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Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Humanities & Social Sci, Dept Econ, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP van den Bergh, JCJM, Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Recent advances in evolutionary theory have important implications for environmental economics. A short overview is offered of evolutionary thinking in economics. Subsequently, major concepts and approaches in evolutionary biology and evolutionary economics are presented and compared. Attention is devoted, among others, to Darwinian selection, punctuated equilibrium, sorting mechanisms, Lamarckian evolution, coevolution and self-organization. Basic features of evolution, such as sustained change, irreversible change, unpredictability, qualitative change and disequilibrium, are examined. It is argued that there are a number of fundamental differences as well as similarities between biological and economic evolution. Next, some general implications of evolutionary thinking for environmental economics are outlined. This is followed by a more detailed examination of potential uses of evolutionary theories in specific areas of environmental economics, including sustainability and long run development theories, technology and environment, ecosystem management and resilience, spatial evolution and environmental processes, and design of environmental policy. 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Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Gowdy, J, Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Econ, Troy, NY 12180 USA. AB This paper discusses the major tenets of ecological economics-including value pluralism, methodological pluralism and multi-criteria policy assessment. Ecological economics offers viable alternatives to the theoretical foundations and policy recommendations of neoclassical welfare economics. A revolution in neoclassical economics is currently taking place, and the core assumptions of welfare economics are being replaced with more realistic models of consumer and firm behaviour. This paper argues that these new theoretical and empirical findings are largely ignored in applied work and policy applications in environmental economics. As the only heterodox school of economics focusing on the human economy both as a social system and as one imbedded in the biophysical universe, and thus both holistic and scientifically based, ecological economics is poised to play a leading role in recasting the scope and method of economic science. 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Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Forest Resources Management, Forest Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Mathey, AH, Univ British Columbia, FEPA Res Unit, Forest Sci Ctr, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB The evolution of forest values from timber supply to ecological and social values has been leading to the redefinition of the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) paradigm. In parallel, scientific knowledge is expanding and uncovering the interconnectedness of the various processes that support these values. We thus have many wishes and much knowledge but we have to ensure that we have the decision support tools that will pull them together to promote SFM. After a broad review of the evolution of decision support tools in forest managernerit, this paper presents a case for more holistic numerical planning tools. To illustrate that such tools can be designed, we propose a simple decentralized approach. In this approach, a landscape management strategy evolves based on local decisions, integrating spatial and aspatial, multi-period and period-specific goals. Such tools could become a useful platform for sustainable forest management planning. 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Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CR ANDERIES JM, 1998, J THEOR BIOL, V192, P515 AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI BROCK WA, 1997, ECONOMETRICA, V65, P1059 BROCK WA, 1999, ECON THEOR, V14, P113 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V3 CHRISTENSEN DL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1143 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP DEANGELIS DL, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P1 DIETRICH W, 1995, NW PASSAGE DORNER D, 1996, LOGIC FAILURE WHY TH EHRLICH PR, 1996, BETRAYAL SCI REASON GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V3 HOLLING CS, 1973, BIOSCIENCE, V23, P13 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOUGHTON JT, 1990, CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC HUTCHINGS JA, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1198 JANSSEN MA, 1998, MODELING GLOBAL CHAN JANSSEN MA, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V3 JANSSEN MA, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V131, P249 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION LOVELOCK J, 1988, AGES GAIA NOVOTNY V, 1994, WATER QUALITY SARGENT T, 1993, BOUNDED RATIONALITY SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHINDLER DE, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P229 WAGNER FH, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P445 WALTERS CJ, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2705 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V2 WESTLEY F, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P391 NR 33 TC 11 J9 BIOSCIENCE BP 451 EP 457 PY 2001 PD JUN VL 51 IS 6 GA 453UQ UT ISI:000169935200007 ER PT J AU Lillebo, AI Neto, JM Martins, I Verdelhos, T Leston, S Cardoso, PG Ferreira, SM Marques, JC Pardal, MA TI Management of a shallow temperate estuary to control eutrophication: The effect of hydrodynamics on the system's nutrient loading SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, Inst Marine Res, IMAR, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. RP Lillebo, AI, Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, Inst Marine Res, IMAR, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal. AB The Mondego estuary, a shallow warm-temperate intertidal system located oil the west coast of Portugal, hits for some decades been under severe ecological stress, mainly caused by eutrophication. Water circulation in this system was, until 1998, mainly dependent on tides and on the freshwater input of a small tributary artificially controlled by a sluice. After 1998, the Sluice opening was effectively minimised to reduce the nutrient loading, and the System hydrodynamics improved due to engineering work in the upstream areas. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the mitigation Measures implemented in 1998. Changes to the hydrodynamics of the system were assessed using precipitation and salinity data in relation to the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients, as well as the linkage between dissolved N:P ratios and the biological parameters (phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations, green macroalgal biomass and scagrass biomass). Two distinctive periods were compared, over a ten year period: from January 1993 to January 1997 and from January 1999 until January 2003. The effective reduction in the dissolved N:P atomic ratio from 37.7 to 13.2 after 1998 is a result of lowered ammonia, but not the oxidised forms of nitrogen (nitrate plus nitrite), or increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic Phosphorus. Results suggest that the phytoplankton is not nutrient limited, yet maximum and mean biomass of green macroalgae was reduced by one order of Magnitude after the mitigation measures. This suggests that besides lowering the water residence time of the system, macroalgal growth became nitrogen limited. In parallel to these changes the seagrass-covered area and biomass of Zostera noltii showed signs of recovery. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *LIMN MET, 1992, AK FORL KOB ASMUS RM, 2000, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V436, P217 BEISNER BE, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P376 BERNER EK, 1996, GLOBAL ENV WATER AIR, P284 BEUKEMA JJ, 1999, J SEA RES, V42, P235 CARDOSO PG, 2004, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V302, P233 COELHO JP, 2004, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V61, P583 COLLOS Y, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V171, P293 DEJONGE VN, 2000, CONT SHELF RES, V20, P1655 DEJONGE VN, 2002, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V478, P7 DOLBETH M, 2003, MAR BIOL, V143, P1229 HAYDEN HS, 2003, EUR J PHYCOL, V38, P277 HEIN M, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V118, P247 HOLMBOE N, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V186, P95 JENSEN HS, 1992, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V37, P577 KENDRICK GA, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V73, P75 LILLEBO AI, 2002, AQUATIC ECOLOGY MOND, P257 LILLEBO AI, 2004, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V61, P101 MARQUES JC, 2003, ECOL MODEL, V166, P147 MARTINS I, 2001, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V52, P165 MCMAHON K, 1998, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V46, P15 NORKKO J, 2000, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V248, P79 PARDAL MA, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V267, P1 PARSONS TR, 1985, MANUAL CHEM BIOL MET, P101 RAFFAELLI DG, 1998, ANN REV MARINE BIOL, V36, P97 ROCHA C, 1995, NETH J AQUAT ECOL, V29, P265 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SFRISO A, 2001, MAR ENVIRON RES, V52, P323 STRICKLAND JDH, 1972, B FISH RES BOARD CAN, V167, P71 VALICLA I, 1997, LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAP, V4512, P1105 VANKATWIJK MM, 2000, HELGOLAND MAR RES, V54, P117 WEBSTER IT, 2004, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V55, P67 WIDDOWS J, 2002, J SEA RES, V48, P143 YIN KD, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V221, P17 ZHANG JJ, 2003, ECOL MODEL, V164, P227 ZWOLSMAN JJG, 1994, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V39, P227 NR 36 TC 4 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF SCI BP 697 EP 707 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 65 IS 4 GA 993MQ UT ISI:000233958600008 ER PT J AU Lal, R TI Degradation and resilience of soils SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP Lal, R, OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,2021 COFFEY RD,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. AB Debate on global soil degradation, its extent and agronomic impact, can only be resolved through understanding of the processes and factors leading to establishment of the cause-effect relationships for major soils, ecoregions, and land uses. Systematic evaluation through long-term experimentation is needed for establishing quantitative criteria of (i) soil quality in relation to specific functions, (ii) soil degradation in relation to critical limits of key soil properties and processes; and (iii) soil resilience in relation to the ease of restoration through judicious management and discriminate use of essential input. Quantitative assessment of soil degradation can be obtained by evaluating its impact on productivity for different land uses and management systems. Interdisciplinary research is needed to quantify soil degradation effects on decrease in productivity, reduction in biomass, and decline in environment quality through pollution and eutrophication of natural waters and emission of radiatively-active gases from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. Data from long-term field experiments in principal ecoregions are specifically needed to (i) establish relationships between soil quality versus soil degradation and soil quality versus soil resilience; (ii) identify indicators of soil quality and soil resilience; and (iii) establish critical limits of important properties for soil degradation and soil resilience. There is a need to develop and standardize techniques for measuring soil resilience. 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Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Mansholt Grad Sch, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Guam, Marine Lab, Mangilao, GU 96923 USA. RP Rudd, MA, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Policy & Econ Branch, POB 1035,176 Portland St,Maritimes Reg, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4T3, Canada. AB Marine reserves are considered to be a central tool for marine ecosystem-based management in tropical inshore fisheries. The arguments supporting marine reserves are often based on both the nonmarket values of ecological amenities marine reserves provide and the pragmatic cost-saving advantages relating to reserve monitoring and enforcement. Marine reserves are, however, only one of a suite of possible policy options that might be used to achieve conservation and fisheries management objectives, and have rarely been the focus of rigorous policy analyses that consider a full range of economic costs and benefits, including the transaction costs of management. If credible analyses are not undertaken, there is a danger that current enthusiasm for marine reserves may wane as economic performance fails to meet presumed potential. Fully accounting for the value of ecological services flowing from marine reserves requires consideration of increased size and abundance of focal species within reserve boundaries, emigration of target species from reserves to adjacent fishing grounds, changes in ecological resilience, and behavioural responses of fishers to spatially explicit closures. Expanding policy assessments beyond standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA) also requires considering the impact of social capital on the costs of managing fisheries. In the short term, the amount of social capital that communities possess and the capacity of the state to support the rights of individuals and communities will affect the relative efficiency of marine reserves. Reserves may be the most efficient policy option when both community and state capacity is high, but may not be when one and/or the other is weak. in the longer term, the level of social capital that a society possesses and the level of uncertainty in ecological and social systems will also impact the appropriate level of devolution or decentralization of fisheries governance. Determining the proper balance of the state and the community in tropical fisheries governance will require broad comparative studies of marine reserves and alternative policy tools. 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WHITE AT, 1994, COLLABORATIVE COMMUN WILEN JE, 2002, B MAR SCI, V70, P553 WILLAMSON OE, 1985, EC I CAPITALISM FIRM WILLIAMS ID, 2000, ENVIRON CONSERV, V27, P382 WILLIAMSON OE, 1999, J LAW ECON ORGAN, V15, P306 WOOLCOCK M, 1998, THEOR SOC, V27, P151 WOOLCOCK M, 2000, WORLD BANK RES OBSER, V15, P225 WOOLCOCK M, 2001, CONTRIBUTION HUMAN S, P65 YOUNG HP, 1996, J ECON PERSPECT, V10, P105 ZANN LP, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P569 ZELLER DC, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V154, P65 NR 133 TC 2 J9 FISH FISH BP 65 EP 85 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 4 IS 1 GA 755CH UT ISI:000187385800003 ER PT J AU Herrmann, SM Hutchinson, CF TI The changing contexts of the desertification debate SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Off Arid Land Studies, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Herrmann, SM, Univ Arizona, Off Arid Land Studies, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. AB A great many debates have grown up around the notion of desertification as a process of degradation that affects the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones of the globe. A fundamental and continuing debate has been over whether desertification actually exists and, if so, how it might be defined, measured and assessed. Rather than simply review the evolution of these debates we examine the contexts in which they take place and how those contexts have contributed to the evolution of our understanding of the intertwined processes that contribute to desertification. The fact that these contexts have changed over time, combined with the fact that some of them are often ignored have both helped to sustain debate. We consider four contexts that frame much of the debate and consider what impact each has had: (1) changes in our understanding of climate variability; (2) changes in our understanding of vegetation responses to perturbation; (3) changes in our understanding of social processes, including household responses to economic perturbation; and (4) changes in our understanding of desertification as a political process or artifact. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Ostrom, E, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. 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Univ Illinois, Dept Agr & Consumer Econ, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Power, ME, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB In response to worldwide environmental crises driven by declines in the availability or quality of freshwater, ecologists and water resource economists are searching for ways to collaborate in order to guide the difficult choices facing the public, land managers, and politicians. Scientists are challenged to detect and quantify both the drivers of ecosystem change and ecosystem responses, including positive and negative feedbacks that will determine the future states of inland waters. Predicting ecosystem shifts over large temporal and spatial scales has proven difficult or impossible, even in well-studied systems, where the drivers of change are known. New remote-sensing, monitoring, and tracer technologies, however, offer glimpses of watershed processes at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. Several interdisciplinary groups, including scientists, information specialists, and engineers, are exploring the best ways to design sampling schemes using these new technologies, to interpret the extensive, spatially explicit dynamic data they will yield, and to use these data to formulate models useful for forecasting. Economists, in turn, can use this information to design management and policy tools for sustaining critical ecosystem components and processes. 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Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Lisbon, Fac Sci, Marine Lab Guia, P-2750 Cascais, Portugal. New Univ Lisbon, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Ecoman Ctr, P-2825 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. Ecol Econ Res & Applicat Inc, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Lisbon, Fac Sci, P-1250 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Azores, Dept Oceanog & Fisheries, Azores, Portugal. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Battelle, Washington, DC 20024 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. CSIRO, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Costanza, R, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Dept Biol, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB Pressures being exerted on the ocean ecosystems through overfishing, pollution, and environmental and climate change are increasing. Six core principles are proposed to guide governance and use of ocean resources and to promote sustainability. Examples of governance structures that embody these principles are given. CR *IND WORLD COMM OC, 1997, WORK HELD 7 9 JUL SP BOCKSTAEL N, 1995, ECOL ECON, V14, P143 BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 COSTANZA R, 1998, ECOLOGICAL EC SUSTAI FOLKE C, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P167 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEATHCOTE IW, 1998, INTEGRATED WATERSHED HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JONES PJS, 1994, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V24, P149 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 NAIMAN RI, 1994, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PELLEY J, 1997, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V31, A322 REES WE, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILSON J, 1997, SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS YOUNG MD, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V28, P45 NR 18 TC 41 J9 SCIENCE BP 198 EP 199 PY 1998 PD JUL 10 VL 281 IS 5374 GA ZZ286 UT ISI:000074714200034 ER PT J AU Egger, S TI Determining a sustainable city model SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article C1 Murdoch Univ, Inst Sustainabil & Technol Policy, Mt Pleasant, WA 6153, Australia. RP Egger, S, Murdoch Univ, Inst Sustainabil & Technol Policy, 26 Canning Ave, Mt Pleasant, WA 6153, Australia. AB With the prediction by the United Nations that 60% of the world's population will live in cities by the year 2030, it is apparent that the immediate global future is one of urbanisation. Central to the issue of sustainability must therefore be the increasing domination of the city. Determining the sustainability of a city and the effect the city has on global sustainability must be considered from two perspectives that are largely analogous to Castells' bi-polar conflict between "the Net" and "the Self" [Castells, M., 1996. The Rise of the Network Society, vol. 1, first ed. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK]. Cities must reconcile the conflict between being part of a competitive global city network and satisfying the day to day requirements of their own inhabitants. This dual perspective of cities and sustainability is examined in this paper with a view to determine an appropriate model for what may constitute a contemporary sustainable city. What are the defining characteristics that would ensure a city can not only survive in a manner acceptable to its current and future inhabitants, but also in a way that will not undermine the abilities of other cities and regions around the world to also remain sustainable? (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR 2001, STATE WORLDS CITIES *AUSTR BUR STAT, 2001, AUSTR CULT LEIS CLAS CAPRA F, 2002, HIDDEN CONNECTIONS CASTELLS M, 1996, RISE NETWORK SOC, V1 COHEN JE, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P341 COX E, 1998, MEASURING PROGR IS L, P157 DRUCKER PF, 1994, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, V274, P53 FRIEDMANN J, 2001, GLOBAL CITY REGIONS, P119 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAMILTON C, 1998, MEASURING PROGR IS L, P69 HAWKEN P, 1999, NATURAL CAPITALISM HENDERSON V, 1995, J POLIT ECON, V103, P1067 JACOBS J, 1985, CITIES WEALTH NATION KASSER T, 2000, ADV QUALITY LIFE THE, V4, P3 MARQUEZ LO, 1999, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V14, P541 MATHERS CD, 1998, MEASURING PROGR IS L, P125 MOLDOW D, 1997, CITIES FIT PEOPLE, P215 NEWMAN P, 1999, SUSTAINABILITY CITIE OLDS GT, 1979, AL FUT FRONT C RICHARDSON S, 1998, MEASURING PROGR IS L, P201 ROGERS R, 1998, CITIES SMALL PLANET ROGERSON RJ, 1999, URBAN STUDIES MAY, P969 URRY J, 2002, SOCIOLOGY, V36, P255 NR 23 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW BP 1235 EP 1246 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 21 IS 9 GA 060JE UT ISI:000238797700002 ER PT J AU Misselhorn, AA TI What drives food insecurity in southern Africa? A meta-analysis of household economy studies SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geog, ZA-2195 Fairland, South Africa. RP Misselhorn, AA, Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geog, 1 Desrell Gardens,51 Kessel St, ZA-2195 Fairland, South Africa. AB Food insecurity. and the factors that determine it, are experienced at the level of the household and the individual. Food insecurity is also spatially varied across regions. In this paper meta-analysis is used to synthesize 49 household economy local-level studies that focus on community-level livelihood strategies to identify drivers of food insecurity in southern Africa. The results reveal entrenched cycles of vulnerability in southern Africa's food insecure communities, where socio-economic issues feature prominently. The direct causes of inadequate food access are poverty, environmental stressors and conflict: these account for 50% of the identified indirect drivers of food insecurity. Meta-analysis is used to suggest the common processes behind food insecurity that take specific forms in particular communities. The findings underscore the need to understand the multiple social and political dimensions of food insecurity, such as the breakdown in social capital associated with poverty, conflict and HIV/AIDS, that run deeper than environmental constraints to food production. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Stockholm Univ, Interdisciplinary Ctr Nat Resources & Environm Re, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CSIRO, Div Sustainable Ecosyst, Resilience Alliance, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Emerging recognition of two fundamental errors underpinning past polices for natural resource issues heralds awareness of the need for a worldwide fundamental change in thinking and in practice of environmental management. The first error has been an implicit assumption that ecosystem responses to human use are linear predictable and controllable. The second has been an assumption that human and natural systems can be treated independently. However, evidence that has been accumulating in diverse regions all over the world suggests that natural and social systems behave in nonlinear ways, exhibit marked thresholds in their dynamics, and that social-ecological systems act as strongly coupled, complex and evolving integrated systems. This article is a summary of a report prepared on behalf of the Environmental Advisory Council to the Swedish Government, as input to the process of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa in 26 August 4 September 2002. We use the concept of resilience-the capacity to buffer change, learn and develop-as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity in a complex world of rapid transformations. Two useful tools for resilience-building in social-ecological systems are structured scenarios and active adaptive management. These tools require and facilitate a social context with flexible and open institutions and multi-level governance systems that allow for learning and increase adaptive capacity without foreclosing future development options. CR ADGER WN, 2001, LIVING ENV CHANGE SO BERKES F, IN PRESS NAVIGATING BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOLOGY ACHIEVEMENT, P357 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P1 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P345 DANELL K, IN PRESS FOREST ECOL ESTES JA, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P75 FOKE C, 2002, ICSU SERIES SCI SUST, V3 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P371 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLAND JH, 1995, HIDDEN ORDER ADAPTIO HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 KASPERSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINIONS CO MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OSTROM E, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P278 PETERSON GD, IN PRESS RESILIENCE POST RR, 2002, FISHERIES, V27, P6 RASKIN P, 2002, GREAT TRANSITION PRO REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 STEELE JH, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S33 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WALTERS CJ, 2001, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V58, P1 ZIMOV SA, 1995, AM NAT, V146, P765 NR 32 TC 8 J9 AMBIO BP 437 EP 440 PY 2002 PD AUG VL 31 IS 5 GA 595BA UT ISI:000178085900008 ER PT J AU Parkes, M Panelli, R TI Integrating catchment, ecosystems and community health: The value of participatory action research SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Review C1 Univ Otago, Wellington Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Ecol & Hlth Res Ctr, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Dept Geog, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Parkes, M, Univ Otago, Wellington Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Ecol & Hlth Res Ctr, POB 7343, Wellington, New Zealand. AB Understanding links between catchment management and community health demands consideration of complex bio-physical, socio-economic, and public health relationships. These relationships cut across a spectrum of health, environment and development considerations and highlight the need for appropriate and integrative modes of inquiry and decision making. What can Participatory Action Research (PAR) contribute towards achieving an integrated approach to catchment management and community health issues? In addition to a methodological overview of Participatory Action Research, this paper reviews other participatory, community, action, and ecosystems-based methods. Commonalities in principles and methods are highlighted across a number of fields of research and practice including rural and community development, public health and health promotion, natural resource management, environmental health, and integrated ecosystem-based approaches. Lessons learned from application of Participatory Action Research are described in relation to a catchment and community health project, based in the Taieri River catchment, New Zealand. The case study emphasizes the importance of both horizontal and vertical connections between diverse coalitions of catchment stakeholders and the contribution of PAR cycles of inquiry, reflection, and action, toward this type of integration. Both generic and location-specific examples highlight the value of participatory methods that respond to the challenge of how to integrate the complex social and bio-physical processes that characterize human and ecosystem health. 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Politecn Milan, CIRITA, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Casagrandi, R, Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Elettron & Informaz, Milan, Italy. AB This paper shows that it is difficult, if not impossible, to formulate policies that guarantee that tourism can be maintained for a long time without severely impacting on the environment. The analysis is purely theoretical and is based on very simple and general assumptions about the interactions between the three main components of the system: the tourists, the environment, and the capital. These assumptions are encapsulated in a so-called minimal model, used to predict the economic and environmental impact of any given policy. This paper is of value for three reasons. First, it introduces the approach of minimal descriptive models in the context of tourism, which has traditionally been dominated by the use of black-box econometric models. Second, the specific results are quite interesting. We show, in fact, that tourism sustainability can be achieved, provided agents are prudent about reinvesting their profits and are willing to protect the environment, but that sustainability is very often at risk, because unforeseen shocks can easily trigger a switch from a profitable and compatible behavior to an unprofitable or incompatible one. These results are in line with conventional wisdom and observations, but the interesting fact is that here they are theoretically derived from a few very simple and abstract premises. Third, although not directly related to the problem of tourism but rather to the general topic of sustainability, this is one of the first times that the notion of sustainability, which is more and more pervasive in the field of resource management, is interpreted strictly in terms of the structural properties of the attractors of a dynamic system. This creates an important and promising bridge between sustainability and bifurcation theory, one of the most important areas of systems analysis. 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RP Batabyal, AA, Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, 3530 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. AB We now know that from a functional standpoint, jointly determined ecological-economic systems (ecosystems) cycle over time. However, because this recognition has been recent, the ecological economics literature contains Very few formal studies of the management of cyclical ecosystems. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to use renewal theory to examine two ways of analyzing the optimal management of cyclical ecosystems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR BATABYAL AA, 1994, ECON LETT, V46, P237 BATABYAL AA, 1995, ECOL ECON, V12, P23 BATABYAL AA, 1996, ECON LETT, V52, P119 BATABYAL AA, 1998, IN PRESS MATH COMPUT BATABYAL AA, 1998, UNPUB OPTIMAL MANAGE BROWN G, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS CLEMENTS FE, 1916, CARNEGIE I WASHINGTO, V242, P1 DASGUPTA P, 1996, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V1, P387 DIXON J, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V2 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 NELSON R, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V2 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS PERRINGS C, 1996, MODELS SUSTAINABLE D ROSS SM, 1996, STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WOLFF RW, 1989, STOCHASTIC MODELING NR 19 TC 6 J9 ECOL ECON BP 285 EP 292 PY 1999 PD AUG VL 30 IS 2 GA 238WJ UT ISI:000082737300008 ER PT J AU Davis, SM Childers, DL Lorenz, JJ Wanless, HR Hopkins, TE TI A conceptual model of ecological interactions in the mangrove estuaries of the Florida Everglades SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Natl Audobon Soc, Tavernier, FL 33070 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Geol Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. RP Davis, SM, S Florida Water Management Dist, 3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. AB A brackish water ecotone of coastal bays and lakes, mangrove forests, salt marshes, tidal creeks, and upland hammocks separates Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico from the freshwater Everglades. The Everglades mangrove estuaries are characterized by salinity gradients that vary spatially with topography and vary seasonally and inter-annually with rainfall, tide, and freshwater flow from the Everglades. Because of their location at the lower end of the Everglades drainage basin, Everglades mangrove estuaries have been affected by upstream water management practices that have altered the freshwater heads and flows and that affect salinity gradients. Additionally, interannual variation in precipitation patterns, particularly those caused to El Nino events, control freshwater inputs and salinity dynamics in these estuaries. Two major external drivers on this system are water management activities and global climate change. These drivers lead to two major ecosystem stressors: reduced freshwater flow volume and duration, and sea-level rise. Major ecological attributes include mangrove forest production, soil accretion, and resilience; coastal lake submerged aquatic vegetation; resident mangrove fish populations; wood stork (Mycteria americana) and roseate spoonbill (Platelea ajaja) nesting colonies; and estuarine crocodilian populations. Causal linkages between stressors and attributes include coastal transgression, hydroperiods, salinity gradients, and the "white zone" freshwater/estuarine interface. The functional estuary and its ecological attributes, as influenced by sea level and freshwater flow, must be viewed as spatially dynamic, with a possible near-term balancing of transgression but ultimately a long-term continuation of inland movement. Regardless of the spatio-temporal timing of this transgression, a salinity gradient supportive of ecologically functional Everglades mangrove estuaries will be required to maintain the integrity of the South Florida ecosystem. 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Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Parker, KR, Data Anal Grp, POB 128, Cloverdale, CA 95425 USA. AB Gauging whether or when a population, species, or community recovers from an environmental accident or disturbance, such as an oil spill or forest fire, is complicated by environmental variation in time and space, and therefore depends on the assumptions one makes about equilibrium. These ecological assumptions about equilibrium affect how one designs and interprets studies to assess recovery from environmental accidents or disturbances. We use examples from studies conducted following the Exxon Valdez oil spill to illustrate several approaches to assessing recovery and their sensitivity to the form of equilibrium one assumes. Baseline study. designs, which compare levels of a resource aft er the disturbance to pre-disturbance levels for impact data only, are generally inadequate because they rest on the unrealistic assumption of steady-state equilibrium. Since data for the impact area only are used, recovery and temporal variation are confounded. Unlike baseline designs, before-after control-impact (BACI) designs use impact and reference data, and relax this sensitivity by incorporating both temporal and spatial variation. Studies that compare impacted with reference areas in a single year following the disturbance assume spatial equilibrium and therefore may confound recovery with systematic spatial differences between the areas. Sampling and analytical strategies such as stratified random sampling or the use of environmental measures as covariates may lessen the sensitivity to this assumption. Multiyear studies that include comparisons between impacted and reference areas or that sample areas-along a gradient of disturbance rest on the more realistic assumption of dynamic equilibrium. Understanding the underlying assumptions and how they relate to the approach one uses must be part of assessing the recovery of biological resources from an environmenial accident. Because the dynamics of different populations, species, and communities and the environments they occupy vary and exhibit different dependencies on the scale of disturbance (and the scale of analysis), there is no single "best", approach to assessing recovery. Discussions about recovery should include an explicit and honest consideration of the underlying ecological Assumptions, the likelihood that they hold in the system being studied, and the consequences if the assumptions are violated. 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A critical review of the application of institutional theories to the study of environmental change SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Hotimsky, S, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB The impact of new institutionalism on the study of human environment interactions has been meaningful. Institutional perspectives have further shaped and modified the field problems of common pool resources, environmental hazards, and risk and environmental management. Given the relative potential of institutional theories to increase the comprehension of the various dimensions of human environmental interactions, it has become increasingly important to attempt to consolidate different interpretations of what institutions are, and how they mediate and constrain possibilities for more successful environmental outcomes. This article focuses primarily on contending ontological perspectives on institutions and institutional change. It argues that what should guide the application of institutional theories in practical research regarding environmental change is the ontological dimension, and that the focus of research should be on uncovering the underlying dynamics of institutional change. In doing so, it calls for a methodological pluralism in the investigation of the role institutions play in driving/managing for environmental change. 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RP Kevan, PG, UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ENVIRONM BIOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. AB AgrECOLture refers to the application of ecological principles and concepts in agricultural practice. In this paper, we define ecological terminology and outline the main ecological processes which operate in natural and agricultural ecosystems while pointing out some of the shortcomings of their misapplication or misunderstanding. We discuss the distribution, abundance, and activities of organisms, including human beings, in agricultural ecosystems. The main processes we outline include nutrient cycling, competition, symbioses, succession, and mimicry as they relate to agriculture. The concepts considered embrace reproductive strategies of domesticated organisms, ecological communities, ecological stability, resilience, biodiversity, and ecosystem health. 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Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB Ecology has a key role in our understanding of the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems (i.e. ecosystem services). Ecology can also contribute to developing environmentally sound technologies, markets for ecosystem services and approaches to decision-making that account for the changing relationship between humans and ecosystems. These contributions involve basic ecological research on, for example, the resilience of ecosystem services or relationships of ecosystem change to natural disasters. Much of the necessary work involves interdisciplinary collaboration among ecologists, social scientists and decision makers. As we discuss here, ecology should help formulate positive, plausible visions for relationships of society and ecosystems that can potentially sustain ecosystem services for long periods of time. 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RP Brunckhorst, D, Univ New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. AB River catchments have been the dominant form of regionalisation for natural-resource management in many countries since the 1980s. Local governments play a considerable role in planning with ever-increasing responsibilities for sustainable environmental management, planning and development controls. There has also been an increasing emphasis on community participation in resource management, which emphasises the need to re-examine the requirements for spatial definition of resource governance regions. This paper proposes three principles. First, the nature and reach of environmental externalities of resource use should determine the size and nesting of resource management regions. Second, the boundaries of resource governance regions should enclose areas of greatest interest and importance to local residents. Third, the biophysical characteristics of a resource governance region should be as homogenous as possible, which provides resource planning and management efficiencies. The paper describes a range of concepts and empirical techniques used to apply these principles to the derivation of a resource governance regionalisation of the State of New South Wales, Australia. 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Because it has not given due consideration to diverse contexts of the region and thereby the specific approaches that such context necessitate, the particular approach has not brought about security from flooding. Three responses are seen in the terrain of flood disaster. These are the hierarchic manager, individualistic innovator and the egalitarian social activist. The hierarchies define control as the solution to the problems of flood: this is the approach preferred by state agencies. At the individualistic level the sought strategy is flexibility to cope with the situation. The response by social activists is guided by egalitarian critiques of the hierarchic approach. Each pursues his/her own styles and continuously contests the policy terrain. This paper reviews the nature of flood disaster in the Himalaya-Ganga by focussing on plains Nepal. It argues that conventional approach has not been able to provide the security envisaged. The paper suggests that vulnerability of people in risk-prone areas must be addressed by enhancing resilience capacity. For this to happen the approach must be pluralistic that gives space to each management style with varying obligations at varying scales. 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RP Kauffman, JB, USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. AB Ecological restoration of riparian zones that have been degraded by decades of overgrazing by livestock is of paramount importance for the improvement of water quality and fish and wildlife habitats in the western United States. An increasingly common approach to the restoration of habitats of endangered salmon in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA) is to exclude livestock from streamside communities. Yet, few studies have examined how ending livestock grazing changes ecosystem properties and belowground processes in herbaceous-dominated riparian plant communities (meadows). Along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon, we compared ecosystem properties of dry (grass and forb-dominated) and wet (sedge-dominated) meadow communities at three sites that had been managed for sustainable livestock production with three sites where livestock had been excluded for 9-18 years as a means of riparian and stream restoration. Profound differences in the belowground properties of grazed and exclosed communities were measured. In dry meadows, total belowground biomass (TBGB consisting of roots and rhizomes) was similar to50% greater in exclosures (1105 and 1652 g/m(2) in the grazed and exclosed sites, respectively). In exclosed wet meadows, the TBGB was 62% greater than in the grazed sites (1761 and 2857 g/m(2), respectively). Soil bulk density was significantly lower, and soil pore space was higher in exclosed sites of both meadow types. The mean infiltration rate in exclosed dry meadows was similar to 13-fold greater than in grazed dry meadows (142 vs. 11 cm/h), and in wet meadows the mean infiltration rate in exclosures was 233% greater than in grazed sites (24 vs. 80 cm/h). In exclosed wet meadows, the rate of net potential nitrification was 149-fold greater (0.747 vs. 0.005 mug NO3-N-[g soil](-l).d(-1)), and the rate of net potential mineralization was 32-fold greater (0.886 vs. 0.027 mug N.[g soil](-l).d(-1), respectively) when compared to grazed sites, though changes observed in dry meadows were not significant. Livestock removal was found to be an effective approach to ecological restoration, resulting in significant changes in soil, hydrological, and vegetation properties that, at landscape scales, would likely have great effects on stream channel structure, water quality, and the aquatic biota. 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AB This article offers an exploration of connections between sustainability, risk and uncertainty. Global environmental change and human sustainability are characterized as the challenge of managing change in dynamic systems riddled with uncertainty. A number ot disciplines and intellectual traditions, including systems thinking, risk and ecology, are surveyed briefly as sources to inform an approach to this challenge. Approaches to managing risk and uncertainty are discussed, a typology of resilience constructed, and an approach to sustainability defined. The discussion is based on the three imperatives of constant change, ever-present uncertainty and ignorance, and an increasingly stressed interdependency between humans and the biosphere. NR 0 TC 11 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 262 EP 276 PY 1992 PD DEC VL 2 IS 4 GA KC245 UT ISI:A1992KC24500002 ER PT J AU Daily, GC Soderqvist, T Aniyar, S Arrow, K Dasgupta, P Ehrlich, PR Folke, C Jansson, A Jansson, BO Kautsky, N Levin, SA Lubchenco, J Maler, KG Simpson, D Starrett, D Tilman, D Walker, BH TI Ecology - The value of nature and the nature of value SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Inst, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Daily, GC, Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 2000, WAT MAN POT WAT SUPP ARROW KJ, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P125 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CASTRO R, 1998, COSTA RICAN EXPERIEN CHICHILNISKY G, 1998, NATURE, V391, P629 CORK S, 2000, P 3 QUEENSL ENV C 25 COSTANZA R, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P4 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES DAILY GC, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 ECHAVARRIA M, 1999, POLICY MECHANISMS WA GATTO M, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P347 HEAL G, IN PRESS NATURE MARK HOSKING L, 2000, FOR GREEN EC C COSP JANZEN D, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P5987 KREMEN C, 2000, SCIENCE, V288, P1828 LOBO RG, 1999, BIODIVERSIDAD GENTES LUDWIG D, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P31 MASOOD E, 1998, NATURE, V395, P426 NAYLOR RL, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P883 REID W, IN PRESS MANAGING HU SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHNEIDER S, IN PRESS PACIFIC ASI VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 NR 23 TC 33 J9 SCIENCE BP 395 EP 396 PY 2000 PD JUL 21 VL 289 IS 5478 GA 336ME UT ISI:000088305500022 ER PT J AU Davis, SR Wilkinson, DM TI The conservation management value of testate amoebae as 'restoration' indicators: speculations based on two damaged raised mires in northwest England SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Exeter, Dept Geog, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Dept Biol & Earth Sci, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. RP Davis, SR, Univ Exeter, Dept Geog, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England. AB The ideas behind peatland restoration and the utility of testate amoebae in informing such schemes are briefly reviewed and discussed in the context of two lowland raised-mire sites in northwest England (Astley Moss, part of the Chat Moss complex in Greater Manchester, and Danes Moss, Cheshire). Our study indicates a high degree of correspondence between the sites in their response to major documented climatic deteriorations during the last five millennia. In particular, the c. 2300 BP event appears to correspond with greatly increased water-table fluctuation at both sites and pronounced declines in characteristic mire taxa of testate amoebae. These do not regain their former dominance save for a brief episode at c. 300 BP affecting both sites. Despite some restoration attempts at both sites, testate assemblages bear little resemblance to what might be considered a typical mire assemblage and do not appear to have done so with any degree of stability for c. 2500 years. This raises important issues regarding the practicability and suitability of such sites for large-scale restoration attempts and the range of conditions that can be considered natural for such sites; these questions should form the basis of future research. CR ANDERSON DE, 1998, HOLOCENE, V8, P97 BAILLIE MGL, 1990, RADIOCARBON, V32, P361 BARBER KE, 1982, CLIMATIC CHANGE LATE, P103 BARBER KE, 1994, HOLOCENE, V4, P198 BIRKS HJB, 1964, MEMOIRS P MANCHESTER, V106, P24 BIRKS HJB, 1996, J VEG SCI, V7, P89 BURTON RGO, 1987, 15 SOIL SURV BUTTLER A, 1996, NEW PHYTOL, V134, P371 CHAMBERS FM, 1997, HOLOCENE, V7, P391 CHAMBERS FM, 1999, J APPL ECOL, V36, P719 CHANDLER J, 1993, J LELANDS ITINERARY CHARMAN DJ, 1999, J QUATERNARY SCI, V14, P451 CHARMAN DJ, 2000, 9 QRA CHARMAN DJ, 2001, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V20, P1753 COLLINS ES, 1995, J FORAMINIFERA RES, V25, P213 CORBET SA, 1973, FIELD STUDIES LONDON, V3, P801 CROFTON HT, 2002, T LANCASHIRE CHESHIR, V20, P139 DAVIES CS, 1961, HIST MACCLESFIELD DAVIS SR, 2002, THESIS J MOORES U LI DEFOE D, 1749, TOUR ENGLAND WALES DEGRAAF F, 1956, BIOL JB DODONAEA, V23, P145 DIERSSEN K, 1992, PEATLAND ECOSYSTEMS, P213 DIXON J, 1858, Q REV, V103, P1 EGGELSMANN RF, 1988, P 8 INT PEAT C LENN, V3, P251 EGGELSMANN RF, 1995, RESTORATION TEMPERAT, P347 ELLING AE, 1984, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V39, P209 EVANS WB, 1968, BRIT GEOLOGICAL SURV, V110 FOISSNER W, 1997, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V62, P93 GOWEN M, 2000, UNPUB WETLAND LANDSC GRIMM EC, 1981, TILIA TILIA GRAPH HALL D, 1995, N W WETLANDS SURVEY, V2 HEADLEY AD, 1992, PEATLAND ECOSYSTEMS, P257 HEATHWAITE AL, 1993, MIRES PROCESS EXPLOI, P1 HEATHWAITE AL, 1994, HYDROL PROCESS, V8, P245 HENDON D, 1997, HOLOCENE, V7, P199 HOLT J, 1795, GEN VIEW AGR COUNTY HUGHES PDM, 2000, HOLOCENE, V10, P465 HUNTLEY B, 1991, SCI MANAGEMENT TEMPE, P473 JAUHIAINEN S, 2002, EUR J PROTISTOL, V38, P59 JONES GDB, 1980, ARCHAEOLOGY COASTAL, P87 JOOSTEN JHJ, 1995, RESTORATION TEMPERAT, P379 JOWSEY PC, 1966, NEW PHYTOL, V65, P245 KLINGER LF, 1990, HOLARCTIC ECOL, V13, P72 LEAH MD, 1997, N W WETLANDS SURVEY, V4 LENTON TM, 2000, TELLUS B, V52, P1159 LINDSAY RA, 1992, PEATLAND ECOSYSTEMS, P331 MADONI P, 1993, WATER RES, V27, P1485 MEADE R, 1992, BIOL CONSERV, V61, P21 MIDDLETON R, 1995, N W WETLANDS SURVEY, V5 MOSS B, 2001, BROADS NICK KJ, 1984, P INT PEAT C, V7, P331 PFADENHAUER J, 1996, VEGETATIO, V126, P105 PROCTOR MCF, 1998, MIRES RES NEWS, V14, P7 REINHARDT EG, 1998, MICROPALEONTOLOGY, V44, P131 SCHAFER CT, 1991, MAR MICROPALEONTOL, V17, P255 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHOUWENAARS JM, 1992, INT PEAT J, V4, P15 SIMPSON JA, 1989, OXFORD ENGLISH DICT SMITH H, 2002, EUROPEAN J PROTISTOL, V73, P367 STEWART I, 1987, PROBLEMS MATH STUIVER M, 1998, RADIOCARBON, V40, P1041 SUNDBERG S, 2000, THESIS UPPSALA U UPP TALLIS JH, 1973, J ECOL, V61, P287 TURNER J, 1964, NEW PHYTOL, V63, P73 VANBREEMEN N, 1995, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V10, P270 WALKER D, 1970, STUDIES VEGETATIONAL, P117 WANNER M, 2001, ECOL ENG, V17, P323 WARNER BG, 1989, P INT S PEAT PEATL C, P5 WARNER BG, 1992, ARCH PROTISTENKD, V141, P179 WEEKS L, 1999, ECOLOGY LANDSCAPE DE, P65 WELLS C, 1997, VEG HIST ARCHAEOBOT, V6, P153 WHEELER BD, 1995, RESTORATION DAMAGED WHEELER BD, 1995, RESTORATION TEMPERAT, P1 WHILD S, 2001, 407 ENGL NAT WHINAM J, 1997, BIOL CONSERV, V82, P21 WILKINSON DM, 2001, J APPL ECOL, V38, P1371 WILKINSON DM, 2001, J BIOGEOGR, V28, P285 WISNIEWSKI PJ, 1982, BIOL CONSERV, V22, P239 WOODLAND WA, 1998, HOLOCENE, V8, P261 NR 79 TC 0 J9 HOLOCENE BP 135 EP 143 PY 2004 PD JAN VL 14 IS 1 GA 760LA UT ISI:000187827300013 ER PT J AU Bartell, SM TI Ecology, environmental impact statements, and ecological risk assessment: A brief historical perspective SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 Cadmus Grp Inc, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Bartell, SM, Cadmus Grp Inc, 136 Mitchell Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. AB Ecological risk assessment will continue to increase in importance as a conceptual and methodological basis for evaluating environmental impacts as required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Understanding the historical strengths and limitations of more traditional environmental assessments performed in support of the NEPA can facilitate the effective incorporation of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process. Such integration will also benefit from a knowledge of the historical and continuing development of the ecological risk assessment process, as well as from a recognition of the contributions from modern quantitative ecology and ecosystem science. Adopting a risk-based approach can improve the NEPA process by providing a framework for consistent and comprehensive ecological assessment and by providing a conceptual and methodological basis for addressing the varied uncertainties attendant to environmental assessments. The primary concern in integrating ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process is that ecological risk assessment not merely become a new name for traditional environmental impact assessments. While the integration of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process occurs, it is important to begin to outline the next transition in environmental assessment capabilities. Operationally linking ecological risk assessment methods with formal decision models appears as a worthwhile objective in beginning this transition. CR *USEPA, 1992, EPA630R92001 *USEPA, 1993, EPA630R92005 *USEPA, 1996, EPA630R95002FA BARTELL SM, 1992, ECOLOGICAL RISK ESTI BARTELL SM, 1996, RISK ASSESSMENT MANA CALDWELL LK, 1993, ENV ANAL NEPA EXPERI, P12 DARKIN ME, 1994, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V13, P1907 EBERHARDT LL, 1976, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V4, P27 FAIRFAX SK, 1978, SCIENCE, V199, P734 GOLLEY FB, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE HELTON JC, 1993, NUCL TECHNOL, V101, P18 HILDEBRAND SG, 1993, ENV ANAL NEPA EXPERI HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KAPLAN S, 1981, RISK ANAL, V1, P11 LEVIN SA, 1984, ENVIRON MANAGE, V8, P375 MCINTOSH RP, 1985, BACKGROUND ECOLOGY C ONEILL RV, 1982, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V1, P167 ONEILL RV, 1983, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V2, P451 PARKHURST B, 1993, APPL ECOLOGICAL RISK RUBENSTEIN MF, 1975, PATTERNS PROBLEM SOL SCHINDLER DW, 1976, SCIENCE, V192, P50 SUTER GW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSE NR 22 TC 1 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESSMENT BP 843 EP 851 PY 1998 PD AUG VL 4 IS 4 GA 116TL UT ISI:000075740800009 ER PT J AU Olsson, P Folke, C Hahn, T TI Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB We analyze the emergence of an adaptive co-management system for wetland landscape governance in southern Sweden, a process where unconnected management by several actors in the landscape was mobilized, renewed, and reconfigured into ecosystem management within about a decade. Our analysis highlights the social mechanisms behind the transformation toward ecosystem management. The self-organizing process was triggered by perceived threats among members of various local stewardship associations and local government to the area's cultural and ecological values. These threats challenged the development of ecosystem services in the area. We show how one individual, a key leader, played an instrumental role in directing change and transforming governance. The transformation involved three phases: 1) preparing the system for change, 2) seizing a window of opportunity, and 3) building social-ecological resilience of the new desired state. This local policy entrepreneur initiated trust-building dialogue, mobilized social networks with actors across scales, and started processes for coordinating people, information flows and ongoing activities, and for compiling and generating knowledge, understanding, and management practices of ecosystem dynamics. Understanding, collaborative learning, and creating public awareness were part of the process. A comprehensive framework was developed with a shared vision and goals that presented conservation as development, turned problems into possibilities, and contributed to a shift in perception among key actors regarding the values of the wetland landscape. A window of opportunity at the political level opened, which made it possible to transform the governance system toward a trajectory of ecosystem management. The transformation involved establishing a new municipal organization, the Ecomuseum Kristianstads Vattenrike (EKV). This flexible organization serves as a bridge between local actors and governmental bodies and is essential to the adaptive governance of the wetland landscape. It is also critical in navigating the larger sociopolitical and economic environment for resilience of the new social-ecological system. We conclude that social transformation is essential to move from a less desired trajectory to one where the capacity to manage ecosystems sustainably for human well-being is strengthened. Adaptability among actors is needed to reinforce and sustain the desired social-ecological state and make it resilient to future change and unpredictable events. CR ADGER WN, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P75 ADOLFSSON K, 1985, ARASLOVSSJON FORR NU ALEXANDERSSON H, 1986, STRANDER VID FAGELSJ BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BENGTSSON SA, 1963, HAMMARSJONS HACKFAGE BENNETT EM, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P322 BENNULF M, 1994, MILJOOPINIONEN SVERI BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERNARD HR, 1994, RES METHODS ANTHR QU CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 COLDING J, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P163 CRONERT H, 1991, VATMARKSOMRADET UTME CRONERT H, 1998, ANSER, V37, P89 DANTER KJ, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P537 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1902 FOLKE C, 1998, 2 IHDP FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 FRIES C, 1958, SVENSKA TURISTFORENI, P234 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAAS PM, 1992, INT ORGAN, V46, P1 HARDESTY J, 2000, CONSERVATION BIOL PR, V1, P26 HELLDEN G, 1984, ISTERNASET SODRA BLA HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JOHANSSON R, 1989, HAMMARSJONS HACKANDE KINGDON JW, 1995, AGENDAS ALTERNATIVES KVALE S, 1996, INTERVIEWS INTRO QUA LARSSON T, 1969, OIKOS, V20, P136 LARSSON T, 1972, 12 I SKOGSZ SKOGSH LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEE KN, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P560 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LJUNGBERG H, 1995, JORDLOPARE KORTVINGA MAGNUSSON SE, 1981, SKANES NATUR, V68, P43 MAGNUSSON SE, 1987, STATENS KULTURRAD IN, V8 MAGNUSSON SE, 1989, MARKHAVDKARTERING 19 MAGNUSSON SE, 1995, ATTRAKTIV KULTURBYGD, P44 MCGINNIS M, 2000, POLYCENTRIC GOVERNAN MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P141 NABHAN GP, 1997, CULTURES HABITAT NAT NEIDEMAN C, 1979, HACKFAGELINVENTERING OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OLSSON P, 2004, IN PRESS ENV MANAGEM PATTON MQ, 1980, QUALITATIVE EVALUATI PEHRSSON O, 1979, 1244 PM STAT NAT PETERSON GD, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 PETERSON GD, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR, P227 PINKERTON E, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P363 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 SHANNON MA, 1991, J FOREST, V89, P27 SHANNON MA, 1997, CREATING FORESTRY 21, P437 SHANNON MA, 1998, RIVER ECOLOGY MANAGE, P529 SVENSSON M, 2002, SKOG TRADMILJOER LAN TENGO M, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P132 TROSPER RL, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 VONLINNE C, 1751, SKANSKA RESA 1749 VONPROSCHWITZ T, 2001, LANDLEVANDE MOLLUSKE WALLENSTEN E, 2000, HAMMARSJONS VASTRA S WALTNERTOEWS D, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P23 WENDTRASCH L, 1996, SPOVEN S, V5 WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P333 WILSON J, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P327 NR 65 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 2 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 4 GA 912OC UT ISI:000228087700002 ER PT J AU Whalen, PJ Toth, LA Koebel, JW Strayer, PK TI Kissimmee River restoration: a case study SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 S Florida Water Management District, W Palm Beach, FL 33458 USA. RP Whalen, PJ, S Florida Water Management District, POB 24680, W Palm Beach, FL 33458 USA. AB Channelization of the Kissimmee River transformed a 167 km meandering river into a 9 metre deep, 75 metre Wide, 90 km drainage canal (C-38) that is compartmentalized with levees and water control structures into a series of five stagnant pools. Channelization dramatically changed water level and flow characteristics, drained 21,000 hectares of floodplain wetland and severely impacted fish and wildlife populations. A $500 million dollar restoration project will restore the ecological integrity of the river-floodplain system by reconstructing the natural river channel and reestablishing hydrologic processes. Sixty expectations have been established to quantify the ecosystem's recovery. The first phase of reconstruction was completed in February 2001 and included movement of 9.2 million cubic metres of earth to backfill 12 km of C-38, the explosive demolition of one water control structure, construction of two sections (2.4 km) of new river channel, and reestablishment of 24 contiguous km of river. Numerous social, political, and technical challenges have been encountered during the project's evolution. Recommendations are provided for future restoration projects. 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CR 1987, HUMAN RESPONSE GLOBA 1987, INT GEOSPHERE BIOSPH 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE ASCHER W, 1978, FORECASTING APPRAISA CLARK W, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS CWACK P, 1985, HARVARD BUS REV, V6, P139 GAULT FE, 1987, FUTURES, V19, P3 GODET M, 1986, FUTURES, V18, P134 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JOHANSSON T, 1977, SOLAR SWEDEN JOHANSSON TB, 1983, SCIENCE, V219, P355 LONNROTH M, 1982, SOLAR VS NUCLEAR CHO MEADOWS D, 1982, GROPING DARK 1ST DEC MEADOWS D, 1985, ELECTRONIC ORACLE CO ROBINSON JB, 1982, ENERG POLICY, V10, P337 ROBINSON JB, 1982, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, V21, P229 ROBINSON JB, 1989, 21ST M LEAD NAT CENT ROBINSON JB, 1990, ALTERNATIVES, V17, P36 SCHWARZ B, 1982, METHODS FUTURES STUD VALISKAKIS K, 1988, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, V33, P339 WACK P, 1985, HARVARD BUS REV, V5, P72 NR 21 TC 18 J9 FUTURES BP 820 EP 842 PY 1990 PD OCT VL 22 IS 8 GA ED980 UT ISI:A1990ED98000003 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA Kohler, TA Scheffer, M TI Sunk-cost effects and vulnerability to collapse in ancient societies SO CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Janssen, MA, Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, 408 N Indiana Ave, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 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RP Rosser, JB, James Madison Univ, Program Econ, Dept Econ, MSC 0204, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. AB Various complex dynamics in ecologic-economic systems are presented with an emphasis upon models of global warming dynamics and fishery dynamics. Chaotic and catastrophic dynamic patterns are shown to be possible, along with other complex dynamics arising from non-linearities in such combined systems. Problems associated with amplified oscillations due to these non-linear interactions in the combined interactions of human economic decisionmaking with ecological dynamics are identified and discussed. Implications for policy are examined with strong recommendations for greater emphasis, in particular upon the precautionary principle to avoid catastrophic collapses beyond critical thresholds and the Scale-Matching Principle to ensure that efforts to manage complex non-linear dynamics are directed at the appropriate levers of ecologic-economic interaction. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Holmlund, CM, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB In this paper, we review the role of fish populations in generating ecosystem services based on documented ecological functions and human demands of fish. The ongoing overexploitation of global fish resources concerns our societies, not only in terms of decreasing fish populations important for consumption and recreational activities. Rather, a number of ecosystem services generated by fish populations are also at risk, with consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ultimately human welfare. Examples are provided from marine and freshwater ecosystems, in various parts of the world, and include all life-stages of fish. Ecosystem services are here defined as fundamental services for maintaining ecosystem functioning and resilience, or demand-derived services based on human values. To secure the generation of ecosystem services from fish populations, management approaches need to address the fact that fish are embedded in ecosystems and that substitutions for declining populations and habitat losses, such as fish stocking and nature reserves, rarely replace losses of all services. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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MJ, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P21 VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 VITOUSEK PM, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P7 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WAPLES RS, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P124 WELCOMME RL, 1988, 294 FAO WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 WOODIN SA, 1978, ECOLOGY, V59, P274 NR 132 TC 9 J9 ECOL ECON BP 253 EP 268 PY 1999 PD MAY VL 29 IS 2 GA 212WB UT ISI:000081239700006 ER PT J AU Roques, KG OConnor, TG Watkinson, AR TI Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Natal, Fac Agr, Dept Range & Forage Resources, ZA-3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. RP Roques, KG, Box 192, Malkeras, Swaziland. AB 1. Shrub encroachment has been widely observed in savanna regions. This study analysed the causes of shrub encroachment in the lowveld savanna of north-eastern Swaziland, southern Africa, and highlighted management regimes that can be used to reduce or prevent it. 2. The rates and dynamics of shrub encroachment were quantified for the period 1947-90 using aerial photographs, and for 1997 using a ground survey. Five similar areas with different land-use histories were compared to investigate the relative importance of fire, herbivory, rainfall, soil type and shrub density in driving shrub dynamics. 3. In the study area as a whole, shrub cover increased from a mean of 2% in 1947 to 31% in 1990. Dichrostachys cinerea accounted for most of the increase in cover, contributing 81% to total shrub cover during 1997. Shrub cover was strongly correlated with shrub density and weakly negatively correlated with toe cover. 4. Shrub encroachment varied across land-use fence lines. The key determinants of shrub dynamics were grazing, through its negative effect on fire frequency and an interaction between drought frequency and high shrub cover. Browsing pressure had a significant but minor impact on dynamics, while soil type had no significant effect. High grazing pressures through their effect on fire frequency were critical throughout the study period in promoting shrub encroachment, while the interaction between drought and high shrub cover produced declines in the later stages. Browsing had an impact on encroachment only in the early stages. 5. Frequent fires, facilitated by low grazing pressures, were capable of preventing shrub encroachment. When coupled with drought, frequent fires could reduce high shrub densities. 6. As cover and density were strongly correlated, it can be inferred from the negative correlation between change in cover (density) and initial cover (density) that the rate of shrub encroachment was cover (density)-dependent and that there was a shrub equilibrium of 40% cover, approximating to 2400 plants ha(-1). Shrub population growth was driven by events (fire, drought) as well as continuous agents (density dependence, mean browsing and grazing pressure). 7. Bush encroachment can be reversed by a combination of management (frequent fires) and climatic events (drought). The implications for savanna management are discussed. 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Int Inst Geoinformat & Earth Observat ITC, Enschede, Netherlands. Univ Ghent, Lab Soil Sci, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Barrera-Bassols, N, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Unidad Acad Morelia, Inst Geog, Aquiles Serdan 382,Morelia Ctr, Morelia 58000, Michoacan, Mexico. AB Ethnopedology is a hybrid discipline situated at the interface between natural and social sciences. Over the last decades, the scope of ethnopedological research has moved from descriptive to explanatory and from monodisciplinary to integrated, while at the same time the number of ethnopedological studies has increased exponentially. Current research focuses on integration of the three main domains that structure the social theories of soil and land resources, namely the symbolic (Kosmos), cognitive (Corpus) and management (Praxis) dimensions, forming the K-C-P complex or ethnoecological model. In this paper, ethnopedology is approached in a multi-scalar perspective, from global to regional to local, using the K-C-P model to analyze the soil knowledge systems of indigenous people in a holistic manner. At global scale, ethnopedology is analyzed in the larger context, bringing together indigenous peoples, linguistic-biologic-agricultural diversities and indigenous environmental knowledge, as a framework allowing the assessment of ethnopedology as a mutating and growing discipline. At regional scale, Mesoamerican ethnopedology is analyzed from an ethnohistorical perspective to highlight which elements in the contemporary indigenous soil knowledge system have been inherited from pre-Columbian times and which from the colonial period. At local scale, San Francisco Pichataro, a Purhepecha community in the Patzcuaro Lake basin of Mexico, is taken as an example for exploring the K-C-P model handled by indigenous people for soil erosion control and multi-purpose land management. Among others, two main conclusions are highlighted: (1) the existence of universal K-C-P criteria, in particular commonalities between soil classification systems and management practices, developed over time by indigenous peoples living in different agro-ecological zones; and (2) the relevance of perceptions and beliefs in decision-making by local people, which should be taken into account in rural development programs. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP DOW, KM, CLARK UNIV,GRAD SCH GEOG,950 MAIN ST,WORCESTER,MA 01610. AB We share a future of environmental changes that entails different consequences for people and regions. Vulnerability, a central concept in understanding these distributions is receiving increasing attention, although little consensus exists about its meaning and implications. An overview of the definitions, factors and explanations of vulnerability raises issues of values and policy converging around vulnerability. Four issues are discussed in greater detail: (1) the relationship between dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, resistance, the ability to resist harm, and resilience, the capacity to recover from impacts); (2) the relationship between biophysical and social distributions of vulnerability; (3) the emergence of vulnerability as a characteristic of relationships across social scales; and (4) the role of temporal sequences or cycles in creating 'windows of vulnerability.' 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Univ Bonn, Dept Geog, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Univ Twente, Fac Engn Technol, Discipline Grp Water Engn & Management, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Sect Engn Hydrol, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Bronstert, A, Univ Potsdam, POB 601553, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. AB Many semi-arid regions are characterised by water scarcity and vulnerability of natural resources, pronounced climatic variability and social stress. Integrated studies including climatotogy, hydrology, and socio-econornic studies are required both for analysing the dynamic natural conditions and to assess possible strategies to make semi-arid regions Less vulnerable to the present and changing climate. The model introduced here dynamically describes the retationships between climate forcing, water availability, agriculture and selected societal processes. The model has been tailored to simulate the rather complex situation in the semi-and north-eastern Brazil in a quantitative manner including the sensitivity to external forcing, such as climate change. The selected results presented show the general functioning of the integrated model, with a primary focus on climate change impacts. It becomes evident that due to Large differences in regional climate scenarios, it is still impossible to give quantitative values for the most probable development, e.g., to assign probabilities to the simulated results. However, it becomes clear that water is a very crucial factor, and that an efficient and ecologically sound water management is a key question for the further development of that semi-arid region. The simulation results show that, independent of the differences in climate change scenarios, rain-fed farming is more vulnerable to drought impacts compared to irrigated farming. However, the capacity of irrigation and other water infrastructure systems to enhance resilience in respect to climatic fluctuations is significantly constrained given a significant negative precipitation trend. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *EUR COMM, 2002, TAP INT IT EUR WAT F *FAO, 1979, 33 FAO *WORLD WAT FOR 3, 2003, MIN DECL BATHURST JC, 2003, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V28, P579 BECKER A, 2001, NOVA ACTA LEOP, V84, P191 BRONSTERT A, 2000, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V25, P227 BRONSTERT A, 2005, COUPLED MODELS HYDRO COHEN SJ, 1997, MACKENZIE BASIN IMPA DEKOK JL, 2003, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V28, P571 DOLL P, 2002, INTEGR ASSESS, V3, P308 DOLL P, 2002, WATER INT, V27, P310 DOLL P, 2003, J HYDROL, V270, P105 ENGELEN G, 2003, INTEGRATED ASSESSMEN, V4, P97 FUHR D, 2003, GLOBAL CHANGE REGION, P349 GAISER T, 2003, GLOBAL CHANGE REGION, P267 GUNTNER A, 2002, 77 PIK GUNTNER A, 2004, HYDROLOG SCI J, V49, P901 GUNTNER A, 2004, J HYDROL, V297, P136 HAUSCHILD M, 2000, 3 U KASS CTR ENV SYS HENNICKER R, 2003, 1 WORLD C INF TECHN HOYNCK S, 2003, GLOBAL CHANGE REGION, P375 JAEGER A, 2004, THESIS U POTSDAM JOHNS TC, 1997, CLIM DYNAM, V13, P103 KROL MS, 2001, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V26, P529 KROL MS, 2005, ADV GLOBAL CHANGE RE, V20, P119 LEHNER B, 2001, 5 U KASS CTR ENV SYT LOUCKS DP, 2000, WATER INT, V25, P3 MAGALHAES AR, 1988, IMPACT CLIMATIC VARI, V2, P273 MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 PAHLWOSTL C, 2002, INTEGRATED ASSESSMEN, V2, P239 ROECKNER E, 1996, 218 MPI SHUTTLEWORTH WJ, 1985, Q J ROY METEOR SOC, V111, P839 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8080 VANDEGIESEN N, 2002, ADV GLOB CHANGE RES, V10, P151 VOROSMARTY CJ, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P284 WERNER PC, 1997, CLIMATE RES, V8, P171 NR 37 TC 0 J9 J HYDROL BP 417 EP 431 PY 2006 PD SEP 15 VL 328 IS 3-4 GA 086YO UT ISI:000240709400004 ER PT J AU Mlambo, D Nyathi, P Mapaure, I TI Influence of Colophospermum mopane on surface soil properties and understorey vegetation in a southern African savanna SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forest Resources & Wildlife Management, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Univ Namibia, Dept Biol, Windhoek, Namibia. RP Mlambo, D, Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forest Resources & Wildlife Management, POB AC 939, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. AB The influence of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J. Leonard on surface soil properties and understorey vegetation was investigated in a semi-arid southern African savanna in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected (depth 0-10 cm) under and outside small, medium and large canopied mopane trees in open woodland on shallow sandy loam soils. The concentration of soil nutrients beneath trees increased with tree size. Soils beneath trees had higher fertility than between tree interspaces. Trees seem to be the major suppliers of nutrients to the understorey vegetation in the crown zone in the form of litter. Soil nutrient concentrations outside canopies of small, medium and large trees were significantly similar, implying that tree size had no significant influence on soil nutrient concentrations in the tree interspaces. Soils were sandier and slightly acidic under canopies of medium and large trees compared to small trees, which had slightly alkaline soils. Soils in the tree interspaces had significantly higher silt and clay content than beneath trees suggesting loss of soil nutrients from surface soils through erosion in the former. Standing herbaceous biomass was significantly lower in the tree interspaces than in the below-crown microhabitats. Species richness and diversity increased significantly with canopy distance from the tree bole. The results suggest that C. mopane has a positive influence on soil fertility in its environment and the fertility improvement beneath trees is not at the expense of soil fertility in the tree interspaces. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP Elmqvist, T, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB In disturbed rain forests, large, living remnant trees may be of significant importance for postdisturbance reorganization either directly, by producing large quantities of seeds, or indirectly, by attracting vertebrate seed dispersers. In addition, remnant trees may also be important in providing a favorable microhabitat for seedlings of late-successional species. This study focused on the role of large remnant trees (> 40 cm dbh) in patterns of regeneration after cyclone and fire damage in the Tafua and Falealupo Rain Forest Preserves, Savaii, Samoa. At Tafua, 10 large trees at each of two sites (one site burned in 1990) were investigated with regard to numbers of species and densities of plants from three different size classes at different distances from remnant trees. At the burned site, both species richness and the densities of plants < 1cm dbh were significantly higher inside the canopies of remnant trees than outside of them. At the unburned site, no or only marginally significant differences were observed. At Falealupo, two burned sites (burned in 1993 and 1998) were investigated using seed traps. At both sites, the seed rain from vertebrate dispersers was disproportionally higher under the canopies of remnant trees than in outside areas. No differences in soil characteristics were found when comparing samples taken from inside and outside canopies. Our results are congruent with the prediction that large remnant trees surviving in severely disturbed rain-forest areas represent biological legacies and serve as nuclei for reorganization. Based on this study and our previous work, we suggest that three factors represent essential components of the spatial resilience of tropical forest ecosystems and should be targeted for active management in tropical forests exposed to large-scale disturbances, particularly fire: remnant trees, refugia, and vertebrate dispersers. 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ECOLOGY, V47, P667 WOODIWISS F, 1960, 2ND QUINQUENNIAL ABS WRIGHT S, 1933, T AM FISH SOC, P271 WURTZ CB, 1955, SEWAGE IND WASTES, V27, P1270 YULE GU, 1944, STATISTICAL STUDY LI ZELINKA M, 1961, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V57, P389 NR 200 TC 241 J9 WATER RES BP 653 EP 694 PY 1984 VL 18 IS 6 GA SS110 UT ISI:A1984SS11000001 ER PT J AU Ewel, KC TI Natural resource management: The need for interdisciplinary collaboration SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Ewel, KC, USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. AB Human influence is now so pervasive that every ecosystem on Earth is being managed, whether intentionally or inadvertently. It is therefore imperative for scientists and managers to work together so that appropriate management regimes can be put in place wherever possible. However, it is not always clear what is appropriate, and the difficulties that often arise when scientists and managers work together can be even further compounded by the inclusion of lay stakeholders in the decision-making process. The expansion of interdisciplinary undergraduate and graduate programs would help both scientists and managers to deal more effectively with sociological issues and to understand how economic and demographic changes impact on natural resources. in addition, continuing education programs in these areas should be made available to established professionals to help them deal with new challenges. The concept of ecosystem services should be used to communicate the importance of various ecosystem components and processes to a broader audience. Consensus on a management regime can often be achieved through adaptive management. The process by which interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to new insights and research initiatives is exemplified by a resource management study on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. As a paradigm of natural resource management, microcosms like this small island community offer a unique opportunity for training and education. CR CLARK JR, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P679 DAILY GC, 1998, NATURES SERVICES SOC DICASTRI F, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P321 EWEL KC, 1998, BIOTROPICA, V30, P510 EWEL KC, 1998, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V7, P83 GILMOUR A, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JAMES FC, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P871 JOHNSON FA, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LEE MW, 1999, ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF, V3, P3 LOCKE C, 2000, ENVIRONMENT, V42, P24 MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P461 NAYLOR R, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P471 PIENKOWSKI MW, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1 PRINGLE CM, 1999, AQUAT CONSERV, V9, P615 ROGERS K, 1998, CONSERV ECOL, V2, R1 SCHINDLER B, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 WALTER CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 NR 22 TC 2 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 716 EP 722 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 4 IS 8 GA 504DE UT ISI:000172841400002 ER PT J AU Raddad, EY Luukkanen, O TI The influence of different Acacia senegal agroforestry systems on soil water and crop yields in clay soils of the Blue Nile region, Sudan SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Helsinki, Vikki Trop Resources Inst, VITRI, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Raddad, EY, Univ Helsinki, Vikki Trop Resources Inst, VITRI, POB 27,Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. AB The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) the tree Acacia senegal competes for water with associated agricultural crops, and the soil water content would vary spatially with tree density and type of management; (2) the microclimate created by trees would favourably affect the soil water content and improve the growth of associated agricultural crops. Trees were grown at 5 m x 5 m or 10 m x 10 m spacing alone or in mixture with sorghum or sesame. Soil water content was measured using a neutron probe at three depths, 0-25, 25-SO and 50-75 cm; and at different stages of crop development (early, mid, and late). Crop growth and yield and the overall system performance were investigated over a 4-year period (1999-2002). Results showed no significant variation in the soil water content under different agroforestry systems. Intercropping also resulted in a higher land equivalent ratio. No significant variation was found between yields of sorghum and sesame when these crops were grown with or without trees. The averages crop yields were1.54 and 1.54 t ha(-1) for sorghum; and 0.36 and 0.42 t ha(-1)for sesame in intercropping and pure cultivation, respectively. This suggests that at an early stage of agroforestry system management, A, senegal has no detrimental effect on agricultural crop yield. However, the pattern of resource capture by trees and crops can change as the system matures. There was little competition between trees and crops for water suggesting that in A. senegal agroforestry systems with 4-year-old trees the clay soil has enough water to support the crop growth over a whole growing season up to maturation and harvest. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Sea Grant Extens, Newport, OR 97385 USA. RP Weeks, H, Oregon State Univ, Sea Grant Extens, 29 SE 2nd St, Newport, OR 97385 USA. AB Continued stock declines in marine fisheries have resulted in a search for more risk-averse management approaches. In response, the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 mandates habitat protection, bs catch reduction, and stock rebuilding. These changes emphasize precaution, and imply a shift in focus from maximizing yields to minimizing ecological impacts and maintaining long-term biological and economic sustainability: Unfortunately: there is little consensus on how a precautionary approach should be applied in managing overcapitalized marine fisheries, especially considering the substantial uncertainty in our understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and the effects of fishing. Speakers in a half-day symposium at the 1999 AFS Annual Meeting discussed a spectrum of: topics relating to analytic and decision-making uncertainty, precautionary management approaches, the social and political context in which decisions must be reached and the role of management decisions in creating incentives. New approaches within the current decision-making context show some promise for reducing uncertainty and becoming more risk-averse. However, past lessons force us to conclude that the old methods will not satisfy the new mandates for risk-averse management approaches that are robust to both uncertainty regarding the effects of fishing on the ecosystem, and uncertainty regarding the effects of regulations on those being regulated. This paper is a synthesis of the diverse views of nine symposium participants. Speakers and the titles of their payers are shown in the acknowledgments. 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RP Walkerden, G, Macquarie Univ, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. AB Adaptive management planning projects use multiparty, multidisciplinary workshops and simulation modeling to facilitate dialogue, negotiation, and planning. However, they have been criticized as a poor medium for conflict resolution. Alternative processes from the conflict resolution tradition, e. g., principled negotiation and sequenced negotiation, address uncertainty and biophysical constraints much less skillfully than does adaptive management. When we evaluate adaptive management planning using conflict resolution practice as a benchmark, we can design better planning procedures. Adaptive management planning procedures emerge that explore system structure, dynamics, and uncertainty, and that also provide a strong negotiation process, grounded in principled exploration of stakeholders' interests and needs. "Crossing" procedures in this manner is a fertile way of developing new forms of professional practice. 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RP Collet, S, Alte Rabenstr 8, D-20148 Hamburg, Germany. AB The new historical fragility or. vulnerability of marine resources and ecosystems, induced by the industrialization process of "fishing down the food webs", calls for a postmodern governance paradigm aimed at. rebuilding the generative capacity of marine ecosystems so as to restore their, resilience. In a highly turbulent and bleak context, this daunting task cannot ignore the 'ethical dimension', defined as,the setting. in order, the regulation of the human Power to act in non-egalitarian. and asymmetrical contexts. This process of rearrangement of the modes of use. of the res. halieutica requires crafting new harmonious relationships with, the marine environment, by retailoring the space of the commons, Giving for keeping and the Noun graph suggest a design for a postmodern pathway to healthy fisheries which is particularly well-suited to the Mediterranean Sea. 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ECOLOGY AS A BASIS FOR RANGELAND MANAGEMENT - PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR TESTING MODELS SO TROPICAL GRASSLANDS LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO,DIV TROP CROPS & PASTURES,TOWNSVILLE,QLD 4810,AUSTRALIA. AB The objectives of this paper are to: propose criteria for testing the applicability of models for rangeland management; and test 2 competing models using those criteria. Predicting change accurately, detecting change, relevance to management and facilitating communication re the performance criteria. Competing models are the range condition model derived from Clementsian ecology and the state and transition model based on non-equilibrium ecology. The ability of competing models to predict ecosystem change is assessed in terms of ecosystem organising processes and attributes such as competition, resistance and resilience, temporal thresholds and feedback. The ability to detect change is viewed in terms of detection at the community and landscape scales. Relevance to management and communication are assessed within the context of effectively communicating the effects of management decisions on ecosystem processes to both traditional and non-traditional decision makers and a larger public constituency. Although the state and transition model is the most acceptable of the 2 competing models based on the criteria, improvements are needed. Most notable is the need for a spatial component in the application of the model for management purposes, and the need for attention to improved communication with a wide range of resource users. 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Union Concerned Sci, Global Environm Program, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP Eakin, H, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB In this review, we highlight new insights into the conceptualization of the vulnerability of social-environmental systems and identify critical points of convergence of what otherwise might be characterized as disparate fields of research. We argue that a diversity of approaches to studying vulnerability is necessary in order to address the full complexity of the concept and that the approaches are in large part complementary. An emerging consensus on the issues of critical importance to vulnerability reduction-including concerns of equity and social justice-and growing synergy among conceptual frameworks promise even greater relevancy and utility for decision makers in the near future. We synthesize the current literature with an outline of core assessment components and key questions to guide the trajectory of future research. 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RESOUR BP 365 EP 394 PY 2006 VL 31 GA 109QZ UT ISI:000242324900013 ER PT J AU Thomalla, F Downing, TE Spanger-Siegfried, E Han, GY Rockstrom, J TI Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Environm Inst, S-10314 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Thomalla, F, Stockholm Environm Inst, Lilla Nygatan 1,Box 2142, S-10314 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Over the past few decades, four distinct and largely independent research and policy communities-disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, environmental management and poverty reduction-have been actively engaged in reducing socio-economic vulnerability to natural hazards. However, despite the significant efforts of these communities, the vulnerability of many individuals and communities to natural hazards continues to increase considerably. In particular, it is hydro-meteorological hazards that affect an increasing number of people and cause increasingly large economic losses. Arising from the realisation that these four communities have been largely working in isolation and enjoyed only limited success in reducing vulnerability, there is an emerging perceived need to strengthen significantly collaboration and to facilitate learning and information exchange between them. This article examines key communalities and differences between the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction communities, and proposes three exercises that would help to structure a multi-community dialogue and learning process. 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RP Swedeen, P, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capital Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. AB Some ecological economists have advocated participatory decision methods, in which people act as citizens rather than consumers, as an epistemologically preferable alternative to a price-based valuation approach for determining the disposition of ecosystems. Q method is a research technique advocated by proponents of discursive democracy to assess the self described attitudes of participants in discourse around a particular topic. Techniques that attempt to discern public values around ecological systems without imposing contrived (e.g. only monetary) or unintentionally biased frameworks can be seen as advancing ecological economics as a post-normal science. Understanding the attitudes of groups involved in conflict over ecosystem use is crucial for designing policies that have a chance of being implemented, as well as being equitable and sustainable. Thus, the use of Q method is an essential step for supporting successful public participation in decisions affecting ecosystem sustainability. This paper reports the results of a Q study designed to ascertain: (1) the potential to find a common basis for cooperation among groups with a long history of conflict over forest management issues in the Pacific Northwest of the United States; and (2) the extent to which current science pertaining to sustainable forest ecosystem management is commonly understood among these same actors. Participants were asked to rank 64 statements about forest management in the region, including definitions of sustainable forestry, on a scale of +4 (strongly agree) to - 4 (strongly disagree). Thirty people with a wide variety of backgrounds and experience with forest issues performed this "Q sort' and then were interviewed to provide context. for their answers. The individual Q sorts were correlated and factor analyzed to derive ideal discourse types. Three distinct discourses about sustainable forestry emerged from the factor analysis. Results indicate a strong desire across stakeholder groups to engage in participatory decision-making with people from all sides of the issues. There also appears to be a lack of consensus about the exact meaning of sustainable forestry and a lack of familiarity with scientific concepts of ecosystem resilience among some groups. Recommendations for additional ways in which Q method can be applied by ecological economists as a practical means of advancing the field as a post-normal science are described in the concluding section. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. 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SO OIKOS LA English DT Article C1 Lund Univ, Dept Ecol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland. Univ Greifswald, Biol Stn Hiddensee, DE-18565 Kloster Andechs, Germany. RP Hargeby, A, Lund Univ, Dept Ecol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. AB Various ecosystems, including shallow lakes, are suggested to possess alternative stable state dynamics. The response of such systems to environmental change is non-linear and not fully reversible, which calls for identification of feedback mechanisms and subtle changes connected to structural stability. Here, we used a 25-year data series on water chemistry to make inferences on processes prior to a recent shift from a clear to a turbid state in Lake Takern, Sweden. Before the shift, annual concentration of total organic nitrogen (TON) described a cyclic pattern, with a periodicity of eight years. Annual TON was negatively correlated with the magnitude of a summer decline in calcium carbonate, treated as a proxy of the seasonal production of submerged vegetation. Cross-correlations of TON and the north Atlantic oscillation (NAO) indicated a possible connection to climate. The strongest correlation was obtained by a three-year lag of the NAO index. Using a set of linear time series models, the most parsimonious model was a 3(rd) order autoregressive model with NAO, delayed three years, as a covariate. Analyses of seasonality indicated that the delayed NAO signal was strongly correlated with summer TON. Also, the autocorrelation function was very similar for these two time series, and autoregressive models including NAO as a covariate were strongly supported (sum of Akaike weights = 0.93). These results indicate that climate may have contributed to the regime shift through lowered macrophyte production at the time of the shift, and therefore most likely also a depleted resilience of the clear water state. The delayed effect of climate is suggested to result from indirect and inter-year dependent response of submerged vegetation to fish kills during harsh winters. CR BEISNER BE, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P376 BENOY GA, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1081 BERMAN T, 2003, AQUAT MICROB ECOL, V31, P279 BERRYMAN A, 1999, PRINCIPLES POPULATIO BJORNSTAD ON, 2001, NATURE, V409, P1001 BLINDOW I, 1993, FRESHWATER BIOL, V30, P159 BLINDOW I, 2000, FRESHWATER BIOL, V44, P185 BREUKELAAR AW, 1994, FRESHWATER BIOL, V32, P113 BURNHAM KP, 1998, MODEL SELECTION PRAC CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARVALHO L, 2003, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V506, P789 CHATFIELD C, 1999, ANAL TIME SERIES INT CLAIR TA, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P921 CORRELL DL, 1999, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V115, P547 EASTERLING DR, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P2068 GONZALEZSAGRARIO MA, 2005, FRESHWATER BIOL, V50, P27 GUSS S, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P1720 HAMILTON DP, 1996, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V317, P209 HANSSON LA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P558 HARGEBY A, 2004, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V161, P433 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P319 HOLMGREN K, 1999, J FISH BIOL, V55, P535 HOLMGREN M, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P89 HURRELL JW, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P676 HURVICH CM, 1989, BIOMETRIKA, V76, P297 JEPPESEN E, 1998, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V142, P129 JEPPESEN E, 1998, STRUCTURING ROLE SUB JEPPESEN E, 2002, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V153, P533 KUFEL L, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V72, P249 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MEHNER T, 2002, FRESHWATER BIOL, V47, P2453 MEIJER ML, 1990, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V200, P303 MEIJER ML, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V275, P457 MOSS B, 1990, VERH INT VER LIMNOL, V24, P568 PERROW MR, 1994, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V275, P43 POST E, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P15 PYPER BJ, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P2127 RANTA E, 2000, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V267, P1851 RIP WJ, 2005, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V164, P387 ROONEY N, 2000, AQUAT BOT, V68, P321 ROYAMA T, 1992, ANAL POPULATION DYNA SCHEFFER M, 1992, AQUAT BOT, V42, P199 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHEFFER M, 1998, ECOLOGY SHALLOW LAKE SCHEFFER M, 2001, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V46, P1780 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 SCHRODER A, 2005, OIKOS, V110, P3 SMOL JP, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P4397 SOKAL RR, 1995, BIOMETRY STENSETH NC, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1292 STENSETH NC, 2003, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V270, P2087 STRAILE D, 2000, GLOB CHANGE BIOL, V6, P663 STRAILE D, 2003, N ALTANTIC OSCILLATI, V134 TALLING JF, 2002, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V487, P167 TONG H, 1990, NONLINEAR TIME SERIE TURCHIN P, 2003, COMPLEX POPULATION D VANDENBERG M, 1998, STRUCTURING ROLE SUB VANDENBERG MS, 1998, AQUAT BOT, V60, P241 VANDENBERG MS, 2001, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V462, P9 VANDONK E, 2002, AQUAT BOT, V72, P261 VANNI MJ, 2002, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V33, P341 WETZEL RG, 2001, LIMNOLOGY WEYHENMEYER GA, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1788 ZHENG DW, 1999, OIKOS, V86, P430 NR 66 TC 0 J9 OIKOS BP 334 EP 348 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 115 IS 2 GA 093VQ UT ISI:000241198800013 ER PT J AU Nusser, M TI Understanding cultural landscape transformation: a re-photographic survey in Chitral, eastern Hindukush, Pakistan SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Geog, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Nusser, M, Univ Bonn, Inst Geog, Meckenheimer Allee 166, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. AB Studies of contemporary land-cover change require an integrated approach because changes in cover and environmental conditions are primarily caused by land uses, which, in turn are governed by human driving forces in a specific socioeconomic and cultural context, Therefore, a research perspective which bridges the gap between the more specialized approaches of natural and social sciences is required. The present study, investigates cultural landscape transformation in the high mountain oases of Chitral, lying in the eastern Hindukush. Comparisons of historical photographs and replicates serve to demonstrate change and persistence of cultural landscape structures. The focus is on the irrigated fields of individual villages and shortened in time scale to the last 30 years. Due to the general population growth, the development of the cultural landscape is characterized by recent village enlargements and corresponding extensions of cultivated areas while the individual field sizes decrease. Intensified irrigation of the cultivated terraces has led to a significant increase in hygrophilous trees and thickets along the water channels. The regional center of Chitral Town is characterized by a higher building density and expansion of urban structures. The results show that repeat photography can serve as a basis for monitoring contemporary landscape transformation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR ANTROP M, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P155 ANTROP M, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V77, P17 ANTROP M, 2000, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V50, P43 AVERY TE, 1992, FUNDAMENTALS REMOTE BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BYERS A, 1987, MT RES DEV, V7, P77 BYERS AC, 2000, MT RES DEV, V20, P52 EHLERS E, 2000, PETERMANNS GEOGRAPHI, V144, P58 FORSYTH T, 1998, MT RES DEV, V18, P107 GEIST H, 1999, Z WIRTSCHAFTSGEOGRAP, V43, P158 HASERODT K, 1989, HOCHGEBIRGSRAUME NOR, V2, P43 HOFFMAN MT, 1990, S AFR J SCI, V86, P286 ISRARUDIN, 2000, SHARING WATER IRRIGA, P55 IVES JD, 1987, MT RES DEV, V7, P82 IVES JD, 1989, HIMALAYAN DILEMMA RE KREUTZMANN H, 1990, ERDKUNDE, V44, P10 KREUTZMANN H, 1996, ETHNIZITAT ENTWICKLU KREUTZMANN H, 2000, SHARING WATER IRRIGA, P13 LILLESAND TM, 1994, REMOTE SENSING IMAGE MESSERLI B, 2000, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V19, P459 NASSAUER JI, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P229 NAVEH Z, 1994, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH NAVEH Z, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V32, P43 NAVEH Z, 2000, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V50, P7 NUSSER M, 1998, BONNER GEOGR ABH, V97 NUSSER M, 1999, ABH ANTHROPOGEOGR, V60, P105 NUSSER M, 2000, MT RES DEV, V20, P348 RHOADES RE, 1975, AM ETHNOL, V2, P535 ROGERS G, 1982, THEN NOW PHOTOGRAPHI ROGERS G, 1984, BIBLIO REPEAT PHOTOG TROLL C, 1939, Z GESELLSCHAFT ERDKU, V74, P241 TURNER BL, 1994, AMBIO, V23, P91 TURNER BL, 1994, CHANGES LAND USE LAN, P3 VEBLEN T, 1991, COLORADO FRONT RANGE VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 WEBB RH, 1996, GRAND CANYON CENTURY NR 36 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 241 EP 255 PY 2001 PD DEC 15 VL 57 IS 3-4 GA 503AY UT ISI:000172776000009 ER PT J AU Harper, K TI "Wild capitalism" and "ecocolonialism": A tale of two rivers SO AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Anthropol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Publ Policy & Adm, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. RP Harper, K, Univ Massachusetts, Dept Anthropol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. AB The development and pollution of two rivers, the Danube and Tisza, have been the site and subject of environmental protests and projects in Hungary since the late 1980s. Protests against the damming of the Danube rallied opposition to the state socialist government, drawing on discourses of national sovereignty and international environmentalism. The Tisza suffered a major environmental disaster in 2000, when a globally financed gold mine in Romania spilled thousands of tons of cyanide and other heavy metals into the river, sending a plume of pollution downriver into neighboring countries. in this article, I examine the symbolic ecologies that emerged in the two moments of environmental protest, as well as Hungarian activists' reflections on the changing political ecology of the region in their discourses of "ecocolonialism" (okogyarmatositas) and "wild capitalism" (vaokapitaliszmus). 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RP Odenbaugh, J, Univ Calgary, Dept Philosophy, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4G5, Canada. AB Recently, there has been a rise in pessimism concerning what theoretical ecology can offer conservation biologists in the formation of reasonable environmental policies. In this paper, I look at one of the pessimistic arguments offered by Kristin Shrader-Frechette and E. D. McCoy (1993, 1994) - the argument from conceptual imprecision. I suggest that their argument rests on an inadequate account of the concepts of ecological stability and that there has been conceptual progress with respect to complexity-stability hypotheses. Such progress, I maintain, can supply important resources for conservation biologists in determining environmental policies. CR ARMSTRONG RA, 1982, AM NAT, V120, P391 BRANDON R, 1991, ADAPTATION ENV DEANGELIS DL, 1975, ECOLOGY, V56, P238 GARDNER MR, 1970, NATURE, V228, P784 GILPIN ME, 1975, NATURE, V254, P137 KING AW, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P229 LAWLOR LR, 1978, AM NAT, V112, P445 MAY R, 1972, NATURE, V238, P213 MAY R, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MCNAUGHTON SJ, 1977, AM NAT, V111, P515 ORIANS GH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P139 PETERS RH, 1991, CRITIQUE ECOLOGY PIMM SL, 1980, OIKOS, V35, P139 PIMM SL, 1982, FOOD WEBS PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE ECOLO PIMM SL, 1991, PERSPECTIVES ECOLOGI, P287 SAGOFF M, 1992, TENN LAW REV, V56, P77 SARKAR S, 1995, BIOSCIENCE MAR, P199 SHARDERFRECHETT.K, 1995, J PHILOS, V92, P621 SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1992, PSA 1992, V1, P184 SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1993, METHOD ECOLOGY STRAT SHRADERFRECHETT.K, 1994, PHILOS SCI, V61, P228 NR 23 TC 0 J9 PHIL SCI BP S493 EP S505 PY 2001 PD SEP VL 68 IS 3 GA 481KZ UT ISI:000171519600040 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA TI Use of complex adaptive systems for modeling global change SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bur Environm Assessment, MNV,RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Janssen, MA, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bur Environm Assessment, MNV,RIVM, POB 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. AB Global modeling has been used for decades to assess the possible futures of humanity and the global environment. However, these models do not always satisfactorily include the adaptive characteristics of systems. In this article, a general approach is used to simulate change and transition at a macrolevel due to adaptation at a microlevel. Tools from complex adaptive systems research are used to simulate the microlevel and consequently determine parameter values of the equation-based macrolevel model. Two case studies that applied this approach are reviewed. The first study assessed the efficacy of efforts to control malaria, whereas the second study used an integrated model to construct climate change scenarios by using various possible views an the nature of the climate system. CR *IPCC, 1996, CLIM CHANG 1995 *UNEP, 1997, GLOB ENV OUTL *WHO, 1996, WORLD HLTH REP 1996 ALCAMO J, 1994, INTEGRATED MODELLING ANDERSON PW, 1988, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX CALE WG, 1995, COMPLEX ECOLOGY PART COX CB, 1993, BIOGEOGRAPHY ECOLOGI GOLDBERG D, 1989, GENETIC ALGORITHMS S HOLLAND JH, 1975, ADAPTATION NATURAL A HOLLAND JH, 1992, SCI AM, V267, P44 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANSSEN MA, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P43 JANSSEN MA, 1997, ARTIF LIFE, V3, P213 JANSSEN MA, 1998, MODELLING GLOBAL CHA KROGSTAD DJ, 1996, EPIDEMIOL REV, V18, P77 LANGTON CG, 1995, ARTIFICIAL LIFE OVER MEADOWS MH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MITCHELL M, 1996, INTRO GENETIC ALGORI NORDHAUS WD, 1992, SCIENCE, V258, P1315 RASTETTER EB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P55 THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY VITOUSEK PM, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P494 NR 22 TC 3 J9 ECOSYSTEMS BP 457 EP 463 PY 1998 PD SEP-OCT VL 1 IS 5 GA 134NZ UT ISI:000076750600008 ER PT J AU Milchunas, DG Schulz, KA Robert, B TI Plant community responses to disturbance by mechanized military maneuvers SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dep, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ctr Ecol Management Mil Lands, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Milchunas, DG, Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dep, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB The effects of 10 yr of military training exercises on vegetation structure were assessed across plant communities that differed in physiognomy and soil texture at Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS), Colorado, after release from previous grazing management. Covariate analyses aided in separating temporal trends due to both release from grazing and imposition of training disturbance from the direct effect of training. The shift in land use had both synergistic and antagonistic impacts on successional trajectories of communities, and on horizontal and vertical structural heterogeneity. Vegetation basal cover declined with increasing intensity of disturbance by tracked vehicles, but release from grazing arts additively in this ecosystem, Litter cover increased following release from grazing, even though it declined with increasing levels of disturbance. Vehicular maneuvering generally reduced woody life forms in tall-height classes to a greater extent than short-height classes. Low growing cacti were susceptible to crushing. Species and functional group responses to vehicular disturbance were sometimes dependent on community type, Long-lived perennials declined, but were replaced by short-lived perennials in only the shrub-grassland community. Annuals and exotics did not show relationships with intensity of disturbance, though some weed species increased. Community-wide species dissimilarity did not show large shifts, and patterns in species diversity or richness were not related to intensity of disturbance. The PCMS appears to be in a transient stage where release from grazing has had as much or more impacts as did the imposition of military training. Fine textured soils may be more susceptible to the cumulative effects of vehicular loads. 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ECOSYSTEM HEALTH SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article RP SCHAEFFER, DJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET BIOSCI,2001 S LINCOLN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801. 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Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Field, JC, NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. AB Recognizing that all management decisions have impacts on the ecosystem being exploited, an ecosystem-based approach to management seeks to better inform these decisions with knowledge of ecosystem structure, processes and functions. For marine fisheries in the California Current, along the West Coast of North America, such an approach must take into greater consideration the constantly changing climate-driven physical and biological interactions in the ecosystem, the trophic relationships between fished and unfished elements of the food web, the adaptation potential of life history diversity, and the role of humans as both predators and competitors. This paper reviews fisheries-based ecosystem tools, insights, and management concepts, and presents a transitional means of implementing an ecosystem-based approach to managing US fisheries in the California Current based on current scientific knowledge and interpretation of existing law. Published by Elsevier Ltd. CR *AASC, 2003, STAT CLIM 2003 ANN S *CEQ, 2003, MOD NEPA IMPL NEPA T *DFO, 2002, DEP FISH OC DFO SCI *EPAP, 1999, EC FISH MAN REP C EC *NAT RES COUNC, 1999, SUST MAR FISH *NFMS, 2004, AL GROUNDF FISH FIN *NMFS, 2005, PAC COAST GROUNDF *NOAA, 2004, 2005FY NOAAS *NRC, 2001, MAR PROT AR TOOLS SU *NWFSC, 2004, W COAST OBS PROGR DA *PFMC, 1998, COAST PELL SPEC FISH *PICES, 2004, PICES REP MAR EC N BAKUN A, 1996, PATTERNS OCEAN OCEAN BERKELEY SA, 2004, ECOLOGY, V85, P1258 BERKELEY SA, 2004, FISHERIES, V29, P23 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BISBAL GA, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P2178 BOBKO SJ, 2004, FISH B-NOAA, V102, P418 BOLDT J, 2004, ECOSYSTEM CONSIDERAT BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 BOTSFORD LW, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S25 BUNDY A, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P1153 CALLICOTT JB, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P22 CHELTON DB, 1982, J MAR RES, V40, P1095 CHRISTENSEN V, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V172, P109 CONOVER DO, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V208, P303 CONOVER DO, 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ISI:000238810600010 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG TI Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health. I. Rationale for and avenues toward a green pharmacy SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, ESD,Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Daughton, CG, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, ESD,Environm Chem Branch, 944 E Harmon, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. AB Since the 1980s, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as trace environmental pollutants, originating primarily from consumer use and actions rather than manufacturer effluents, continues to become more firmly established. Although PPCPs typically have been identified in surface and ground waters, some are also undoubtedly associated with solid phases such as suspended particulates, sediments, and sewage sludges, despite their relatively high affinity for water. Often amenable to degradation, their continual introduction to waste-receiving waters results from their widespread, continuous, combined use by individuals and domestic animals, giving PPCPs a "pseudo-persistence" in the environment. Little is known about the environmental or human health hazards that might be posed by chronic, subtherapeutic levels of these bioactive substances or their transformation products. The continually growing, worldwide importance of freshwater resources, however, underscores the need for ensuring that any aggregate or cumulative impacts on (or from) water supplies are minimized. Despite the paucity of effects data from long-term, simultaneous exposure at low doses to multiple xenobiotics (particularly non-target-organism exposure to PPCPs), a wide range of proactive actions could be implemented to reduce or minimize the introduction of PPCPs to the environment. Most of these actions fall under what could be envisioned as a holistic stewardship program-overseen by the health care industry and consumers alike. Significantly, such a stewardship program would benefit not just the environment; additional, collateral benefits could automatically accrue, including reducing consumers' medication expenses and improving patient health and consumer safety. In this article, the first of a two-part mini-monograph describing the "green pharmacy," I focus initially on the background behind the imperative for an ecologically oriented stewardship program for PPCPs. I then present a broad spectrum of possible source control/reduction actions, controlled largely by the health care industry, that could minimize the disposition of PPCPs to the environment. This two-part mini-monograph attempts to capture cohesively for the first time the wide spectrum of actions available for minimizing the release of PPCPs to the environment. A major objective is to generate an active dialog or debate across the many disciplines that must become actively involved to design and implement a successful approach to life-cycle stewardship of PPCPs. 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GUID IND Q1A STAB TE *US FDA, 2002, MEDW FDA SAF INF ADV *US FDA, 2003, BUYING MED MED PROD *US FDA, 2003, NEW OV COUNT MED LAB *USGS, 2002, USGS TOX SUBST HYDR *USP, 2001, USP COUNC EXP STAT S *WHO, 1999, GUID SAF DISP UNW PH *WHO, 2000, WHOPCSEDC022 *WHO, 2001, WORLD WAT DAY REP 20 *WHO, 2002, WHO POL STRAT TRAD M *XEN INC, 2002, HOM PAG ABRAMOWICZ M, 2002, MED LETT, V44, P93 ALPER J, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P838 AROLE R, 2001, HLTH PROMOTION J AUS, V11, P5 ARROLL B, 2002, J FAM PRACTICE, V51, P324 BLUTSTEIN H, 2003, J CLEAN PROD, V11, P339 BORMAN S, 2002, CHEM ENG NEWS, V80, P29 BRADLEY D, 2002, COMPUTATIONAL TOXICO BUCHANAN M, 2001, UBIQUITY SCI HIST BUHNER SH, 2002, LOST LANGUAGE PLANTS CRAIN SM, 2001, BRAIN RES, V888, P75 CRUTCHFIELD DB, 2001, GERIATR TIMES, V2 DAUGHTON CG, 1999, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S6, V107, P907 DAUGHTON CG, 2001, ENVIRON FORENSICS, V4, P277 DAUGHTON CG, 2001, S SERIES, V791 DAUGHTON CG, 2001, S SERIES, V791, P348 DAUGHTON CG, 2002, ANTIBIOTICS PRUDENT DAUGHTON CG, 2002, CONFINED ANIMAL FEED DAUGHTON CG, 2002, DISPOSAL NEW IDEAS P DAUGHTON CG, 2002, FACTORS COMPLICATING DAUGHTON CG, 2002, LANCET, V360, P1035 DAUGHTON CG, 2002, ORIGINS FATE PPCPS E DAUGHTON CG, 2002, PERSPECTIVES PHARM I DAUGHTON CG, 2002, PHARM PERSONAL CARE DAUGHTON CG, 2002, PRECAUTIONARY PRINCI DAUGHTON CG, 2002, SCIENTIST, V16, P12 DAUGHTON CG, 2002, SUMMARY MEDIA COVERA DAUGHTON CG, 2003, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V111, P775 DAUGHTON CGM, 2003, BIOL SYSTEMS STRESSO DAUGHTON, 2001, COMM ILL DRUGS ENV T DIETRICH DR, 2002, TOXICOL LETT, V131, P1 EPEL D, 2001, S SERIES, V791, P244 EVANS AT, 2002, LANCET, V359, P1648 FERNANDEZLOPEZ S, 2001, NATURE, V412, P452 FONG PP, 2001, S SERIES AM CHEM SOC, V791, P264 GALBALLY R, 2000, NATL COMPETITION REV GIBSON T, 2002, ENV FORUM MAR GLEICK J, 1987, CHAOS MAKING NEW SCI GREEN JV, 2001, ONLINE DISTRIBUTION HANDLEY DA, 2000, J ASTHMA, V37, P319 HARREMOES P, 2002, LATE LESSONS EARLY W HEBERER T, 2002, TOXICOL LETT, V131, P5 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 KOHN LT, 2000, ERR HUMAN BUILDING S KOLPIN DW, 2002, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V36, P1202 KUMMERER K, 2001, PHARM ENV SOURCES FA LANDIS WG, 2002, HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS, V8, P193 LAZAROU J, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V279, P1200 LEE SB, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P2198 LIPINSKI CA, 1997, ADV DRUG DELIVER REV, V23, P3 LIPSITCHT M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5752 LORENZ EN, 1963, J ATMOS SCI, V20, P130 MAGNANI M, 2002, GENE THER, V9, P749 MARTINOVIC D, 2003, P 3 INT C PHARM END, P125 MCDONOUGH W, 2002, CRADLE CRADLE REMAKI MCGOVERN SL, 2002, J MED CHEM, V45, P1712 MEEK C, 2001, DIRECT CONSUMER ADVE MILLER M, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1116 MORT M, 2000, MOD DRUG DISCOV, V3, P30 MORT M, 2000, MOD DRUG DISCOV, V3, P34 MUNOZBELLIDO JL, 2000, INT J ANTIMICROB AG, V14, P177 NUOVO J, 2002, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V287, P2813 ODUM WE, 1982, BIOSCIENCE, V32, P728 OKEKE CC, 2002, AM PHARM OUTSOURCING, V3, P34 PHILLIPS KA, 2001, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V286, P2270 PYXIS, 2002, PYXIS RAPPORT DJ, 2002, HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS, V8, P205 ROSENTHAL MB, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V346, P498 SAFFEL D, 1999, IMPROVING OUTCOMES M SCHNEIDER SH, 1994, SURPRISE GLOBAL ENV SCHOWANEK D, 2002, TOXICOL LETT, V131, P39 SERVOS MR, 2002, P MULT STAK WORKSH E SLOVIC P, 2001, J HAZARD MATER, V86, P17 SMITH CA, 1999, PHARMACOPEIAL FORUM, V25, P8309 SMITH DL, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P6434 STRAUB JO, 2002, TOXICOL LETT, V131, P137 THORNTON J, 2000, INT J OCCUP ENV HEAL, V6, P318 TOMA T, 2001, CATH DERM ANT PROT E VEBER DF, 2002, J MED CHEM, V45, P2615 VELAGALETI R, 2001, S SERIES, V791, P320 VELAGALETI R, 2002, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V110, P213 WACKERNAGEL M, 1995, REDUCING HUMAN IMPAC NR 151 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT BP 757 EP 774 PY 2003 PD MAY VL 111 IS 5 GA 677CB UT ISI:000182788400035 ER PT B AU Berkes, F Colding, J Folke, C TI Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change SO NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC LA English DT Book RP University of Manitoba, Natural Resource Institute, Canada Stockholm University, Center for Research on Natural Resources and the Environment, Stockholm, Sweden Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm, Sweden AB In the effort towards sustainability, it has become increasingly important to develop new conceptual frames to understand the dynamics of social and ecological systems. Drawing on complex systems theory, this book investigates how human societies deal with change in linked social-ecological systems, and build capacity to adapt to change. The concept of resilience is central in this context. Resilient ocial-ecological systems have the potential to sustain development by responding to and shaping change in a manner that does not lead to loss of future options. Resilient systems also provide capacity for renewal and innovation in the face of rapid transformation and crisis. The term navigating in the title is meant to capture this dynamic process. Navigating Social-Ecological Systems deliberately transcends the sciences, because the issues in focus reuire collaboration over the boundaries of the natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities. Case studies and examples from several geographical areas, cultures, and resource types are included, merging forefront research from different disciplines into a common framework for new insights into sustainability. CR ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P409 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LEVIN SA, 1998, ENV DEV EC, V3, P225 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PRITCHARD L, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P36 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18 WALKER BH, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P747 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P189 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 BRUNNER RD, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P48 CARPENTER SR, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 CASH DW, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P109 COLDING J, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P584 COSTANZA R, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P149 DALE VH, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P546 DALE VH, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P639 DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 HAMMER M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P97 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 HUDAK AT, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P55 KATES RW, 1996, ENVIRONMENT, V38, P6 KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 LUGO AE, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P956 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 SCOONES I, 1999, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V28, P479 YELLEN JE, 1977, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V8, P262 ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 NR 59 TC 0 BP 1 EP 393 PY 2003 VL 1 ER PT J AU GROSSMANN, WD TI SOCIOECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL MODELS - CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF STATE-OF-THE-ART MODELS SHOWN ON 4 CASE-STUDIES SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article RP GROSSMANN, WD, ENVIRONM RES CTR LEIPZIG HALLE,INST APPL LANDSCAPE ECOL,PERMOSERSTR 15,D-04318 LEIPZIG,GERMANY. AB Integrated projects, for example, Global Change, Man and Biosphere or LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research), pose new challenges to construct large, integrated, socio-economic ecological models. Criteria to evaluate and judge models have been around for quite some time, such as quality of calibration, availability of documentation, successfully passed validations, etc. But now additional requirements have to be fulfilled, which are described here. One of the most essential issues may be the partial unpredictability inherent in almost all systems. Here a systematic, encompassing scheme is provided on how to deal with the unexpected. The requirements mentioned before and this scheme are used to evaluate four integrated socio-economic ecological case studies(1) which also involved model construction. The models were also used for predictions. The correctness of predictions and the causes for failures were, for several of these models, repeatedly and thoroughly evaluated. The case studies seem to be representative for the state of the art, also in their weaknesses. CR 1990, RES STRATEGIES US GL BENEDICT J, 1992, MULTIFUNCTIONAL MANA BOSSEL H, 1977, FUTURES, V10, P191 GLEICK J, 1987, CHAOS GROSSMANN WD, 1979, 2ND T INT MAB IUFRO, P166 GROSSMANN WD, 1982, C P ECOLOGICAL BASIS, P40 GROSSMANN WD, 1983, FACHBEITRAGE SCHWEIZ, V19, P25 GROSSMANN WD, 1985, MAB BERICHTSBAND, V21, P225 GROSSMANN WD, 1986, ECOLOGICAL SOCIOECON, P253 GROSSMANN WD, 1987, MAB MITTEILUNGEN, V25, P7 GROSSMANN WD, 1988, INTERDISZIPLINARER O GROSSMANN WD, 1992, IMPACTS OXIDANTS FOR GROSSMANN WD, 1992, SYST RES, V1, P3 GSCHOPF, 1992, REGIONAL MANAGEMENT HABER W, 1986, MOGLICHE AUSWIRKUNGE HAKEN H, 1978, SYNERGETICS HAKEN H, 1982, EVOLUTION ORDER CHAO HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KOLB H, 1986, IMMISSIONSKLIMATOLOG KRAPFENBAUER A, 1986, ENDBERICHT FORSCHUNG, P147 LEE DB, 1973, AM J PLANNERS, V34, P163 MCDONNELL M, 1991, 1991 STAT SCOP DEF T MULLE RN, 1991, CIVILIZATION DYNAMIC, V2 MULLER N, 1989, CIVILIZATION DYNAMIC, V1 NOHL W, 1986, MAB MITTEILUNGEN, V23 ODUM HT, 1982, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY PATTEN BC, 1994, ECOL MODEL, V75, P653 SAGL W, 1986, ENDBERICHT FORSCHUNG TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 TIMMERMAN P, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, P435 VESTER F, 1980, SENSITIVITY MODEL RP WATT KEF, 1986, SYST RES, V3, P191 ZEIGLER BP, 1979, METHODOLOGY SYSTEMS NR 33 TC 6 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 21 EP 36 PY 1994 PD SEP VL 75 GA PH556 UT ISI:A1994PH55600003 ER PT J AU Allison, HE Hobbs, RJ TI Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the "Lock-in trap" of the Western Australian agricultural region SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Murdoch Univ, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Allison, HE, Murdoch Univ, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. AB Using the Western Australian (WA) agricultural region as an example of a large-scale social-ecological system (SES), this paper applies a framework based on resilience theory to examine the region's resilience and capacity for change and renewal. Despite numerous policies directed at controlling natural resource degradation in this SES, sustainable natural resource management (NRM) has not been achieved. Disparities between the scale and complexity of the problem, the design of management policies, and region's history have all contributed to policy resistance. Historically, when considered as an integrated system, changes may be described by two iterations of the adaptive cycle. These cycles are also synchronous with the third and fourth Kondratiev long-wave economic cycles. The WA agricultural region has experienced sequential periods of growth and accumulation followed by reorganization and renewal, and currently is in the backloop (reorganization to exploitation phases) of the adaptive cycle. A region's adaptive capacity is achieved by substituting direct reliance on regional factors with institutional intervention and sophisticated technology, often generated at the global scale. This substitution alters the thresholds of the commodity system and gives the perception of an adaptive system. In contrast, however, if resource depletion, environmental pollution, and population decline, also effects of the commodity system, are included within the model then the region may be considered to be in a "Lock-in" pathological trap. We propose that the dynamics of land-use change between 1900-2003 were driven by macroeconomics at the global scale, mediated by institutions at the national and state scale. Also, the SES, which is composed of relatively fast-moving variables, is largely decoupled from the slow-moving ecological variables. 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Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. RP Huppert, HE, Ctr Math Sci, Inst Theoret Geophys, Wilberforce Rd, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England. AB Mankind is becoming ever more susceptible to natural disasters, largely as a consequence of population growth and globalization. It is likely that in the future, we will experience several disasters per year that kill more than 10 000 people. A calamity with a million casualties is just a matter of time. This situation is mainly a consequence of increased vulnerability. Climate change may also be affecting the frequency of extreme weather events as well as the vulnerability of coastal areas due to sea-level rise. Disastrous outcomes can only increase unless better ways are found to mitigate the effects through improved forecasting and warning, together with more community preparedness and resilience. There are particular difficulties with extreme events, which can affect several countries, while the largest events can have global consequences. The hazards of supervolcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts could cause global disaster with threats to civilization and deaths of billions of people. Although these are very rare events, they will happen and require consideration. More frequent and smaller events in the wrong place at the wrong time could have very large human, environmental and economic effects. A sustained effort is needed to identify places at risk and take steps to apply science before the events occur. CR 2005, ROLE SCI PHYS NATURA BASHER R, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2167 BERNARDINI R, 2000, J FOURIER ANAL APPL, V6, P1 DELINGNE NI, IN PRESS GLOBAL KNOW DILLEY M, 2005, NATURAL DISASTER HOT, P132 DILLEY M, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2217 FISCHETTI M, 2001, SCI AM OCT, P77 JACKSON DD, 2004, GEOPH MONOG SERIES, V150, P335 JACKSON J, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P1911 KANAMORI H, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P1927 KARL TR, 1997, SCI AM, V276, P78 KESAVAN PC, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2191 LOWENSTERN JB, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2055 MASSON DG, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2009 MCCALLUM E, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2099 MCCANN WR, 1979, PURE APPL GEOPHYS, V117, P1082 MCGUIRE WJ, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P1889 MITCHELL JFB, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2117 MORRISON D, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2041 SELF S, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2073 SHAH HC, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2183 SIEH K, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P1947 SMOLKA A, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2147 SPARKS RSJ, 2004, GEOPH MONOG SERIES, V150, P359 STEIN RS, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P1965 SYNOLAKIS CE, 2006, PHIL T R SOC A, V364, P231 UYEDA S, 2004, GEOPH MONOG SERIES, V150, P349 WHEATER HS, 2006, PHILOS T R SOC A, V364, P2135 WOO G, 2000, MATH NATURAL CATASTR, P292 NR 29 TC 1 J9 PHILOS TRANS R SOC A BP 1875 EP 1888 PY 2006 PD AUG 15 VL 364 IS 1845 GA 075YM UT ISI:000239923700001 ER PT J AU Muradian, R TI Ecological thresholds: a survey SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ & Hist Econ, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. RP Muradian, R, Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ & Hist Econ, Edifici B, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. AB The existence of ecological discontinuities and thresholds has been recognised by ecological economics as a key feature to take into account in the study of environment-economy interactions. This paper reviews some theoretical developments and empirical studies dealing with ecological phenomena involving non-linear dynamics. The literature about this issue reveals that there is abundant evidence of discontinuities and threshold effects: as the consequence of human perturbations on ecological systems. However, due to the complexities involved, the predictive capacity of ecology is limited and large uncertainties still remain. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Fiedler, HD Ferreira, JF Vieira, PHF TI Evaluating trace element contamination in mariculture activities. Partial results of a case study carried out in the coastal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. SO QUIMICA NOVA LA Portuguese DT Article C1 Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Quim, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Aquicultura, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Sociol & Ciencia Polit, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. RP Curtius, AJ, Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Quim, CP 476, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. AB Adopting the perspective of human health risk assessment, an interdisciplinary research group has been investigating since 1998 the quality of mussels and oysters cultivated in coastal zones of Santa Catarina State. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters considered relevant in measuring the degree of eutrophication showed values compatible with the dynamics of well balanced environmental systems. Concentrations of metallic and semi-metallic elements in seawater and bivalves were found to be similar to or lower than those found in Chile, Greenland and the USA. Further investigations focusing upon sediments will provide new and useful data for the management of sustainable mariculture strategies in Brazil. 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SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Miami, PIOS, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, Gehrmann Labs, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Bakun, A, Univ Miami, PIOS, RSMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33131 USA. AB Several mechanisms for self-enhancing feedback instabilities in marine ecosystems are identified and briefly elaborated. It appears that adverse phases of operation may be abruptly triggered by explosive breakouts in abundance of one or more previously suppressed populations. Moreover, an evident capacity of marine organisms to accomplish extensive geographic habitat expansions may expand and perpetuate a breakout event. This set of conceptual elements provides a framework for interpretation of a sequence of events that has occurred in the Northern Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (off south-western Africa). This history can illustrate how multiple feedback loops might interact with one another in unanticipated and quite malignant ways, leading not only to collapse of customary resource stocks but also to degradation of the ecosystem to such an extent that disruption of customary goods and services may go beyond fisheries alone to adversely affect other major global ecosystem concerns (e.g. proliferations of jellyfish and other slimy, stingy, toxic and/or noxious organisms, perhaps even climate change itself, etc.). The wisdom of management interventions designed to interrupt an adverse mode of feedback operation is pondered. Research pathways are proposed that may lead to improved insights needed: (i) to avoid potential 'triggers' that might set adverse phases of feedback loop operation into motion; and (ii) to diagnose and properly evaluate plausible actions to reverse adverse phases of feedback operation that might already have been set in motion. These pathways include the drawing of inferences from available 'quasi-experiments' produced either by short-term climatic variation or inadvertently in the course of biased exploitation practices, and inter-regional applications of the comparative method of science. 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Natl Inst Coasta & Marine Management, RIKZ, NL-4330 EA Middelburg, Netherlands. RP de Jonge, VN, Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, POB 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. AB This chapter gives an overview of attempts in the Netherlands to restore coastal ecosystems and habitats, and explains how scientific and non-scientific information has been used to meet the goals. Indications for successes and failures of management measures taken so far, as well as dilemmas to cope with, are given. Up to now only small scale restoration projects have been executed, while large scale projects generally are not further then the thinking or planning phase. A special type of 'restoration projects' are the large civil engineering works, particularly in the south-west of the Netherlands. Although these works were not planned and executed as restoration projects, but designed for safety against flooding from the sea, they have led to significant changes in the boundary conditions of the systems concerned. For restoration projects yet to be executed one can learn very much from these developments, particularly regarding the sensitivity of coastal systems for changes in boundary conditions and about the (im)possibilities to 'steer' ecological developments. Physical, chemical and biological processes form the basis of restoration measures of coastal habitats, and this means that a thorough knowledge of these processes is essential. Coastal ecosystems are the result of complex interactions of large-scale and small-scale processes, implying a holistic approach in scientific investigations. Consequently, restoration of these systems primarily has to be realised by influencing the basic processes. This is the only way to preserve or regain in a sustainable way ecological values, such as species composition. Focusing only at one particular species (e. g. breeding terns) or a specific habitat (e.g. a salt marsh) may easily ignore the underlying processes. In general, coastal restoration should focus on the redirection of processes towards a desired status by stimulating certain process parameters. Monitoring of the results and, if necessary, gradual readjustment of the governing factors, is an essential part of this approach. 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RP Garibaldi, A, Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. AB Ecologists have long recognized that some species, by virtue of the key roles they play in the overall structure and functioning of an ecosystem, are essential to its integrity; these are known as keystone species. Similarly, in human cultures everywhere, there are plants and animals that form the contextual underpinnings of a culture, as reflected in their fundamental roles in diet, as materials, or in medicine. In addition, these species often feature prominently in the language, ceremonies, and narratives of native peoples and can be considered cultural icons. Without these "cultural keystone species," the societies they support would be completely different. An obvious example is western red-cedar (Thuja plicata) for Northwest Coast cultures of North America. Often prominent elements of local ecosystems, cultural keystone species may be used and harvested in large quantities and intensively managed for quality and productivity. Given that biological conservation and ecological restoration embody human cultures as crucial components, one approach that may improve success in overall conservation or restoration efforts is to recognize and focus on cultural keystone species. In this paper, we explore the concept of cultural keystone species, describe similarities to and differences from ecological keystone species, present examples from First Nations cultures of British Columbia, and discuss the application of this concept in ecological restoration and conservation initiatives. CR *HEILTS 1 NAT GREE, 2003, INT BOD ASK END OV C *PORT SIMPS CURR C, 1983, PORT SIMPS FOODS CUR *U COLL CAP BRET, 2003, TOQW KJIJ INT SCI PR *U WI, 2003, MOOS CLAN THE PEOPL ANDERSON MK, 1996, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V14, P154 BECKWITH B, 2002, GARRY OAK ECOSYSTEM, P42 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2002, EARTH FASTER INDIGEN, P335 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLACKBURN TC, 1993, WILDERNESS ENV MANAG BOAS F, 1921, 35 BUR ETH SMITHS I CAVALLISFORZA LL, 1981, CULTURAL TRANSMISSIO COLDING J, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P584 COMPTON BD, 1993, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, THESIS U MANITOBA WI DAVIS A, 1995, SALMONBERRY BLOSSOMS DAVIS W, 2001, LIGHT EDGE WORLD JOU DEMAYNADIER P, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P2 DEUR D, IN PRESS KEEPING IT DEUR D, 2000, THESIS LOUISIANA STA DOVE MR, 2001, NEW DIRECTIONS ANTHR, P90 DUGGINS DO, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P447 EHRLICH C, 1999, THESIS STATE U NEW Y EHRLICH PR, 1988, AM BIRDS, V42, P357 FLETCHER WJ, 1987, ECOL MONOGR, V57, P89 FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 FRACCHIA J, 1999, HIST THEORY, V38, P52 GADGIL M, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P30 GARIBALDI A, 2003, THESIS U VICTORIA VI GEIST C, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P970 GOBSTER P, 1999, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATI, V17, P44 HARRINGTON JP, 1932, BUREAU AM ETHNOLOGY, V91 HIGGS E, 2003, NATURE BY DESIGN JOHANNES RE, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V40, P165 KOTLIAR NB, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1715 KRUPNIK I, 2002, EARTH IS FASTER NOW LANTZ T, 2001, THESIS U VICTORIA VI LUBCHENCO J, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P491 MENGE BA, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, V3, P613 MILLS LS, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P219 MINNIS P, 2000, BIODIVERSITY NATIVE NABHAN GP, 1991, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V9, P3 NABHAN GP, 1994, CONSERVATION INT OCC, V1 NAIMAN RJ, 1986, ECOLOGY, V67, P1254 NAVEH Z, 1998, RESTOR ECOL, V6, P135 NORTON HH, 1981, ECON BOT, V35, P343 PAINE RT, 1966, AM NAT, V100, P65 PAINE RT, 1969, AM NAT, V103, P91 POLLOCK MM, 1995, LINKING SPECIES ECOS, P117 POWER ME, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P609 SANMIGUEL E, 2003, ECON BOT, V57, P231 SEIXAS CS, 2002, THESIS U MANITOBA WI SEWIDSMITH D, 1998, STARS EARTH BELOW NA, P189 SOULE ME, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1238 SPURGEON T, 2001, THESIS S FRASER U BU STEWART H, 1995, CEDAR TREE LIFE NW C SUTTLES WP, 1955, ANTHR BRIT COLUMBIA SUTTLES WP, 1990, HDB N AM INDIANS NW, V7, P473 TERBORGH J, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P330 TURNER NJ, IN PRESS FORESTS FIE TURNER NJ, IN PRESS PLANTS HAID TURNER NJ, 1995, ROYAL BRIT COLUMBIA TURNER NJ, 1998, ROYAL BRIT COLUMBIA TURNER NJ, 1999, INDIANS FIRE LAND PA, P185 TURNER NJ, 2003, CAN J BOT, V81, P283 TURNER NJ, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P439 VASSEUR L, 2002, UNDERSTANDING SOLVIN, P167 WATSON RT, 1998, REGIONAL IMPACTS CLI, V1, P1 NR 68 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 1 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 9 IS 3 GA 912OB UT ISI:000228087500004 ER PT J AU Krutilla, K Reuveny, R TI The quality of life in the dynamics of economic development SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Krutilla, K, Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB The neoclassical economic growth model and its extensions in the fields of environmental economics and endogenous growth theory typically represent welfare as a single argument function of consumption when the models are analytically solved. This simplified welfare specification is narrower than those described in the quality-of-life literature and emphasized by proponents of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to analytically solve for the properties of a growth model based on a broader quality-of-life measure. The welfare measure includes two arguments, consumption and the stock of nature capital. This formulation enables an analysis of the consequences of the dynamic tension between conventionally defined economic growth and nature capital preservation. We find that a static model without technical progress yields diverse steady states, stability properties, and comparative statics, while a model with exogenous technical progress exhibits unusual comparative dynamics and balanced growth paths. These unusual outcomes have a number of policy-relevant implications for sustainable development. 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Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Scheffer, M, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Occasionally, surprisingly large shifts occur in ecosystems. Theory suggests that such shifts can be attributed to alternative stable states. Verifying this diagnosis is important because it implies a radically different view on management options, and on the potential effects of global change on such ecosystems. For instance, it implies that gradual changes in temperature or other factors might have little effect until a threshold is reached at which a large shift occurs that might be difficult to reverse. Strategies to assess whether alternative stable states are present are now converging in fields as disparate as desertification, limnology, oceanography and climatology. Here, we review emerging ways to link theory to observation, and conclude that although, field observations can provide hints of alternative stable states, experiments and models are essential for a good diagnosis. 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SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Netherlands Inst Fishery Res, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. Danish Inst Fishery Res, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. Old Rectory, Beccles NR34 0BT, Suffolk, England. DFO Sci Advisory Secretariat, Dept Fisheries & Ocean, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada. RP Daan, N, Netherlands Inst Fishery Res, POB 68, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. AB We investigate changes in the North Sea fish community with particular reference to possible indirect effects of fishing, mediated through the ecosystem. In the past, long-term changes in the slope of size spectra of research vessel catches have been related to changes in fishing effort, but such changes may simply reflect the cumulative, direct effects of fishing through selective removal of large individuals. If there is resilience in a fish community towards fishing, we may expect increases in specific components, for instance as a consequence of an associated reduction in predation and/or competition. We show on the basis of three long-term trawl surveys that abundance of small fish (all species) as well as abundance of demersal species with a low maximum length (Lmax) have steadily and significantly increased in absolute numbers over large parts of the North Sea during the last 30 years. Taking average fishing mortality of assessed commercial species as an index of exploitation rate of the fish community, it appears that fishing effort reached its maximum in the mid-1980s and has declined slightly since. If the observed changes in the community are caused by indirect effects of fishing, there must be a considerable delay in response time, because the observed changes generally proceed up to recent years, although both size and Lmax spectra suggest some levelling off, or even recovery in one of the surveys. Indeed, significant correlations between all community metrics and exploitation rate were obtained only if time lags greater than or equal to 6 years were introduced. (C) 2004 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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USDA, Forest Serv, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RP Pickett, STA, Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. AB Urban designers, ecologists, and social scientists have called for closer links among their disciplines. We examine a promising new tool for promoting this linkage-the metaphor of "cities of resilience." To put this tool to best use, we indicate how metaphor fits with other conceptual tools in science. We then present the two opposing definitions of resilience from ecology, and give reasons why one is more appropriate for linking with design. Additional specific tools and insights that are emerging from, or being increasingly used in, ecology can further support the linkage with urban design. These include recognizing the role of spatial heterogeneity in both ecological and social functioning of urban areas, the integrating power of watersheds, social and ecological patch dynamics of cities, the utility of spatial mosaic models to capture function, the use of an integrated "human ecosystem" modeling framework, and the consequent perspective of metropolitan areas as integrated ecological-social systems. Three additional tools are related to the adaptability of people and human institutions. First is the recognition of a "learning loop" in metropolitan ecosystems in which people respond to and affect ecological change, the use of urban design as experiments whose ecological and social outcomes can be measured, and finally the potency of a dialog between professionals and citizens, communities, and institutions, to support both research and design. The metaphor of resilience, and its technical specifications, draw these diverse strands for linking ecology and planning together. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *OLMST BROTH, 1904, DEV PUBL GROUNDS GRE ADAMS CA, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P113 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY BAND LE, 1993, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V63, P93 BERKOWITZ AR, 2003, NEW FRONTIER SCI ED BLACK PE, 1991, WATERSHED HYDROLOGY BOONE CG, 2003, HIST GEOGR, V31, P151 BORMANN FH, 1979, PATTERN PROCESS FORE BRUN SE, 2000, COMPUTERS ENV URBAN, V24, P5 BURCH WR, 1984, MEASURING SOCIAL IMP BURCH WR, 1993, UNASYLVA, V44, P19 CADENASSO ML, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P717 CADENASSO ML, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P750 CORNER J, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P81 COSTANZA R, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P169 CRONON W, 1995, UNCOMMON GROUND REIN, P69 FIELD DR, 1988, RURAL SOCIOLOGY ENV FOLKE C, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P1 FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FORMAN RTT, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P85 GOLLEY FB, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE GOTTDIENER M, 2000, NEW URBAN SOCIOLOGY GRIMM NB, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P571 GROVE JM, UNPUB SOCIAL ECOLOGY GROVE JM, 1996, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROVE JM, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P259 GROVE JM, 2003, UNDERSTANDING URBAN GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HEWLETT JD, 1969, OUTLINE FOREST HYDRO HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JACOBS J, 1962, DEATH LIFE GREAT AM JOHNSON BR, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P1 JOHNSON M, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P167 KARR JR, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P133 LAW NL, IN PRESS J ENV QUAL LEE RG, 1992, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, P73 LIKENS GE, 1984, VERH INT VEREIN LIMN, V22, P1 LIKENS GE, 1992, ECOSYSTEM APPROACH U LIKENS GE, 1995, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY FORE LOGAN JR, 1987, URBAN FORTUNES POLIT LYLE JT, 1999, DESIGN HUMAN ECOSYST MACHLIS GE, 1997, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V10, P347 MCHARG I, 1969, DESIGN NATURE MCHARG IL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P321 MEYER E, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P42 MUSACCHIO L, 2002, CITIES RESILIENCE 4, P38 NDUBISI F, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P9 NDUBISI F, 2002, ECOLOGICAL PLANNING OLIN L, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P109 PARKER JK, 1992, SOCIAL SCI APPL ASIA, P60 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST PICKETT STA, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P65 PICKETT STA, 1994, ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTAN PICKETT STA, 1995, NEW CENTURY NATURAL, P261 PICKETT STA, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P331 PICKETT STA, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P185 PICKETT STA, 1998, STATUS TRENDS NATION, P11 PICKETT STA, 1999, OIKOS, V87, P479 PICKETT STA, 2000, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUEN, P33 PICKETT STA, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P127 PICKETT STA, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P1 PULLIAM HR, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P51 SPIRN AW, 1984, GRANITE GARDEN URBAN SPIRN AW, 2001, ECOLOGY DESIGN FRAME, P24 STEINER F, 2002, HUMAN ECOLOGY FOLLOW, P237 TANSLEY AG, 1935, ECOLOGY, V16, P284 THOMPSON GF, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P1 VAYDA AP, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P61 VOGT KA, 2002, INTEGRATING LANDSCAP, P143 VROOM MJ, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P293 WHYTE WF, 1984, LEARNING FIELD GUIDE WHYTE WF, 1991, PARTICIPATORY ACTION WHYTE WF, 1991, SOCIAL THEORY ACTION WOODWARD JH, 1997, ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PL, P201 YAIR A, 1987, PROGR DESERT RES, P145 NR 75 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 369 EP 384 PY 2004 PD OCT 30 VL 69 IS 4 GA 855SE UT ISI:000223993200003 ER PT J AU Berezansky, L Braverman, E Idels, L TI Delay differential logistic equations with harvesting SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Math & Comp Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Univ Calgary, Dept Math & Stat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Malaspina Univ Coll, Dept Math, Namaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada. RP Braverman, E, Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Math & Comp Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. AB The logistic delay equation with a linear delay harvesting termis [GRAPHICS] considered. The existence and the bounds of positive solutions are studied. Sufficient conditions for the extinction of the solution are presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR BAKER CTH, 2000, J COMPUT APPL MATH, V125, P309 BEREZANSKY L, 2002, J MATH ANAL APPL, V274, P81 BEREZANSKY L, 2003, ELECT J DIFF EQNS, P1 BOCHAROV G, 2000, J DIFFER EQUATIONS 1, V168, P212 BRAUER F, 1977, MATH BIOSCI, V33, P345 BRAUER F, 2001, MATH MODELS POPULATI COOKE K, 1999, J MATH BIOL, V39, P332 CUSHING JM, 1977, LECT NOTES BIOMATHEM, V20 GYORI I, 1991, OSCILLATION THEORY D GYORI I, 2000, MATH COMPUT MODEL, V31, P9 HASTNG A, 1997, POPULATION BIOL HOLLING CS, 1959, CAN ENTOMOL, V91, P385 HUTCHINSON GE, 1948, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V50, P221 KOT M, 2001, ELEMENTS MATH ECOLOG KUANG Y, 1993, MATH SCI ENG, P191 LEVINS R, 1969, B ENTOMOL SOC AM, V15, P237 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MACDONALD N, 1978, TIME LAGS BIOL MODEL MAY RM, 1976, NATURE, V261, P459 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 SCHAEFER MB, 1954, INTERAM TROP TUNA CO, V1, P25 NR 21 TC 0 J9 MATH COMPUT MODELLING BP 1243 EP 1259 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 39 IS 11-12 GA 845LP UT ISI:000223244500006 ER PT J AU Theobald, DM TI Landscape patterns of exurban growth in the USA from 1980 to 2020 SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Theobald, DM, Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB In the United States, citizens, policy makers, and natural resource managers alike have become concerned about urban sprawl, both locally and nationally. Most assessments of sprawl, or undesired growth patterns, have focused on quantifying land-use changes in urban and metropolitan areas. It is critical for ecologists to examine and improve understanding of land-use changes beyond the urban fringe-also called exurban sprawl-because of the extensive and widespread changes that are occurring, and which often are located adjacent to or nearby "protected" lands. The primary goal of this paper is to describe the development of a nationwide, fine-grained database of historical, current, and forecasted housing density, which enables these changes to be quantified as a foundation for inference of possible ecological effects. Forecasted patterns were generated by the Spatially Explicit Regional Growth Model, which relates historical growth patterns with accessibility to urban and protected lands. Secondary goals are to report briefly on the status and trend of exurban land-use changes across the U. S., and to introduce a landscape sprawl metric that captures patterns of land-use change. In 2000, there were 125 729 km(2) in urban and suburban (< 0.68 ha per unit) residential housing density nationwide (coterminous USA), but there were slightly over seven times that (917 090 km(2)) in exurban housing density (0.68-16.18 ha per unit). The developed footprint has grown from 10.1% to 13.3% (1980 to 2000), roughly at a rate of 1.60% per year. This rate of land development outpaced the population growth rate (1.18% per year) by 25%. Based on model forecasts, urban and suburban housing densities will expand to 2.2% by 2020, whereas exurban development will expand to 14.3%. CR *BANK AM, 1996, SPRAWL NEW PATT GROW *LAND TRUST ALL, 2004, NAT LAND TRUS CENS *NPA DAT SERV, 2003, COUNT POP PROJ KEY I *NRCS, 2001, NAT RES INV *SIERR CLUB, 1998, DARK SID AM DREAM CO *US CENS BUR, 2001, CENS 2000 SUMM FIL 1 *US DEP TRANSP, 2003, BTS0305 US DEP TRANS ALBERTI M, 1999, J PLAN EDUC RES, V19, P151 ALIG RJ, 1987, LAND ECON, V63, P215 ALONSO W, 1993, POPULATION CHANGE FU, P23 BATTY M, 1997, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V63, P266 BENFIELD FK, 1999, ONCE THERE WERE GREE BLAIR R, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 CARRIONFLORES C, 2004, AM J AGR ECON, V86, P889 CLAGGETT PR, 2004, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V94, P129 CLARKE K, 1997, INT WORKSH GIS SPAT COSTANZA R, 1989, ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, V47, P199 DANIELS T, 1999, WHAT DO RURAL SPRAWL DELLASALA DA, 2001, NAT AREA J, V21, P124 EICHER CL, 2001, CARTOGRAPHY GEOGRAPH, V28, P125 ELNASSER H, 2001, US TODAY 0222 ERWING R, 1997, J AM PLANNING AS WIN, P107 ERWING R, 2002, MEASURING SPRAWL ITS ERWING R, 2005, ENDANGERED SPRAWL RU EWING R, 1994, ENV URBAN ISSUES, V21, P1 FIRESTONE D, 2001, NY TIMES 0417 GALSTER G, 2000, WRESTLING SPRAWL GRO HAMMER RB, 2004, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V69, P183 HART JF, 1992, GEOGR REV, V82, P166 HASSE JE, 2003, APPL GEOGR, V23, P159 HOLLOWAY SR, 1999, GIS SOLUTIONS NATURA, P283 KATZ B, 2000, BROOKINGS REV, V18, P31 KOLANKIEWICZ L, 2001, WEIGHING SPRAWL FACT LANDIS JD, 1995, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V61, P438 LANG R, 2003, HOUS POLICY DEBATE, V13, P755 LONGLEY PA, 2001, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATI LUCK M, 2002, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V17, P327 MCGARIGAL K, 1995, PNWGTR351 USDA FOR S MONOMONIER M, 1984, INT YB CARTOGRAPHY, V24, P24 OPENSHAW S, 1984, CONCEPTS TECHNIQUES, V38 PENDALL R, 1999, ENVIRON PLANN B, V26, P555 PETERSON GD, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 PONTIUS RG, 2002, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V68, P1041 RADELOFF VC, 2001, FOREST SCI, V47, P229 RICKETTS T, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 ROBINSON AH, 1995, ELEMENTS CARTOGRAPHY ROBINSON L, 2005, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V71, P51 RUSK D, 1997, REGIONALIST FAL SCHUMACHER JV, 2000, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V64, P127 SONG Y, 2004, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V70, P210 THEOBALD DM, 1996, MT RES DEV, V16, P407 THEOBALD DM, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V39, P25 THEOBALD DM, 1998, GEOGRAPHICAL ENV MOD, V2, P65 THEOBALD DM, 2000, FOREST FRAGMENTATION, P155 THEOBALD DM, 2001, GEOGR REV, V91, P544 THEOBALD DM, 2001, TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO THEOBALD DM, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P1624 THEOBALD DM, 2004, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V2, P139 TORRENS PM, 2000, 27 CTR ADV SPAT AN U VOGELMANN JE, 2001, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V67, P650 WALDIE DJ, 2000, NY TIMES 0303 WARD D, 2000, PROF GEOGR, V52, P371 WILSON EH, 2003, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V86, P275 WRIGHT JK, 1936, GEOGR REV, V26, P103 NR 64 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 32 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 10 IS 1 GA 941TU UT ISI:000230237900017 ER PT J AU de Groot, WT Lenders, HJR TI Emergent principles for river management SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Ctr Water & Soc, Fac Sci, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Environm Sci, Inst Wetland & Water Res, Fac Sci, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP de Groot, WT, Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Ctr Water & Soc, Fac Sci, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. AB Paradigms for land and water management are on the move. New approaches are said to be, or meant to be, more 'participatory', 'integrated', 'adaptive', 'ecosystem-based' and so on. The present paper explores emergent principles for land and water management in ecological management theory, environmental science and the social sciences. These principles comprise adaptive management, opportunity-driven analysis, visions of managers and the public, and co-management that includes local and supra-local rationality. The paper concludes that for river management, these principles largely reinforce each other. This lays a basis for a style of river management in which the river managers may continue to be the guardians of science-based and whole-basin rationality, while at the same time interacting more successfully with society. CR BERKES F, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P293 BILDERDIJK W, 1832, GESCHIEDENIS VADERLA, V1 BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 2004, SHARING POWER LEARNI BRUSSAARD L, 2004, TUSSEN ONLAND VERWON, P49 CHENEY J, 1989, ENVIRON ETHICS, V11, P117 COLCHESTER M, 1997, SOCIAL CHANGE CONSER, P97 COX SJB, 1985, ENVIRON ETHICS, V7, P49 DEGROOT WT, 1998, ENV MANAGEMENT PRACT, V1, P23 DEGROOT WT, 2003, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V63, P127 DEGROOT WT, 2004, LANDSCHAP, V2, P5 GHIMIRE KB, 1997, SOCIAL CHANGE CONSER HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1248 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P25 HUNSBERGER CA, 2005, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V25, P609 IMPERIAL MT, 1993, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V20, P147 IMPERIAL MT, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P449 JEURGENS J, 1991, THESIS LEIDEN U NEHA KESSLER JJ, 2003, 43 WAG U LENDERS HJR, 1998, NEW CONCEPTS SUSTAIN, P35 LENDERS HJR, 2003, THESIS RADBOUD U NIJ LEUVEN RSE, 2000, NEW APPROACHES RIVER, P329 MITCHELL B, 2002, RESOURCE ENV MANAGEM MORRISON K, 2003, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V47, P43 NIENHUIS PH, 1998, NEW CONCEPTS SUSTAIN, P7 NIENHUIS PH, 2002, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V478, P53 NIENHUIS PH, 2003, BIONIEUWS, V13, P7 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS POSTHUMA L, 2002, SPECIES SENSITIVITY PUTNAM RD, 1993, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHOLTE P, 2005, THESIS LEIDEN U LEID VANDENBORN RJG, 2001, ENVIRON CONSERV, V23, P65 VANSTOKKOM HTC, 2005, WATER INT, V30, P76 VUGTEVEEN P, 2006, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V565, P289 WIERING MA, 2006, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V565, P327 WILSON DC, 2003, FISHERIES COMANAGEME WITTER JV, 2006, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V565, P317 ZELINKA M, 1961, ARCH HYDROBIOL, V57, P389 NR 38 TC 2 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA BP 309 EP 316 PY 2006 PD JUL VL 565 GA 044KG UT ISI:000237670600021 ER PT J AU Berkes, F Jolly, D TI Adapting to climate change: Social-ecological resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic community SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Human adaptation remains an insufficiently studied part of the subject of climate change. This paper examines the questions of adaptation and change in terms of social-ecological resilience using lessons from a place-specific case study. The Inuvialuit people of the small community of Sachs Harbour in Canada's western Arctic have been tracking climate change throughout the 1990s. We analyze the adaptive capacity of this community to deal with climate change. Short-term responses to changes in land-based activities, which are identified as coping mechanisms, are one component of this adaptive capacity. The second component is related to cultural and ecological adaptations of the Inuvialuit for life in a highly variable and uncertain environment; these represent long-term adaptive strategies. These two types of strategies are, in fact, on a continuum in space and time. This study suggests new ways in which theory and practice can be combined by showing how societies may adapt to climate change at multiple scales. Switching species and adjusting the "where, when, and how" of hunting are examples of shorter-term responses. On the other hand, adaptations such as flexibility in seasonal hunting patterns, traditional knowledge that allows the community to diversity hunting activities, networks for sharing food and other resources, and intercommunity trade are longer-term, culturally ingrained mechanisms. Individuals, households, and the community as a whole also provide feedback on their responses to change. Newly developing co-management institutions create additional linkages for feedback across different levels, enhancing the capacity for learning and self-organization of the local inhabitants and making it possible for them to transmit community concerns to regional, national, and international levels. 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CR 1980, N S PROGRAMME SURVIV 1980, WORLD CONSERVATION S 1984, NATIONAL CONSERVATIO 1986, WORLD RESOURCES 1986 1987, FOREST IND GROWTH PL 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE 1988, COMMODITY STATISTICA 1989, MANAGING DROUGHT INT BARBIER EB, 1987, ENVIRON CONSERV, V14, P101 BARNETT H, 1963, SCARCITY GROWTH EC N BAUMOL WJ, 1975, THEORY ENV POLICY BIRCH C, 1976, CONFRONTING FUTURE A BOYDEN S, IN PRESS AUSTR ECOLO BOYDEN S, 1987, W CIVILIZATION BIOL BROWN BJ, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P713 BROWN L, 1989, STATE WORLD 1989 BULDING K, 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING, P3 CAMERON J, 1988, WOOD TREES PRELIMINA CAPRA F, 1983, TURNING POINT CHISOLM A, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION PRO CHRISTENSEN PP, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P17 CIRIACYWANTRUP S, 1963, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO COASE RH, 1960, J LAW ECON, V3, P1 COLE S, 1979, MODELS PLANNING BASI DALY HE, 1977, STEADY STATE EC DARGAVEL J, 1987, PROSPECTS AUSTR HARD EKINS P, 1986, LIVING EC NEW EC MAK FALK J, 1989, GREENHOUSE CHALLENGE GALTUNG J, 1973, J PEACE RES, V10, P101 GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE HAWKE R, 1989, OUR COUNTRY OUR FUTU HAWKEN P, 1984, NEXT EC HENDERSON H, 1981, POLITICS SOLAR AGE HENDERSONSELLERS A, 1989, GREENHOUSE EFFECT LI HIRSCH F, 1977, SOCIAL LIMITS GROWTH HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 MARTINEZALIER J, 1987, ECOLOGICAL EC ENERGY MEADOWS DH, 1974, LIMITS GROWTH MISHAN E, 1967, COSTS EC GROWTH MOLLISON B, 1988, PERMACULTURE DESIGNE NORTON BG, 1986, PRESERVATION SPECIES PEARCE DW, 1986, DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFL, P15 PEARMAN G, 1988, GREENHOUSE PLANNING PIGRAM J, 1986, ISSUES MANAGEMENT AU PLUCKNETT D, 1987, GENE BANKS WORLDS FO PROOPS JLR, 1989, ECOL ECON, V1, P59 RANDALL A, 1982, IRRIGATION WATER POL REDCLIFT M, 1987, SUSTAINABLE DEV EXPL ROBERTSON J, 1979, SANE ALTERNATIVE SOUTH PM, 1981, AUSTR FORESTS THEIR, P4 THOMPSON JM, 1987, FAUNA AUSTR A, V1, P227 WILLIAMS M, 1988, AUSTR FISHERIES, V47, P13 WILLIAMS M, 1988, SCI ADVICE FISHERIES WOODS L, 1984, LAND DEGRADATION AUS ZOLOTAS X, 1981, EC GROWTH DECLINING NR 55 TC 7 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 297 EP 305 PY 1990 PD MAY-JUN VL 14 IS 3 GA DL787 UT ISI:A1990DL78700002 ER PT J AU FLEMING, RA SHOEMAKER, CA TI EVALUATING MODELS FOR SPRUCE BUDWORM FOREST MANAGEMENT - COMPARING OUTPUT WITH REGIONAL FIELD DATA SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,ITHACA,NY 14853. ROTHAMSTED EXPTL STN,HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ,HERTS,ENGLAND. RP FLEMING, RA, FORESTRY CANADA,INST FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT,POB 490,SAULT ST MARIE P6A 5M7,ONTARIO,CANADA. AB The evaluation of models used in the management of populations can be complicated by the number of component parts and by the large temporal and spatial scales often required. This is particularly true of models developed for the analysis of management policy in forest pest situations. In this study, two large-scale spruce budworm-forest simulation models were evaluated by comparing their output with data collected annually by the Maine Forest Service survey at 1000 sites from 1975 to 1980. In practice, model evaluation typically involves a comparison of observations, independent of those used to construct the model, with overall model output. We did this, and in addition, separate tests were performed on major components of each large-scale budworm model. These components represent Maine's forest protection policy, the budworm-forest dynamics, and pest control efficacy. Both models produced output that was in some way inconsistent with the Maine survey data. Inconsistencies were most prevalent at low budworm densities, especially after pesticide spraying, when model output predicts budworm populations increase more slowly than the survey data suggest. These inconsistencies pointed to inaccuracies in the models' representation of Maine's forest protection policy, of budworm population growth at low densities, and of the effectiveness of spraying (especially at low budworm densities). Problems translating the results of studies of nonlinear population dynamics from small experimental plots to the larger spatial scale used in the models are implicated. Our results suggest that the optimal threshold density of budworm for insecticide application is probably higher than the upper threshold of 20 egg masses/m2 inferred from the models. CR ANTONOVSKY MY, 1990, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V37, P343 BASKERVILLE G, 1981, CAN J FOREST RES, V11, P206 BASKERVILLE GL, 1976, REPORT TASK FORCE EV BELL DE, 1977, CONFLICTING OBJECTIV, P389 BLAIS JR, 1985, RECENT ADV SPRUCE BU, P49 CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 CLARK WC, 1979, FORTSCHR ZOOL, V25, P29 CLARK WC, 1979, MITT SCHWEIZ ENTOMOL, V52, P235 CUFF W, 1983, ANAL ECOLOGICAL SYST, P93 FELDMAN RM, 1984, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V13, P1446 FLEMING RA, 1982, PROT ECOL, V4, P81 FLEMING RA, 1983, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V12, P707 FLEMING RA, 1984, CAN ENTOMOL, V116, P633 FLEMING RA, 1985, RECENT ADV SPRUCE BU, P136 FOSBERG MA, 1986, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V38, P1 FOWLER GW, 1982, GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL, V15, P103 GAGE SH, 1979, MODELING SIMULATION, V10, P1103 GUCKENHEIMER J, 1989, MATH APPROACHES PROB, V10, P319 HALL TH, 1978, TR178 NEW BRUNSW DEP HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1979, PEST MANAGEMENT, P13 HOLLING CS, 1988, MEMOIRS ENTOMOLOGICA, V146, P21 HUDAK J, 1991, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V39, P313 IRVING HJ, 1985, DISTINGUISHED LECTUR, P32 JENNINGS DT, 1983, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V12, P1787 JONES DD, 1979, PEST MANAGEMENT, P9 KEMP WP, 1980, GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL, V13, P81 KETTELA EG, 1983, DPCX14 MAR FOR CTR C LEWANDOWSKI A, 1982, ANGEWANDTE SYSTEMANA, V3, P2 LIKENS GE, 1989, LONG TERM STUDIES EC LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 LUDWIG D, 1979, J MATH BIOL, V8, P217 LYSYK TJ, 1990, CAN ENTOMOL, V122, P253 MAY RM, 1989, BRIT ECOLOGICAL SOC, V29, P339 MILLER CA, 1971, P TALL TIMBERS C ECO, P169 MORRIS RF, 1955, CAN J ZOOL, V33, P226 MORRIS RF, 1963, MEM ENTOMOL SOC CAN, V31, P1 MOTT DG, 1980, MAINE FOR REV, V13, P26 MUNN RE, 1988, AIR POLLUTION MODELL, V11, P237 ODMAN MT, 1991, ATMOS ENVIRON A-GEN, V25, P2385 ONEILL RV, 1979, METHODOLOGY SYSTEMS, P447 ONEILL RV, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V3, P193 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST REGNIERE J, 1983, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V12, P1532 REYNOLDS MR, 1982, COMMUN STAT SIMULAT, V11, P769 RICKER WE, 1954, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V11, P559 ROYAMA T, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P429 SALT GW, 1983, AM NAT, V122, P697 SEYMOUR RS, 1980, THESIS YALE U NEW HA SEYMOUR RS, 1985, RECENT ADV SPRUCE BU, P213 SEYMOUR RS, 1985, USDA NE91 FOR SERV G SHAEFFER DL, 1980, ECOL MODEL, V8, P275 STEDINGER JR, 1977, 69 U MAIN SCH FOR RE STEDINGER JR, 1984, FOREST SCI, V30, P597 STERN VM, 1959, HILGARDIA, V29, P89 TRIAL H, 1980, 14 MAIN FOR SERV ENT TRIAL H, 1980, MAINE FOREST REV, V13, P3 TRIAL H, 1981, 18 MAIN FOR SERV ENT TURNER MG, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V3, P245 WALLACH D, 1989, ECOL MODEL, V44, P299 WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WATT KEF, 1964, CAN ENTOMOL, V96, P202 WEBB FE, 1983, FOREST CHRON, V59, P118 WEED D, 1977, SPRUCE BUDWORM MAINE WELCH SM, 1981, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V10, P425 WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 WISSEL C, 1989, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V36, P296 WORNER SP, 1991, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V20, P768 YOU M, 1990, CAN ENTOMOL, V122, P1167 NR 70 TC 7 J9 ECOL APPL BP 460 EP 477 PY 1992 PD NOV VL 2 IS 4 GA JV605 UT ISI:A1992JV60500014 ER PT J AU Fanai, N Burn, DH TI Reversibility as a sustainability criterion for project selection SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Civil & Geol Engn, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Burn, DH, Univ Manitoba, Dept Civil & Geol Engn, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Integration of sustainability issues into the project selection process requires new approaches to decision-making. A framework is proposed for measuring reversibility as one component for achieving this goal. Reversibility in the context of this research is defined as the degree to which the aggregated set of anticipated or unanticipated impacts of a development project can be mitigated. Several concepts found in the sustainable development literature are used in the framework. The efficacy of the framework is tested in a case study involving construction of hydropower transmission and distribution lines. CR *UNESCO, 1995, DEV MAN SUST WAT RES *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ANDERSON RJ, 1981, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V8, P187 ARROW KJ, 1968, VALUE CAPITAL GROWTH ARROW KJ, 1974, Q J ECON, V88, P312 BARBIER EB, 1987, ENVIRON CONSERV, V14, P101 BERNANKE BS, 1983, Q J ECON, V98, P85 BISHOP RC, 1982, LAND ECON, V58, P1 BOHM P, 1972, AM ECON REV, V65, P233 BOYCE JK, 1994, ECOL ECON, V11, P169 CICCHETTI CJ, 1971, Q J ECON, V85, P528 CONRAD JM, 1980, Q J ECON, V94, P813 CUMMINGS R, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1021 DIRSCHL HJ, 1993, ENVIRON MANAGE, V17, P545 DUCKSTEIN L, 1980, WATER RESOUR RES, V16, P14 ERICKSON PA, 1994, PRACTICAL GUIDE ENV FIELD BC, 1994, ENV EC INTRO FIERING MB, 1967, STREAMFLOW SYNTHESIS FIERING MB, 1969, J SANITATION ENG DIV, V95, P629 FIERING MB, 1974, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V1, P301 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P27 FISHER AC, 1972, AM ECON REV, V62, P605 FISHER AC, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1030 FISHER AC, 1974, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V1, P96 FREEMAN AM, 1984, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V11, P292 FREEMAN AM, 1984, LAND ECON, V60, P1 HAIMES YY, 1977, ADV WATER RESOUR, V1, P71 HASHIMOTO T, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P14 HENRY C, 1974, AM ECON REV, V64, P1006 HENRY C, 1974, REV ECON STUD, V41, P89 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 LINSAY CM, 1969, Q J ECON, V83, P344 MILLER JR, 1984, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V11, P161 PAL K, 1993, WAT RES DEV, V9, P189 PEARCE D, 1990, SUSTAINABLE DEV PEARCE DW, 1993, WORLD END EC ENV SUS PINDYCK RS, 1991, J ECON LIT, V29, P1110 RYDING SO, 1981, INT REV GES HYDROBIO, V66, P449 SCHMALENSEE R, 1972, AM ECON REV, V62, P813 SIMONOVIC SP, 1989, WATER INT, V14, P37 USETAGUI JM, 1990, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V19, P73 VISCUSI WK, 1985, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V12, P28 VISCUSI WK, 1988, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V15, P147 WEISBROD B, 1964, Q J ECON, V78, P471 YOUNG MD, 1992, MAN BIOPSHERE SERIES ZELENY M, 1973, MULTIPLE CRITERIA DE, P262 ZELENY M, 1982, MULTIPLE CRITERIA DE NR 47 TC 3 J9 INT J SUSTAIN DEV WORLD ECOL BP 259 EP 273 PY 1997 PD DEC VL 4 IS 4 GA YU901 UT ISI:000071767700004 ER PT J AU McDuff, MD Jacobson, S TI Impacts and future directions of youth conservation organizations: wildlife clubs in Africa SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Program Studies Trop Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP McDuff, MD, Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB Environmental education is seldom a priority in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. Wildlife and environmental clubs meet a critical need for conservation organizations to address conservation attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors of youth worldwide. Our study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of the elements leading to success of the wildlife club movement in Africa. We conducted a written survey of wildlife club organizations administering more than 4,700 clubs in 15 African countries to assess the instructional strategies, success factors, constraints, impacts, and recommendations for improvement. We compared these findings with an in-depth case study using interviews, participant observation, and document review of the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya, an organization that has involved more than one million Kenyan youth in the past 30 years. Increased awareness and knowledge among students was the most significant impact of wildlife clubs, whereas lack of funds and resources remained a critical constraint to educational programming. Factors leading to success of the wildlife club movement included the supper? and commitment of key stakeholders, staff visits to clubs, and training for teachers and students. Capacity building in financial and organizational sustainability, increased communication and networking, and systematic monitoring and evaluation emerged as important themes for future improvement of wildlife clubs throughout Africa and environmental education in general. CR *KIFCON KEN IND FO, 1993, DIR ENV ED PROG KEN *NAAEE, 1998, ENV ED MAT GUID EXC BERNARD R, 1995, RES METHODS ANTHR QU BLUM A, 1987, J ENVIRON EDUC, V18, P7 BOULTON M, 1997, PAN AFRICAN WILDLIFE CHADRI E, 1997, PAN AFRICAN WILDLIFE, P1 CHAWLA L, 1998, J ENVIRON EDUC, V29, P11 CHIRAS DD, 1992, AM BIOL TEACH, V54, P464 DILLMAN DA, 1978, MAIL TELEPHONE SURVE GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAM S, 1988, J ENVIRON EDUC, V19, P17 HAMMOND WC, 1995, CONSERVING WILDLIFE, P198 JACOBSON SK, 1997, INT RES GEOGRAPHICAL, V6, P1 JAMES K, 1993, THESIS U MINNESOTA M LEEMING FC, 1995, J ENVIRON EDUC, V26, P22 MCDUFF MD, 1999, THESIS U FLORIDA GAI MUSSER LM, 1994, J ENVIRON EDUC, V25, P22 PALMER J, 1993, J ENVIRON EDUC, V24, P26 PATTON MQ, 1990, QUALITATIVE EVALUAT PETERSGRANT VP, 1986, THESIS U MAINE ORONO PETTERSON N, 1982, THESIS SO ILLINOIS U RAMSEY JM, 1993, J ENVIRON EDUC, V24, P31 ROCHA LM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P937 STAPP WB, 1995, CONSERVING WILDLIFE, P177 SWARD L, 1996, ANN C N AM ASS ENV E TANNER T, 1980, J ENVIRON EDUC, V11, P20 TILBURY D, 1994, ENV ED EARLY CHILDHO, P11 VOORDOUW JJ, 1987, YOUTH ENV ACTION INT WHOLEY JS, 1994, HDB PRACTICAL PROGRA WILSON RA, 1996, EARLY CHILDHOOD J, V24, P212 YIN R, 1984, CASE STUDY RES DESIG NR 31 TC 0 J9 WILDLIFE SOC BULL BP 414 EP 425 PY 2000 PD SUM VL 28 IS 2 GA 330ZA UT ISI:000087990800016 ER PT J AU Rietkerk, M Ketner, P Stroosnijder, L Prins, HHT TI Sahelian rangeland development; A catastrophe? SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT TERR ECOL & NAT CONSERVAT,NL-6708 PD WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Rietkerk, M, AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT IRRIGAT & SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT,NIEUWE KANAAL 11,NL-6709 PA WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. AB This paper sets out that the dynamics of the Sahelian rangeland vegetation can be interpreted as a cusp catastrophe and that this interpretation offers a promising basis for the description and analysis of this ecosystem, Firstly, an existing scheme of the dynamics of Sahelian herbaceous vegetation is translated into the state-and-transition formulation, Secondly, the application of the cusp catastrophe is explored by studying the behaviour of the Sahelian rangeland ecosystem under changing effective rainfall and grazing intensity, using the transitions from the state-and-transition formulation as vectors along the cusp manifold, This conceptual cusp catastrophe model subsequently results in the identification of hypotheses and the detection of 5 catastrophic properties of this ecosystem (bimodality, inaccessibility, sudden jumps, divergence and hysteresis) that have important management implications, The continuous and the discontinuous processes occurring in the Sahelian rangeland ecosystem can both be captured in a unified conceptual model by applying the cusp catastrophe theory, Testing the hypotheses generated by the conceptual model and searching for additional catastrophic properties, such as divergence of linear response and critical slowing down, is a useful direction for future research. CR *FAO, 1950, PROD YB BEHNKE RH, 1992, 33 IIED ODI BOUDET G, 1970, ETUDE AGROSTOLOGIQUE, V29 BREMAN H, 1977, OECOLOGIA BERLIN, V28, P301 BREMAN H, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P227 BREMAN H, 1982, PRODUCTIVITE PATURAG, P322 BREMAN H, 1982, PRODUCTIVITE PATURAG, P352 BREMAN H, 1983, SCIENCE, V221, P1341 BREMAN H, 1995, ROLE WOODY PLANTS AG CASENAVE A, 1992, J HYDROL, V130, P231 CISSE AM, 1986, THESIS WAGENINGEN AG CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 DEBIE S, 1991, 912 WAG AGR U ELLIS JE, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FRIEDEL MH, 1994, RANGELAND J, V16, P16 GILMORE R, 1981, CATASTROPHE THEORY S HIEN FG, 1995, 7 WAG AGR U HODGKINSON KC, 1991, P 4 INT RANG C, V1, P127 HOOGMOED WB, 1984, SOIL TILL RES, V4, P5 JAMESON DA, 1988, VEGETATION SCI APPLI, P189 KELLY RD, 1976, J ECOL, V64, P553 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LEHOUEROU HN, 1989, ECOLOGICAL STUDIES, V75 LOCKWOOD JA, 1991, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V20, P970 LOCKWOOD JA, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P282 LOEHLE C, 1985, ECOL MODEL, V27, P285 MUELLERDOMBOIS D, 1974, AIMS METHODS VEGETAT NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 PRINS HHT, 1988, J BIOGEOGR, V15, P451 PRINS HHT, 1988, J BIOGEOGR, V15, P465 RIETKERK M, ALTERNATE STABLE STA SAUNDERS PT, 1980, INTRO CATASTROPHE TH SINCLAIR ARE, 1985, CAN J ZOOL, V63, P987 SMITH DMS, 1990, J ARID ENVIRON, V18, P255 STROOSNIJDER L, 1992, COURIER, V133, P36 THOM R, 1975, STRUCTURAL STABILITY TUCKER CJ, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P299 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WESTOBY M, 1979, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WICKENS GE, 1979, MANAGEMENT SEMIARID, P205 WISSEL C, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V65, P101 ZEEMAN EC, 1976, SCI AM, V234, P65 NR 44 TC 11 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 512 EP 519 PY 1996 PD NOV VL 49 IS 6 GA VT437 UT ISI:A1996VT43700007 ER PT J AU Steedman, RJ Whillans, TH Behm, AP Bray, KE Cullis, KI Holland, MM Stoddart, SJ White, RJ TI Use of historical information for conservation and restoration of Great Lakes aquatic habitat SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 TRENT UNIV,ENVIRONM & RESOURCE STUDIES PROGRAM,PETERBOROUGH,ON K9J 7B8,CANADA. USA,CORPS ENGINEERS,PLANNING DIV,CHICAGO,IL 60606. ONTARIO MINIST ENVIRONM & ENERGY,ENVIRONM CANADA,LAKE SUPERIOR PROGRAMS OFF,THUNDER BAY,ON P7B 5E3,CANADA. ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,LAKE SUPERIOR PROGRAMS OFF,THUNDER BAY,ON P7B 5E3,CANADA. UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677. FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,GREAT LAKES LAB FISHERIES & AQUAT SCI,SAULT ST MARIE,ON P6A 6W4,CANADA. TROUT HABITAT SPECIALISTS,EDMONDS,WA 98020. RP Steedman, RJ, ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,CTR NO FOREST ECOSYST RES,955 OLIVER RD,THUNDER BAY,ON P7B 5E1,CANADA. AB We provide a rationale and methodological overview for historical (retrospective) study of Great Lakes aquatic habitats and biota. Historical information has significant potential to direct aquatic habitat management in the Great Lakes, particularly in setting restoration goals. Although the use of historical information has been opportunistic (it is limited by the preservation of information in specific forms) and generally of low resolution (it is generally semiquantitative at best), the products of these analyses have been compelling (they have changed the attitudes and expectations of people) and surprising (many of the conclusions of historical analysis were not predictable from other sources). 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US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. San Francisco Estuary Inst, Richmond, CA 95804 USA. RP Foin, TC, Univ Calif Davis, Div Environm Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB The California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), a Federal- and State-listed endangered marsh bird, has a geographic range restricted to one of the most heavily-urbanized estuaries in the world. The rail population has long been in a state of decline, although the exact contribution of each of the many contributing causes remains unclear. The rail is one of the key targets of emerging plans to conserve and restore tidal marshlands, Reduction of tidal marsh habitat, estimated at 85-95%, has been the major historical cause of rail decline. increased predation intensity may be the more important present problem, because habitat fragmentation and alteration coupled with the invasion of the red fox have made the remaining populations more vulnerable to predators, Population viability analysis shows that adult survivorship is the key demographic variable; reversals in population fate occur over a narrow range of ecologically realistic values. Analysis of habitat requirements and population dynamics of the clapper rail in the San Francisco Estuary shows that decreased within-marsh habitat quality, particularly reduction of tidal flows and alteration of drainage, is an important barrier to population recovery. Management and restoration activities should emphasize the development of well-channelized high tidal marsh, because this is the key requirement of rail habitat, Developing effective restoration programs depends upon having information that field research will not provide. The effect of spatial pattern of reserves requires accurate estimation of the effects of predation and inter-marsh movement, both of which are practically impossible to measure adequately. It will be necessary to develop and use simulation models that can be applied to geographic data to accomplish this task. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. CR *US BUR CENS, 1991, STAT METR DAT BOOK *US FISH WILDL SER, 1977, REC PLAN LIGHT FOOT *US FISH WILDL SER, 1984, SALT MARS HARV MOUS *US FISH WILDL SER, 1991, END SPEC TECHN B, V16, P1 *US FISH WILDL SER, 1991, END SPEC TECHN B, V16, P15 ALBERTSON J, 1995, THESIS SAN FRANCISCO APPLEGARTH JH, 1938, THESIS STANFORD U COHEN AN, 1995, NONINDIGENOUS AQUATI COLLINS JN, 1986, P PAP 64 ANN C MOSQ, P91 COLLINS JN, 1995, WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM G DEDRICK KG, 1989, P 6 S COAST OC M COA EDDLEMAN WR, 1989, BIOL YUMA CLAPPER RA EVENS JG, 1983, ECOLOGY CLAPPER RAIL EVENS JG, 1992, CENSUS REPORT DISTRI EVENS JG, 1996, SYNOPTIC SURVEY DIST FOERSTER KS, 1989, SUMMARY CALIFORNIA C FOERSTER KS, 1990, BREEDING DENSITY NES FOIN TC, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V58, P123 FOIN TC, 1997, IN PRESS BIOSCIENCE GARCIA EJ, 1995, THESIS U CALIFORNIA GILL R, 1979, CALIF FISH GAME, V65, P36 GRINNELL J, 1918, GAME BIRDS CALIFORNI GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARVEY TE, 1983, BREEDING SEASON SURV HARVEY TE, 1987, 105 AM ORN UN M SAN HARVEY TE, 1988, T W SECT WILDLIFE SO, V24, P98 HEERBOLD B, 1992, STATUS TRENDS REPORT LEDIG D, 1990, PRELIMINARY REPORT E LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LONZARICH DG, 1992, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V23, P147 MEANLEY B, 1985, MARSH HEN NICHOLS FH, 1986, SCIENCE, V231, P567 SAREWITZ D, 1996, GSA TODAY OCT, P10 SCHEMSKE DW, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P584 SOULE ME, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P75 SOULE ME, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P744 TEAR TH, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P976 TEAR TH, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P182 WALTERS CS, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT ZEDLER JB, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P123 ZEDLER JB, 1996, TIDAL WETLAND RESTOR NR 41 TC 0 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 229 EP 243 PY 1997 PD NOV 15 VL 38 IS 3-4 GA YQ481 UT ISI:000071392100009 ER PT J AU DUINKER, PN BEANLANDS, GE TI THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 DALHOUSIE UNIV,INST RESOURCE & ENVIRONM STUDIES,HALIFAX B3H 3E2,NS,CANADA. CR ENV ASSESSMENT REV P 1975, 1975 P C WORKSH BENT 1977, ENV IMPACT ASSESSMEN 1978, SUMMARY ENV IMPACT S 1979, BANFF HIGHWAY PROJEC 1979, ENV IMPACT STATEMENT 1979, REVISED GUIDE FEDERA 1980, INITIAL ENV EVALUATI 1980, LOWER CHURCHILL HYDR 1981, MIDWEST PROJECT ENV 1982, ENV IMPACT STATEMENT ANDREWS RNL, 1973, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V28, P197 ANDREWS RNL, 1977, SUBSTANTIVE GUIDANCE BARNTHOUSE L, 1982, COMMUNICATION BEANLANDS GE, 1983, ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK BERNSTEIN BB, 1983, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P35 BUFFINGTON JD, 1976, P WORKSHOP BIOL SIGN, P319 BUFFINGTON JD, 1980, S P BIOL EVALUATION, P25 CHRISTENSEN SW, 1976, P WORKSHOP BIOL SIGN, P191 COOPER CF, 1980, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P285 EBERHARDT LL, 1976, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V4, P27 ELLIOTT ML, 1981, ENV IMPACT ASSESSMEN, V2, P11 GORDON DC, 1979, MARINE POLLUTION B, V10, P38 GREEN RH, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT HOLLING CS, 1971, J AM I PLANNERS, V37, P221 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KIELL DJ, 1984, 1984 FAC SIT ROUT 84 LONGLEY WL, 1979, P ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE, P355 SHARMA RK, 1976, NRCONF002 US NUCL RE SHARMA RR, 1976, P WORKSHOP BIOL SIGN, P3 WASHBURN OV, 1975, NEW BRUNSWICK GOVT P WOLF P, 1983, COMMUNICATION ZAR JH, 1976, P WORKSHOP BIOL SIGN, P285 NR 33 TC 9 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 1 EP 10 PY 1986 PD JAN VL 10 IS 1 GA AWP56 UT ISI:A1986AWP5600001 ER PT J AU Gardner, TA TI Tree-grass coexistence in the Brazilian cerrado: demographic consequences of environmental instability SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Gardner, TA, Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB Aim: Tropical savanna ecosystems are uniquely characterized by the co-dominance of both trees and grasses. An operational understanding of the ecological processes involved in maintaining this condition is essential for understanding both the functioning of savanna systems as well as their potential response to environmental change. A simple model is presented to explore the potential for a demographic mechanism of long-term tree persistence and temporal physiognomic stability in the Brazilian cerrado. Location: The model is developed based on data from the humid cerrado of Brazil. Methods: In contrast to many existing models of tree-grass dynamics a model is presented which is based on data from the humid cerrado of Brazil, which is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from many of the more arid savannas of the palaeotropics. The model focuses on the dynamics of a synthetic tree population, with particular attention given to reproduction, seedling establishment and fire effects; with separate sub-models for grass production, fire and rainfall. Results: The model successfully predicts coexistence across the full range of observed vegetation physiognomies, but only under limited conditions. Under coexistence conditions, the dynamics of the tree population are characterized by long periods of gradual decline, punctuated by occasional bursts of growth. However, in agreement with earlier studies, the model consistently over-predicts domination by the tree component. Fire is identified as an overriding factor in determining model behaviour, and the response of reproduction and sapling recruitment to variance in the frequency of fire ignition is identified to be of potential importance in the functioning of the Brazilian cerrado. The key dynamics of the model which promote tree-grass coexistence are consistent with a number of established determinants of ecological resilience in savanna systems. Main conclusions: The model identifies the importance of the effective exploitation of rare opportunities for favourable recruitment (e.g. exclusion from fire) by the tree population, in promoting coexistence within a predominantly adverse environment. Support is provided for an alternative demographic mechanism of tree-grass coexistence in the cerrado (the storage effect), which is not based on the limiting assumption of niche partitioning through differences in rooting depth. The results are consistent with those presented by recent modelling work based on the more arid savannas of southern Africa. The model presented here differs in the emphasis given to particular environmental and life-history attributes which are critical in determining the tree-grass balance, but provides further general support for the potential role of demographic mechanisms (such as the storage effect) in determining the structure of tropical savannas. Despite having clear limitations, models can serve as valuable heuristic tools to aid the integration and exploration of existing data sets as well as our present understanding of key ecological processes. 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RP Matutinovic, I, GfK Ctr Market Res, Draskoviceva 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. AB A complex adaptive systems paradigm can be used to abridge theorizing in ecological and economic sciences. The paper discusses economic flows, connectivity and stability from the perspective of theoretical ecology. The global economy, by analogy with ecosystems, appears to self-organize as an ascendent system: most of the world trade is done among the tiny fraction of technologically advanced countries and trade interaction strength exhibits a power law with exponential decay. Small world behavior and preferential attachment characterizes interactions among economic agents. Industrial economics and the world economic system as a whole appear to evolve towards the,maximum power' efficiency. Development that fosters efficiency in the maximum power sense (all the world becomes industrialized) implies a trade-off in socio-economic diversity, and may be antithetical to the stability of the global economy. If we take an ecological perspective, then the problem of global development does not reside in the realm of technology or global governance. It boils down to the question of required natural balance in living systems. the balance between organized complexity and overhead, the harmony between efficiency and adaptability. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Four case studies drawn from New and Old World civilizations document societal responses to prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban abandonment, and state collapse. Further study of past cultural adaptations to persistent climate change may provide valuable perspective on possible responses of modern societies to future climate change. 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Lack of recovery of two coral reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Rogers, CS, US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, 1300 Cruz Bay Creek, St John, VI 00830 USA. AB Caribbean coral reefs have changed dramatically in the last 3 to 4 decades, with significant loss of coral cover and increases in algae. Here we present trends in benthic cover from 1989 to 2003 at 2 reefs (Lameshur Reef and Newfound Reef) off St. John, US Virgin Islands (USVI). Coral cover has declined in the fore-reef zones at both sites, and no recovery is evident. At Lameshur Reef, Hurricane Hugo (1989) caused significant physical damage and loss of coral. We suggest that macroalgae rapidly colonized new substrate made available by this storm and have hindered or prevented growth of adult corals, as well as settlement and survival of new coral recruits. Overfishing of herbivorous fishes in the USVI and loss of shelter for these fishes because of major storms has presumably reduced the levels of herbivory that formerly controlled algal abundance. Coral cover declined at Newfound Reef from 1999 to 2000, most likely because of coral diseases. The trends that we have documented, loss of coral followed by no evidence of recovery, appear similar to findings from other studies in the Caribbean. We need to focus on functional shifts in the resilience of coral reefs that result in their inability to recover from natural and human-caused stressors. 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RP Ticktin, T, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. AB 1. The harvest of wild non-timber forest products (NTFP) represents an important source of income to millions of people world-wide. Despite growing concern over the conservation of these species, as well as their potential to foster forest conservation, information on the ecological implications of harvest is available only in disparate case studies. 2. Seventy studies that quantify the ecological effects of harvesting NTFP from plant species were reviewed, with the aims of assessing the current state of knowledge and drawing lessons that can provide guidelines for management as well as better directing future ecological research in this area. 3. The case studies illustrated that NTFP harvest can affect ecological processes at many levels, from individual and population to community and ecosystem. However, the majority of research was focused at a population level and on a limited subset of plant parts that are harvested. 4. Tolerance to harvest varies according to life history and the part of plant that is harvested. Moreover, the effects of harvest for any one species are mediated by variation in environmental conditions over space and time, and by human management practices. 5. In order to withstand heavy harvest, specific management practices in addition to gathering are necessary for many NTFP species. Management practices can be carried out at different spatial scales and some are highly effective in fostering population persistence. 6. Synthesis and applications. Substantial advances have been made towards identifying the ecological impacts of NTFP harvest. However, there is a need for longer-term studies that focus on multiple ecological levels (ranging from genes to ecosystems), that assess the mechanisms underlying impacts and that validate current models. Researchers and forest managers need to work with local harvesters in designing and evaluating management practices that can mitigate the negative effects of harvest. 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ICLARM, Makati City 0718, Philippines. RP Pauly, D, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. AB Since its development in the early 1980s, the mass-balance approach incorporated in the Ecopath software has been widely used for constructing food-web models of marine and other ecosystems. Generalizations on the structure and functioning of such ecosystems, relevant to the issue of fisheries impacts, have been developed and these have affected the evolution of the Ecopath approach. Thus, the description of the average state of an ecosystem, using Ecopath proper, now serves to parametrize systems of coupled difference and differential equations, which are used to depict changes in biomasses and trophic interactions in time (Ecosim) and space (Ecospace). The outcomes of these simulations can then be used to modify the initial parametrization, and the simulations are rerun until external validation is achieved. This reconceptualization of the Ecopath approach as an iterative process, which helps address issues of structural uncertainty, does not increase its input requirements markedly. Rather, it has become possible, through a Bayesian resampling routine, to explicitly consider the numerical uncertainty associated with these inputs. We present the kev features of the reconceptualized approach, and two indices based thereon for quantifying the ecosystem impacts of fisheries. We conclude with a brief discussion of its limitations, both present and intrinsic. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 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RP Brodt, SB, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. AB Many scholars are concerned that globalization and "scientization" of local management systems threatens the survival of valuable indigenous knowledge of agriculture and agroforestry. This paper addresses such concerns by drawing on a field study of knowledge about tree and crop cultivation in central India to Examine dynamics of knowledge system change. It uses concepts from systems studies, including hierarchy, adaptability, connectedness, and scale, to show how parts of indigenous knowledge systems might be more likely to be lost or preserved under various socio-economic circumstances It then suggests some concrete lessons for those interested in conserving indigenous knowledge: that knowledge is best conserved in situ that concepts can be more important to communicate and preserve than mere facts or practices; that researchers might identify those parts of a knowledge system most in need of conservation attention; and that technical innovation might allow local-scale indigenous knowledge to interface more effectively with large-scale global technologies. CR AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV APFFELMARGLIN F, 1996, DECOLONIZING KNOWLED BEBBINGTON A, 1991, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V8, P14 BRODT S, 1998, THESIS U HAWAII MANO BRODT S, 1999, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V16, P355 BRODT S, 2000, MAN FOREST LOCAL KNO, P49 BROWDER J, 1995, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V12, P17 CHAMBERS R, 1983, RURAL DEV PUTTING LA CHECKLAND PB, 1981, SYSTEMS THINKING SYS CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 DASH VB, 1983, HDB AYURVEDA EISEMON TO, 1989, INT REV EDUC, V35, P329 ELLEN R, 1997, 2 APTF U KENT ESCOBAR A, 1995, ENCOUNTERING DEV MAK FREEBAIRN DK, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P265 GADGIL M, 1995, ECOLOGY EQUITY USE A GUPTA A, 1996, CULTURAL SURVIVA SPR, P57 GUPTA A, 1997, INTELLECTUAL PROPERT, P67 GUPTA A, 1998, POSTCOLONIAL DEV AGR HILL S, 1995, KNOWLEDGE POLICY, V8, P88 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HORTON R, 1982, RATIONALITY RELATIVI, P201 INGOLD T, 1992, BUSH BASE FOREST FAR, P39 JOLLY J, 1977, INDIAN MED KALLAND A, 1994, ARCTIC ENV REPORT SE, P150 KURIN R, 1992, SOCIOLOGY NATURAL R, P31 MAHANTI N, 1997, INTELLECTUAL PROPERT, P29 MAHBUBEILAH S, 1974, FARMERS KNOWLEDGE MO MARTEN GG, 1986, TRADITIONAL AGR SE A, P20 MAY RM, 1973, MONOGRAPHS POPULATIO, V6 PRAKASH G, 1999, ANOTHER REASON SCI I ROGERS EM, 1995, DIFFUSION INNOVATION SEELAND K, 2000, MAN FOREST LOCAL KNO, P1 SHIVA V, 1997, BIOPIRACY PLUNDER NA SILLITOE P, 1998, CURR ANTHROPOL, V39, P223 THRUPP LA, 1989, AGR HUMAN VALUES SUM, P13 NR 38 TC 2 J9 HUM ECOL BP 99 EP 120 PY 2001 PD MAR VL 29 IS 1 GA 434HP UT ISI:000168809300005 ER PT J AU Whitmore, TC TI Potential impact of climatic change on tropical rain forest seedlings and forest regeneration SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RP Whitmore, TC, Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Downing Pl, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. AB Tropical rain forests are dynamic and continually regenerating by growth of seedlings up from the forest floor into canopy gaps that form on a cycle of usually a century of more in length. Changes in seedling establishment, survival, and release in gaps could thus change canopy species composition for a long time. Of likely climatic changes, evidence is presented that cyclone occurrence and increased rainfall seasonality could have important effects on seedling ecology. These forests and their species have lived through big Pleistocene and Holocene climatic changes, but today they are fragmented by human impact and so have less resilience to future climatic change. Management to accommodate climatic change should aim to reduce fragmentation and also canopy opening during logging operations. These are the same practices as advocated for biodiversity conservation. Tropical seasonal forests are also likely to be altered by expected climatic change, and also mainly at their regeneration stage. CR *FAO, 1993, 112 FAO, P101 *ITTO, 1990, ITTO GUID SUST MAN N BROWN ND, 1992, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V335, P369 BUDOWSKI G, 1970, TROP ECOL, V11, P44 BURGESS PF, 1969, MALAYAN NATURE J, V22, P119 BURSLEM DFRP, 1995, J ECOL, V83, P113 JONES EW, 1955, J ECOL, V43, P564 KAPOS V, 1989, J TROP ECOL, V5, P173 LENNERTZ R, 1984, PRELIMINARY ASSESSME, P45 TURNER IM, 1991, BIOTROP SPECIAL PUBL, V41, P295 TURNER IM, 1993, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V57, P329 VEENANDAAL EM, 1994, U ABERDEEN TROPIC BI, V66, P2 WHITMORE TC, 1974, COMMONWEALTH FORESTR, V46, P95 WHITMORE TC, 1996, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V351, P1195 ZAHN R, 1994, NATURE, V372, P621 NR 15 TC 7 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 429 EP 438 PY 1998 PD JUL VL 39 IS 2-3 GA 108TE UT ISI:000075280900014 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Bennett, EM Peterson, GD TI Scenarios for ecosystem services: An overview SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, 716 Langdon St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( MA) scenarios address changes in ecosystem services and their implications for human well-being. Ecological changes pose special challenges for long-term thinking, because of the possibility of regime shifts that occur rapidly yet alter the availability of ecosystem services for generations. Moreover, ecological feedbacks can intensify human modification of ecosystems, creating a spiral of poverty and ecosystem degradation. Such complex dynamics were evaluated by a mixture of qualitative and quantitative analyses in the MA scenarios. Collectively, the scenarios explore problems such as the connections of poverty reduction and ecosystem services, and trade-offs among ecosystem services. Several promising approaches are considered by the scenarios, including uses of biodiversity to build resilience of ecosystem services, actively adaptive management, and green technology. Although the scenarios do not prescribe an optimal path, they illuminate the consequences of different policies toward ecosystem services. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2003, EC HUM WELL BEING, CH2 *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING CU *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING PO *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING SC *NRC, 2001, DRAM COMM ADGER WN, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1036 BELLWOOD DR, 2004, NATURE, V429, P827 BENNETT EM, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P322 BENNETT EM, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS, V8, P125 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BIGGS R, 2004, NATURE SUPPORTING PE BRASHARES JS, 2004, SCIENCE, V306, P1180 CARDINALE BJ, 2004, OIKOS, V104, P437 CARPENTER SR, 2003, EXCELLENCE ECOLOGY S, V15 CORK SJ, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P11 COTTINGHAM KL, 2001, ECOL LETT, V4, P72 CUMMING GS, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS, V8, P143 DIAMOND J, 2005, COLLAPSE SOC CHOOSE DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 FOLEY JA, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS, V6, P524 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 FROST TM, 1995, LINKING SPECIES ECOS, P224 GERGEL SE, 2004, ECOL APPL, V14, P555 GOULD SJ, 1990, WONDERFUL LIFE BURGE GROFFMAN P, 2006, ECOSYSTEMS, V9, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HUGHES TP, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P929 IVES AR, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P42 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 KATES RW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8062 KHANNA N, 2004, ECOL ECON, V51, P225 LOREAU M, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P12765 LUDWIG D, 2006, ECOL SOC, V10, P13 MARTINEZALIER J, 2002, ENVIRONMENTALISM POO NORBERG J, 2004, LIMNOL OCEANOGR 2, V49, P1269 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 OLSSON P, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P18 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 2005, ECOLOGICAL PARADIGMS, P371 POSTEL S, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P195 RASKIN PD, 2005, ECOSYSTEMS, V8, P133 REPETTO R, 2006, FITS STARTS PUNCTUAT RODRIGUEZ JP, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P28 SARKEES MR, 2003, INT STUD QUART, V47, P49 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SMITH LA, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2487 STEFFEN W, 2004, GLOBAL CHANGE EARTH STERN DI, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P173 VANDERHEIJDEN K, 1996, SCENARIOS ART STRATE WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P3 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P2 WALLEY MP, 1991, STAT REASONING IMPRE NR 54 TC 4 J9 ECOL SOC BP 29 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300013 ER PT J AU Parnwell, MJG TI Living with environmental change: Social vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in Vietnam. SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CR ADGER WN, 2001, LIVING ENV CHANGE SO NR TC 0 BP 167 EP 169 PY 2002 PD AUG VL 38 IS 6 UT ISI:000177788000009 ER PT J AU Verburg, PH Soepboer, W Veldkamp, A Limpiada, R Espaldon, V Mastura, SSA TI Modeling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: The CLUE-S model SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Fac Geog Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Philippines, Los Banos Coll, Sch Environm Sci & Management, Laguna 4031, Philippines. RP Verburg, PH, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Land-use change models are important tools for integrated environmental management. Through scenario analysis they can help to identify near-future critical locations in the face of environmental change. A dynamic, spatially explicit, land-use change model is presented for the regional scale: CLUE-S. The model is specifically developed for the analysis of land use in small regions (e.g., a watershed or province) at a fine spatial resolution. The model structure is based on systems theory to allow the integrated analysis of land-use change in relation to socio-economic and biophysical driving factors. The model explicitly addresses the hierarchical organization of land use systems, spatial connectivity between locations and stability. Stability is incorporated by a set of variables that define the relative elasticity of the actual land-use type to conversion. The user can specify these settings based on expert knowledge or survey data. Two applications of the model in the Philippines and Malaysia are used to illustrate the functioning of the model and its validation. 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CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV CLARK WC, 1985, CLIMATIC CHANGE, P5 GALLOPIN GC, 1981, INT J GEN SYST, P139 GALLOPIN GC, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, P375 GARCIA R, 1986, PROBLEMAS CONOCIMIEN, P45 GARICA R, 1984, FOOD SYSTEMS SOC CON GLEICK J, 1988, CHAOS MAKING NEW SCI GROBSTEIN C, 1973, HIERARCHY THEORY CHA, P31 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANTSCH E, 1980, SELF ORG UNIVERSE SC LORENZ EN, 1964, TELLUS, P1 MESAROVIC MD, 1970, THEORY HIERARCHICAL NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT PATTEE HH, 1973, HIERARCHY THEORY SIMON HA, 1973, HIERARCHY THEORY NR 16 TC 3 J9 INT SOC SCI J BP 707 EP 718 PY 1991 PD NOV VL 43 IS 4 GA GU250 UT ISI:A1991GU25000009 ER PT J AU Norton, BG Toman, MA TI Sustainability: Ecological and economic perspectives SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Norton, BG, Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. AB Admonitions to decision makers to "act sustainably" founder on conceptual ambiguities that transcend disciplinary boundaries and affect the definition and assessment of sustainability. In this article we address these underlying theoretical difficulties, paying special attention to two clusters of issues: reversibility and substitutability, and how to assess environmental values. In highlighting these two broad problem areas, we also note that cross-disciplinary disagreements cannot be resolved without making considerable progress in other areas of ecological and economic theory. We suggest that a "two-tiered" system might prove a useful beginning point for finding a more unified and interdisciplinary approach to decision making. 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RP Rosser, JB, James Madison Univ, Dept Econ, MSC 0204, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. AB A Public Domain, once a velvet carpet of rich buffalo-grass and grama, now an illimitable waste of rattlesnake-bush and tumbleweed, too impoverished to be accepted as a gift by the states within which it lies. Why? Because the ecology of this Southwest happened to be set on a hair trigger. 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AB Alternative practices for weed management, such as integrated weed management (IWM) may allow the persistence of weed populations below a given economic threshold. Increased species diversity of weeds also may result. If diversity increases, and the number of ecological interactions also increases, weed species should be viewed as an interactive community, rather than an unrelated set of targets for control. In this review we summarize how diversity is evaluated in unmanaged systems, examine how IWM techniques may alter the diversity of weed species and suggest how strategies can be developed for managing weed diversity under IWM. Methods used to evaluate diversity in natural systems may be used to evaluate weed diversity in alternative systems of weed management. We made preliminary calculations of diversity for reduced tillage, modified herbicide use, crop rotation, critical period of weed control, techniques to improve crop competitiveness, and alternative control methods. Many of these IWM techniques potentially may result in changes in weed species diversity. We examined potential effects of these changes in weed diversity within six primary elements of community ecology: colonization, disturbance, the physical environment, interactions with other communities, community interactions and community dynamics. Opportunities to develop strategies of community management exist within each of these elements. If diversity could be managed while maintaining acceptable crop yields, some previously unrealized benefits of the presence of weeds could be seen, as predicted by relationships among plants of unmanaged communities. Moreover, the goal of producing a more sustainable system that incorporates the diversity of the weed community would be complemented by trends in policy towards encouraging biodiversity in agroecosystems. 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WEAVER SE, 1984, WEED RES, V24, P317 WENTWORTH TR, 1984, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V11, P239 WHITTAKER RH, 1965, SCIENCE, V147, P250 WOOLHOUSE MEJ, 1987, CAN J ZOOL, V65, P1577 WOOLLEY BL, 1993, WEED SCI, V41, P180 ZANIN G, 1988, WEED RES, V28, P347 NR 131 TC 25 J9 PHYTOPROTECTION BP 1 EP 18 PY 1994 PD APR VL 75 IS 1 GA NM771 UT ISI:A1994NM77100001 ER PT J AU Janssen, MA TI An exploratory integrated model to assess management of lake eutrophication SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Janssen, MA, Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Ecosystem management requires the explicit treatment of interactions between humans and ecosystems. An exploratory model for integrating social and ecological dynamics was introduced to study ecosystem management strategies. This paper focuses on the management of lake eutrophication. The model was developed to include the dynamics of the lake, the behaviour of agents using phosphorus for agricultural purposes, and the interactions between ecosystem and farmers. Analyses with the model showed that the dominating type of cognitive processing was a relevant factor in the response to uncertainty and policy measures. A higher target level for returns on the use of phosphorus was found to lead to a more intensive use of phosphorus and to higher levels of phosphorus in the lake. Simulated farmers used phosphorus more intensively in situations with high natural variability. A tax on phosphorus had little effect on the behaviour of the farmers when they felt uncertain and had low target levels for returns. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR BARLAS Y, 1990, SYSTEMS DYNAMICS REV, V6, P48 CARPENTER SR, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 CARPENTER SR, 1998, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V43, P73 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CONTE R, 1997, LECT NOTES EC MATH S, V456 GILBERT N, 1994, SIMULATING SOC COMPU GILBERT N, 1995, ARTIFICIAL SOC COMPU GINTIS H, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P311 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P1 GRUMBINE RE, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P41 HINE DW, 1996, J APPL SOC PSYCHOL, V26, P993 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 JAGER W, 1999, 9901 COV U GRON CTR JANSSEN MA, 1998, MODELLING GLOBAL CHA JANSSEN MA, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 JANSSEN MA, 1999, VALIDATION SIMULATIO KLEINDORFER GB, 1998, MANAGE SCI, V44, P1087 LIEBRAND WBG, 1998, COMPUTER MODELING SO LOOMES G, 1998, ECON J, V108, P477 MESSICK DM, 1988, APPL BEHAV EC, V2 ODUM EP, 1997, ECOLOGY BRIDGE SCI S RAPOPORT A, 1992, SOCIAL DILEMMAS THEO, P43 SIMON HA, 1957, MODELS MAN SOCIAL RA SIMON HA, 1996, SCI ARTIFICIAL SMITH VH, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION VALLACHER RR, 1994, DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS SO WILSON MA, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P772 WIT A, 1998, EUR J SOC PSYCHOL, V28, P249 NR 29 TC 3 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 111 EP 124 PY 2001 PD MAY 30 VL 140 IS 1-2 GA 440YA UT ISI:000169203200007 ER PT J AU van den Bergh, JCJM Nijkamp, P TI A multiregional perspective on growth and environment: The role of endogenous technology and trade SO ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP van den Bergh, JCJM, Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Until recently, the interaction between environmental quality, economic activity and growth is predominantly considered in an a-spatial context. Traditional neoclassical growth theory following Solow/Swan has mainly addressed questions about environmental and resource limits to growth. Recently, much attention is also devoted to the environment-growth interface from an endogenous growth perspective. However, an important element that is missing in both the neoclassical and endogenous growth approaches is a multiregional perspective. The present theoretical study tries to present one of the first attempts to fill this gap. The analysis is based on a model of two interactive regions, with possible interaction between the regional environments via the global environment. The implications of this type of analysis are manifold. One is that endogeneity of growth is not only due to technology and knowledge formation but also to the effects of trade, resource scarcity and environmental degradation. Another implication is that a coordinated environmental policy of regions should address long-term sustainability, and take account of the positive technological and negative environmental dynamic externalities. CR ANDERSON AE, 1986, HDB REGIONAL URBAN E, V1 ANDERSON K, 1992, GREENING WORLD TRADE BARRO RJ, 1995, EC GROWTH BATABYAL AA, 1996, ANN REGIONAL SCI, V30, P185 BOVENBERG AL, 1995, J PUBLIC ECON, V57, P369 CARRARO C, 1994, TRADE INNOVATION ENV CLARK N, 1995, EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMIC COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 DASGUPTA PS, 1979, EC THEORY EXHAUSTIBL DOSI G, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC ERDMAN G, 1993, EC PROGR ENV CONCERN FABER M, 1990, EVOLUTION TIME PRODU GRADUS R, 1993, J ECON, V58, P25 GROSSMAN GM, 1991, INNOVATION GROWTH GL GUTES MC, 1996, ECOL ECON, V17, P147 HARTWICK JM, 1977, AM ECON REV, V67, P972 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1994, INVESTIGATIVE NATURA KAMIEN ML, 1992, EXPLORATIONS NUTRAL MANKIW NG, 1995, BROOKINGS PAPERS EC, V1, P275 MARKUSEN JR, 1993, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V24, P69 MEADOWS DH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MEADOWS DH, 1992, LIMITS CONFRONTING G MOTTA M, 1994, EUR ECON REV, V38, P563 NORDHAUS WD, 1973, ECON J, V83, P1156 NORDHAUS WD, 1992, BROOKINGS PAPERS EC, V2, P1 PASSINETTI L, 1994, EC GROWTH STRUCTURE PEARCE DW, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PERRINGS C, 1991, STRUCT CHANGE EC DYN, V2, P275 ROMER PM, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P3 ROSON R, 1994, P INT WORKSH VEN MAY SIEBERT H, 1985, HDB NATURAL RESOURCE, V1 SIEBERT H, 1996, EC ENV THEORY POLICY TAHVONEN O, 1991, EUR ECON REV, V35, P650 TAHVONEN O, 1993, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V24, P101 TOMAN MA, 1994, HDB ENV EC VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1991, J ENVIRON SYST, V20, P89 VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1993, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V3, P395 VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1995, 95170 TI VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1996, RECENT ADV SPATIAL E VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1997, OPTIMAL GROWTH COORD VANDENBERGH JCJ, 1997, THEORY VERSUS IMPLEM VANDENBERGH JCJM, 1994, ECON MODEL, V11, P283 VANDERSLUIJS JP, 1992, COMP HAEMATOL INT, V2, P117 VERHOEF ET, 1996, RECENT ADV SPATIAL E VERHOEF ET, 1997, ENVIRON PLANN A, V29, P1195 WALZ U, 1996, REG SCI URBAN ECON, V26, P671 NR 47 TC 1 J9 ANN REG SCI BP 115 EP 131 PY 1998 PD FEB VL 32 IS 1 GA ZA452 UT ISI:000072364700006 ER PT J AU McCarthy, N Sadoulet, E de Janvry, A TI Common pool resource appropriation under costly cooperation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Int Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McCarthy, N, Int Food Policy Res Inst, 2033 K St,NW, Washington, DC 20006 USA. AB In addition to the usual fixed costs, we introduce variable costs in a community's effort to cooperate in extracting from a common pool resource. Using a standard supervision mechanism, these variable costs are shown to be an increasing function of individual members' incentives to default. The model explains why we frequently observe communities that all cooperate and have relatively similar resource endowments, and yet achieve very different levels of extraction. (C) 2001 Academic Press. CR AHUJA V, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P7 BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BALAND JM, 1997, OXFORD ECON PAP, V49, P451 BARDHAN P, 1993, WORLD DEV, V21, P633 BENDOR J, 1987, AM POLIT SCI REV, V81, P129 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BESLEY T, 1995, J DEV ECON, V46, P1 BROMLEY D, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK CAPUTO MR, 1994, NATUR RESOUR MODELIN, V8, P225 CAPUTO MR, 2000, UNPUB THEORY NATURAL DEJANVRY A, 1998, AM J AGR ECON, V80, P658 HARFORD JD, 1991, J PUBLIC ECON, V45, P391 HARRINGTON W, 1988, J PUBLIC ECON, V37, P29 HART RH, 1988, J RANGE MANAGE, V41, P282 HIRSCHMAN A, 1970, EXIT VOICE LOYALTY JOHNSON RN, 1982, AM ECON REV, V72, P1005 LOPEZ R, 1998, WORLD BANK ECON REV, V12, P105 MASON C, 1988, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V15, P99 MASON CF, 1997, CAN J ECON, V30, P1143 MCCARTHY N, 1998, J DEV ECON, V56, P239 MCKEAN MA, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK OAKERSON R, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK OLSON M, 1965, LOGIC COLLECTIVE ACT OSTROM E, 1992, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1993, J ECON PERSPECT, V7, P93 SANDLER T, 1983, AUSTR EC PAPERS, V24, P233 SEABRIGHT P, 1993, J ECON PERSPECT, V7, P113 SEABRIGHT P, 1994, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS SETHI R, 1996, AM ECON REV, V86, P766 STIGLER GJ, 1964, J POLITICAL EC, V72, P44 VISCUSI WK, 1979, PUBLIC POLICY, V27, P437 WADE R, 1987, VILLAGE REPUBLICS EC WILSON PN, 1993, ECON DEV CULT CHANGE, V41, P299 NR 33 TC 4 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAGE BP 297 EP 309 PY 2001 PD NOV VL 42 IS 3 GA 493UK UT ISI:000172241700004 ER PT J AU Fletcher, CS Hilbert, DW TI Resilience in landscape exploitation systems SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Trop Forest Res Ctr, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. RP Fletcher, CS, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Trop Forest Res Ctr, POB 780, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia. AB A generic model is developed that describes the broad properties of land-exploitation systems from hunting-gathering societies to modern, intensive agriculture. The framework includes social, economic and ecological drivers of change, going beyond the concept of "sustainability" to establish a paradigm of "resilient exploitation" that calculates the capacity of landscape exploitation systems to survive in uncertain and variable human and natural environments. The model is highly aggregated, consisting of two state variables: (1) human-made capital and labour (H) and (2) natural capital (N). Depending on the parameters, the model displays a single non-trivial equilibrium, two equilibria, or stable limit cycles. Our analysis focuses on the strategies that exploiters employ, through varying their investment in H, and how this affects resilience of the system. We measure resilience as the size of the basin of attraction near a desirable equilibrium and the return time following small perturbations. Four general strategies are analysed and discussed using grazing systems as a particular example: (1) constant stocking rate, (2) maintaining grass stock, (3) constant utilization rate, and (4) a non-linear, compound strategy. Like previous models of renewable resources, maximum sustainable yield and profit are determined by properties of the renewable resource, so all management strategies yield identical long-term sustainable production and identical equilibria. However, different management strategies drastically change the system's resilience. We assess the opportunity cost of the disparate objectives of resilience and profitability using multi-objective optimization and demonstrate that resilience decreases rapidly as maximum profit is approached. Thus, the same stable and sustainable equilibrium point in an exploitation system will be more or less resilient depending on the exploiter's strategy. Traditional economic analysis does not consider the impact of the management strategy employed to drive the system towards these long-term equilibria, and therefore misses large differences in dynamical behaviour away from equilibrium. The possibility of multiple steady states in these non-linear systems results in the potential for a discontinuous "threshold" in resilience, to one side of which resilience is maintained, while on the other resilience and production are greatly degraded. We further discuss how subsidies might increase or decrease resilience of exploitation systems by affecting an exploiter's strategy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *MILL EC ASS, 2005, EC HUM WELL BEING SY ANDERIES JM, 1998, J THEOR BIOL, V192, P515 ANDERIES JM, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P23 ANDERIES JM, 2003, ENVIRON DEV ECON 2, V8, P219 ANDERIES JM, 2005, REGIONAL ENV CHANGE, V5, P1 BEDDINGTON JR, 1976, J ANIM ECOL, V45, P791 BEDDINGTON JR, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P463 BRANDER JA, 1998, AM ECON REV, V88, P119 CLARKE CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP COSTANZA R, 1987, ECOL MODEL, V38, P1 COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P37 COSTANZA R, 1997, INTRO ECOLOGICAL EC FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 FOSTER J, 2003, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V86, P63 GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HIGGINS AJ, 2006, COMPUT OPER RES HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 IVES AR, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P217 JANSSEN MA, 2003, CURR ANTHROPOL, V44, P722 KRAEV E, 2002, ECOL ECON, V43, P277 LOTKA AJ, 1932, J WASHINGTON ACAD SC, V22, P461 MANGEL M, 1994, ECOLOGY, V75, P607 MAY RM, 1974, J ANIM ECOL, V43, P747 MIETTINEN KM, 1998, NONLINEAR MULTIOBJEC MURADIAN R, 2001, ECOL ECON, V38, P7 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV REUVENY R, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P271 ROMERO C, 1989, MULTIPLE CRITERIA AN SCHAEFER MB, 1957, B INTERAMERICAN TROP, P25 SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P648 TAINTER JA, 1998, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC VOLTERRA V, 1931, LECONS THEORIE MATH WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P5 WOODWELL JC, 1998, ECOL MODEL, V112, P227 ZANDER P, 1999, AGR SYST, V59, P311 NR 37 TC 0 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 440 EP 452 PY 2007 PD MAR 10 VL 201 IS 3-4 GA 141SF UT ISI:000244598300019 ER PT J AU Reilly, JM Schimmelpfennig, D TI Irreversibility, uncertainty, and learning: Portraits of adaptation to long-term climate change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Econ Res Serv, Resources & Environm Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Reilly, JM, MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. AB The usefulness of adaptation strategies to changing climate depends on the characteristics of the system that must adapt. Divergent views on whether climate change will seriously affect society and what society can do about it can be traced, in part, to divergent views on these characteristics of systems. Issues of scale and how impacts are measured are also important. We identify a set of fundamental characteristics of natural systems and social systems that help to make underlying assumptions in climate change adaptation studies explicit. These are: Short-run autonomous flexibility; short-run non-autonomous flexibility; knowledge and capacity to undertake short-run actions; long-run autonomous flexibility; long-run non-autonomous flexibility; and knowledge and capacity to plan for and undertake adaptations that require changes in long-lived assets. Applications to crop agriculture and ecosystems illustrate how these portraits can be used. We find that if empirical research is to resolve questions of adaptability, more careful specification of the exact measure of impact and far richer models of the process of adaptation, able to test implicit assumptions in much of the existing empirical research, are needed. CR *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 1996, CLIM CHANG 1995 SCI *US BUR CENS, 1997, NAT SURV FISH HUNT W *US FOR SERV, 1995, SOC EFF PROP PROGR, CH4 AUSUBEL JE, 1992, GROUP REPORT SOCIAL, P512 CAO MK, 1998, NATURE, V393, P249 CARL J, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERVATION BIOL J, V6 KAISER HM, 1993, AM J AGR ECON, V75, P387 KELLY D, 1997, ADJUSTMENT COSTS ENV KIRSCHBAUM MUF, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P57 KIRSCHBAUM MUF, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P95 MANN C, 1994, SCIENCE, V277, P1042 MENDELSOHN R, 1994, AM ECON REV, V84, P753 PINDYCK RS, 1999, 99005 MITCEEPR REILLY JM, 1995, AM J AGR ECON, V77, P727 REILLY JM, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995, P427 REILLY JM, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V43 ROSENBERG NJ, 1993, INTEGRATED IMPACT AS SCHIMMELPFENNIG D, 1995, ENERG ECON, V17, P311 SCHIMMELPFENNIG D, 1996, AER EC RES SER, V740 SCHWARZ M, 1990, DIVIDED WE STAND SMALE M, 1998, FARMERS GENE BANKS C SMITH TM, 1993, NATURE, V361, P523 SOHNGEN B, 1998, AM ECON REV, V88, P686 SOHNGEN B, 1999, AM J AGR ECON, V81, P1 SOLOMON AM, 1985, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V16, P63 TANKSLEY SD, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1063 YOHE GW, 1992, EC ISSUES GLOBAL CLI, P200 NR 29 TC 8 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 253 EP 278 PY 2000 PD APR VL 45 IS 1 GA 323WX UT ISI:000087588900014 ER PT J AU Xu, W Mage, JA TI A review of concepts and criteria for assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study of southern Ontario SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Xu, W, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB The model of agroecosystem health has been advocated as an appealing guideline for agricultural research. Yet, some ambiguity remains in how the concept can be defined and how the general criteria for assessing the health of an agroecosystem at a particular scale can be selected. This paper reviews the literature from various disciplines pertinent to the concept of agroecosystem health, It focuses on assessing the applicability of assorted concepts. norms, and criteria to agroecosystem health assessment, and develops a general definition of agroecosystem health. A classification scheme is proposed which scattered while potentially useful concepts in the literature are discussed, using southern Ontario as a case study to further illustrate the usefulness of the conceptual framework in studying agroecosystem health. Agroecosystem health can be characterized from four different perspectives that are related to agroecosystem structure, function, organization, and dynamics. Given the complexity of agroecosystems. the health of the systems at different scales cannot be fully captured from one perspective only. Criteria, such as resource availability, diversity, and accessibility, are some of the existing concepts capable of depicting the structural state of agroecosystem health. Concepts including productivity, efficiency. and effectiveness appear very useful for assessing the functional performance of agroecosystems. As any agroecosystem interacts actively with its external environments and changes over timer such characteristics are not necessarily captured by structural or functional criteria. Organizational criteria, such as autonomy and self-dependence, are useful to characterize the organizational nature inherent to agroecosystem health. Stability and resilience on the other hand are two appealing concepts capable of revealing the temporal dimension of agroecosystem health. Numerous empirical studies that are used to illustrate how these concepts developed in different disciplines of agricultural research can be potentially employed to facilitate the assessment of agroecosystem health. It is argued that any holistic investigation of the health of an agroecosystem needs to examine biophysical. economic, and human conditions of the system and to evaluate these conditions from perspectives pertinent to system structure. function, organization. and dynamics. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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AB The coarse resolution of biogeographic models does not lend itself to the urgent and specific problems confronting national parks. An alternative approach is to identify a suite of problems common to various types of parks and ecosystems. Such a scale-relevant approach can be applied directly to management solutions in a particular park and, more generally, to policies for managing parks in a similar ecological and regional setting. Segregation effects, a common suite of threats arising from the creation of a protected area itself, offer examples with more immediate and specific consequences than insularization effects. The approach underscores the need to identify the minimum viable processes necessary for maintaining ecosystem diversity. We suggest an ecosystem viability analysis as a suitable technique for doing so. 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CR BAIER S, 1980, EC HIST CENTRAL NIGE BERRY L, 1984, DESERTIFICATION CONT, V10, P23 GODDARD AD, 1974, MODERN MIGRATIONS W, P258 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 JOHNSON DL, 1979, P KHARTOUM WORKSHOP, P26 LEHOUEROU HN, 1985, CLIMATE IMPACT ASSES, P155 MORTIMORE MJ, 1982, REDISTRIBUTION POPUL, P50 SANDFORD S, 1982, DESERTIFICATION DEV, P61 STILES D, 1984, DESERTIFICATION CONT, V11, P1 WALLS J, 1984, DESERTIFICATION CO S, V10, P5 WESTERN D, 1982, DEV CHANGE, V13, P183 NR 11 TC 4 J9 GEOGRAPHY BP 61 EP 64 PY 1988 PD JAN VL 73 IS 318 GA L8927 UT ISI:A1988L892700010 ER PT J AU Satake, A Iwasa, Y TI Coupled ecological and social dynamics in a forested landscape: the deviation of individual decisions from the social optimum SO ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Satake, A, Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB We present a Markov chain model for land-use dynamics in a forested landscape. This model emphasizes the importance of coupling socioeconomic and ecological processes underlying landscape change. We assume that a forest is composed of many land parcels, each of which is in one of a finite list of land-use states. The land-use state of each land parcel changes stochastically. The transition probability is determined by two processes: the forest succession and the decision of landowners. The landowner tends to choose the land-use state which has a high expected discounted utility, i.e., the sum of the current and the future utilities of the land parcel. Landowners take the likelihood of future landscape changes into account when making decisions. We focus on a three-state model in which forested, agricultural, and abandoned states are considered. The land-use composition at equilibrium was analyzed and compared with the social optimum that maximizes the net benefit of all landowners in a society. We show that when landowners make a myopic choice focused on short-term benefits, their individual decisions tend to push the entire landscape toward an agricultural state even if the forested state represents the highest utility. This land-use composition at equilibrium is very different from the social optimum. A long-term management perspective and an enhanced rate of forest recovery can eliminate the discrepancy. 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RP Tognetti, SS, Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AB The work of Gregory Bateson, particularly his principles for a new kind of science which, in 1958 "had as yet no satisfactory name", is revisited as a foundation for post-normal science and adaptive approaches to management of complex environmental problems. The addition of usefulness and relevance of results to decision-making as quality criteria in post-normal science implies inquiry into context at different levels of complexity (what Bateson refers to as deutero-learning). This in turn implies emphasis on processes that facilitate inclusion of diverse perspectives-which facilitates an understanding of relationships among different aspects of a problem; also, social learning, an adaptive approach to valuation that also inquires into the process by which values are constructed, and a reflexive approach to decision-making. Though marginalized from policy discourse, Bateson's principles provided the basis for the eventual development of a new shared understanding. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR AHL V, 1996, HIERARCHY THEORY VIS ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BACH M, 1989, LEARNING WORKS SEACH BATESON G, 1979, MIND NATURE NECESSAR BATESON G, 1995, RECURSIVE VISION ECO COHEN SJ, 1997, MACKENZIE BASIN IMPA EMERY FE, 1997, HUM RELAT, V50, P885 ERIKSON K, 1994, NEW SPECIES TROUBLE FUNTOWICZ S, 1994, FUTURES, V26, P568 FUNTOWICZ S, 1999, BIOECONOMICS SUSTAIN FUNTOWICZ SO, 1990, UNCERTAINTY QUALITY FUNTOWICZ SO, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA FUNTOWICZ SO, 1994, ECOL ECON, V10, P197 GROVEWHITE R, 1993, ENV VIEW ANTHR GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUPTA AK, 1989, INT STUDIES MANAGEME, V18, P64 HARRIESJONES P, 1995, RECURSIVE VISION ECO HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG JAEGER CC, 1994, TAMING DRAGON TRANSF JODHA NS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG KAY JJ, 1996, STATE LANDSCAPE REPO KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 KEOHANE RO, 1995, LOCAL COMMONS GLOBAL LAKOFF G, 1980, METAPHORS WE LIVE LAW J, 1994, ORG MODERNITY MCCAY BJ, 1998, OYSTER WARS PUBLIC T NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO OCONNOR M, 1998, 5 BIENN M INT SOC EC RAVETZ J, 1994, KEYNES KNOWLEDGE UNC ROGERS EM, 1994, HIST COMMUNICATION S SHACKLEY S, 1996, FUTURES, V28, P201 TACCONI L, 1998, ECOL ECON, V27, P91 ULANOWICZ RE, 1997, ECOLOGY ASCENDANT PE WYNNE B, 1997, ECON ETHICS ENV NR 36 TC 2 J9 FUTURES BP 689 EP 703 PY 1999 PD SEP VL 31 IS 7 GA 220AM UT ISI:000081641700005 ER PT J AU Soule, ME Estes, JA Berger, J Del Rio, CM TI Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Moose, WY 83012 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Soule, ME, POB 2010, Hotchkiss, CO 81419 USA. AB The rarity or absence of highly interactive species leaves a functional void that can trigger linked changes leading to degraded or simplified ecosystems. A preliminary analysis indicates a relatively high frequency of such interactive species among endangered mammals. Rapid environmental change is likely to increase the interactivity of some species and reduce that of others over relatively short intervals. The current implementation of environmental policies and laws, such as the U. S. Endangered Species Act, generally ignores interspecific effects; recovery goals are autecological, short term, and numerically and spatially minimalistic. Moreover, by failing to account for interspecific interactions, recovery objectives are becoming indefensible in light of increasing knowledge from community ecology. Using the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) and wolf (Canis lupus) as examples, we argue that conservation plans should call for recovery or repatriation of such interactive species at ecologically effective densities in as many places as are currently realistic. It will be prudent and beneficial to estimate ecologically effective densities where there is disagreement among experts and interested parties about the desirability of restoring an interactive species to a particular region and to a particular density. 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Swiss Ctr Sci Res, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Swiss Trop Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. NR 0 TC 0 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY BP S197 EP S197 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 17 IS 6 GA 097JL UT ISI:000241443401028 ER PT J AU Toledo, VM Castillo, A TI Ecology in Latin America: Seven thesis for a pertinent science in a region in crisis SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article C1 UNAM, Inst Ecol, Morelia 58090, Michoacan, Mexico. UNAM, Inst Ecol, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Toledo, VM, UNAM, Inst Ecol, Apdo 41-H,St Maria Guido, Morelia 58090, Michoacan, Mexico. 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Univ Melbourne, Sch Anthropol Geog & Environm Studies, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RP Perry, GLW, Univ London Kings Coll, Dept Geog, London WC2R 2LS, England. AB Aim The research explores how changes in disturbance regime resulting from human settlement may affect landscape structure. A spatially explicit grid-based simulation model is used to explore the interplay between humans, fire regime and landscape composition. Location The study site for this research is the botanical reserve at Mont Do, New Caledonia. The endemic conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii (Araucariaceae) forms a key component of the landscape at Mont Do. This species is unusual in that it is found scattered as an emergent in maquis and as a canopy species in adjacent rain forest patches. Although now dominated by a low maquis, prior to human settlement of New Caledonia, montane landscapes such as Mont Do are likely to have been heavily forested. Methods A spatially explicit simulation model, based on field data and palaeoecological information, was used to explore interactions between disturbance regime and the landscape. The model is described briefly here and more fully in Perry & Enright (2002) Ecological Modelling , 152 , 279. Results The model suggests that human-influenced changes to the fire regime at Mont Do have been important in generating the current landscape structure. The origin and maintenance of forest landscapes and maquis-forest mosaic landscapes are considered in the context of alternative stable states. Strong feedback loops between fire size and landscape composition, mediated at the smaller scale by other similar mechanisms, are capable of driving landscape change. The utility of a spatial state and transition modelling approach is demonstrated. Main conclusions The current landscape pattern on Mont Do is likely the result of changes to the fire regime occurring since human settlement. The specific mechanisms for this change outlined here may occur in a number of other similar systems. Understanding the origin and persistence of these 'fire landscapes' in New Caledonia and in the south-west Pacific in general is crucial for their effective management. 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RP Figge, F, Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. AB Genes, species and ecosystems are often considered to be assets. The need to ensure a sufficient diversity of this asset is being increasingly recognised today. Asset managers in banks and insurance companies face a similar challenge. They are asked to manage the assets of their investors by constructing efficient portfolios. They deliberately make use of a phenomenon observed in the formation of portfolios: returns are additive, while risks diversify. This phenomenon and its implications are at the heart of portfolio theory. Portfolio theory, like few other economic theories, has dramatically transformed the practical work of banks and insurance companies. Before portfolio theory was developed about 50 years ago, asset managers were confronted with a situation similar to the situation the research on biodiversity faces today. While the need for diversification was generally accepted, a concept that linked risk and return on a portfolio level and showed the value of diversification was missing. Portfolio theory has closed this gap. This article first explains the fundamentals of portfolio theory and transfers it to biodiversity. A large part of this article is then dedicated to some of the implications portfolio theory has for the valuation and management of biodiversity. The last section introduces three development openings for further research. 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Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Coll London, London, England. Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Dept Environm Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Tilburg Univ, Dept Leisure Studies, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Univ London, Royal Holloway Inst Environm Res, Virginia Water GU25 4LN, Surrey, England. Univ London, Dept Geog, Virginia Water GU25 4LN, Surrey, England. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Econ & Management, NL-6700 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Soderqvist, T, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Wetlands ail over the world have been lost or are threatened in spite of various international agreements and national policies. This is caused by: (1) the public nature of many wetlands products and services; (2) user externalities imposed on other stakeholders; and (3) policy intervention failures that are due to a lack of consistency among government policies in different areas (economics, environment, nature protection, physical planning, etc.). All three causes are related to information failures which in turn can be linked to the complexity and 'invisibility' of spatial relationships among groundwater, surface water and wetland vegetation. Integrated wetland research combining social and natural sciences can help in part to solve the information failure to achieve the required consistency across various government policies. An integrated wetland research framework suggests that a combination of economic valuation, integrated modelling, stakeholder analysis, and multi-criteria evaluation can provide complementary insights into sustainable and welfare-optimising wetland management and policy. Subsequently, each of the various components of such integrated wetland research is reviewed and related to wetland management policy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Resource Futures Program, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Blackstock, KL, Macaulay Inst, Socioecon Res Programme, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. AB The normative implications of participatory research imply ongoing social learning that ought to lead to personal and institutional transformation. Sustainability science also requires reflexive scientific practice in order to enable the co-generation of solutions that take account of uncertainty and multiple forms of knowledge. However, there is little published peer-reviewed material on how to assess to what degree the rhetoric regarding the benefits of participatory research are achieved in practice, particularly with regard to participatory research for sustainability. This paper outlines how linking the rationales for participatory research and for sustainability science to the principles of evaluation can deliver a conceptually coherent evaluation framework for assessment. The approach for evaluating participatory research in this context consists of framing the evaluation, i.e., setting boundaries on the subject within its social, political, environmental and institutional context and selecting appropriate criteria, methods and data sources. The application of the framework, using a summative evaluation of participatory research for sustainability in north-east Australia, illustrates its strengths and weaknesses, concluding with a consideration of its applicability to further participatory sustainability science. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Hilderbrand, RH, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. 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CSIRO, Div Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Ctr Int Forestry Res, Bogor, Indonesia. RP du Toit, JT, Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. AB Tropical biodiversity continues to erode unabated, which calls for ecologists to address the problem directly, placing less reliance on indirect interventions, such as community-based development schemes. Ecologists must become more assertive in providing scientifically formulated and adaptively managed interventions, involving biodiversity payments, to serve local, regional and global interests in tropical nature. Priorities for tropical ecologists thus include the identification of key thresholds to ecological resilience, and the formulation of clear monitoring protocols and management strategies for implementation by local resource managers. A particular challenge is to demonstrate how nature reserves contribute to the adaptive capacity of regional land-use matrices and, hence, to the provision of sustainable benefits at multiple spatial and temporal scales. CR *IUCN, 1993, PARKS LIF 4 WORLD C ALVARD M, 2001, BEHAV ECOLOGY CONSER, P474 ALVARD MS, 1993, HUM ECOL, V21, P355 BALMFORD A, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P950 BALMFORD A, 2003, ORYX, V37, P238 BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V451, P497 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BYERS B, 2000, UNDERSTANDING INFLUE CAMPBELL B, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 CAMPBELL B, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P589 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 COCHRANE MA, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1832 COCHRANE MA, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1515 COCHRANE MA, 2003, NATURE, V421, P913 COSTANZA R, 1998, ECOL ECON, V25, P3 DUTOIT JT, 2002, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V11, P1403 DUTOIT JT, 2002, PSYCHOL SUSTAINABLE, P197 DUTOIT JT, 2003, KRUGER EXPERIENCE EC FABRICIUS C, 2001, EVALUATING EDEN SERI, V6 FERRARO PJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P1718 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GETZ WM, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P1855 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HAPPOLD DCD, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V4, P395 HOARE RE, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P633 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 HOOPER DU, 2002, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P195 INAMDAR A, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P1856 JAMES AN, 1999, NATURE, V401, P323 KURIEN J, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P2 LAURANCE WF, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P1117 LAURANCE WF, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P438 MCCARTHY JF, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P867 MILNERGULLAND EJ, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P351 MURPHREE MW, 1998, COMMUNITIES SUSTAINA, P3 MYERS N, 1998, NATURE, V392, P327 NEPSTAD DC, 1999, NATURE, V398, P505 NEWMARK WD, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P249 NEWMARK WD, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P585 PARKER ISC, 1989, S ZOOLOGICAL SOC LON, V61, P241 PIMM SL, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P2207 REDFORD KH, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P248 SAYER J, 2003, SCI SUSTAINABLE DEV SCHEFFER M, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18 SHEIL D, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1179 SHEIL D, 2003, ITTO TROP FOR UPDATE, V13, P17 SILVA JF, 1987, INT UNION BIOL SCI M, V3, P141 SINCLAIR ARE, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P1875 SONGORWA AN, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P2061 SOULE ME, 1999, CONTINENTAL CONSERVA STOLLE KM, 2003, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V179, P277 TERBORGH J, 2002, MAKING PARKS WORK ST VANNIEUWSTADT MGL, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1183 VANSCHAIK CP, 2002, MAKING PARKS WORK ST, P15 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P1 WALTNERTOEWS D, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P23 WINTERHALDER B, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1354 NR 59 TC 2 J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT BP 12 EP 17 PY 2004 PD JAN VL 19 IS 1 GA 762DJ UT ISI:000187955300006 ER PT J AU Waltner-Toews, D Kay, J TI The evolution of an ecosystem approach: the diamond schematic and an Adaptive Methodology for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Waltner-Toews, D, Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB Over the past 15 yr, an international network of researchers has developed and tested a methodology for integrating complex systems theories into sustainable development projects. Drawing on our best theoretical understanding of complex systems and combining it with best practices of community engagement drawn from a wide variety of sources, we have developed a methodology that is theoretically sound and practically effective. AMESH, an Adaptive Methodology for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health, has emerged from, and been tested in, Nepal, Kenya, Canada, and Peru. 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Munasinghe Inst Dev, Colombo, Sri Lanka. RP Islam, SMN, Victoria Univ Technol, Ctr Strateg Econ Studies, Sustainable Econ Growth Program, City Campus,POB 14428, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. AB Currently, traditional development issues such as economic stagnation, poverty, hunger, and illness as well as newer challenges like environmental degradation and globalisation demand attention. Sustainable development, including its economic, environmental and social elements, is a key goal of decisionmakers. Optimal economic growth has also been a crucial goal of both development theorists and practitioners. This paper examines the conditions under which optimal growth might be sustainable, by assessing the costs and benefits of growth. Key environmental and social aspects are considered. The Ecol-Opt-Growth-1 model analyses economic-ecological interactions, including resource depletion, pollution, irreversibility, other environmental effects, and uncertainty. It addresses some important issues, including savings, investment, technical progress, substitutability of productive factors, intergenerational efficiency, equity, and policies to make economic growth more sustainable-a basic element of the sustainomics framework. The empirical results support growing concerns that costs of growth may outweigh its benefits, resulting in unsustainability. Basically, in a wide range of circumstances, long term economic growth is unsustainable due to increasing environmental damage. Nevertheless, the model has many options that can be explored by policy makers, to make the development path more sustainable, as advocated by sustainomics. One example suggests that government supported abatement programs are needed to move towards sustainable development, since the model runs without abatement were infeasible. The optimal rate of abatement increases over time. Abatement of pollution is necessary to improve ecosystem viability and increase sustainability. Further research is necessary to seek conditions under which alternative economic growth paths are likely to become sustainable. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. 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RP O'Rourke, E, Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Geog, Cork, Ireland. AB This paper argues that due to the co-evolution of biological and cultural diversity, a meaningful study of biodiversity must be positioned within complex social-ecological systems. A complex systems framework is proposed for conceptualising the study of social-ecological systems. A case study approach is adopted whereby changes in biodiversity on the Causse Mejan, France, are linked with changes in society, land use, agricultural practices and policies. We argue that ecological and social resilience is linked through the dependence on ecosystems of communities, and in turn by the influence of institutional structures, including market forces, on the use of natural resources. Within a non-equilibrium evolutionary perspective, we highlight the difficulty of choosing a landscape and biodiversity of reference and postulating that it is in equilibrium with a type of social organisation. We conclude by exploring an 'adaptive management' approach to the management of the biodiverse landscape studied. 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Food Econ Grp, Biglerville, PA 17307 USA. RP Dilley, M, Univ Wisconsin, 432 N Lake St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB This paper seeks to improve the practice of vulnerability assessment for food security pur poses by addressing long-standing issues that have hampered the development of both theory and methods. In food security contexts, vulnerability is usually defined in relation to an outcome, such as hunger, food insecurity or famine. This precludes employing the concept for the more specific task of evaluating the susceptibility of a population to explicitly-identified exogenous events or shocks that could lead to these outcomes. This lack of specificity has clouded interpretation of causal factors of food insecurity and famine. Alternatively, in a widely-applied framework for disaster risk assessment, the concept of vulnerability serves the more specific purpose of identifying characteristics of population groups or other elements that make them more or less susceptible to experiencing damage when exposed to particular hazards or shocks, Risks of negative outcomes are created by the combination of hazards and vulnerability, and vulnerability is defined by its relation to hazards rather than directly in relation to the outcomes themselves, The result has been an easier and more transparent translation of concepts into practice. That this latter formulation can also be applied in the food security context is illustrated through an analysis of food security risks in Tanzania. The analysis identifies economic alternatives households can exercise to meet their minimum annual food requirements. Exogenous threats or shocks that can suppress or eliminate particular alternatives exercised by different groups are identified as a means of assessing households' vulnerability and consequently their risks of becoming food insecure, or falling below the minimum threshold, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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AB Since the beginning of the 1960s, mass tourism has been the most important menace to the environmental stability of fragile and vulnerable Mediterranean microinsular systems. The socioeconomic changes introduced by tourism have produced important variations in the use of resources, including land. The result usually has been an increase in the level of artificiality of the territory, particularly in coastal areas. The intensity and frequency of change in the use of resources and the induced changes in the level of artificiality may be used as an estimation of environmental stability. The northern area of Formentera, Balearic Islands, Spain, being the most environmentally important area of the island and simultaneously the most threatened by mass tourism development, has been chosen as a study case. Forty types of vegetation and land use have been estimated and mapped in the area. The stability level of each land use type has been estimated, before and after the development of tourism, and the main environmental processes have been identified. An attempt is made to predict some future trends and their variations. 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World Meterol Org, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Salinger, MJ, Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POB 109-695, Auckland, New Zealand. AB The International Workshop on Reducing Vulnerability of Agriculture and Forestry to Climate Variability and Climate Change held in Ljubljana, Solvenia, from 7 to 9 October 2002 addressed a range of important issues relating to climate variability, climate change, agriculture, and forestry including the state of agriculture and forestry and agrometeological information, and potential adaptation strategies for agriculture and forestry to changing climate conditions and other pressures. There is evidence that global warming over the last millennium has already resulted in increased global average annual temperature and changes in rainfall, with the 1990s being likely the warmest decade in the Northern Hemisphere at least. During the past century, changes in temperature patterns have, for example, had a direct impact on the number of frost days and the length of growing seasons with significant implications for agriculture and forestry. Land cover changes, changes in global ocean circulation and sea surface temperature patterns, and changes in the composition of the global atmosphere are leading to changes in rainfall. These changes may be more pronounced in the tropics. For example, crop varieties grown in the Sahel may not be able to withstand the projected warming trends and will certainly be at risk due to projected lower amounts of rainfall as well. Seasonal to interannual climate forecasts will definitely improve in the future with a better understanding of dynamic relationships. However, the main issue at present is how to make better use of the existing information and dispersion of knowledge to the farm level. Direct participation by the farming communities in pilot projects on agrometeorological services will be essential to determine the actual value of forecasts and to better identify the specific user needs. Old (visits, extension radio) and new (internet) communication techniques, when adapted to local applications, may assist in the dissemination of useful information to the farmers and decision makers. Some farming systems with an inherent resilience may adapt more readily to climate pressures, making long-term adjustments to varying and changing conditions. Other systems will need interventions for adaptation that should be more strongly supported by agrometeorological services for agricultural producers. This applies, among others, to systems where pests and diseases play an important role. Scientists have to guide policy makers in fostering an environment in which adaptation strategies can be effected. There is a clear need for integrating preparedness for climate variability and climate change. In developed countries, a trend of higher yields, but with greater annual fluctuations and changes in cropping patterns and crop calendars can be expected with changing climate scenarios. Shifts in projected cropping patterns can be disruptive to rural societies in general. However, developed countries have the technology to adapt more readily to the projected climate changes. In many developing countries, the present conditions of agriculture and forestry are already marginal, due to degradation of natural resources, the use of inappropriate technologies and other stresses. For these reasons, the ability to adapt will be more difficult in the tropics and subtropics and in countries in transition. Food security will remain a problem in many developing countries. Nevertheless, there are many examples of traditional knowledge, indigenous technologies and local innovations that can be used effectively as a foundation for improved frming systems. Before developing adaptation strategies, it is essential to learn from the actual difficulties faced by farmers to cope with risk management at the farm level. Agrometeorologists must play an important role in assisting farmers with the development of feasible strategies to adapt to climate variability and climate change. Agrometeorologists should also advise national policy makers on the urgent need to cope with the vulnerabilities of agriculture and forestry to climate variability and climate change. The workshop recommendations were largely limited to adaptation. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate variability and climate change is of high priority for nearly all countries, but developing countries are particularly vulnerable. Effective measures to cope with vulnerability and adaptation need to be developed at all levels. Capacity building must be integrated into adaptation measures for sustainable agricultural development strategies. Consequently, nations must develop strategies that effectively focus on specific regional issues to promote sustainable development. CR WATSON RT, 1998, REGIONAL IMPACTS CLI, V1, P1 MCCARTHY JJ, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE 2001, V1, P1 *IPCC, 2001, CLIM CHANGE 2001 SCI *UNSO, 1997, ARID ZON DRYL POP AS ACEITUNO P, 1988, MON WEA REV, V116, P505 AMIEN L, 1996, CLIMATE CHANGE VARIA, P29 BLENCH R, 1998, NAT RES PERSPECTIVES, V31, P8 BOULAHYA M, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P299 BURTON I, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P191 DESJARDINS RL, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P283 DOWNING TE, 1992, CLIMATE CHANGE VULNE HARRISON M, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P201 LEMOS MC, 2002, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V55, P479 LOU Q, 1999, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V43, P729 MARACCHI G, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P117 MEINKE H, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P221 MOTHA RP, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P137 PERARNAUD V, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P319 RIEBSAME WE, 1995, CLIMATE CHANGES INT, P57 SALINGER M, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P9 SALINGER MJ, 1997, 199 WMO, P124 SALINGER MJ, 2000, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V103, P167 SHUKLA J, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1322 SIVAKUMAR MVK, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P31 STEWART JI, 1988, CLIMATIC RISK CROP P, P361 STIGTER CJ, 2000, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V103, P209 STIGTER CJ, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P255 VANVIET N, 2001, CONTRIBUTIONS MEMBER WALKER S, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P311 ZHAO YX, 2005, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V70, P73 NR 30 TC 0 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE BP 341 EP 362 PY 2005 PD MAY VL 70 IS 1-2 GA 942EG UT ISI:000230265100018 ER PT J AU Turner, BL Kasperson, RE Matson, PA McCarthy, JJ Corell, RW Christensen, L Eckley, N Kasperson, JX Luers, AL Martello, ML Polsky, C Pulsipher, A Schiller, A TI A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01602 USA. Clark Univ, George Perkins Marsh Inst, Worcester, MA 01602 USA. Stockholm Environm Inst, S-13014 Stockholm, Sweden. Stanford Univ, Ctr Environm Sci & Policy, Inst Int Studies, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Turner, BL, Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01602 USA. AB Global environmental change and sustainability science increasingly recognize the need to address the consequences of changes taking place in the structure and function of the biosphere. These changes raise questions such as: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? Research demonstrates that vulnerability is registered not by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses) alone but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards. This recognition requires revisions and enlargements in the basic design of vulnerability assessments, including the capacity to treat coupled human-environment systems and those linkages within and without the systems that affect their vulnerability. A vulnerability framework for the assessment of coupled human-environment systems is presented. 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Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Fraser, EDG, Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds Inst Environm Sci & Management, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. AB Modem society depends on complex agro-ecological and trading systems to provide food for urban residents, yet there are few tools available to assess whether these systems are vulnerable to future disturbances. We propose a preliminary framework to assess the vulnerability of food systems to future shocks based on landscape ecology's 'Panarchy Framework'. According to Panarchy, ecosystem vulnerability is determined by three generic characteristics: (1) the wealth available in the system, (2) how connected the system is, and (3) how much diversity exists in the system. In this framework, wealthy, non-diverse, tightly connected systems are highly vulnerable. The wealth of food systems can be measured using the approach pioneered by development economists to assess how poverty affects food security. Diversity can be measured using the tools investors use to measure the diversity of investment portfolios to assess financial risk. The connectivity of a system can be evaluated with the tools chemists use to assess the pathways chemicals use to flow through the environment. This approach can lead to better tools for creating policy designed to reduce vulnerability, and can help urban or regional planners identify where food systems are vulnerable to shocks and disturbances that may occur in the future. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Hughes, TP, James Cook Univ N Queensland, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. AB Resource managers and scientists from disparate disciplines are rising to the challenge of understanding and moderating human impacts on marine ecosystems. Traditional barriers to communication between marine ecologists, fisheries biologists, social scientists and economists are beginning to break down, and the distinction between applied and basic research is fading. These ongoing trends arise, in part, from an increasing awareness of the profound influence of people on the functioning of all marine ecosystems, an increased focus on spatial and temporal scale, and a renewed assessment of the role of biodiversity in the sustainability of ecosystem goods and services upon which human societies depend. Here, we highlight the emergence of a complex systems approach for sustaining and repairing marine ecosystems, linking ecological resilience to governance structures, economics and society. 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Union Concerned Scientists, Global Resources Program, Cambridge, MA 02238 USA. RP Cash, DW, Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Belfer Ctr Sci & Int Affairs, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. AB This paper identifies challenges inherent in addressing multi-scale environmental problems, and outlines tentative guidelines for addressing such challenges and linking science and policy across scales. The study and practice of environmental assessment and management increasingly recognize the importance of scale and cross-scale dynamics in understanding and addressing global environmental change. These ongoing efforts, however, lack a systematic way of thinking about and addressing the challenges involved in integrating science and policy across multiple scales, for example, in the design of policy-relevant, scientific assessments of problems such as climate change. These challenges include matching scales of biogeophysical systems with scales of management systems, avoiding scale discordance (matching the scale of the assessment with the scale of management), and accounting for cross-scale dynamics. In this paper we propose tentative guidelines for meeting such challenges for both assessors and decisionmakers: (1) utilize boundary organizations - institutions which serve to mediate between scientists and decision-makers, and between these actors at different scales; (2) utilize scale-dependent comparative advantages - coordinating the allocation of resources, technical expertise, and decision-making authority to best capitalize on scale-specific capabilities; and (3) employ adaptive assessment and management strategies - constructing long-term, iterative; experiment-based processes of integrated assessment and management. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Sefe, F, UNIV BOTSWANA & SWAZILAND,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,PRIVATE BAG 0022,GABORONE,BOTSWANA. AB The mid-Boteti river area in north-central Botswana ts undergoing desertification from the perspective of a decline of available natural resources. Since the area has suffered no decline in average rainfall during past decades, resource depletion is considered to be related to intense resource use, particularly, during early drought years. Decline is manifesting mainly as decreasing available fresh water, reductions in the amounts of woody vegetation cover for both fuelwood (locally) and browse (generally), species decline with changes to unpalatable cover, and increased areas of exposed soil, leading to soil erosion. CR *IUCN, 1992, IUCN REV SO OK INT W ANDEROSN JM, 1993, TROPICAL SOIL BIOL F ARNTZEN J, 1994, DESERTIFICATION POSS BHALOTRA YPR, 1987, CLIMATE BOTSWANA 11 BREYER JIE, 1983, 47 NAT I RES DOC COATES JNM, 1979, BULLETIN, V21 COOKE HJ, 1980, T I BRIT GEOGR, V5, P80 COOKE RA, 1993, DESERT GEOMORPHOLOGY DAHMEN ER, 1990, 49 ILRI FALKENMARK M, 1990, WATER SCARCITY ULTIM HARE FK, 1987, PLANNING DROUGHT HENDZEL L, 1986, RANGE MANAGEMENT HDB HULME M, 1993, ENVIRONMENT, V35, P5 JOSHUA WD, 1991, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAMB PJ, 1985, Z GLETSCHERKUNDE GLA, V212, P131 LAMB PJ, 1991, TELECONNECTIONS LINK MATHESON W, 1994, J ARID ENVIRON, V26, P181 OLDEMAN LR, 1990, WORLD MAP STATUS HUM PYE K, 1987, AEOLIAN DUST DUST DE RINGROSE S, 1987, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V30, P1 RINGROSE S, 1990, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V56, P1253 RINGROSE S, 1991, INT J REMOTE SENS, V12, P1023 RINGROSE S, 1995, IMPACT RANGE DEGRADA RINGROSE S, 1996, DESERTIFICAITON N CE RINGROSE S, 1996, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CON RINGROSE SM, 1993, ASPECTS SUSTAINABLE SMITH K, 1992, ENV HAZARDS ASSESSIN THOMAS DSG, 1991, KALAHARI ENV TLOU T, 1984, HIST BOTSWANA TYWON PD, 1975, Q J ROY METEOR SOC, V101, P819 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALKER BH, 1988, 1 IUBS UNESCO WASSON RJ, 1986, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V11, P504 NR 33 TC 6 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV BP 241 EP 248 PY 1996 PD MAY-JUN VL 51 IS 3 GA UH705 UT ISI:A1996UH70500015 ER PT J AU Pokorny, B Schanz, H TI Empirical determination of political cultures as a basis for effective coordination of forest management systems SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 EMBRAPA, CIFORA Reg Off, CEP, BR-66095780 Belem, Para, Brazil. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Forest & Nat Policy Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Pokorny, B, EMBRAPA, CIFORA Reg Off, CEP, Trav Eneas Pinheiro S-N, BR-66095780 Belem, Para, Brazil. AB To design viable strategies to implement sustainable forest management, tools are needed that allow the understanding and management of the driving forces behind conflicting opinions and divergent solutions. The approach of Thompson et al. (1990) to cultural theory-because of its descriptive power-may be an ideal basis to create such tools. The possibility of determining empirically the cultural bias of the actors and groups involved is fundamental to this approach. We conducted a pilot study in the eastern Amazon region to explore the possibility of characterizing individuals according to the four types of political culture defined by Thompson et al. The findings indicated that the empirical classification of individuals is possible but complex. A relation between the types of political cultures and perceptions of sustainable forest management was observed. A systematic elaboration of adequate indicators and assessment methods is crucial in exploring the potential of transferring the theoretical approach into practice. 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SO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Harokopion Univ, Dept Geog, Athens 17671, Greece. RP Sapountzaki, K, Harokopion Univ, Dept Geog, Venizelou 70, Athens 17671, Greece. AB The present work attempts to address the main aspects of chronic and extreme risks in contemporary Athens. It focuses on two cases of acute chronic risk bedevilling the capital region, namely road accidents and noise pollution, and one case of extreme risk, namely seismic disasters. In all cases social vulnerability, seen as the attribute of social and economic entities that can serve to increase damage from given danger, is a basic determinant of risk level. This social vulnerability might be defined in terms of three constituent elements: exposure to, resistance against and resilience to danger impacts. The whole analysis seeks the generating causes of the relevant high risk levels; their distribution across the geographical and social space of the capital region; their impacts on citizens' lifestyle and awareness of unsustainability; the public policy actions to abate or mitigate them and the individuals' adaptive reactions or efforts to escape risks and finally the repercussions of individualized and governmental responses on future risk and vulnerability levels. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 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Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England. RP Cook, R, Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. AB There has been recent interest in the characterization of soil biodiversity and its function in agricultural grasslands. Much of the interest has come from the need to develop grassland management strategies directed at manipulating the soil biota to encourage a greater reliance on ecosystem self-regulation. This review summarises information on selected groups of soil animals in grasslands, the factors influencing their abundance, diversity and community structure and their relationships to the functioning and stability of grassland ecosystems. Observations on the impacts of agricultural managements on populations and communities of soil fauna and their interactions confirm that high input, intensively managed systems tend to promote low diversity while tower input systems conserve diversity. It is also evident that high input systems favour bacterial-pathways of decomposition, dominated by labile substrates and opportunistic, bacterial-feeding fauna. In contrast, low-input systems favour fungal-pathways with a more heterogeneous habitat and resource leading to domination by more persistent fungal-feeding fauna. In view of this, we suggest that low input grassland farming systems are optimal for increasing soil biotic diversity and hence self-regulation of ecosystem function. Research is needed to test the hypothesis that soil biodiversity is positively associated with stability, and to elucidate relationships between productivity, community integrity and functioning of soil biotic communities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. 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RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB The dynamics of and policies governing spatially coupled social-ecological mosaics are considered for the case of fisheries in a lake district. A microeconomic model of households addresses agent decisions at three hierarchic levels: (1) selection of the lake district from among a larger set of alternative places to live or visit, (2) selection of a base location within the lake district, and (3) selection of a portfolio of ecosystem services to use. Ecosystem services are represented by dynamics of fish production subject to multiple stable domains and trophic cascades. Policy calculations show that optimal policies will be highly heterogeneous in space and fluid in time. The diversity of possible outcomes is illustrated by simulations for a hypothetical lake district based loosely on the Northern Highlands of the State of Wisconsin. Lake districts are frequently managed as if lakes were independent, similar, endogenously regulating systems. Our findings contradict that view. One-size-fits-all (OSFA) policies erode ecological and social resilience. If regulations are too stringent, social resilience declines because of the potential rewards of overharvesting. If regulations are too lax, ecological resilience is diminished by overharvesting in some lakes. In either case, local collapses of fish populations evoke spatial shifts of angling effort that can lead to serial collapses in neighboring fisheries and degraded fisheries in most or all of the lakes. Under OSFA management, the natural resources of the entire landscape become more vulnerable to transformation because of changes in, e.g., human population, the demand for resources, or fish harvesting technology. Multiplicity of management regimes can increase the ecological resilience, social resilience, and inclusive value of a spatially heterogeneous social-ecological system. Because of the complex interactions of mobile people and multistable ecosystems, management regimes must also be flexible over time. A rights-based scheme may facilitate policy regimes with appropriate spatial patterns and intertemporal fluidity. In lake fisheries, habitat protection adds an important dimension to policy design. Habitat is a slowly changing variable that creates ecological resilience and thereby provides managers with a broader range of options. 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Univ British Columbia, Sch Community & Reg Planning, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Miles, SB, ECO Resource Grp, Seattle, WA USA. AB This paper sets out the foundations for developing robust models of community recovery from earthquake disasters. Models that anticipate post-disaster trajectories are complementary to loss estimation models that predict damage and loss. Such models can serve as important decision support tools for increasing community resilience and reducing disaster vulnerability. The paper first presents a comprehensive conceptual model of recovery. The conceptual model enumerates important relationships between a community's households, businesses, lifeline networks, and neighborhoods. The conceptual model can be operationalized to create a numerical model of recovery. To demonstrate this, we present a prototype computer simulation model and oraphical user interface. As the model is intended for decision support, it is important to involve potential users in model development. We conducted a focus group involving Puget Sound, Washington, area disaster management practitioners to elicit local insight about community recovery and model development needs, using the prototype as stimulus. Important focus group issues included potential model inputs, useful recovery indicators, potential uses of recovery models, and suitable types of software systems. CR ALESCH D, 1998, NEHRP C WORKSH RES N BERKE PR, 1993, DISASTERS, V17, P93 BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BOLIN R, 1986, RACE RELIG ETHNICITY BOLIN R, 1991, DISASTERS, V15, P24 BOLIN R, 1993, HOUSEHOLD COMMUNITY BROOKSHIRE DS, 1997, EARTHQ SPECTRA, V13, P683 BRUNEAU M, 2003, EARTHQ SPECTRA, V19, P733 CHAN KS, 2000, OPTOELEC PROP SEMIC, V8, P1 CHANG SE, 2001, KOKUMIN KEIZAI ZASSH, V183, P47 CHANG SE, 2002, ENV HAZ, V4, P59 CHANG SE, 2004, EARTHQ SPECTRA, V20, P739 DURKIN M, 1984, INT C NAT HAZ MIT RE DURRENBERGER G, 1999, SCI PUBL POLICY, V26, P341 HAAS JE, 1977, RECONSTRUCTION FOLLO HENNEN L, 1999, SCI PUBL POLICY, V26, P303 HEWITT K, 1997, REGIONS RISK GEOGRAP, V1, P1 HIRAYAMA Y, 2000, HOUSING STUD, V15, P111 HOGG SJ, 1980, DISASTERS, V4, P173 HORNECKER E, 2002, PDC 2002, P243 KROLL C, 1991, 91187 U CAL UC TRANS LOUKAITOUSIDERI.A, 2004, RESIDENTIAL RECOVERY MILES SB, 2000, 00401 US GEOL SURV MILES SB, 2004, PARTICIPATORY ASSESS MILES SB, 2003, 030005 MCEER MILES SB, 2004, P 13 WORLD C EARTHQ OKUYAMA Y, 2000, 47 N AM M REG SCI AS OKUYAMA Y, 2004, MODELING SPATIAL EC ROSELLO M, 1997, ESPRIT CREATEUR, V37, P3 RUBIN C, 1991, EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT, P224 RUBIN CB, 1990, DISASTER RECOVERY HU RUMBAUGH J, 1991, OBJECT ORIENTED MODE TIERNEY KJ, 1998, NEHRP C WORKSH RES N WHITMAN RV, 1997, EARTHQ SPECTRA, V13, P643 NR 34 TC 0 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA BP 439 EP 458 PY 2006 PD MAY VL 22 IS 2 GA 054KS UT ISI:000238376100008 ER PT J AU Lister, NM TI A systems approach to biodiversity conservation planning SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Waterloo, Fac Environm Studies, Sch Urban & Reg Planning, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Lister, NM, Univ Waterloo, Fac Environm Studies, Sch Urban & Reg Planning, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. AB With a recent media-fueled transition from a scientific to a political perspective, biodiversity has become an issue of ethics and ensuing values, beyond its traditional ecological roots. More fundamentally, the traditional perspective of biodiversity is being challenged by the emergence of a post-normal or systems-based approach to science. A systems-based perspective of living systems rests on the central tenets of complexity and uncertainty, and necessitates flexibility, anticipation and adaptation rather than prediction and control in conservation planning and management. What are the implications of this new perspective? This paper examines these challenges in the context of biodiversity conservation planning. The new perspectives of biodiversity are identified and explored, and the emergence of a new ecological context for biodiversity conservation is discussed, From the analysis, the challenges and implications for conservation planning are considered, and a systems-based or post-normal approach to conservation planning and management is proposed. In light of the new perspectives for biodiversity, conservation planning and management approaches should ultimately reflect the essence of living systems: they should be diverse, adaptive, and self-organizing, accepting the ecological realities of change. 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RP Sherman, BH, Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, OSP HEED MMED Program, 206 Nesmith Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. AB Over the last 50 years, national, international and private stewardship and conservation organizations have spent billions of dollars collecting marine ecosystem information. This remains divided among many custodians, scattered among thousands of published sources and, from a global perspective, is fragmentary in nature. It is argued that new resource management questions regarding coastal ecosystem health can be addressed through the recovery and 'data mining' of this previously collected and often discarded information. A retrospective marine epidemiological approach was developed to demonstrate that marine morbidity, mortality, and disease information is recoverable by keyword searching of academic journals and through the retrieval of publicly available digital and print-media information. Observational records compiled from disturbances occurring within the Northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea confirm that anomalous marine morbidity and mortality events have increased in number and frequency during the last 30 years. A global approach is summarized for systematically reconstructing spatial and temporal disturbance indicator time series using data mining and data reduction techniques. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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English DT Review C1 Murdoch Univ, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Wallington, TJ, Murdoch Univ, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. AB Given escalating concern worldwide about the loss of biodiversity, and given biodiversity's centrality to quality of life, it is imperative that current ecological knowledge fully informs societal decision making. Over the past two decades, ecological science has undergone many significant shifts in emphasis and perspective, which have important implications for how we manage ecosystems and species. In particular, a shift has occurred from the equilibrium paradigm to one that recognizes the dynamic, non-equilibrium nature of ecosystems. Revised thinking about the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecological systems has important implications for management. Thus, it is of growing concern to ecologists and others that these recent developments have not been translated into information useful to managers and policy makers. Many conservation policies and plans are still based on equilibrium assumptions. A fundamental difficulty with integrating current ecological thinking into biodiversity policy and management planning is that field observations have yet to provide compelling evidence for many of the relationships suggested by non-equilibrium ecology. Yet despite this scientific uncertainty, management and policy decisions must still be made. This paper was motivated by the need for considered scientific debate on the significance of current ideas in theoretical ecology for biodiversity conservation. This paper aims to provide a platform for such discussion by presenting a critical synthesis of recent ecological literature that (1) identifies core issues in ecological theory, and (2) explores the implications of current ecological thinking for biodiversity conservation. 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RP Haworth, L, Univ Waterloo, Dept Philosophy, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. CR BEGON M, 1990, ECOLOGY INDIVIDUALS BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CAIRNS J, 1992, SPECULATIONS SCI TEC, V15, P54 CALOW P, 1992, J AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, V1, P1 CALOW P, 1995, EVALUATING MONITORIN, P33 CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G DEANGELIS DL, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P71 GALLOPIN G, 1994, IMPOVERISHMENT SUSTA GIAMPIETRO M, 1994, FUTURES, V26, P616 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KARR JR, 1991, ECOL APPL, V1, P66 KATES RW, 1985, CLIMATE IMPACT ASSES, P3 KAY JJ, 1991, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR KAY JJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P201 KERR SR, 1984, CONTAMINANT EFFECTS KING AW, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P19 MUNN RE, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P105 ODUM EP, 1984, AGR ECOSYSTEMS UNIFY, P5 RAPPORT DJ, 1989, PERSPECT BIOL MED, V33, P120 RAPPORT DJ, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P144 REGIER HA, 1973, SCIENCE, V180, P1248 RICKLEFS RE, 1983, EC NATURE SCHAEFFER DJ, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G SCHLINDLER DW, 1990, OIKOS, V57, P25 SMOL JP, 1992, J ECOSYST HLTH, V1, P49 STEEDMAN RS, 1990, P WORKSH INT SURPR J STERN PC, 1991, GLOBAL ENV CHANGE UN SUTER GW, 1993, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V12, P1533 WITTGENSTEIN L, 1953, PHILOS INVESTIGATION NR 30 TC 1 J9 J AGR ENVIRON ETHIC BP 127 EP 152 PY 1997 VL 10 IS 2 GA 102EJ UT ISI:000074911100002 ER PT J AU Ayres, RU van den Bergh, JCJM Gowdy, JM TI Strong versus weak sustainability: Economics, natural sciences, and "consilience" SO ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS LA English DT Article C1 INSEAD, Ctr Management Environm Resources, Fountainbleau, France. Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Econ, Troy, NY USA. RP Ayres, RU, INSEAD, Ctr Management Environm Resources, Fountainbleau, France. AB The meaning of sustainability is the subject of intense debate among environmental tal and resource economists. Perhaps no other issue separates more clearly the traditional economic view from the views of most natural scientists. The debate currently focuses on the substitutability between the economy and the environ ment or between "natural capital" and "manufactured capital"-a debate captured in terms of M elk versus strong sustainability. In this article, we examine the various interpretations of these concepts. We conclude that natural science and economic perspectives on sustainability are inconsistent. The market-based Hartwick-Solow "weak sustainability' approach is Far removed from both the ecosystem-based "Holling sustainabilily' and the "strong sustainability" approach of Daly and others. Each of these sustainability criteria implies a specific valuation approach, and thus an ethical position, to support monetary indicators of sustainability such as a green or sustainable Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The conflict between "weak sustainability" and "strong sustainability" is more evident in the context of centralized than decentralized decision making. In particular, Firms selling "services" instead of material goods and regarding the latter as "capital" leads to decisions more or less consistent with either type or sustainability. Finally, we discuss the implications of global sustainability for such open systems as regions and countries. Open systems have not been dealt with systematically for any of the sustainability criteria. 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UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV YORK,DEPT ENVIRONM ECON & ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Folke, C, ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCI,BEIJER INT INST ECOL ECON,POB 50005,S-10405 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. AB This paper considers the significance of biological diversity in relation to large-scale processes in complex and dynamic ecological-economic systems. It focuses on functional diversity, and its relation to production and maintenance of ecological services that underpin human societies. Within functional groups of organisms two important categories of species are identified: keystone process species and those essential for ecosystem resilience. The latter group represents ''natural insurance capital.'' In addition to basic research on the interplay among biological diversity, functional performance, and resilience in complex self-organizing systems, we suggest that a functional approach has two main implications for a strategy for biodiversity conservation: (1) Biodiversity conservation to assure the resilience of ecosystems is required for all systems, no matter how heavily impacted they are. It should not be limited to protected areas. (2) The social, cultural, and economic driving forces in society that cause biodiversity loss need to be addressed directly. Specifically, (a) differences between the value of biological diversity to the private individual and its fundamental value to society as a whole need to be removed; (b) social and economic policies that encourage biodiversity loss should be reformed, especially where there is a risk of irreversible damage to ecosystems and diversity; and (c) institutions that are adaptive and work in synergy with ecosystem processes and functions are critical and should be created at all levels. 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RP Nightingale, A, Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Dept Geog, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland. AB This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing human-environment issues that examines shifting, dialectical relationships between social and power relations, cultural beliefs and practices, and ecological processes to allow an interdisciplinary, complex assessment of social and environmental change in Nepal. The purpose of this analysis is to capture the complexity and nonstatic nature of environmental and social change in the context of uneven development. Drawing from political ecology and feminist geography, this framework brings together scholarship on aspects of human-environment issues that are often pursued in isolation, yet all three processes, social-political relations, cultural practices and ecological conditions, have been acknowledged as important in shaping the trajectory of social and ecological change. I argue that a consideration of the articulations between them is necessary to understand first, how specific land management regimes arise and are dominant over time in specific places. And second, I examine the extent to which these regimes distribute resources equitably within communities, promote economic development and sustain ecological resilience. In this analysis, ecological processes are conceptualised as co-productive of social and cultural processes to explore their role in land management regimes without resorting to environmental determinist or similarly reductive paradigms. I present this framework through the example of natural resource management, specifically community forestry in Nepal, as it offers a rich case study of the relationships between the political economy of land use and the ecological effects of natural resource extraction. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR ABDI SNM, 1999, HOOKED ARSENIC, V12 ACHARYA KP, 2002, COMM AG GLOB 9 C INT ADAMS WM, 1990, GREEN DEV AGARWAL B, 1994, FIELD ONES OWN GENDE AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 AGRAWAL A, 2000, AGRARIAN ENV RESOURC, P1 ARIZPE L, 1994, POPULATION ENV RETHI BATTERBURY S, 1997, GEOGR J 2, V163, P126 BEBBINGTON A, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P86 BLAIKIE PM, 1985, POLITICAL EC SOIL ER BLAIKIE PM, 1987, LAND DEGRADATION SOC BONDI L, 1993, PLACE POLITICS IDENT, P84 BOTKIN DB, 1990, DISCORDANT HARMONIES BRAUN B, 1998, REMAKING REALITY NAT BRYANT RL, 1998, PROG PHYS GEOG, V22, P79 CARNEY J, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P165 CASTREE N, 2001, SOCIAL NATURE THEORY CRONON W, 1983, CHANGES LAND INDIANS DAHMS CW, 1997, RMGTR295 US DEP AGR DANIGGELIS E, 1994, 22 MULT TREE SPEC NE DEERE CD, 1990, HOUSEHOLD CLASS RELA DEJANVRY A, 1981, AGRARIAN QUESTION RE DODSON SI, 1999, READINGS ECOLOGY EDWARDS DM, 1996, BANKO JANAKARI, V6, P3 ESCOBAR A, 1995, ENCOUNTERING DEV MAK FREIDBERG S, 2001, GENDER PLACE CULTURE, V8, P5 GIDWANI V, 2000, AGRARIAN ENV RULE RE GILMOUR DA, 1990, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V3, P145 GILMOUR DA, 1991, VILLAGERS FORESTS FO GLEASON HA, 1939, AM MIDLAND NATURALIS, V21 GRANER E, 1997, POLITICAL ECOLOGY CO GRIMM EC, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P291 GUTHMAN J, 1997, DEV CHANGE, V28, P45 HARAWAY D, 1991, SIMIANS CYBORGS WOME HARRIS L, 2002, UNPUB IRRIGATION GEN HARVEY D, 1996, JUSTICE NATURE GEOGR HAUSLER S, 1993, ECOLOGIST, V23, P84 HECHT SB, 1985, WORLD DEV, V13, P663 HORN SP, 1998, NEW LESSONS NATURES, P125 IVES JD, 1989, RECONCILING DEV CONS JAROSZ L, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P188 JODHA NS, 1986, ECON POLIT WEEKLY, V21, P1169 KANEL K, 1993, BANKO JANAKARI, V4, P2 KANEL K, 2000, CONST COMM CRAFT SUS KATES RW, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU, P1 KHADKA RD, 1998, COMMUNICATION KHAREL S, 1993, BANKO JANAKARI, V4, P73 KOBAYASHI A, 1994, PROF GEOGR, V46, P73 LAKSHMAN Y, 1993, ECON GEOGR, V69, P254 LATOUR B, 1987, SCI ACTION LATOUR B, 1993, WE HAVE NEVER BEEN M LEFEBVRE H, 1991, PRODUCTIN SPACE LONGINO HF, 1990, SCI SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MAHAT TBS, 1986, MT RES DEV, V6, P325 MASSEY D, 1994, SPACE PLACE GENDER MASSEY D, 1994, SPACE PLACE GENDER, P185 MCKEAN MA, 1992, J THEORETICAL POLITI, V4, P247 MESSERSCHMIDT DA, 1987, LANDS RISK 3 WORLD L, P373 METZ JJ, 1991, WORLD DEV, V19, P805 MOORE DS, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P188 NESBITT JT, 2001, GEOFORUM, V32, P333 NIGHTINGALE AJ, 2001, THESIS U MINNESOTA M NIGHTINGALE AJ, 2002, J FORESTRY LIVELIHOO, V2 NIGHTINGALE AJ, 2002, UNPUB NATURE GENDER ONEILL RV, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P3275 OSTROM E, 1992, MAKING COMMONS WORK PEET R, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES PELUSO NL, 1995, ANTIPODE, V27, P383 PIGG SL, 1996, CULT ANTHROPOL, V11, P160 RADCLIFFE S, 1991, REV RADICAL POLITICA, V23, P129 RADCLIFFE SA, 1992, DECENTRALIZATION LAT RANGAN H, 1997, DEV CHANGE, V28, P71 REGMI MC, 1988, EC HIST NEPAL 1846 1 RICHARDS JF, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU, P21 ROCHELEAU D, 1996, FEMINIST POLITICAL E, P3 SCHROEDER R, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P188 SCHROEDER RA, 1997, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V87, P487 SCOONES I, 1997, GEOGR J 2, V163, P161 SCOTT JC, 1985, WEAPONS WEAK EVERYDA SCOTT JC, 1998, SEEING LIKE STATE CE SCOTT JW, 1991, CRIT INQUIRY, V17, P773 SHIELDS R, 1999, LEFEBVRE LOVE STRUGG SHRESTHA K, 2001, FORESTS TREES PEOPLE SHRESTHA KB, 1996, MNR SERIES, V962, P1 SHRESTHA NK, 1999, COMMUNICATION SHRESTHA NR, 1997, NAME DEV REFLECTION SNEDDON CS, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P521 SOJA EW, 1996, THIRDSPACE JOURNEYS, P53 SPRINGATEBAGINS.O, 1998, COMMUNITY FORESTRY N STAINTON JDA, 1972, FORESTS NEPAL TILMAN D, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P1455 TURNER BL, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU TURNER BLI, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU, P655 WEST PC, 1991, RESIDENT PEOPLES NAT ZIMMERER K, 1998, NATURES GEOGRAPHY NE ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 ZIMMERER KS, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES, P110 ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P356 NR 98 TC 0 J9 GEOFORUM BP 525 EP 540 PY 2003 PD NOV VL 34 IS 4 GA 737HX UT ISI:000186225300011 ER PT J AU Dorren, LKA Imeson, AC TI Soil erosion and the adaptive cycle metaphor SO LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 CEMAGREF, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Dorren, LKA, CEMAGREF, 2 Rue Papeterie,BP 76, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. AB The landscapes that we live in and the changes that they undergo play an important part in the qualities of our lives. They provide natural goods and services of value to us because of the existence of soil, which is a medium between the solid earth and the sphere in which we live our daily life. The medium soil is constantly subject to change and one of the causes is soil erosion. If one tries to understand or to deal with soil erosion it is helpful to consider soil as an integral part of continuously changing landscapes and to be aware of the different functions of a soil in its environmental context at different scales. To clarify this, we present three important concepts. These are: (1) scale/connectivity; (2) change; and (3) resilience. These concepts will be put in an innovative framework called the panarchy theory, which represents a hierarchical structure in which both human and natural systems are linked together in adaptive cycles. Presenting soil erosion in such a framework allows us to link causes and their impacts at different scales. The application of such a framework and the insight obtained could facilitate the assessment of risks and possibilities for sustainable use. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR *CEC, 2002, THEM STRAT SOIL PROT ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BERGKAMP G, 1995, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V37, P59 BORK HR, 2003, 1 SCAPE WORKSH, P11 BOUTEN W, 1985, KNAG GEOGRAFISCH TIJ, V19, P192 DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EVA DEROO APJ, 1993, NETHERLANDS GEOGRAPH, V157 DEROO APJ, 1995, 3641 DLO STAR CENTR GEELEN PMT, 1995, OPTIMALISATIE EROSIE, P93 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 2000, CONSERV ECOL, V4, P1 IMESON AC, 1998, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V23, P219 JANSSEN CR, 1960, LATE GLACIAL POST GL KIRKBY MJ, 1996, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V51, P391 KWAAD FJPM, 1991, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V16, P653 KWAAD FJPM, 1998, SOIL TILL RES, V46, P13 MUCHER HJ, 1973, KNAG GEOGRAFISCH TIJ, V7, P259 MUCHER HJ, 1974, SOIL MICROSCOPY, P553 MUCHER HJ, 1986, THESIS U AMSTERDAM A ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT RENES J, 1988, GESCHIEDENIS ZUIDLIM SCHOUTEN CJ, 1985, LANDSCHAP, V2, P118 TAYLOR PD, 1993, OIKOS, V68, P571 VANDENGBROEK JMM, 1958, PALAEOHISTORIA, V7, P7 VANDERWESTERING.W, 1980, MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOU, V80, P1 VANDIJK PM, 1996, HYDROL PROCESS, V10, P1069 WHITE PS, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P3 NR 28 TC 0 J9 LAND DEGRAD DEV BP 509 EP 516 PY 2005 PD NOV-DEC VL 16 IS 6 GA 994OM UT ISI:000234041100002 ER PT J AU Langridge, R Christian-Smith, J Lohse, KA TI Access and resilience: Analyzing the construction of social resilience to the threat of water scarcity SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Arizona State Univ, Global Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Langridge, R, Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. AB Resilience is a vital attribute that characterizes a system's capacity to cope with stress. Researchers have examined the measurement of resilience in ecosystems and in social-ecological systems, and the comparative vulnerability of social groups. Our paper refocuses attention on the processes and relations that create social resilience. Our central proposition is that the creation of social resilience is linked to a community's ability to access critical resources. We explore this proposition through an analysis of how community resilience to the stress of water scarcity is influenced by historically contingent mechanisms to gain, control, and maintain access to water. Access is defined broadly as the ability of a community to actually benefit from a resource, and includes a wider range of relations than those derived from property rights alone. We provide a framework for assessing the construction of social resilience and use it to examine, first, the different processes and relations that enabled four communities in northern California to acquire access to water, and second, how access contributed to their differential levels of resilience to potential water scarcity. Legal water rights are extremely difficult to alter, and given the variety of mechanisms that can generate access, our study suggests that strengthening and diversifying a range of structural and relational mechanisms to access water can enhance a community's resilience to water scarcity. CR *CAL DEP HLTH SERV, 2002, DRINK WAT AD ASS UK *U CAL COOP EXT, 2004, MEND COUNT WAT AG SI ADGER WN, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P347 ADGER WN, 2003, ECON GEOGR, V79, P387 BEACH R, 2002, HIST DEV WATER RESOU BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1998, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BOHLE HG, 1994, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V4, P37 BOHLE HG, 2001, NEWSLETTER INT HUMAN, V1 BROOKS N, 2005, ADAPTATION POLICY FR, P165 BROOKS N, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P151 CHAMBERS R, 1989, IDS B, V20, P1 CLARK WC, 2000, ASSESSING VULNERABIL CLINTON WJ, 1994, MEMORANDUM GOVT GOVT, V59 DIETCH M, 2005, N AM BENTH SOC C 22 DREZE J, 1989, HUNGER PUBLIC ACTION FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 FOLKE C, 2004, ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S, V35, P557 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P16 HARRIS CC, 1998, J FOREST, V96, P11 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P14 HUNDLEY N, 2001, GREAT THIRST CALIFOR JANSSEN MA, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P20 KLEIN R, 2005, TECHNOLOGY UNDERSTAN LANGRIDGE R, 2002, NAT RESOUR J, V42, P283 LANGRIDGE R, 2003, NEGOTIATING CONTENTI LEBEL L, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P19 LUERS AL, 2005, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V15, P214 NEWMAN LA, 2005, ONCOLOGIST, V10, P1 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OLSSON P, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P15 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 RIBOT JC, 1995, GEOJOURNAL, V35, P119 RIBOT JC, 1996, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, V1, P1 RIBOT JC, 2003, RURAL SOCIOL, V68, P153 ROCKSTROM J, 2003, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V28, P869 SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 TOMPKINS EL, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P10 TROSPER RL, 2004, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P328 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P1 WATTS MJ, 1993, PROG HUM GEOG, V17, P43 WORSTER D, 1992, RIVERS EMPIRE WATER NR 50 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 18 PY 2006 PD DEC VL 11 IS 2 GA 123FD UT ISI:000243280800037 ER PT J AU Adger, WN TI Evolution of economy and environment: an application to land use in lowland Vietnam SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Adger, WN, Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB This paper analyses the interactions between land use, institutions and culture in the context of climatic extremes in Vietnam. Although there has been a long history of examining the evolutionary nature of markets and institutions within an institutional economics framework, developing the institutional economic approach to include society environment interactions allows examination of processes which facilitate and constrain economic development. For example, this approach is used here to explain adaptation processes whereby climatic risk affects collective responses. These responses form an evolutionary link between institutions, culture, resources and the physical environment. The paper argues that historically climatic risks have been a factor in technological and political response within the agrarian society of Vietnam, in the sense that climatic extremes have acted as triggers to some significant social upheavals. In the past century, the impacts of colonialism, political change and related changes in social organisation, have significantly altered the social basis of resilience to climate extremes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *VIET GEN STAT OFF, 1995, STAT YB 1994 ADAMS J, 1986, WORLD DEV, V14, P273 ADGER WN, 1998, 9821 U E ANG U COLL ADGER WN, 1999, J DEV STUD, V35, P96 ADGER WN, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P249 ALEXANDER SE, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P71 ALLANSON P, 1995, ENVIRON PLANN A, V27, P1797 ANDERSON JL, 1981, STUDIES PAST CLIMATE, P337 ANH NT, 1995, J SOUTHE ASIAN STUD, V26, P121 BERESFORD M, 1990, J CONTEMP ASIA, V20, P466 BRAY F, 1986, RICE EC TECHNOLOGY D BURROUGHS WJ, 1997, DOES WEATHER REALLY CLARK N, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC, P197 DALY HE, 1992, STEADY STATE EC DEVRIES J, 1980, J INTERDISCIPLINARY, V10, P599 DOSI G, 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE EC ENGLAND RW, 1994, EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT FFORDE A, 1987, SOCIOL RURALIS, V27, P197 FFORDE A, 1996, PLAN MARKET EC TRANS GLANTZ MH, 1991, ENVIRONMENT, V33, P10 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HODGSON GM, 1994, EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT, P9 HUYEN TG, 1993, CURRENT LAND USE VIE, P12 INGRAM MJ, 1981, STUDIES CLIMATES THE, P3 JAMIESON NL, 1993, UNDERSTANDING VIETNA KEARNEY M, 1996, RECONCEPTUALISING PE KERKVLIET BJT, 1998, CHINA J, V40, P37 KOLKO G, 1997, VIETNAM ANATOMY PEAC LACOSTE Y, 1973, ANTIPODE, V5, P1 LAMB HH, 1995, CLIMATE HIST MODERN LONG NV, 1973, REVOLUTION VIETNAMES LONG NV, 1993, REINVENTING VIETNAME, P165 MYERS MF, 1993, ENVIRONMENT, V35, P7 NELSON RR, 1982, EVOLUTIONARY THEORY NELSON RR, 1994, EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT, P139 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO ORIORDAN T, 1999, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V9, P81 POPKIN SL, 1979, RATIONAL PEASANT POL POST JD, 1980, J INTERDISCIPLIN HIS, V10, P719 RAMBO AT, 1973, COMPARISON PEASANT S RAMBO AT, 1995, CHALLENGES HIGHLAND RUTTAN VW, 1988, CHALLENGES HIGHLAND, V36, P247 RUTTAN VW, 1998, EC DEV CULTURAL CH S, V36, P247 SACHS J, 1997, ECONOMIST 0614, P19 SAMUELS WJ, 1995, CAMBRIDGE J ECON, V19, P569 SCHNEIDER SH, 1984, COEVOLUTION CLIMATE SCOTT JC, 1976, MORAL EC PEASANT REB SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 SNEDDON CS, 1999, LIVING ENV CHANBE SO THRIFT N, 1986, PRICE WAR URBANISATI VANLUONG H, 1992, REVOLUTION VILLAGE T VANLUONG H, 1993, CHALLENGE REFORM IND, P259 VANLUONG H, 1998, CHINA J, V40, P61 VANTHANG N, 1995, CHALLENGES HIGHLAND, P101 WATTS MJ, 1998, THEORISING TRANSITIO, P450 WIEGERSMA N, 1988, VIETNAM PEASANT LAND NR 56 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 365 EP 379 PY 1999 PD DEC VL 31 IS 3 GA 265MD UT ISI:000084247200007 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Pawlowski, CW Mayer, AL Hoagland, NT TI Sustainable systems theory: ecological and other aspects SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. AB While sustainability is generally associated with the definition of sustainable development coven by the Brundtland Commission 'Our common future (1987) Oxford University Press,' namely 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,' it is important to recognize that a mathematical theory embodying these concepts would be immensely valuable in humanity's efforts to manage the environment. The concept of sustainability applies to integrated systems comprising humans and the rest of nature. The structures and operation of (he human component (in terms of society, economy, law, etc.) must be such that these reinforce or promote the persistence of the structures and operation of the natural component (in terms of ecosystem trophic link-ages, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, etc.), and vice versa. Thus, one of the challenges of sustainability research lies in linking measures of ecosystem functioning to the structure and operation of the associated social system. We propose that indicators based on Information Theory can bridge the natural and human system elements, and make sense of the disparate state variables of the system. Thus, in this paper we explore the use of Fisher Information, which is a statistical measure of variation. as an aggregating index for dynamic systems of many variables. We have developed a novel application of Fisher Information to time-series data of dynamic systems, which (borrowing from statistical mechanics) uses an ensemble average of the system dynamics. We demonstrate this methodology using an uncalibrated 5-trophic level, 12-compartment (species) food web model with an associated basic social system for the population of omnivores at the top of the food chain. The model has five functional groups: detritus, primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. In addition to a seasonal forcing function, perturbation scenarios involving each of the parts of the system are simulated so as to explore the sustainability of the system under various types of stress, including basic human behaviors. such as agriculture. Since Fisher Information is a measure of the variation, we hypothesize that it is an indicator of system order. and thus system sustainability. This work is part of a multidisciplinary group at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT BALMFORD A, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P193 COLUBI A, 1996, INFORMATION PROCESSI, V2, P675 DELEO GA, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 FISHER RA, 1922, PHILOS T ROY SOC A, V222, P309 FLOWER RJ, 2001, AQUATIC ECOLOGY, V35, P261 FRIEDEN BR, 1998, PHYS FISHER INFORMAT FRIEDEN BR, 2001, J THEOR BIOL, V208, P49 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P31 JOHNSON KH, 2000, BIOL REV, V75, P347 MCCANN KS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P228 NAEEM S, 2002, NATURE, V416, P23 PORTELA R, 2001, ECOL MODEL, V143, P115 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHANNON C, 1949, MATH THEORY COMMUNIC WARDLE DA, 2000, OIKOS, V89, P11 NR 18 TC 0 J9 J CLEAN PROD BP 455 EP 467 PY 2005 VL 13 IS 5 GA 893SX UT ISI:000226740600002 ER PT B AU GUNDERSON, LH HOLLING, CS LIGHT, SS TI Barriers & Bridges to the renewal of ecosystems and institutions SO BARRIERS BRIDGES REN LA English DT Book RP University of Florida, Department of Zoology Minnesota Department of Natural Resources AB The result of a three-year project involving a combination of prominent ecologists and social scientists, Barriers and Bridges to the renewal of ecosystems and institutions reviews a series of regional examples in its broad-ranging exploration of two key questions: Do institutions learn? and How do ecosystems respond to management actions? The book is a continuation of a series on adaptive environmental management. To answer these questions, the team of researchers looked at common patterns of pathology in managed ecosystems, whereby resource exploitation leads to ecological, social, and institutional breakdown, followed by crisis and, in some examples, reform and learning. Following an introduction by C.S. Holling describing the range of barriers and bridges to be discussed, six regional examples are revieed. The management histories in New Brunswick forests, the Everglades, Chesapeake Bay, the Colombia River, the Great Lakes, and the Baltic Sea demonstrate how people and ecosystems coevolve. In the third section contributors offer perspectives from social science to suggest broad critical strategies for surmounting barriers and renewing damaged ecosystems. The final chapter provides a unique synthesis that compares ecological and social dynamics. CR CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 CLARK WC, 1985, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V7, P5 CLARK WC, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, V41, P315 COHEN SJ, 1986, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V8, P135 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1987, EUR J OPER RES, V30, P139 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2060 WALTERS CJ, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P189 WALTERS CJ, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P157 NR 10 TC 0 BP 1 EP 593 PY 1995 VL 1 ER PT J AU Kammerbauer, J TI The dimensions of sustainability: Ecological fundamentals, paradigmatic models and pathways SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article AB With the environmental crisis in the last decades appears the directive image of a sustainable development or the sustainability in its ecological, economic and social dimensions. From the ecological perspective some characteristics and processes are fundamental for the analysis: the systemic character and complexity of the ecosystems, the myth of a stable ecological equilibrium, resiliency and irreversibility, the intrinsic sustainability of ecosystems and the phenomena of global and regional concentration and dispersion of resources and wastes. The paradigm of sustainablity can be grouped in three interpretative models: (1) under an analytical vision, (2) a holistic vision and (3) a nonnative model. The first approach results in the principle of rational resource management with its respective indicators of cause-state-effect-reaction. The holistic vision, considering the intrinsic uncertainty of ecosystems, results in the principle of precaution in resource management and defines indicators like the carrying capacity. Whilst the nonnative model tries to define objectives and indicators in a complex management situation through a consensus process involving the affected and interested groups. It is possible to identify pathways of unsustainability and sustainability. The environmental sciences provide monitoring instruments, but finally, due to its nonnative character; sustainability is a policy objective and therefore is part of a responsibility ethic. 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CR *WORLD MET ORG, 1966, 79 TECHN NOT ANDERSON JN, 1973, HDB SOCIAL CULTURAL, V64, P12 BAKER PT, 1962, AM ANTHR, V64, P12 BARTON AH, 1969, COMMUNITIES DISASTER BATESON G, 1963, EVOLUTION, V17, P529 BISHOP CA, 1974, NO OJIBWA FUR TRADE BOTKIN DB, 1975, AM NAT, V109, P625 BRADY IA, 1978, EXTINCTION SURVIVAL, P282 BROWN JL, 1970, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V1, P239 BURCH ES, 1972, AM ANTIQUITY, V37, P339 BURTON I, 1974, HUM ECOL, P253 CAVALLISFORZA LL, 1971, GENETICS HUMAN POPUL CHARNOV EL, 1976, AM NAT, V110, P247 CHARNOV EL, 1976, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V9, P129 CLUTTONBROCK TH, 1974, NATURE, V250, P539 CLUTTONBROCK TH, 1977, J ZOOL LOND, V183, P1 CODY ML, 1974, SCIENCE, V183, P1156 COE M, 1964, SCIENCE, V143, P650 COLSON E, 1976, AM ANTHROPOL, V78, P261 COLWELL RK, 1974, ECOLOGY, V55, P1148 COX CB, 1976, BIOGEOGRAPHY ECOLOGI CROOK J, 1970, SOCIAL BEHAV BIRDS M, R21 CROOK JH, 1966, NATURE, V210, P1200 CROOK JH, 1970, ANIM BEHAV, V18, P197 CROOK JH, 1976, ANIM BEHAV, V24, P261 DAMAS D, 1969, CONTRIBUTIONS ANTHR DAMAS D, 1969, CONTRIBUTIONS ANTHR, P1 DAVIS MB, 1969, AM SCI, V57, P317 DENHAM WW, 1971, AM ANTHROPOL, V73, P77 DIAMOND JM, 1977, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V8, P249 DRURY WH, 1973, J ARNOLD ARBOR HARV, V54, P331 DURHAM WH, 1976, HUM ECOL, V4, P89 DYSONHUDSON R, 1978, AM ANTHROPOL, V80, P21 EISENBERG JF, 1972, SCIENCE, V176, P863 ERLICH PR, 1962, SCIENCE, V137, P652 GEERTZ C, 1973, INTERPRETATION CULTU GREENWOOD D, 1974, PEASANT STUDIES NEWS, V3, P1 HALDANE JBS, 1966, CAUSES EVOLUTION HALLPIKE CR, 1973, MAN, V8, P451 HARDESTY DL, 1972, AM ANTHROPOL, V74, P458 HARPENDING H, 1977, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V8, P275 HARRIS M, 1968, RISE ANTHR THEORY HATCH E, 1973, J ANTHR RES, V29, P221 HEINSELMAN ML, 1973, QUATERNARY RES, V3, P329 HELM J, 1962, AM J SOCIOLOGY, V17, P630 HELMS MW, 1978, AM ETHNOLOGIST, V5, P170 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HORN HS, 1974, ANNU REV ECOL SYS, V5, P25 HUTCHINSON GE, 1957, COLD SPRING HARB SYM, V22, P415 HUTCHINSON GE, 1975, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION 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CONCEPTS EC, P161 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MAYR E, 1976, EVOLUTION DIVERSITY, P30 MAYR E, 1976, EVOLUTION DIVERSITY, P88 MAZESS RB, 1975, BIOSOCIAL INTERRELAT, P9 MERTON RK, 1969, COMMUNITIES DISASTER, R7 MURPHY R, 1977, EVOLUTION ECOLOGY ES, P1 NESBITT PH, 1969, CONTRIBUTIONS ANTHR, P173 NETTING RM, 1971, 6 ADD WESL MOD PUBL ORANS M, 1975, AM ANTHROPOL, V77, P312 ORIANS GH, 1971, AVIAN BIOL, V1, P513 ORIANS GH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P139 PYKE GH, 1977, Q REV BIOL, V52, P137 RAPPAPORT RA, 1969, CONTRIBUTIONS ANTHR, P166 RAPPAPORT RA, 1969, CONTRIBUTIONS ANTHR, P184 RAPPAPORT RA, 1971, MAN CULTURE SOC, P237 RAPPAPORT RA, 1977, MICHIGAN DISCUSSIONS, V2, P138 RAY AJ, 1974, INDIANS FUR TRADE RIGLER FH, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P15 ROFF DA, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V15, P245 ROFF DA, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V15, P259 ROGERS ES, 1976, J ANTHROPOL RES, V32, P1 ROWE JS, 1966, EVOLUTION CANADAS FL, P12 ROWE JS, 1969, ESSAYS PLANT GEOGRAP, P63 SAHLINS M, 1976, USE ABUSE BIOL SALISBURY RF, 1975, ANTHROPOLOGICA, V17, P127 SAUER JD, 1977, WORLD ARCHEOLOGY, V8, P320 SCHALK RF, 1977, THEORY BUILDING ARCH, P207 SCHOENER TW, 1971, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V2, P369 SIMENSTAD CA, 1978, SCIENCE, V200, P403 SIMPSON G, 1953, MAJOR FEATURES EVOLU SLOBODKIN LB, 1968, POPULATION BIOL EVOL, P187 SLOBODKIN LB, 1974, QUART REV BIOL, V49, P181 SMITH EA, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P53 SMITH FE, 1972, GROWTH INTUSSUSCEPTI, V44, P309 SOUTHWOOD TRE, 1977, J ANIM ECOL, V46, P337 STEARNS S, 1976, Q REV BIOL, V51, P3 STEWARD JH, 1955, THEORY CULTURE CHANG STEWARD JH, 1968, ECOLOGY EVOLUTION, P43 SUTHERLAND JP, 1974, AM NAT, V108, P859 TERASMAE J, 1973, ARCTIC ALPINE RES, V5, P201 TERASMAE J, 1975, P NOVA SCOTIA I SC S, V27, P17 THOMAS RB, 1973, 7 PENNS STAT U OCC P THOMAS RB, 1978, HIGH ALTITUDE GEOECO, P139 THOMAS RB, 1979, YB PHYS ANTHR, V22, P1 VAYDA AP, 1975, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V4, P293 WALLACE B, 1968, TOPICS POPULATION GE WIENS JA, 1976, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V7, P81 WIENS JA, 1977, AM SCI, V65, P590 WILLIAMS GC, 1966, ADAPTATION NATURAL S WINTERHALDER B, 1977, THESIS CORNELL U WINTERHALDER B, 1978, 27 I ARCT ALP RES OC WINTERHALDER B, 1979, BOREAL FOREST ADAPTA WINTERHALDER B, 1979, COMPETITIVE EXCLUSIO WINTERHALDER B, 1979, HUNTER GATHERER FORA WOBST M, 1978, AM ANT, V43, P303 WRIGHT HE, 1973, QUATERNARY RES, V3, P319 YELLEN JE, 1976, KALAHARI HUNTER-GATH, P47 YOSHINO MM, 1975, CLIMATE SMALL AREA NR 133 TC 24 J9 HUM ECOL BP 135 EP 170 PY 1980 VL 8 IS 2 GA KA446 UT ISI:A1980KA44600004 ER PT J AU Steneck, RS Graham, MH Bourque, BJ Corbett, D Erlandson, JM Estes, JA Tegner, MJ TI Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review C1 Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Bates Coll, Dept Anthropol, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Anthropol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Steneck, RS, Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. AB Kelp forests are phyletically diverse, structurally complex and highly productive components of cold-water rocky marine coastlines. This paper reviews the conditions in which kelp forests develop globally and where, why and at what rate they become deforested. The ecology and long archaeological history of kelp forests are examined through case studies from southern California, the Aleutian Islands and the western North Atlantic, well-studied locations that represent the widest possible range in kelp forest biodiversity. Global distribution of kelp forests is physiologically constrained by light at high latitudes and by nutrients, warm temperatures and other macrophytes at low latitudes. Within mid-latitude belts (roughly 40-60degrees latitude in both hemispheres) well-developed kelp forests are most threatened by herbivory, usually from sea urchins. Overfishing and extirpation of highly valued vertebrate apex predators often triggered herbivore population increases, leading to widespread kelp deforestation. Such deforestations have the most profound and lasting impacts on species-depauperate systems, such as those in Alaska and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchin-induced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2-3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent global expansion of sea urchin harvesting has led to the widespread extirpation of this herbivore, and kelp forests have returned in some locations but, for the first time, these forests are devoid of vertebrate apex predators. In the western North Atlantic, large predatory crabs have recently filled this void and they have become the new apex predator in this system. Similar shifts from fish- to crab-dominance may have occurred in coastal zones of the United Kingdom and Japan, where large predatory finfish were extirpated long ago. Three North American case studies of kelp forests were examined to determine their long history with humans and project the status of future kelp forests to the year 2025. Fishing impacts on kelp forest systems have been both profound and much longer in duration than previously thought. Archaeological data suggest that coastal peoples exploited kelp forest organisms for thousands of years, occasionally resulting in localized losses of apex predators, outbreaks of sea urchin populations and probably small-scale deforestation. Over the past two centuries, commercial exploitation for export led to the extirpation of sea urchin predators, such as the sea otter in the North Pacific and predatory fishes like the cod in the North Atlantic. The largescale removal of predators for export markets increased sea urchin abundances and promoted the decline of kelp forests over vast areas. Despite southern California having one of the longest known associations with coastal kelp forests, widespread deforestation is rare. It is possible that functional redundancies among predators and herbivores make this most diverse system most stable. Such biodiverse kelp forests may also resist invasion from non-native species. In the species-depauperate western North Atlantic, introduced algal competitors carpet the benthos and threaten future kelp dominance. There, other non-native herbivores and predators have become established and dominant components of this system. Climate changes have had measurable impacts on kelp forest ecosystems and efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gasses should be a global priority. However, overfishing appears to be the greatest manageable threat to kelp forest ecosystems over the 2025 time horizon. Management should focus on minimizing fishing impacts and restoring populations of functionally important species in these systems. 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FISHERIES, V12, P1 YENDO K, 1914, EC P ROYAL DUBL SOC, V2, P105 ZIMMERMAN RC, 1984, J MAR RES, V42, P591 ZIMMERMAN RC, 1986, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V27, P227 ZOBELL CE, 1971, NOVA HEDWIGIA, V32, P269 NR 196 TC 5 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV BP 436 EP 459 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 29 IS 4 GA 663XW UT ISI:000182033200004 ER PT J AU Ladio, AH Lozada, M TI Patterns of use and knowledge of wild edible plants in distinct ecological environments: a case study of a Mapuche community from northwestern Patagonia SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Comahue, Ctr Reg Univ Bariloche, RA-8400 San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. RP Ladio, AH, Univ Nacl Comahue, Ctr Reg Univ Bariloche, Quintral 1250, RA-8400 San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. AB The multiple use of distinct ecological environments in the search for wild resources has been practiced since ancestral times in aboriginal communities inhabiting northwestern Patagonia. This paper examines the actual use and knowledge of wild edible plants in a Mapuche community presently settled in one of the most arid areas of Patagonia, far from the temperate forests where their ancestors used to live. The difference between knowledge of and use of wild plants is analyzed emphasizing that these differences could contribute to the understanding of eroding processes believed to be occurring in the community. These objectives are studied quantitatively by utilizing ethnobotanical indices, partially derived from ecological theory. Our results indicate that the Paineo dwellers still utilize multiple ecological gathering environments and have thorough plant knowledge of both native and exotic species. The Andean forest, more than 50 km away from this community, is the environment from which the Paineo dwellers know the greatest total richness and the highest diversity of wild edible plants, followed by the Monte-Steppe species and lastly, those growing around their homes. The transmission of wild edible plant knowledge in the Paineo community diminishes with age, and the forest plants are the most vulnerable to loss. Our results have shown that the knowledge and consumption of wild edible plants follows a pattern according to ecological conditions of the gathering environments, as well as the cultural heritage of the Paineo people. 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RP Quigley, MF, Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AB Species of Salix characterized by particular physiological adaptations and ecological resilience are predisposed to use in conservation and environmental projects in many climatic zones and adverse microsite conditions. The economic importance of Salix is currently increasing and emerging in a wide array of practical applications to restore damaged ecosystems. Here we describe the ecology, physiological characteristics and agricultural requirements of Salix and present an integrated picture based on literature review, of current uses for willows well beyond wetland and riparian situations. These uses include ecosystem restoration, phytoremediation (phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration and phytostabilization), bioengineering (water and wind erosion, and protective structures), and biomass production for both fuel and fiber. 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SZCZUKOWSKI S, 1998, POSTEPY NAUK VOLNICZ, V4, P17 THOMPSON W, 1998, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, V8, P38 VANDENHOVE H, 2001, J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV, V56, P157 VANDERHEIJDEN EW, 2003, OIKOS, V103, P668 VERVAEKE P, 2001, BIOMASS BIOENERG, V21, P81 VERVAEKE P, 2003, ENVIRON POLLUT, V126, P275 VERWIJST T, 2001, FOREST CHRON, V77, P281 WATSON C, 2003, INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT, V5, P333 WHITE JEJ, 1992, 1992 WILL S P ROYAL, V98, P183 WIELGOSZ E, 2000, ANN U M CURIIE SKLOD, V20, P185 WILKINSON AG, 1999, BIOMASS BIOENERG, V16, P263 WILSON J, 1992, 1992 WILL S P ROYAL, V98, P207 WU TH, 1995, SLOPE STABILIZATION, P221 ZOMLETER WB, 1994, GUIDE FLOWERING PLAN ZVEREVA EL, 1997, J APPL ECOL, V34, P1387 NR 130 TC 4 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLLUT BP 183 EP 204 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 162 IS 1-4 GA 931UE UT ISI:000229510200012 ER PT J AU Prato, T TI Adaptive management of large rivers with special reference to the Missouri River SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Prato, T, Univ Missouri, 212 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. AB The technocratic approach for managing the Missouri River and other large rivers is not effective in resolving conflicts among competing uses of water and dealing with uncertainty about how river ecosystems respond to alternative management actions. Adaptive management offers an alternative way to address these and other issues. It has the potential to alleviate management gridlock and provide lasting solutions to management of the Missouri River and other large river ecosystems. In passive adaptive management, simulation models and expert judgment are combined to select a preferred management action. While passive adaptive management is relatively simple and inexpensive to use, it does not necessarily provide reliable information for making management decisions. Active adaptive management uses statistically designed experiments to test assumptions or hypotheses about ecosystem responses to management actions. It is best carried out by a collaborative working group. Active adaptive management has several advantages, but the inability to satisfy certain prerequisites for successful application makes it more difficult to implement in large river ecosystems. A second-best approach is proposed here to select, implement, monitor, and evaluate a preferred management action and retain that action provided ecological conditions improve and socioeconomic indicators do not fall below established acceptability limits. 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Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. RP Dodson, JR, Univ Western Australia, Sch Earth & Geog Sci, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. AB The late Holocene of south-eastern Australia was typified by stable climate, vegetation and sedimentary regimes, in relative equilibrium with Aboriginal land use and fire management. The arrival of Europeans, with the associated vegetation clearance, introduction of exotic plants and animals, notably for grazing and agriculture and a change in fire regimes, resulted in changes in vegetation and sedimentary patterns. Impacts varied in type and magnitude through the region and evidence of impacts that is preserved varies with sedimentary setting. Here we take a number of proxy measures of vegetation change, fire history, erosion and weathering from six sediment sections across south-eastern Australia and use an index to measure overall rate of change. This shows that the vegetation and environmental systems of south-eastern Australia have been very sensitive to human impact following European settlement. CR ADAMSON DA, 1982, HIST AUSTRALASIAN VE, P109 ARCHER M, 1998, STATE ENV TECHNICAL BEATON JM, 1983, ARCHAEOLOGY OCEANIA, V18, P94 BIRD CFM, 1990, ARCHAEOLOGY OCEANIA, V26, P1 BIRKS HJB, 1998, J PALEOLIMNOL, V20, P307 BOON S, 1992, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V30, P206 BOWLER JM, 1976, QUATERNARY RES, V6, P359 BOWLER JM, 1981, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V82, P431 BOWMAN DMJS, 1998, NEW PHYTOL, V140, P385 BRADLEY RS, 1998, PALEOCLIMATOLOGY CHAPPELL J, 1991, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V10, P377 CLARK RL, 1983, ARCHAEOLOGY OCEANIA, V18, P32 CLARK RL, 1990, P ECOLOGICAL SOC AUS, V16, P1 COOK E, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P1266 COOK E, 1992, HOLOCENE, V2, P205 DAVIS MB, 1973, QUATERNARY PLANT ECO, P9 DEDECKKER P, 1988, GREENHOUSE PLANNING, P473 DODSON J, 1992, NAIVE LANDS, P115 DODSON JR, 1987, QUATERNARY RES, V27, P73 DODSON JR, 1993, VEG HIST ARCHAEOBOT, V2, P89 DODSON JR, 1994, AUST GEOGR, V25, P161 DODSON JR, 1994, AUST GEOGR, V25, P77 DODSON JR, 1994, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V32, P27 DODSON JR, 1994, AUSTR VEGETATION, P37 DODSON JR, 1995, MAN CULTURE OCEANIA, V11, P113 DODSON JR, 1998, AUST J ECOL, V23, P550 DODSON JR, 2000, AUST GEOGR, V31, P41 FOSTER DR, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P119 FOX BJ, 1986, RESILIENCE MEDITERRA, P39 FULLER TL, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P76 GELL PA, 1989, MONASH PUBLICATIONS, V36 GELL PA, 1993, HOLOCENE, V3, P150 GELL PA, 1997, AUST J BOT, V45, P389 GODFREY M, 1989, ARCHAEOLOGY OCEANIA, V24, P65 GOEDE A, 1996, J QUATERNARY SCI, V11, P1 GREEN DG, 1988, J BIOGEOGR, V15, P685 HARRISON SP, 1993, GLOBAL CLIMATES LAST, P265 HAWORTH RJ, 1999, AUST GEOGR, V30, P51 HEAD L, 1987, HUM ECOL, V15, P435 HEAD L, 1989, AUST GEOGR, V20, P37 HOBBS RJ, 1990, P ECOL SOC AUST, V16, P93 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOOLEY AD, 1980, J BIOGEOGR, V7, P349 HOPE GS, 1974, NEW PHYTOL, V73, P1035 HORTON DR, 1982, MANKIND, V13, P237 HUNTLEY B, 1990, QUATERNARY RES, V33, P360 JACOBSON GL, 1986, ECOLOGY, V67, P958 JACOBSON GL, 1987, N AM ADJACENT OCEA K, V3 JOHNSON AG, 2000, AUST GEOGR, V31, P209 KERSHAW AP, 1981, ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRA, P83 KERSHAW AP, 1994, REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO, V82, P83 KERSHAW AP, 1995, ANTIQUITY, V69, P656 LADD PG, 1978, AUSTR J BOTANY, V26, P393 LADD PG, 1979, NEW PHYTOL, V82, P265 LOURANDOS H, 1983, ARCHAEOLOGY OCEANIA, V18, P81 MACPHAIL MK, 1978, P ROYAL SOC VICTORIA, V90, P287 MACPHAIL MK, 1979, QUATERNARY RES, V11, P306 MACPHAIL MK, 1985, SEARCH, V15, P344 MACUMBER PJ, 1977, J GEOLOGICAL SOC AUS, V25, P307 MARTIN ARH, 1986, REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO, V47, P367 MOONEY S, 1997, HOLOCENE, V7, P139 MOONEY SD, 1996, THESIS U NEW S WALES MOONEY SD, 1997, AUST GEOGR, V28, P185 MOONEY SD, 2001, AUST GEOGR, V32, P163 THORNE A, 1999, J HUM EVOL, V36, P591 WALKER D, 1982, PLANT COMMUNITY WORK, P27 WESTMAN WE, 1978, BIOSCIENCE, V28, P705 WHITE AP, 1982, PREHISTORY AUSTR NEW NR 68 TC 1 J9 AUST J BOT BP 455 EP 464 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 GA 592QZ UT ISI:000177949500008 ER PT J AU Washington-Allen, RA West, NE Ramsey, RD Efroymson, RA TI A protocol for retrospective remote sensing-based ecological monitoring of rangelands SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Range & Wildlife Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Washington-Allen, RA, Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall,291 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. AB The degree of rangeland degradation in the United States is unknown due to the failure of traditional field-based monitoring to capture the range of variability of ecological indicators and disturbances, including climatic effects and land use practices, at regional to national spatial scales, and temporal scales of decades. Here, a protocol is presented for retrospective monitoring and assessment of rangeland degradation using historical time series of remote sensing data and catastrophe theory as an ecological framework to account for both gradual and rapid changes of state. This protocol 1) justifies the use of time-series satellite imagery in terms of the spatial and temporal scale of data collection; 2) briefly explains how to acquire, process, and transform the data into ecological indicators; 3) discusses the use of time-series analysis as the appropriate procedure for detecting significant change; and 4) explains what reference conditions are appropriate. Landsat data have been collected and archived since 1972, and include complete coverage of US rangelands. Characteristics of land degradation can be retrospectively measured for a nearly 33-year trend using surrogate remote sensing-based indicators that correlate with changes in life-form composition (time series of thematic maps), declines in vegetation productivity (vegetation indices), accelerated soil erosion (soil indices), declines in soil quality (piospheric analysis), and changes in landscape configuration (time series of thematic maps). Aspects of 2 retrospective studies are presented as examples of application of the protocol to considerations of the land use impacts from military training and testing and ranching activities on rangelands. CR *NRC, 1994, RANG HLTH NEW METH C *US DEP AGR NAT RE, 2003, NAT RANG PAST HDB ALLEN CD, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P14839 ARCHER S, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P545 BASTIAANSSEN WGM, 1998, REMOTE SENSING WATER BEATLEY JC, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P149 BONAN G, 2002, ECOLOGICAL CLIMATOLO BRIGGS JM, 1998, GRASSLAND DYNAMICS L, P265 CLEMENTS FE, 1936, J ECOL, V24, P252 CONGALTON R, 1998, ASSESSING ACCURACY R CREQUE JA, 1999, J RANGE MANAGE, V52, P546 DICKEY DA, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P427 GOWARD SN, 2001, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V78, P1 GRAETZ RD, 1988, INT J REMOTE SENS, V9, P1201 HARGROVE WW, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V6, P251 HOLMGREN M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P151 HOLMGREN M, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P89 HUETE AR, 1988, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V25, P295 HUNT ER, 2003, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V69, P675 JENSEN JR, 1996, INTRO DIGITAL IMAGE JENSEN ME, 2001, J RANGE MANAGE, V54, P528 LOCKWOOD JA, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P282 LUNETTA RS, 1993, LAND INFORMATION SPA, P363 MAGNUSON JJ, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P495 MARKHAM BL, 1986, EOSAT LANDSAT TECHNI, V1, P3 MCGARIGAL K, 1995, 351 PNW MILLER RF, 1994, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI, P101 MILTON SJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P70 OLSEN LM, 2004, GISCIENCE REMOTE SEN, V42, P200 OMALLEY R, 2000, ENVIRONMENT, V42, P21 PERKINS JS, 1993, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V4, P179 PERRY JNR, 2000, ANAL NON LINEAR DYNA PICKUP G, 1984, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V16, P195 PICKUP G, 1989, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V11, P74 PICKUP G, 1990, ECOL STUD, V79, P221 REEVES MC, 2001, J RANGE MANAGE, V54, P90 RIEBSAME WE, 1991, DROUGHT NATURAL RESO RIETKERK M, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P512 RIETKERK M, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P1926 RITCHIE ME, 1999, HERBIVORES PLANTS PR, P175 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SELLERS PJ, 1985, INT J REMOTE SENS, V6, P1335 SMITH MS, 1992, AGR SYST, V39, P83 SPIES TA, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P555 THE H, 2003, STATE NATIONS ECOSYS TUELLER PT, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P442 TURCHIN P, 2000, CHAOS REAL DATA ANAL, P33 TURNER MG, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH WASHINGTONALLEN RA, 2003, P 7 INT RANG C 26 JU, P416 WASHINGTONALLEN RA, 2003, RETROSPECTIVE ECOLOG WASHINGTONALLEN RA, 2004, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, V5, P69 WASHINGTONALLEN RA, 2004, GISCIENCE REMOTE SEN, V41, P95 WEST NE, 1989, RANGELAND RESOURCES, P18 WEST NE, 1991, NOXIOUS RANGE WEEDS, P31 WEST NE, 1994, 37 W REG RES COORD C WEST NE, 2003, ARID LAND RES MANAG, V17, P333 WEST NE, 2003, ARID LAND RES MANAG, V17, P495 WESTMAN WE, 1985, ECOLOGY IMPACT ASSES WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WYLIE BK, 2002, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V79, P266 YAFEE RA, 2000, INTRO TIME SERIES AN ZHOU LM, 2001, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V106, P20069 NR 62 TC 2 J9 RANGEL ECOL MANAG BP 19 EP 29 PY 2006 PD JAN VL 59 IS 1 GA 006NV UT ISI:000234905100003 ER PT J AU Essington, TE Schindler, DE Olson, RJ Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Hilborn, R TI Alternative fisheries and the predation rate of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, InterAmer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat Sci & Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Essington, TE, SUNY Stony Brook, Math Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. AB Apex predators in pelagic ecosystems may play key roles in determining food web structure and ecosystem dynamics. Commercial fisheries can thereby have large effects on pelagic ecosystems by selectively harvesting apex predators. We assessed the potential ecological consequences of fishing due to alternative harvest practices currently employed in the capture of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). Specifically, we estimated the demand on the prey resources consumed by yellowfin tuna and how this demand is altered by three methods of pure seining and by long-lining. These fishing techniques are contrasted by stark differences in age selectivity; longline and purse seine sets on yellowfin associated with dolphins ("dolphin sets") capture old fish, whereas purse seine sets on free-swimming tuna schools or floating objects ("dolphin-safe sets") capture young yellowfin. Yellowfin tuna predation rates were estimated froth a bioenergetics model coupled with a population model based on natural mortality estimates and age-specific vulnerabilities for each gear type. Maximum equilibrium fishery catch (measured in megagrams per year; 1 Mg = 1 metric ton) was lowest fur dolphin-safe sets and highest for dolphin sets and longline fishing. Moreover, the present combined fishery yield could not be sustained by either of the dolphin-safe sets, but could be sustained with either dolphin sets or long-lining. The predation rate of the yellowfin population was highly sensitive to the magnitude and type of fishing mortality: yellow fin predation rate declined by similar to119 Mg per megagram of floating object set catch, 72 Mg per megagram of school fish set catch. In contrast, predation declined by only 34 Mg and 17 Mg per megagram of dolphin set and longline catch, respectively. When considering all fishing techniques simultaneously in proportion to the present fishery, we estimated that total yellowfin predation is presently only one-third the magnitude expected froth an unfished population. This reduction in predation was unevenly distributed among prey items; the prey of large yellowfin experienced 80% less predation, whereas the prey of small yellowfin experienced only 50% less predation, compared to an unfished population. We conclude that fisheries can have large effects on trophic linkages in pelagic food webs even when fishing rates are sustainable, and that these ecological effects vary considerably for different types of fishing gear and fishing practices. CR *FAO UN, 1995, COD COND RESP FISH *FAO UN, 1999, FAO YB, V84 *INT TROP TUN COMM, 1999, ANN REP INT TROP TUN *NAT MAR FISH SERV, 1999, EC BAS FISH MAN REP *NAT RES COUNC, 1998, SUST MAR FISH ABRAMS PA, 1996, FOOD WEBS INTEGRATIO, P371 BAYLIFF WH, 1971, B INTERAM TROP TUNA, V15, P381 BIANCHI G, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P558 BRATTEN D, 1997, FISHERIES BYCATCH CO, P97 CAREY FG, 1982, INT COMM CONS ATL TU, V17, P444 CARPENTER SR, 1993, TROPHIC CASCADE LAKE CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 CHRISTENSEN V, 1998, J FISH BIOL A, V53, P128 CONSTABLE AJ, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P778 DAAN N, 1980, RAPPORTS PROCESVERBA, V177, P405 DICKIE LM, 1982, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V59, P18 FOGARTY MJ, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S6 FOURNIER DA, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P2105 HALL MA, 1998, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V8, P1 HALL SJ, 1999, EFFECTS FISHING MARI HAMPTON J, 2000, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V57, P1002 HANSSON S, 1996, ICES J MAR SCI, V53, P107 HIXON MA, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P946 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JACKSON JBC, 1997, CORAL REEFS S, V16, P23 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JENNINGS S, 1998, ADV MAR BIOL, V34, P201 JOSEPH J, 1994, OCEAN DEV INT LAW, V25, P1 KITCHELL JF, 1999, P WAK S EC CONS FISH, P665 LAWSON TA, 1985, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V42, P1766 LUBCHENCO J, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P371 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MAGNUSON JJ, 1971, FISH B US, V69, P361 MAGNUSON JJ, 1973, FISHERY B US, V71, P337 MAUNDER M, 2001, STOCK ASSESSMENT REP, V1, P5 MICHELI F, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1396 OLSON RJ, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P1760 OLSON RJ, 1990, THESIS U WISCONSIN M PARSONS TR, 1992, MAR POLLUT BULL, V25, P51 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PERRIN WF, 1968, SEA FRONTIERS, V14, P166 PERRIN WF, 1969, WORLD FISHING, V18, P42 POLACHECK T, 1989, FISHERIES B, V87, P123 RICE JA, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P732 ROBERTS CM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P988 SCHAEFER KM, 1996, FISH B-NOAA, V94, P98 SCHAEFER KM, 1998, B INTERAMERICAN TROP, V21, P205 SCHINDLER DE, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P735 SHIOMOTO A, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V150, P75 SUZUKI Z, 1994, P 1 FAO EXP CONS INT, P158 TOMLINSON PK, 1992, B INTERAMERICAN TROP, V20, P359 VERHEYE HM, 1998, ICES J MAR SCI, V55, P803 WALTERS CJ, 1997, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V7, P39 WANKOSKI JWJ, 1981, FISHERIES B, V79, P517 WILD A, 1986, B INTERAMERICAN TROP, V18, P423 WILD A, 1994, P 1 FAO EXP CONS INT, P52 WOOTTON JT, 1994, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V25, P443 NR 57 TC 3 J9 ECOL APPL BP 724 EP 734 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 12 IS 3 GA 553UL UT ISI:000175693800015 ER PT J AU Field, JC Francis, RC Aydin, K TI Top-down modeling and bottom-up dynamics: Linking a fisheries-based ecosystem model with climate SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review C1 NOAA, NMFS, Sw Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Field, JC, NOAA, NMFS, Sw Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. AB In this paper we present results from dynamic simulations of the Northern California Current ecosystem, based on historical estimates of fishing mortality, relative fishing effort, and climate forcing. Climate can affect ecosystem productivity and dynamics both from the bottom-up (through short- and long-term variability in primary and secondary production) as well as from the top-down (through variability in the abundance and spatial distribution of key predators). We have explored how the simplistic application of climate forcing through both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms improves the fit of the model dynamics to observed population trends and reported catches for exploited components of the ecosystem. We find that using climate as either a bottom-up or a top-down forcing mechanism results in substantial improvements in model performance, such that much of the variability observed in single species models and dynamics can be replicated in a multi-species approach. Using multiple climate variables (both bottom-up and top-down) simultaneously did not provide significant improvement over a model with only one forcing. In general, results suggest that there do not appear to be strong trophic interactions among many of the longer-lived, slower-growing rockfish, roundfish and flatfish in this ecosystem, although strong interactions were observed in shrimp, salmon and small flatfish populations where high turnover and predation rates have been coupled with substantial changes in many predator populations over the last 40 years. Published by Elsevier Ltd. CR *EPAP, 1999, EC BAS FISH MAN REP *NMFS, 1997, NMFSNWFSC28 NOAA *NRC, 1999, SUST MAR FISH *PFMC, 2002, STAT PAC COAST GROUN *PFMC, 2003, STAT PAC COAST GROUN *US GLOBEC, 1994, 11 US GLOBEC SCI STE AGOSTINI V, 2005, THESIS U WASHINGTON AINLEY DG, 1974, CONDOR, V76, P432 AKAIKE H, 1992, BREAKTHROUGHS STAT, V1, P610 APOLLONIO S, 1994, REV FISH SCI, V2, P157 AYDIN KY, 2003, 25 PICES N PAC MAR S AYDIN KY, 2004, AFR J MAR SCI, V26, P289 AYDIN KY, 2005, DEEP-SEA RES PT II, V52, P757 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 BOTTOM DL, 1993, LARGE MARINE ECOSYST, P259 BRIGGS KT, 1992, OREGON WASHINGTON MA BRODEUR RD, 1984, FISH B-NOAA, V82, P269 BUCKLEY TW, 1999, NFMSAFSC102 NOAA BUNDY A, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P1153 CARRETTA JV, 2002, NMFSSWFSC346 NOAA CASS VL, 1985, MAR FISH REV, V47, P36 CHELTON DB, 1982, J MAR RES, V40, P1095 CHRISTENSEN V, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V61, P169 CHRISTENSEN V, 2004, B MAR SCI, V74, P549 CHRISTENSEN V, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V172, P109 CLAPHAM PJ, 1997, MAR MAMMAL SCI, V13, P368 CLARK WG, 2002, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V22, P852 CONSER RJ, 2002, APPENDIX STAT PACIFI COX SP, 2002, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V59, P1736 CURY P, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P603 DORN MW, 1995, CAL COOP OCEAN FISH, V36, P97 EMMETT RL, 2000, N PACIFIC ANADROMOUS, V2, P11 ESSINGTON TE, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P2129 FIELD JC, 2004, THESIS U WASHINGTON FISCUS CH, 1966, J MAMMAL, V47, P195 FRANCIS RC, 1998, FISH OCEANOGR, V7, P1 FULTON EA, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V253, P1 FULTON EA, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V173, P371 FULTON EA, 2005, ICES J MAR SCI, V62, P540 GOODMAN D, 1908, SCI REV HARVEST STRA GOTSHALL DW, 1969, CALIF FISH GAME, V55, P75 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1992, J SHELLFISH RES, V11, P133 HANNA SS, 1997, ECOL ECON, V20, P221 HANNAH RW, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P612 HANNAH RW, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P1018 HARE SR, 2000, PROG OCEANOGR, V47, P103 HICKEY BM, 1979, PROGR OCEANOGRAPHY, V8, P191 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLOWED AB, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P707 HOLLOWED AB, 2001, PROG OCEANOGR, V49, P257 HUNT GL, 2000, 14 PICES N PAC MAR S JACOBSON LD, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P566 JARRETEICHMANN A, 1998, LOCAL VS GLOBAL CHAN, P423 LAEVASTU T, 1978, NUMERICAL EVALUATI 1 LAIDIG TE, 1997, BIOL MANAGEMENT SABL LAUTH RR, 1997, NMFSAFSC98 NOAA LAUTH RR, 2000, NMFSAFSC115 NOAA LAUTH RR, 2000, NMFSAFSC120 NOAA LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LIVINGSTON PA, 1983, FISH B-NOAA, V81, P629 LOGERWELL EA, 2003, FISH OCEANOGR, V12, P554 LOWRY MS, 1991, FISH B-NOAA, V89, P331 LOWRY MS, 1999, CAL COOP OCEAN FISH, V40, P196 LYNDE MVH, 1986, FNWC103 NOAA NMFS MACCALL AD, 2002, NORTH AM J FISH MANA, V22, P272 MACKINSON S, 2003, MAR MAMMAL SCI, V19, P661 MANGEL M, 2000, REV APPROACHES FISHE MANTUA NJ, 1997, B AM METEOROL SOC, V78, P1069 MARGALEF R, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P357 MCEVOY AF, 1996, SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE MCFARLANE GA, 2002, AM FISH S S, V32, P195 MCGOWAN JA, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P210 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 OLSON RJ, 2003, INTERAMERICAN TROPIC, V22, P135 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PAULY D, 2002, NATURE, V418, P689 PEREZ MA, 1986, FISH B-NOAA, V84, P957 PETERSON WT, 2003, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V30, P17528 PIKITCH EK, 1988, 8827 NWAFC NMFS NOAA PIKITCH EK, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P346 PLAGANYI EE, 2004, AFR J MAR SCI, V26, P261 POLOVINA JJ, 1984, CORAL REEFS, V3, P1 REXSTAD EA, 1986, FISH B-NOAA, V84, P947 RICE JC, 2001, PROGR OCEANOGRAPHY, V29, P189 ROBINSON CLK, 1993, J PLANKTON RES, V15, P161 ROBINSON CLK, 1999, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V56, P2433 RYTHER JH, 1969, SCIENCE, V166, P72 SCHEFFER VB, 1944, AM MIDL NAT, V32, P373 SCHEFFER VB, 1948, AM MIDL NAT, V39, P257 SCHNUTE JT, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P10 SHANNON LJ, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V172, P269 STEELE JH, 1974, STRUCTURE MARINE ECO SWARTZMAN G, 2003, ESTUARIES, V26, P1032 TANASICHUK RW, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V173, P181 WAHL TR, 1993, STAT ECOLOGY CONSERV WALTERS CJ, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P70 WALTERS CJ, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P39 WALTERS CJ, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P2058 WALTERS CJ, 1997, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V7, P1 WALTERS CJ, 2005, ICES J MAR SCI, V62, P558 WARE DM, 1989, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V108, P359 WARE DM, 1995, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V121, P509 WATTERS GM, 2003, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V60, P1161 WEINBERG KL, 2002, NMFSAFSC128 NOAA YOKLAVICH MM, 2000, FISH B-NOAA, V98, P625 ZIMMERMANN M, 2003, ICES J MAR SCI, V60, P818 NR 108 TC 1 J9 PROG OCEANOGR BP 238 EP 270 PY 2006 VL 68 IS 2-4 GA 040DQ UT ISI:000237359600008 ER PT J AU Sullivan, S TI The impacts of people and livestock on topographically diverse open wood- and shrub-lands in arid north-west Namibia SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 Univ London Sch Oriental & African Studies, Dept Anthropol & Sociol, London WC1H 0XG, England. Univ London Sch Oriental & African Studies, Dept Geog, London WC1H 0XG, England. RP Sullivan, S, Univ London Sch Oriental & African Studies, Dept Anthropol & Sociol, Thornhaugh St,Russell Sq, London WC1H 0XG, England. AB 1. It is generally considered that the open woodlands of north-west Namibia are experiencing widespread degradation due to over-use of resources by local herders. 2. Data are presented regarding community floristics, diversity, density, cover and population structure for woody vegetation. These are analysed in relation to abiotic factors of topography and substrate, and to settlement impacts represented indirectly by distance from settlement and directly by measures of branch cutting and browsing. 3. None of the vegetation indices upheld predicted patterns of degradation except on a small scale, confined to within settlements. Moreover, in nearly all cases, local settlement effects were within the range of variability observed at larger scales. 4. It is concluded that continuing perceptions and fears of degradation in this area relate more to ideology than evidence. In particular, it is argued that factors conferring resilience and persistence on both the environment and the regional herding economy are obscured by: (1) disregard for the implications of spatial and temporal scale in interpretations of ecological data; (2) a conceptual adherence to equilibrium dynamics that stresses density-dependent impacts of people and livestock over and above the role of abiotic factors in constraining and driving primary productivity; and (3) remnants of a colonial ideology, which tends to view 'traditional communal farming' practices as environmentally degrading. 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Acad Sci Czech Republ, Dept Theoret Biol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. RP de Roos, AM, Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, POB 94084, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Worldwide declines of fish stocks raise concerns about deleterious consequences of harvesting for stock abundances and individual life histories, and call for appropriate recovery strategies. Fishes in exploited stocks mature earlier at either larger or smaller sizes due to both genetic and plastic responses. The latter occur commonly when reduced competition for food leads to faster growth. Using a size-structured consumer-resource model, which accounts for both genetic and plastic responses, we show that fisheries-induced evolutionary changes in individual life history and stock properties can easily become irreversible. As a result of annual spawning, early maturation at small sizes and late maturation at large sizes can become alternative, evolutionarily and ecologically stable states under otherwise identical environmental conditions. Exploitation of late-maturing populations can then induce an evolutionary regime shift to smaller maturation sizes associated with stepwise, 1-year decreases in age at first reproduction. Complete and early fishing moratoria slowly reverse this process, but belated or partial closure of fisheries may accelerate or even instigate further evolution to smaller sizes at maturation. We suggest that stepwise decreases in maturation age can be used as early warnings of upcoming evolutionary changes, and should inspire timely restrictions of fisheries. 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RP Young, OR, Dartmouth Coll, Inst Int Environm Governance, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. 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AB The restructuring of Bulgaria's social, economic and political system includes a change in the way it handles disaster preparation and response. During the Cold War, the entire country drilled regularly in civil defense, which was under the control of the army. A recent decree and pending legislation transfers civil defense from the military to the Council of Ministers, which has developed a national plan for defense against environmental hazards, This research shows that the transformation from command to market economy, plus the country's severe economic crisis, is degrading existing civil defense structures, preventing the implementation of the proposed new organization and increasing the population's vulnerability to hazards. Case studies of a small city, a petrochemical complex, coastal-zone hazards management, earthquake hazards regulation and the Kozloduy nuclear facility demonstrate Bulgaria's increasing vulnerability to environmental hazards. CR 1993, HOURS BBN, V3, P5 BEGG R, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 DOWNING TE, 1991, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V1, P365 FRIEDBERG J, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV KOULOV B, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV LIVERMAN DM, 1993, RISK ASSESSMENT GLOB MIKHOVA D, 1991, DEC IMP POL EC RESTR MORREN GEB, 1991, INTERPRETATIONS CALA, P284 PASKALEVA K, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV PAVLINEK P, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV SAYER A, 1985, POLITICS METHOD CONT, P147 SCHOENBERGER E, 1991, PROF GEOGR, V43, P180 SHAPIRA P, 1991, COMMUNICATION 0616 SMITH K, 1992, ENV HAZARDS ASSESSIN TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 WALKER GP, 1991, LAND USE POLICY JUL, P227 YARNAL B, UNPUB FREE CLEAN ENV YARNAL B, 1992, UNPUB EFFECT EC POLI, V2 YARNAL B, 1994, IN PRESS GLOBAL ENV YARNAL B, 1994, LAND USE POLICY, V11, P67 NR 21 TC 5 J9 DISASTERS BP 95 EP 106 PY 1994 PD JUN VL 18 IS 2 GA NP448 UT ISI:A1994NP44800001 ER PT J AU Ostrom, E Burger, J Field, CB Norgaard, RB Policansky, D TI Sustainability - Revisiting the commons: Local lessons, global challenges SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Indiana Univ, Workshop Polit Theory & Policy Anal, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Ostrom, E, Indiana Univ, Ctr Study Inst Populat & Environm Change, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. AB In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival. 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Univ Queensland, Dept Geog Sci & Planning, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. CSIRO, Land & Water, Perth, WA, Australia. RP Bellamy, JA, CSIRO, Trop Agr, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. AB Approaches to natural resource management based on the integration of community involvement, technical knowledge, and organizational structure and policy objectives are endorsed throughout Australia. The emerging paradigm of resource management supports a more flexible and adaptive approach to address the uncertainty, complexity, and interconnectedness associated with natural resource and human management systems. The translation of this concept into practice, however, is proving difficult, and proactive evaluation should help. But the evaluation of the effectiveness of integrated resource management (IRM) approaches both in Australia and internationally is relatively more neglected. This article discusses issues of IRM evaluation and proposes a conceptual evaluation framework that identifies a range of technical, institutional, economic, and social criteria that may influence the success of IRM in practice. This framework should facilitate the proper formulation of the natural resource management problem and its underlying characteristics. 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INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RP Laurance, WF, Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama. AB Are the dynamics of most ecological processes fundamentally increased in frequency or magnitude in fragmented habitats? Hyperdynamism could alter a wide range of population, community, and landscape phenomena, and appears to be evident in fragmented tropical, temperate, and boreal Communities. I suggest some potential causes and consequences of hyperdynamism, and argue that the responses of many species and ecological processes to habitat fragmentation can be understood in this context. 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As a case study, the methodology was applied to classify the aquatic environments of Baixada de Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Data about the fish assemblages of the region were obtained from existing studies and in samples carried monthly between March/1992 and January/1993. Local ecosystems were grouped into lagoons (Laguna da Tijuca, Laguna de Marapendi and Laguna de Jacarepagua), rivers and wetlands. River sections were classified in headwaters and lowlands. Wetlands were arranged into temporary or permanent swamps. Statistical methods of association were applied to identify ecological groups of species and to asses the affinity between the ecosystems. The environmental sensitivity was considered as the resilience capacity of the different systems and the importance of each ecosystem in the conservation of endemic/endangered taxa and of biodiversity. In order to obtain the sensitivity, data on the richness of the region, and of each ecosystem, and the proportion of primary, eucenes, exclusive and endangered taxa were converted into sensitivity determinants' factors (endemism, particularity, vulnerability, resilience, biodiversity), calculated for each environment. The total sensibility of each habitat was obtained using the multiatribute value theory (MVAT), producing scores that are positively associated with the degree of restriction that each environment presents to the establishment of human activities. In the Baixada de Jacarepagui region, the decreasing gradient of sensibility was represented by the following ordination: headwaters, temporary swamps, lowlands, Laguna da Tijuca, permanent swamps, Laguna de Marapendi and Laguna de Jacarepagua. 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RP Ascher, W, Claremont Mckenna Coll, 500 E 9th St, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. AB Science can reinforce the healthy aspects of the politics of the policy process, to identify and further the public interest by discrediting policy options serving only special interests and helping to select among "science-confident" and "hedging" options. To do so, scientists must learn how to manage and communicate the degree of uncertainty in scientific understanding and prediction, lest uncertainty be manipulated to discredit science or to juste inaction. For natural resource and environmental policy, the institutional interests of government agencies, as well as private interests, pose challenges of suppression, over-simplification, or distortion of scientific information. Scientists can combat these maneuvers, but must also look inward to ensure that their own special interests do not undermine the usefulness of science. 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We examine the impact of AK-47 raiding on the adaptability of Karimojong agropastoralists in northern Uganda. Most notably, raiding is linked to a loss of population resilience in Karamoja, measured in increased mortality of young children and of adult males in their prime reproductive years and decreased female fertility. AK-47 raiding has acted both directly and indirectly as a Darwinian stressor in this population, compromising long-standing adaptive strategies and intensifying selection pressure. We briefly discuss similar effects of recently altered patterns of raiding among related Turkana pastoralists in Kenya. We then consider the process by which this traditional cultural institution was modified in the interests of preserving cultural identity. We conclude nonetheless that cattle raiding with automatic weapons constitutes singularly maladaptive cultural behavior in contemporary pastoralist societies. 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Allocating security resources to a water supply network SO IIE TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Ind Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Lawley, M, Purdue Univ, Sch Ind Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. AB This paper develops a method for allocating a security budget to a water supply network so as to maximize the network's resilience to physical attack. The method integrates max-min linear programming, hydraulic simulation, and genetic algorithms for constraint generation. The objective is to find a security allocation that maximizes an attacker's marginal cost of inflicting damage through the destruction of network components. We illustrate the method on two example networks, one large and one small, and investigate its allocation effectiveness and computational characteristics. 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UNIV YORK,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. UNIV STOCKHOLM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UMEA UNIV,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN. RP ROSSER, JB, JAMES MADISON UNIV,DEPT ECON,HARRISONBURG,VA 22807. AB We examine sources and dynamics of discontinuous changes in discrete multi-level hierarchical ecological-economic systems. We hypothesize the anagenetic moment, the creation of a new level of hierarchy, as arising from variable entrainment at some level. Bottom-up as well as top-down dynamics are studied and competing theories of the sources of such discontinuities are reviewed. Implications for the analysis of complex ecological-economic systems are considered depending on whether they are characterized by single hierarchy, bi-hierarchy, or matrix hierarchy relationships. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV ALLEN TFH, 1990, J VEG SCI, V1, P5 ALLEN TFH, 1992, UNIFIED ECOLOGY AOKI M, 1990, J ECON LIT, V28, P1 ARROW KJ, 1974, LIMITS ORG BAK P, 1991, SCI AM, V264, P46 BAK P, 1993, RICERCHE ECONOMICHE, V47, P3 BOERLIJST MC, 1991, PHYSICA D, V48, P17 BOULDING KE, 1978, ECODYNAMICS NEW THEO BROCK WA, 1993, SSRI9302 U WISC MAD CHAVAS JP, 1993, AM J AGR ECON, V75, P113 COLANDER D, 1993, E ECON J, V19, P447 COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 DAVIS SM, 1977, MATRIX DENDRINOS DS, 1985, STUDIES MATH ECOLOGY DIENER M, 1984, CHAOS ORDER NATURE, P249 DURLAUF SN, 1991, REV ECON STUD, V60, P349 EIGEN M, 1979, HYPERCYCLE PRINCIPLE ELLIS R, 1985, ENTROPY LARGE DEVIAT FRANKLIN B, 1735, POOR RICHARDS ALMANA FUNTOWICZ S, 1993, WORKSHOP MODELING CO GALLOPIN GC, 1989, INT SOC SCI J, P375 GEORGESCUROEGEN N, 1971, ENTROPY LAW EC PROCE GUNTHER F, 1993, IN PRESS J BIOL SYST HAKEN H, 1983, SYNERGETICS NONEQUIL HOLDEN L, 1993, J MATH BIOL, V31, P351 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 IANNELLO KP, 1992, DECISIONS HIERARCHY ISOMAKI HM, 1990, IN PRESS 4TH P FINN JANTSCH E, 1982, SELF ORG DISSIPATIVE, P344 KAC M, 1968, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, P241 KAUFFMAN SA, 1991, J THEOR BIOL, V149, P467 KAY JJ, 1991, ENVIRON MANAGE, V15, P483 KHALIL EL, 1992, METHODUS, V4, P29 LOTKA AJ, 1922, P NATIONAL ACADEMY S, V8, P147 MANSKI CF, 1981, STRUCTURAL ANAL DISC MESAROVIC MD, 1970, THEORY HIERARCHICAL NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR NICOLIS JS, 1986, DYNAMICS HIERARCHICA ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHICAL CONCEPT ONEILL RV, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V3, P193 PATTEE HH, 1973, HIERARCHY THEORY PERRINGS C, 1992, UNPUB BIODIVERSITY L PHELPS ES, 1972, INFLATION POLICY UNE PUU T, 1990, OCCASIONAL PAPER SER, V1, P1 PUU T, 1992, J ECON LIT, V30, P1382 ROSSER J, 1991, CATASTROPHE CHAOS GE ROSSER J, 1994, WORLD FUTURES, V39, P197 ROSSER JB, 1992, J ECON BEHAV ORGAN, V17, P195 SCHANK JC, 1992, J THEOR BIOL, V157, P317 SCHANK JC, 1992, J THEORETICAL BIOL SCHNEIDER ED, 1992, IN PRESS INT J MATH SCHUMPETER JA, 1939, BUSINESS CYCLES SERENO MI, 1991, J THEOR BIOL, V151, P467 SIMON HA, 1962, P AM PHILOS SOC, V106, P467 STOKES KM, 1992, MAN BIOSPHERE COEVOL SUGIHARA G, 1990, UNPUB DISTINGUISHING SWENSON R, 1989, SYST RES, V6, P187 THOM R, 1972, STABILITE STRUCTUREL THOMPSON JMT, 1992, PHYSICA D, V58, P260 VARELA F, 1974, BIOSYSTEMS, V5, P187 WHITE RW, 1990, ENVIRON PLANN A, V22, P1309 WILLIAMSON OE, 1975, MARKETS HIERARCHIES WINIWARTER P, 1992, SYST RES, V9, P9 ZHANG WB, 1991, SYNERGETIC EC TIME C NR 67 TC 6 J9 SYST RES BP 77 EP 93 PY 1994 VL 11 IS 3 GA PX990 UT ISI:A1994PX99000005 ER PT J AU Jacobs, JW Wescoat, JL TI Managing river resources: Lessons from Glen Canyon Dam SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 CNR, Water Sci & Technol Board, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Jacobs, JW, CNR, Water Sci & Technol Board, 2101 Constitut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20418 USA. CR *GCES, 1987, RIV DAM MAN REV BUR *GCES, 1991, COL RIV EC DAM MAN P *GCES, 1996, RIV RES MAN GRAND CA *GCMRC, 1996, OP PROT GRAND CAN MO *GCMRC, 1997, GRAND CAN MON RES CT, P28 *GCMRC, 1999, COL RIV EC SCI S ABS *GCMRC, 1999, DOWNSTR AD MAN GLEN *GCMRC, 1999, FIN REP PHYS RES MON *NRC, DOWNSTR AD MAN GLEN, P125 *NRC, RIV RES MAN GRAND CA *SOC LEARN GROUP, 2001, LEARN MAN GLOB ENV R *US BUR RECL, 1995, OP GLEN CAN DAM FIN *US DEP INT, REC DEC OP GLEN CAN *US DEP INT, 1946, COL RIV NAT MEN BEC *US DEP INT, 1972, RECL REL LAWS ANN *W AR POW ADM, 2001, REPL RES METH REP *WORLD COMM DAMS, 2000, DAMS DEV NEW FRAM DE, P2 ARROW K, 1993, FED REGISTER, V58, P4601 BISSELL RE, 2001, ENVIRONMENT SEP, P37 CAMERON TA, 1997, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V33, P296 EVERMANN BW, 1895, B US BUR FISH, V14, P473 FERGUSON TJ, 1998, ONGTUPQA NIQW PISISW GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANLEY N, 1995, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V5, P249 HARPMAN DA, 1993, WATER RESOUR RES, V29, P575 HARPMAN DA, 1995, RIVERS, V4, P280 HEALY RG, 1995, POLICY SCI, V28, P1 HUNDLEY N, 1986, NEW COURSES COLORALD, P9 JACOBS JW, 1999, WATER INT, V24, P196 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE MARCH J, 1999, PURSUIT ORG INTELLIG MARTIN R, 1990, STORY STANDS LIKE DA MINCKLEY WL, 1991, COLORADO RIVER ECOLO, P124 PATTEN D, 1998, INTEGRATION EVALUATI PORTER E, 1963, PLACE NO 1 KNEW G CA POWELL JW, 1961, EXPLORATION COLORADO REISNER M, 1986, CADILLAC DESERT AM W, P121 SCHMIDT JC, 1990, 1493 US GEOL SURV VALDEZ R, 1998, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM CO WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WARD JV, 1983, DYNAMICS LOTIC ECOSY WESCOAT JL, 2000, EX POST EVALUATION D WHITE GF, 1998, ENVIRONMENT SEP, P34 WHITE GF, 1998, ENVIRONMENT SEP, P5 NR 44 TC 1 J9 ENVIRONMENT BP 8 EP 19 PY 2002 PD MAR VL 44 IS 2 GA 520LY UT ISI:000173784400003 ER PT J AU van Wyk, E Breen, CM Roux, DJ Rogers, KH Sherwill, T van Wilgen, BW TI The Ecological Reserve: Towards a common understanding for river management in South Africa SO WATER SA LA English DT Article C1 CSIR Nat Resources & Environm, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Ctr Environm Agr & Dev, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. Univ Witwatersrand, Ctr Water Environm, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. CSIR Nat Resources & Environm, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. RP van Wyk, E, CSIR Nat Resources & Environm, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. AB The legal requirement for an Ecological Reserve established in South Africa's water law is commonly regarded by stakeholders as being in direct competition with the needs of humans. This has resulted in much debate and varying interpretations of the meaning and purpose of the Ecological Reserve. However, the requirement for water that is allocated to sustain ecosystem functions is directly aligned with options for human use arising from rivers to deliver a suite of ecosystem goods and services to society. In this paper, we propose a conceptual approach to support a more constructive debate around the role and function of the Reserve in the sustainable use and protection of a suite of benefits to society. The approach proposes that debate be structured around managing for a dynamic ecological state in rivers that would in turn achieve the desired (albeit dynamic) mix of goods and services to a wide range of stakeholders. These stakeholders come from widely differing socioeconomic backgrounds, and their needs may be either for the direct use of water and associated resources located within the macro channels of rivers, or for their use in supporting social and economic activity remote from the river. The paper shows how goods and services concepts can provide an approach that contributes to developing a shared understanding that facilitates decisions on water allocations. The implication is that when water allocations can be evaluated comparatively it creates greater awareness of each other's needs and interdependencies and value is attached to a greater diversity of benefits and costs. This in turn allows for opportunities to achieve more equitable recognition and allocation of the resources associated with rivers. The approach assists in making the conceptual link between goods and services that arise from constructed production systems, and those that arise from natural production systems (i.e. ecosystems). Off-site as well as on-site use of river goods and services (the latter being catered for by the Ecological Reserve) can in this way be brought into debate in a way that promotes wider appreciation of society's diverse uses of river resources. In doing so it promotes interest-based participation as intended by legislation. CR *DWAF, 1997, WHIT PAP NAT WAT POL *DWAF, 2004, NAT WAT RES STRAT ALCAMO J, 2003, ECOSYSTEMS HUMAN WEL ANWILGEN BW, 2003, 1062103 WRC BORSUK M, 2001, GROUP DECIS NEGOT, V10, P355 BREEN CM, 2003, 1198103 WRC CHAPMAN M, 2000, TRUST ITS RELEVANCE DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DAILY GC, 2001, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES B DENT CM, 2001, WATER SA, V27, P333 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HEEG J, 1994, WETLANDS SHALLOW CON, V2, P303 JEWITT G, 2002, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V27, P887 LUBCHENCO J, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P491 LUDWIG D, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P758 MILLS TJ, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P189 POSTEL S, 2003, RIVERS LIFE MANAGING ROBERTSON DP, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P970 SHERWILL T, 2003, WATER WHEEL, V2, P9 NR 19 TC 0 J9 WATER SA BP 403 EP 409 PY 2006 PD JUL VL 32 IS 3 GA 063SF UT ISI:000239039200015 ER PT J AU Callahan, B Miles, EL Fluharty, D TI Policy implications of climate forecasts for water resources management in the Pacific Northwest SO POLICY SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Hayes Ctr, Climate Impacts Grp, Sch Marine Affairs,JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Callahan, B, Univ Washington, Hayes Ctr, Climate Impacts Grp, Sch Marine Affairs,JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AB The Columbia River Basin management system suffers from conflicts over water use and allocation, and vulnerability to climate variability that disrupt hydropower, fisheries, irrigation, water supply, and other vital activities. Climate forecasts have the potential to improve water resource management in this system supporting management decisions that decrease its vulnerability to droughts, floods, and other crises related to climate variability. This study shows that despite the potential utility, managers do not use climate forecasts except for background information. The barriers to managers' use of climate forecasts include low forecast skill, lack of interpretation and demonstrated applications, low geographic resolution, inadequate links to climate variability related impacts, and institutional aversion to incorporating new tools into decision making. To realize the potential of climate forecasts for water resources management, we recommend strategies that include technical improvements to the forecast products, and joint efforts between forecast producers and the management community to develop and demonstrate climate forecast applications through reciprocal and iterative education. CR *BONN POW ADM, 1991, COL RIV SYST OP REV *BONN POW ADM, 1995, COL RIV SYST OP REV *NAT RES COUNC, 1996, LEARN PRED CLIM VAR *NW POW PLANN COUN, 1987, COL BAS FISH WILDL P *US C, 1993, PREP UNC CLIM, V1, P209 BERNARD DP, 1995, WORKSH HELD VICT BC CHANGNON SA, 1992, J APPL METEOROL, V31, P1488 CHANGNON SA, 1994, B AM METEOROLOGICAL, V76, P36 CHANGNON SA, 1995, B AM METEOROL SOC, V76, P711 FLEAGLE R, 1980, CLIMATE RISK, V2 GLANTZ MH, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P3 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 LEE KN, 1989, ENVIRONMENT, V31, P6 LEE KN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P214 MANTUA N, 1996, UNPUB RELATIONSHIP C PULWARTY RS, 1996, UNPUB B AM MET S MAR SCHMELING M, 1997, COMMUNICATION SONKA ST, 1992, B AM METEOROL SOC, V73, P1999 WHITE R, 1995, ORGANIC MACH WHITE R, 1996, COMMUNICATION NR 20 TC 5 J9 POLICY SCI BP 269 EP 293 PY 1999 PD SEP VL 32 IS 3 GA 248NW UT ISI:000083282500004 ER PT J AU Tremblay, JP Hester, A Mcleod, J Huot, J TI Choice and development of decision support tools for the sustainable management of deer-forest systems SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Laval, Chaire Rech Ind CRSNG Prod Forestiers Anticosti, Dept Biol, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. No Studies Ctr, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland. RP Tremblay, JP, Univ Laval, Chaire Rech Ind CRSNG Prod Forestiers Anticosti, Dept Biol, Pavillon Alexandre Vachon, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. AB Situations where a natural resource is both an asset, as well as a threat, to the integrity of ecosystem function and biodiversity are difficult to manage sustainably. One such situation happens when native deer populations, which are managed for sport are overexploiting forests to a point where they severely compromise natural forest regeneration. Managers facing those situations need support from the scientific community to analyse and synthesise information on deer-forest relationships and thus help to predict the potential outcomes of different management options for both the deer and the forests. Research scientists are increasingly expected to provide expertise and support into the decision-making process. One way to achieve this is to develop decision support tools (DSTs) based upon sound, scientific understanding of the deer-forest systems. Our objective is to explore a range of approaches that have been used for the development of DSTs for deer-forest management and to propose criteria for selecting a specific approach or combination of approaches for specific situations. DST and research-oriented models were catalogued according to two modelling paradigms: bottom-up models, which simulate systems through inductive inference, by scaling up from fundamental processes to the inherent behaviour of the system-the best known applications are forest gap and individual-based models; and top-down models which proceed by deductive, rule-based inference-they include expert systems, qualitative simulation models, frame-based models, Markovian process models and Bayesian networks. Uncertainty assessment in both modelling paradigms is discussed. The analysis is put in the context of two very different examples of deer-forest systems currently requiring DST development to guide their management: (1) the upland red/roe deer-fragmented temperate/boreal forest system of Scotland; and (2) the white-tailed deer-eastern boreal forest system of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. We conclude that a top-down approach with explicit uncertainty assessment should be aimed for, as a deliverable product to the end-users, keeping in mind that simulation models from the bottom-up family may be required to gain insights about the underlying mechanisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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DEPT CONSERVAT & ENVIRONM,DIV FLORA & FAUNA,WILDLIFE BRANCH,HEIDELBERG,VIC 3084,AUSTRALIA. CHICAGO ZOOL SOC,DEPT CONSERVAT BIOL,BROOKFIELD,IL 60513. AB Wildlife conservation policy for endangered species restoration follows a six-phase process. Population viability analysis (PVA) can play a major contributing role in four of these. PVA, as discussed here, is a technique where extinction vulnerabilities of small populations are estimated using computer simulation modeling. The benefits and limitations of using PVA in wildlife decision and policy processes are reviewed based on our direct experience. PVA permits decision makers to set time frames for management, estimate the required magnitude of restoration efforts, identify quantitative targets for species recovery, and select, implement, monitor, and evaluate management strategies. PVA is of greatest value for rare species policy and management. However, a limitation of PVA simulation models is that they are constrained by the amount of biological data available, and such data are difficult to obtain from small populations that are at immediate risk of extinction. These problems may be overcome with improved models and more data. Our experience shows benefits of PVA far outweigh its limitations, and applications of the approach are most useful when integrated with decision analysis and completed within an adaptive management philosophy. PVAs have been carried out for 14 Victorian species and less used elsewhere in Australia. Management and recovery plans are developed from these PVAs. We recommend that PVA be used to guide research programs, develop conservation strategies, and inform decision and policy making for both endangered and nonendangered species because it can significantly improve many aspects of natural resource policy and management. 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the boreal forest of the Canadian Prairie Provinces SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article C1 Treeline Ecol Res, Sherwood Pk, AB T8E 1E3, Canada. RP Timoney, KP, Treeline Ecol Res, 21551 Twp Rd 520, Sherwood Pk, AB T8E 1E3, Canada. AB The subhumid boreal forest of western Canada is different today from what it was 25 years ago. Before the 1950s, the main human impacts on this forest were agricultural expansion, escaped settlement fires, and high-grade logging. The latter half of the 20(th) Century saw increased human stresses placed on the ecosystems, against a background of insect outbreaks and high forest fire activity. In the Prairie provinces, current annual area burned is greater and more variable than it was in the 1970s. Over the past 25 years, the area disturbed by insects (primarily forest tent caterpillar) and disease has declined, but both the area and timber volume logged have risen. The boreal forest (particularly its southern half) is being converted to a fragmented landscape dominated by young aspen, shrub, grass, plantations, exotic species, industrial infrastructure, and agricultural fields. The current disturbance level has increased to the point that forest land and volume losses now exceed forest accruals in some regions; average forest age and biomass have been declining since about 1970. Relative to past decades, the present subhumid boreal forest region of Canada is warmer, and more fragmented and dissected; it supports less old growth, less old white spruce, and more young aspen and recently disturbed areas; it has simplified and truncated age-class structures; and it has a greater prevalence of non-native plants. Future stresses may include in situ tar sands development, groundwater depletion or degradation, and water diversions. Should present trends continue, declining forest productivity and predictability, and spread of exotic species are likely, as is replacement of coniferous forest by deciduous forest in some regions. Stressed aquatic systems may undergo major changes in biotic composition, productivity, and physical characteristics. Without a rapid decrease in the rate of disturbances, the establishment of a more complete protected areas network, and the adoption of ecosystem-centred management, the subhumid boreal ecosystem will continue to be degraded. 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(With full military honors of course!) SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP O' Neill, RV, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. AB The ecosystem concept has become a standard paradigm for studying ecological systems. Underlying the ecosystem concept is a "machine analogy" derived from Systems Analysis. This analogy is difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of ecological systems as metastable adaptive systems that may operate far from equilibrium. This paper discusses some logical and scientific problems associated with the ecosystem concept, and suggests a number of modifications in the paradigm to address these problems. 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Middlesex Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Management, Enfield EN3 4SF, Middx, England. RP Klein, RJT, Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, POB 601203, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. AB The UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies provides an elaboration of the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations. This paper presents the concepts and ideas that underpin the chapter Coastal Zones of the UNEP Handbook. Particular emphasis is given to the conceptual framework, which is centered around the concept of vulnerability. Further, the IPCC Common Methodology for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise is evaluated and compared with the Technical Guidelines. One notable difference between the 2 approaches concerns the use of scenarios. In the Common Methodology scenarios are prescribed, while the Technical Guidelines allow users maximum freedom in selecting and developing scenarios. Finally, the paper discusses 3 levels of increasingly complex assessment in coastal zones. As more experience is acquired, coastal databases improve and better analytical tools and techniques are developed, more comprehensive and integrated assessments will become feasible. 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Univ Wageningen, Environm Econ & Nat Resources Grp, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Hein, L, Univ Wageningen, Enviromn Syst Anal Grp, Ritsema Bosweg 32A, NL-6703 AZ Wageningen, Netherlands. AB A large range of models has been developed for the analysis of optimal forest management strategies, with the well-known Faustmann models dating back to the mid-19th century. To date, however, there has been relatively little attention for the implications of complex ecosystem dynamics foroptimal forest management. This paper xamines the implications of irreversible ecosystem responses for efficient and sustainable forest management. The paper is built around two forest models that comprise two ecosystem components, forest cover and topsoil, the interactions between these components, and the supply of the ecosystem services 'wood' and 'erosion control'. The first model represents a forest that responds in a reversible way to overharvesting. In the second model, an additional ecological process has been included and the ecosystem irreversibly collapses below certain thresholds in forest cover and topsoil depth. The paper presents a general model, and demonstrates the implications of pursuing efficient as well as sustainable forest management for the two forest ecosystems. Both fixed and variable harvesting cycles are examined. Efficient and sustainable harvesting cycles are compared, and it is shown that irreversible ecosystem behaviour reduces the possibilities to reconcile efficient and sustainable forest management through a variable harvesting cycle. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CR *FAO, 1992, 103 FAO *WECD, 1987, OUR COMM FUT ALBERS HJ, 1996, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V30, P73 ARONSSON T, 2000, CAN J FOREST RES, V30, P589 BARBIER EB, 1990, EUR ECON REV, V34, P659 BISHOP RC, 1978, AM J AGR ECON, V60, P10 BRAZEE RJ, 2001, FOREST SCI, V47, P441 CAMMERAAT LH, 2002, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P187 CHIANG AC, 1992, ELEMENTS DYNAMIC OPT CHOMITZ KM, 1998, FINANCING ENV SERVIC CHUMACHENKO SI, 2003, ECOL MODEL, V170, P345 CLARK WC, 1976, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP, P18 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 CREEDY J, 2001, ECOL ECON, V38, P71 CROKE J, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V143, P3 DEACON RT, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V11, P383 FAUSTMANN M, 1849, J FOREST ECON, V1, P7 FRANKLIN JF, 2002, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V155, P399 FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV VALU GETZ WM, 1989, POPULATION HARVESTIN GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 HAIGHT RG, 1987, FOREST SCI, V33, P116 HANLEY P, 1999, HDB ENV RESOURCE EC, P824 HARTMAN R, 1976, ECON INQ, V14, P52 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P507 HOWARTH RB, 1993, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V3, P337 HUETING R, 1980, NEW SCARCITY EC GROW HUETING R, 1991, ECOL ECON, V3, P43 IMESON AC, 2002, MEDITERRANEAN DESERT, P177 KEENAN RJ, 1993, ENV REV, V1, P121 KISHOR NM, 1993, 7 WORLD BANK KLEMPERER WD, 1976, J FOREST, V74, P609 KOSKELA E, 1989, FOREST SCI, V35, P137 KREMAR E, 2005, ECOL MODEL, V185, P451 LEDOUX CB, 2000, NE715 USDA FOR SERV LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 MOONEY HA, 1995, 1995 GLOBAL BIODIVER, P327 MORGAN RPC, 1995, SOIL EROSION CONSERV MUNASINGHE M, 1994, PROTECTED AREA EC PO NEARING MA, 1989, T ASAE, V32, P1587 PEARCE DW, 1989, BLUEPRINT GREEN EC PEARCE DW, 2001, VALUE FOREST ECOSYST PENG CH, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V132, P259 PENTTINEN MJ, 2000, 00045 INT I APPL SYS PEZZEY JCV, 2002, 0203 RES FUT PIELOU EC, 1969, INTRO MATH ECOLOGY PORTELA R, 2001, ECOL MODEL, V143, P115 REED WJ, 1974, MATH BIOSCI, V22, P313 SAMUELSON PA, 1976, ECON INQ, V14, P466 SCHAEFER MB, 1954, INTERAM TROP TUNA CO, V1, P25 SCHEFFER M, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P451 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHUMACHER S, 2004, ECOL MODEL, V180, P175 SMITH CT, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V138, P203 TAHVONEN O, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P97 TAHVONEN O, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V37, P106 TURNER RK, 2003, ECOL ECON, V46, P493 ULRICH B, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V63, P163 URI ND, 1998, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V218, P45 VANKOOTEN G, 1995, AM J AGR ECON, V46, P273 VONCIRIACYWANTR.S, 1968, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO WILLIAMSON JR, 2003, SOIL TILL RES, V71, P95 YAFFEE SL, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P713 ZANCHI C, 1983, ANN I SPERIMENTALE S, V14, P346 ZHANG DW, 2001, FOREST POLICY ECON, V2, P203 NR 68 TC 0 J9 ECOL MODEL BP 351 EP 366 PY 2006 PD JAN 25 VL 190 IS 3-4 GA 992BR UT ISI:000233859600008 ER PT J AU Wooldridge, S Done, T Berkelmans, R Jones, R Marshall, P TI Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article C1 Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. CRC, Reef Res Ctr, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, Mordialloc, Vic 3195, Australia. Great Barrier Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RP Wooldridge, S, Australian Inst Marine Sci, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. AB This paper explores how successful management interventions might benefit coral reefs during the period of climate warming that is expected in coming decades. To aid this task we have developed a prototype decision-support tool, called 'ReefState', which integrates the outcomes of management interventions within a 'belief network' of connected variables that describe future warming, coral damage and coral recovery. In a case study applied to the inshore waters of the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia, our worst case scenarios, like several others, suggest that reefs will become devoid of significant coral cover and associated biodiversity by 2050. Even under more optimistic (low) rates of future warming, the persistence of hard coral dominated reefscapes beyond 2050 will be heavily reliant on 2 things, the ability of corals to increase their upper thermal bleaching limits by similar to 0.1 degrees C per decade, and management that produces local conditions that constrain excessive algal biomass proliferation during inter-disturbance intervals. Despite being perturbed by a global warming process, management of local ecological factors will thus be of critical importance in shaping the future trajectories of coral reef ecosystems. 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Swedish Natl Inst Econ Res, Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Ctr Res Nat Resources & Environm, CNM,Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Deutsch, L, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Complex dynamic ecosystems are important natural capital assets. We investigate how Swedish national policy has approached these assets in its work on environmental indicators. In particular, we are interested in whether or not the indicators address ecosystem performance. We discuss our inventory of Swedish indicators in the context of ecosystem services, such as source and sink functions, and the capacity of ecosystems to sustain these functions for human wellbeing. We find that effective indicators have been developed to reflect energy and material flows within society and how human activities put pressure on the environment. The part of natural capital that concerns living systems is reflected in several of the Swedish indicators in a progressive fashion, but indicators that capture the dynamic capacity of ecosystems in sustaining the flow of source and sink functions need to be further developed. We provide examples of recent developments that have started to address such indicators in the context of ecosystem resilience and environmental change, and discuss directions for their further development. We stress the importance of monitoring ecosystem resilience and performance to avoid undesirable state shifts and building ecological knowledge and understanding of this capacity into environmental indicators and their associated management institutions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR 1998, NATL GEOGRAPHIC OCT *EEA, 1999, ENV EUR UN TURN CENT *ENV ADV COUNC, 1998, MILJ *ENV ADV COUNC, 1999, GREEN HEADL IND MON *OECD, 1993, OECD COR SET IND ENV *SEPA, 1992, 4104 SEPA *SEPA, 1994, ETT SVENSKT MILJ LAG *SEPA, 1996, 4650 SEPA *SEPA, 1997, 4765 SEPA *SEPA, 1999, 990615 SEPA *SEPA, 2000, NAT *SOU, 1998, FORSL TILL GRON NYCK *SOU, 1999, GRON NYCK FOLJ EK OM *STAT SWED, 1998, 19986 STAT SWED *STAT SWED, 1998, SKYDD NAT 31 DEC 97 *STAT SWED, 1998, SWEEA SWED EC ENV AC *SWED GOV, 1999, HALLB SVER UPPF ATG *SWED GOV, 2001, SVENSK MILJ DELM ATG *SWED GOV, 2002, SAML NAT UN NAT MAN BARBIER EB, 1994, PARADISE LOST ECOLOG BASKIN Y, 1997, WORK NATURE DIVERSIT BELL S, 1999, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC BENGTSSON J, IN PRESS RESERVES RE BENNETT EM, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P227 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BROCK WA, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P751 CHAPIN FS, 2000, NATURE, V405, P234 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 COX PA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P448 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE DEUTSCH L, 1999, APPENDIX 1 SWEDISH C DIAZ S, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P646 EHRLICH PR, 1983, BIOSCIENCE, V33, P248 EKINS P, 1992, REAL LIFE EC UNDERST ELMQVIST T, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 FOLKE C, 2002, RESILIENCE SUSTAINAB GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC HOLLING CS, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JANSSON AM, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA KASPERSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK KINZIG AP, 2002, FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUEN KNOWLTON N, 1992, AM ZOOL, V32, P674 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LIMBURG KE, 1999, ECOL ECON, V29, P179 LOREAU M, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P804 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 LUNDBERG J, IN PRESS ECOSYSEMS MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 NAEEM S, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P39 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 NYSTROM M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P406 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 PEARCE D, 1990, EC NATURAL RESOURCES PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT ROCKSTROM J, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 SCHEFFER M, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P275 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHULTZE PC, 1999, MEASURES ENV PERFORM, P303 SKANBERG K, 1998, ENV ACCOUNTING PROJE TURNER BL, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU TURNER MG, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P511 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P95 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P80 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT NR 80 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 205 EP 217 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 44 IS 2-3 GA 659MU UT ISI:000181781200004 ER PT J AU Newman, L Dale, A TI Network structure, diversity, and proactive resilience building: a response to Tompkins and Adger SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Royal Rds Univ, Sci Technol & Environm Div, Victoria, BC, Canada. RP Newman, L, Royal Rds Univ, Sci Technol & Environm Div, Victoria, BC, Canada. AB Although community social networks can build resilience, and thus, aid adaptation to unexpected environmental change (Tompkins and Adger 2004), not all social networks are created equal. Networks composed of a diversity of "bridging" links to a diverse web of resources and "bonding" links that build trust strengthen a community's ability to adapt to change, but networks composed only of "bonding" links can impose constraining social norms and foster group homophily, reducing resilience. Diversity fosters the resilience needed to adapt to unexpected change, and can also enlarge the ability to proactively make collective decisions that optimize future options. CR *UN ENV PROGR, 1992, UN C ENV DEV 3 14 JU ADGER WN, 2003, ECON GEOGR, V79, P387 BORGATTI SP, 2003, J MANAGE, V29, P991 DALE A, 2005, DYNAMIC BALANCE SOCI GRANOVETTER MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P6 HOLLING CS, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P390 MORRIS J, 2000, RETHINKING RISK PREC, P1 PEREEIRA P, 1994, UNCERTAIN QUEST SCI, P448 PORTES A, 1998, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V24, P1 PUTNAM R, 2000, BOWLING ALONE COLLAP RUEF M, 2002, IND CORP CHANGE, V11, P427 TOMPKINS EL, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P10 VOLKER B, 2001, RATION SOC, V13, P397 WOOLCOCK M, 2001, CANADIAN J POLICY RE, V2, P11 NR 14 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 2 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 10 IS 1 GA 941TU UT ISI:000230237900039 ER PT J AU Parrott, L TI Complexity and the limits of ecological engineering SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. RP Parrott, L, Univ Montreal, Dept Geog, CP 6128,Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. AB The present-day concept of complexity is reviewed and discussed with respect to its potential implications on the practice of ecological engineering applied to ecosystems. It is argued that ecological engineers must incorporate concepts arising from complex system studies such as emergence, scaling, self-organization, and unpredictability into their conceptual model of an ecosystem in order to effectively design, manage, or restore such systems. These four concepts are introduced with reference to complex systems in general, and then with specific reference to ecosystems. A discussion of how ecological engineering should be approached in the context of complex system studies is then presented. While the article specifically addresses ecological engineers, the content is also applicable to anyone working in ecosystem restoration and natural resource management. 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RP Archer, S, Univ Cape Town, Sch Econ, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. AB Windmills and wire fencing entered the farming practices of the north-eastern Karoo in the final decades of the nineteenth century. A new grazing system came into being comprising artificial water sources and camps in which sheep and other livestock ranged freely. By the late 1920s this had displaced the old shepherding-plus-kraaling arrangements. At the time, the coming of the new methods was predicted to raise stocking rates, improve veld cover and lessen soil erosion. This paper asks what the ecological consequences have been when viewed historically. information is drawn from available sources, and the replies are summarised of current farmers and other land resource managers in the Sneeuberg in response to questions about the impact of the camp system. Recent debates about alternative models of rangeland ecology are surveyed as an essential preliminary to the construction of historical hypotheses. Finally, more far-reaching and demanding questions on environmental change in the Karoo are posed for future research work. 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Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jenkins, JC, US Forest Serv, USDA, No Global Change Program, George D Aiken Forest Sci Lab, 705 Spear St, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. AB Because model predictions at continental and global scales are necessarily based on broad characterizations of vegetation, soils, and climate, estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes made by global terrestrial biosphere models may not be accurate for every region. At the regional scale, we suggest that attention can be focused more clearly on understanding the relative strengths of predicted net primary productivity (NPP) limitation by energy, water, and nutrients. We evaluate the sources of variability among model predictions of NPP with a regional-scale comparison between estimates made by PnET-II (a forest ecosystem process model previously applied to the northeastern region) and TEM 4.0 (a terrestrial biosphere model typically applied to the globe) for the northeastern US. When the same climate, vegetation, and soil data sets were used to drive both models, regional average NPP predictions made by PnET-II and TEM were remarkably similar, and at the biome level, model predictions agreed fairly well with NPP estimates developed from field measurements. However, TEM. 4.0 predictions were more sensitive to regional variations in temperature as a result of feedbacks between temperature and belowground N availability. In PnET-II, the direct link between transpiration and photosynthesis caused substantial water stress in hardwood and pine forest types with increases in solar radiation; predicted water stress was relieved substantially when soil water holding capacity (WHC) was increased. Increasing soil WHC had little effect on TEM 4.0 predictions because soil water storage was already sufficient to meet plant demand with baseline WHC values, and because predicted N availability under baseline conditions in this region was not limited by water. Because NPP predictions were closely keyed to forest cover type, the relative coverage of low- versus high-productivity forests at both fine and coarse resolutions was an important determinant of regional NPP predictions. Therefore, changes in grid cell size and differences in the methods used to aggregate from fine to coarse resolution were important to NPP predictions insofar as they changed the relative proportions of forest cover. We suggest that because the small patches of high-elevation spruce-fir forest in this region are substantially less productive than forests in the remainder of the region, more accurate NPP predictions will result if models applied to this region use land cover input data sets that retain as much fine-resolution forest type variability as possible. The differences among model responses to variations in climate and soil WHC data sets suggest that the models will respond quite differently to scenarios of future climate. A better understanding of the dynamic interactions between water stress, N availability, and forest productivity in this region will enable models to make more accurate predictions of future carbon stocks and fluxes. 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CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Wollongong, Sch Math & Appl Stat, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. RP Mason, TJ, Univ Wollongong, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Conservat Biol, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. AB Plant invaders may directly or indirectly affect ecosystem resilience through their impact on soil seed banks. The invaders, and the application of control measures, change seed bank dynamics by altering the number of seeds entering and leaving the seed bank. We tested the impact of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), on the seed bank. We examined seed banks in heavily-invaded, sparsely-invaded and managed dunes, where bitou bush biomass had been controlled. While management of bitou bush may have reduced the density of bitou bush seeds in the soil, it did not reduce the richness of other weed species. Native tree species richness was significantly higher in seed banks of sparsely-invaded than either heavily-invaded or managed sites, perhaps indicating a permanent shift in community structure following invasion. However, remaining indices of native seed bank diversity were similar across all invasion categories, indicating that seed banks of many native species were unaffected by both invasion and management. while examination of seed banks is informative in assessing past and potential community dynamics, low similarity between the standing vegetation and seed bank at all sites indicated that many hind dune species had other storage or regeneration modes and seed banks cannot be relied upon for comprehensive dune restoration. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *SPSS INC, 2003, SPSS WIND REL 12 0 1 AMBROSE LG, 2003, RESTOR ECOL, V11, P110 APPLEBY MWA, 1998, AUST J ECOL, V23, P457 AULD TD, 1986, AUST J ECOL, V11, P235 AULD TD, 1991, AUST J ECOL, V16, P53 AVEYARD JM, 1971, J SOIL CONSERVATION, V27, P82 BASKIN CC, 1998, SEEDS ECOLOGY BIOGEO BEKKER RM, 1999, J VEG SCI, V10, P745 BENNETT LT, 2004, J APPL ECOL, V41, P585 CLARKE KR, 2001, CHANGE MARINE COMMUN DANTONIO CM, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P63 DAVIS MA, 2000, J ECOL, V88, P528 DELANGE JH, 1990, S AFR J BOT, V56, P700 DIXON KW, 1995, OECOLOGIA, V101, P185 DRAKE JA, 1989, BIOL INVASIONS GLOBA EDWARDS PB, 1999, AUST J ENTOMOL 2, V38, P148 FENNER M, 2005, ECOLOGY SEEDS GOSPER CR, 2004, AUST J BOT, V52, P223 GOULD AMA, 2000, AM MIDL NAT, V144, P36 GRAFEN A, 2002, MODERN STAT LIFE SCI GRANT CD, 1997, AUST J ECOL, V22, P177 GRANT DW, 2003, PLANT ECOL, V166, P157 GREIGSMITH P, 1983, QUANTITATIVE PLANT E HAYASHI I, 1975, ECOLOGICAL STUDIES J, V13, P58 HENDERSON CB, 1988, J ECOL, V76, P717 HOBBS RJ, 1986, OECOLOGIA, V70, P508 HOLMES PM, 1987, J APPL ECOL, V24, P1045 HOLMES PM, 1997, PLANT ECOL, V133, P107 HOLTKAMP RH, 2002, P 13 AUSTR WEEDS C C, P405 HURLBERT SH, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P187 HUTCHINGS MJ, 1986, METHODS PLANT ECOLOG, P377 JOHNSTONE IM, 1986, BIOL REV, V61, P369 KOCH JM, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P368 LAMONT BB, 1991, BOT REV, V57, P277 LINDSAY EA, 2004, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V198, P387 LINDSAY EA, 2005, J APPL ECOL, V42, P556 MACK RN, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P689 MEINERS SJ, 2002, ECOGRAPHY, V25, P215 MILLER KE, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V139, P359 MILLER RG, 1997, ANOVA BASICS APPL ST MORRISON DA, 2000, AUSTRAL ECOL, V25, P292 OGDEN JAE, 2005, BIOL CONSERV, V125, P427 PURDIE RW, 1977, AUST J BOT, V25, P35 READ TR, 1999, AUST J BOT, V47, P563 ROCHE S, 1997, AUST J BOT, V45, P783 SEABLOOM EW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P13384 SETTERFIELD SA, 2005, BIOTROPICA, V37, P25 SIMPSON RL, 1989, ECOLOGY SOIL SEED BA, P3 SORENSEN T, 1948, K DANSKE VIDENSK SEL, V5, P1 STUART RM, 2002, P 13 AUSTR WEEDS C P, P591 THOMPSON K, 1979, J ECOL, V67, P893 TURNBULL LA, 2000, OIKOS, V88, P225 VITOUSEK PM, 1997, NEW ZEAL J ECOL, V21, P1 WALCK JL, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V88, P213 WARR SJ, 1993, PROG PHYS GEOG, V17, P329 WARR SJ, 1994, J BIOGEOGR, V21, P151 WEISS PW, 1984, AUST J ECOL, V9, P107 WEISS PW, 1984, AUST J ECOL, V9, P93 WEISS PW, 1984, AUST J ECOL, V9, P99 WEISS PW, 1998, BIOL AUSTR WEEDS, V2, P49 WILLIAMSON M, 1996, BIOL INVASIONS WILSON SD, 2003, RESTOR ECOL, V11, P410 WITTENBERG R, 2005, INVASIVE ALIEN SPECI, P209 NR 63 TC 0 J9 BIOL CONSERV BP 428 EP 439 PY 2007 PD JAN VL 134 IS 3 GA 138TJ UT ISI:000244385100014 ER PT J AU NORTON, BG TI OBJECTIVITY, INTRINSICALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY - COMMENT ON NELSON HEALTH AND DISEASE AS THICK CONCEPTS IN ECOSYSTEMIC CONTEXTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES LA English DT Article RP NORTON, BG, GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH PUBL POLICY,ATLANTA,GA 30332. AB Ecosystem health, as James Nelson argues, must be understood as having both descriptive and normative content; it is in this sense a 'morally thick' concept. The health analogy refers (a) at the similarities between conservation ecology and medicine or plant pathology as normative sciences, and (b) to the ability of ecosystems to 'heal' themselves in the face of disturbances. Nelson, however, goes beyond these two aspects and argues that judgements of illness in ecosystems only support moral obligations to protect them if they are attributed a 'good of their own'. But this latter extension of the analogy flies in the face of ecological science, which has been forced to abandon organicism. If one separates the question of the warranted assertibility of environmentalists' goals from the question of where values in nature are located, the search for an objective realm of value realism can be seen to be unnecessary. CR ARROW K, 1995, SCIENCE, V268, P520 CALLICOTT JB, 1989, DEFENSE LAND ETHIC CALLICOTT JB, 1990, ENVIRON ETHICS, V12, P99 CALLICOTT JB, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G CALLICOTT JB, 1992, ENVIRON ETHICS, V14, P129 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE MCINTOSH RP, 1985, BACKGROUND ECOLOGY C NELSON JL, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P311 NORTON BG, IN PRESS CONSERVING NORTON BG, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P102 NORTON BG, 1991, UNITY ENVIRONMENTALI NORTON BG, 1992, MONIST, V75, P208 NORTON BG, 1993, TOPOI-INT REV PHILOS, V12, P21 NORTON BG, 1995, ENV PRAGMATISM NORTON BG, 1995, IN PRESS ECOLOGICAL PAGE T, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G RAPPORT DJ, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH ROLSTON, 1986, PHILOS GONE WILD ESS ROLSTON, 1994, CONSERVING NATURAL V SAGOFF M, 1988, TENN L REV, V56, P77 SAGOFF M, 1991, HASTINGS CTR REPORT, V21, P35 SELLARS WS, 1956, MINNESOTA STUDIES PH, V1 STONE C, 1987, EARTH OTHER ETHICS TAYLOR C, 1989, SOURCES SELF WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILLIAMS B, 1985, ETHICS LIMITS PHILOS NR 28 TC 1 J9 ENVIRON VALUE BP 323 EP 332 PY 1995 PD NOV VL 4 IS 4 GA TJ149 UT ISI:A1995TJ14900004 ER PT J AU Gregorius, HR TI The notion of stability in open dynamical systems from an ecological perspective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL SYSTEMS AB As opposed to closed systems, the state dynamics of open systems are additionally determined by independently acting external forces called "environment" in ecology. Ecosystems are open dynamical systems whose stability characteristics are commonly described in terms of resistance and resilience of system states towards the "disturbing" effects of external forces. The implicit ideas of invariance and attractivity of specific system states, however, are borrowed from the stability theory of closed dynamical systems and are therefore of limited utility for comprehensive representations of stability characteristics in open dynamical systems. Based on a generic formulation of dynamical input-output systems, it is demonstrated that the notion of adaptation of a system's responses (outputs) to its environment (inputs), when quantified by adaptational valuation functions, provides formulations which establish the desired extension of the ideas of stability known from closed systems. In essence, stability can then be viewed as a system's capacity to immediately or ultimately realize adapted responses. This capacity can conveniently be described for example with the aid of adaptational potentials of system states as described by the set of environments to which adaptation is possible. Regulatory and structural adaptation, which are the two forms of adaptation taking place without and with changes in system state, respectively, are shown to imply a natural hierarchy in adaptational processes. It is suggested that the involved levels of hierarchy be viewed to represent a mechanism for preserving adaptability in ecosystems, which in turn constitutes one of the most crucial components of ecosystem stability. CR ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV AUGER P, 1996, ACTA BIOTHEOR, V44, P301 BERGMANN F, 1990, GENETICA, V82, P1 BHATIA NP, 1970, STABILITY THEORY DYN DEANGELIS DL, 1994, DYNAMICS NUTR CYCLIN EMLEN JM, 1973, ECOLOGY EVOLUTIONARY FUTUYMA DJ, 1986, EVOLUTIONARY BIOL GILLET EM, 1985, INT J SYST SCI, V16, P81 GILLET EM, 1985, THESIS U GOTTINGEN GREGG N, 1993, WOMENS STUDIES COMMU, V16, P1 GREGORIUS HR, 1994, BIODIVERSITY TEMPERA, P157 GREGORIUS HR, 1997, J THEOR BIOL, V189, P97 GRIMM V, 1992, APPL STABILITY CONCE, P143 GUNTHER F, 1993, J BIOL SYST, V1, P257 LASALLE JP, 1976, STABILITY DYNAMICAL LUDYK G, 1977, THEORIE DYNAMISCHER MESAROVIC MD, 1968, SYSTEMS THEORY BIOL, P59 MESAROVIC MD, 1989, LECT NOTES CONTROL I, V116 MORAN NA, 1992, AM NAT, V139, P971 MULLER F, 1992, ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, V63 MULLER F, 1992, HIERARCHIAL APPROACH, P215 ODUM EP, 1971, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGY ONEILL RV, 1986, HIERARCHIAL CONCEPT PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE STEBBINS GL, 1988, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V85, P5141 STOLL RR, 1974, SETS LOGIC AXIOMATIC ULRICH B, 1992, FORECT ECOSYSTEM THE, P163 WU LS, 1977, J THEOR BIOL, V66, P345 NR TC 0 BP 347 EP 378 PY 2001 VL 30 IS 3 UT ISI:000170019800005 ER PT J AU Batabyal, AA TI Species substitutability, resilience, and the optimal management of ecological-economic systems SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Batabyal, AA, Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, 3520 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. AB The significance of the concept of resilience in determining the static and the dynamic behavior of jointly determined ecological-economic systems has been recognized by ecologists at least since 1973 [1]. This notwithstanding, there are very few formal studies of such systems that analyze the ecological and the economic aspects of the problem. Consequently, this paper has two objectives. First, a new renewal theoretic measure of resilience is proposed. This measure explicitly accounts for the role of species substitutability in determining ecological resilience. Next, this measure is used to study some aspects of the optimal management of ecological-economic systems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR BATABYAL AA, 1994, ECON LETT, V46, P237 BATABYAL AA, 1998, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V52, P373 BATABYAL AA, 1998, UNPUB ECOLOGICAL EC CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS COMMON M, 1992, ECOL ECON, V6, P7 DASGUPTA P, 1997, ENV EMERGING DEV ISS, V1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS KARLIN S, 1975, 1 COURSE STOCHASTIC KREBS CJ, 1985, ECOLOGY LI C, IN PRESS ENV DEV EC NEUBERT MG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P653 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS PERRINGS C, 1996, MODELS SUSTAINABLE D PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE ROSS SM, 1996, STOCHASTIC PROCESS ROSS SM, 1997, INTRO PROBABILITY MO SCHINDLER D, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION SHAKED M, 1994, STOCHASTIC ORDERS TH SWANSON TM, 1995, EC ECOLOGY BIODIVERS WOLFF RW, 1989, STOCHASTIC MODELING NR 22 TC 6 J9 MATH COMPUT MODELLING BP 35 EP 43 PY 1999 PD JAN VL 29 IS 2 GA 173UY UT ISI:000078999200003 ER PT J AU White, B TI A review of the economics of biological natural resources SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Agr Econ & Food Mkt, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Western Australia, Agr & Resource Econ Grp, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. RP White, B, Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Agr Econ & Food Mkt, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. AB The economics of renewable biological resources originated in the 1950s in fishery economics. The original models were static and linked simple population growth models to harvesting rn the 1970s the subject became more concerned with dynamic models and the stability of resource systems and this development continued in the 1980s. Now renewable resource economics is seen as a branch of capital theory which is distinct from mainstream capital theory because it must simultaneously represent the productivity of an ecosystem as well as the production functions of the firms which exploit it. Adding to this complex patterns of ownership over the resource itself and the dependence of production on the state of the ecosystem makes for a set of problems which economists have only started to address. Progress in renewable resource economics will come through closer collaboration with ecologists to give more realistic population models,- the development of approaches for multi-species ecosystems; and th use Of modelling techniques and policies which can adapt as move information becomes available on the status of a resource. In the future renewable resource economics will continue to contribute to the sustainability debate by providing a clearer analysis of the trade-off between ecosystem stability and the level of economic exploitation. 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WALTERS CJ, 1978, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V9, P157 WALTERS CJ, 1981, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V38, P678 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WHITE B, 1994, ECOL ECON, V9, P167 WHITE GN, 1988, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V2, P499 WILLIAMS BK, 1996, MATH BIOSCI, V136, P1 WILLIAMS DE, 1989, CRYST REV, V2, P3 WILSON JA, 1982, LAND ECON, V58, P417 WILSON JA, 1991, ECOL MODEL, V58, P303 NR 200 TC 2 J9 J AGR ECON BP 419 EP 462 PY 2000 PD SEP VL 51 IS 3 GA 365YF UT ISI:000089977500007 ER PT J AU Boesch, DF TI Measuring the health of the Chesapeake Bay: Toward integration and prediction SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Boesch, DF, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. AB The health of an ecosystem is a function of its vigor (useful productivity), organization (complexity of interspecific interactions), and resilience (ability to maintain itself in the face of disturbance). The health of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem has deteriorated largely as a result of nutrient overenrichment, concomitant reduction in light availability, and loss of habitats that provide complexity. This has resulted in an ecosystem that is a less vigorous producer of valuable fish and shellfish, less diverse and well organized, and more susceptible to and slower to recover from disturbances. It is not clear that degraded ecosystem health directly threatens human health; in fact sanitation and reductions in loadings of potentially toxic substances have reduced human health risks in recent decades. On the other hand, recently observed outbreaks of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida could be a result of deteriorated ecosystem health and pose a human health risk. Monitoring of the environmental conditions, ecosystem health, and human health risks is critically important to the adaptive management of the Chesapeake Bay. Although this monitoring has produced very useful information, monitoring can be more effective if it more directly addressed the multiple uses of the resulting information, applied new technologies, and were more effectively integrated across environmental media, among resources, over space and time scales, and with modeling and research. (C) 2000 Academic Press. 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RP Davidson-Hunt, IJ, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB The purpose of this paper is to explore adaptive learning networks as a contemporary means by which new resource management knowledge can develop through social learning forums. The paper draws upon recent discussions within two disparate literatures on indigenous knowledge and network theory and is grounded in fieldwork with two Anishinaabe First Nations in northwestern Ontario. The paper has three objectives. First, problematize the principle of representation as a basic way of including the knowledge of indigenous peoples within natural resource and environmental management. Second, utilize network theory as a way to weave together adaptive learning by individuals into a cross-cultural social learning process. Finally, propose an adaptive natural resources and environmental framework that brings together, through a social learning process, the different ways individuals, indigenous peoples and resource managers, perceive environmental change. CR AGRAWAL A, 1995, DEV CHANGE, V26, P413 AGRAWAL A, 2002, INT SOC SCI J, V173, P287 BARABASI AL, 2003, LINKED EVERYTHING CO BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERLIN B, 1992, ETHNOBIOLOGICAL CLAS BLACK MB, 1977, ANTHR POWER, P141 CAPRA F, 2002, HIDDEN CONNECTIONS I CHAPESKI AJ, 2002, NATION NATION ABORIG, P74 DAVIDSONHUNT I, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, ENVIRONMENTS, V31, P21 DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P53 DAVIDSONHUNT IJ, 2003, THESIS U MANITOBA WI DUINKER PN, 2003, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME, P857 FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOOPER M, 2004, SCALING UP COMMUNITY INGOLD T, 2000, PERCEPTION ENV ESSAY KEEN M, 2005, SOCIAL LEARNING ENV, P3 LANE MB, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P827 LANTZ TC, 2003, J ETHNOBIOL, V23, P263 NATCHER DC, 2002, HUM ORGAN, V61, P350 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 OVERHOLT TW, 1982, CLOTHED IN FUR OTHER POSEY DA, 2002, PARTICIPATING DEV AP, P24 RAFFLES H, 2002, INT SOC SCI J, V173, P25 RANGAN H, 2001, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V14, P145 SILLITOE P, 2002, PARTICIPATING DEV AP, P1 SILLITOE P, 2002, PARTICIPATING DEV AP, P108 SMITH EA, 2000, ANNU REV ANTHROPOL, V29, P493 STERN P, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P445 TURNER NJ, 2003, HUM ECOL, V31, P439 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILLIAMS NM, 1982, RESOURCE MANAGERS N NR 35 TC 0 J9 HUM ECOL BP 593 EP 614 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 34 IS 4 GA 090VQ UT ISI:000240981100008 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Lovecraft, AL Zavaleta, ES Nelson, J Robards, MD Kofinas, GP Trainor, SF Peterson, GD Huntington, HP Naylor, RL TI Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Polit Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Chapin, FS, Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. AB Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social-ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (i) enhancing human adaptability through learning and innovation in the context of changes occurring at multiple scales; (ii) increasing resilience by strengthening negative (stabilizing) feedbacks that buffer the system from change and increasing options for adaptation through biological, cultural, and economic diversity; (iii) reducing vulnerability by strengthening institutions that link the high-latitude impacts of climate warming to their low-latitude causes; and (iv) facilitating transformation to new, potentially more beneficial states by taking advantage of opportunities created by crisis. Each strategy provides societal benefits, and we suggest that all of them be pursued simultaneously. 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RP Pahl-Wostl, C, Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, D-4500 Osnabruck, Germany. AB Integrated environmental resources management is a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource affected by human activities. In many cases different goals are in conflict and the notion "integrated" clearly indicates that resources management should be approached from a broad perspective taking all potential trade-offs and different scales in space and time into account. However, we are yet far from putting into practice integrated resources management fully taking into account the complexity of human-technology-environment systems. The tradition of resources management and of dealing with environmental problems is characterized by a command and control approach. The increasing awareness for the complexity of environmental problems and of human-technology-environment systems has triggered the development of new management approaches. The paper discusses the importance of focusing on the transition to new management paradigms based on the insight that the systems to be managed are complex adaptive systems. It provides arguments for the role of social learning processes and the need to develop methods combining approaches from hard and soft systems analysis. Soft systems analysis focuses on the importance of subjective perceptions and socially constructed reality. Soft systems methods and group model building techniques are quite common in management science where the prime target of management has always been the social system. Resources management is still quite slow to take up such innovations that should follow as a logical consequence of adopting an integrated management approach. Integrated water resources management is used as example to provide evidence for the need to implement participatory and adaptive management approaches that are able to cope with increasing uncertainties arising from fast changing socio-economic conditions and global and climate change. Promising developments and future research directions are discussed. The paper concludes with pointing out the need for changes in the scientific community to improve the conditions for interdisciplinary, system-oriented and trans-disciplinary research. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG2 6AR, Berks, England. Univ Reading, Dept Agr, Reading RG2 6AR, Berks, England. RP Slingo, JM, Univ Reading, CtrGlobal Atmospher Modelling, Reading RG2 6AR, Berks, England. AB Changes in both the mean and the variability of climate, whether naturally forced, or due to human activities, pose a threat to crop production globally. This paper summarizes discussions of this issue at a meeting of the Royal Society in April 2005. Recent advances in understanding the sensitivity of crops to weather, climate and the levels of particular gases in the atmosphere indicate that the impact of these factors on crop yields and quality may be more severe than previously thought. There is increasing information on the importance to crop yields of extremes of temperature and rainfall at key stages of crop development. Agriculture will itself impact on the climate system and a greater understanding of these feedbacks is needed. Complex models are required to perform simulations of climate variability and change, together with predictions of how crops will respond to different climate variables. Variability of climate, such as that associated with El Nino events, has large impacts on crop production. If skilful predictions of the probability of such events occurring can be made a season or more in advance, then agricultural and other societal responses can be made. The development of strategies to adapt to variations in the current climate may also build resilience to changes in future climate. Africa will be the part of the world that is most vulnerable to climate variability and change, but knowledge of how to use climate information and the regional impacts of climate variability and change in Africa is rudimentary. In order to develop appropriate adaptation strategies globally, predictions about changes in the quantity and quality of food crops need to be considered in the context of the entire food chain from production to distribution, access and utilization. Recommendations for future research priorities are given. 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Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP van den Bergh, JCJM, Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Econ & Business Adm, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Traditionally, economics has regarded institutions, notably norms and regulations, as fixed or exogenous. Surprisingly few insights on institutional evolution from natural and social sciences have made their way into economics. This article gives an overview of evolutionary theories of institutions in biology, sociology, anthropology and economics. These theories are subsequently compared with non-evolutionary theories of institutions. Next, the insights and approaches are integrated into a framework for analysis of institutions based on the notion of coevolution. 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J AU Hezri, AA Hasan, MN TI Management framework for sustainable development indicators in the State of Selangor, Malaysia SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Inst Environm & Dev, LESTARI, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. Acad Sci Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50482, Malaysia. RP Hezri, AA, Australian Natl Univ, Inst Adv Studies, CRES, Hancock Bldg W,Bldg 43, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. AB The perception that better information on environment and development is the determinant of effective rational decision- and policy-making processes provide the impetus for global interest in the use of sustainable development indicators (SDIs). Accordingly, proposals for SDIs are framed either on organisational goals or on disciplinary and multidisciplinary theories-aiming to reduce uncertainties in choosing the best alternative among a set of options concerning sustainability. Despite the fact that many SDI initiatives are explicitly aimed at improving policy-making, it is not apparent that political settings and organisational realities are taken into consideration in designing the framework for sustainability assessment. Ignoring the realities of policy-making dynamics can result in poor institutionalisation of the SDI development process, and therefore reduced impact of indicators. Linkage of SDIs to policy processes must also take into account the complex role of information in policy processes. The importance of societal values, cultural contexts and behaviour of bureaucracies must be understood and used to assist the assessment of progress towards sustainability using SDIs. Essentially, objective knowledge must be tampered with pragmatism in governance. This paper highlights the case of SDI development in the state of Selangor where the notion of instrumental rationality is balanced with the 'incrementalism' of the policy process that provided the foundation for institutionalising the reporting and use of SDIs. The ideals and paradoxes of participatory decision-making, the principles of the rational model and decision-making processes within a state government are critically examined. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm & Societal Impacts Grp, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Streets, DG, Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. AB This paper examines the concept of climate surprise and its implications for environmental policymaking. Although long-term, incremental changes in climate can have serious consequences, it is usually the extreme, surprising events that cause the most damage to human health and property. Different taxonomies of surprise are explored, drawing from literature concerning diverse aspects of human society. Surprise is revealed to be a subjective concept in many respects, triggered by such factors as prior experience, belief systems, and media exposure. How policymakers have reacted to climate surprises in the past is considered, particularly with regard to choices made between pro-active and reactive measures. It is concluded that, while some kinds of surprise are truly unpredictable, there are other types that could be anticipated and their adverse effects forestalled. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 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RP Burt, TP, Univ Durham, Dept Geog, Durham DH1 3HP, England. AB Until recently, 'land use' was regarded as a single function: in rural areas of the UK this simply meant 'farming' or, in the uplands, 'forestry'. However, there is now growing recognition of the multiple use of land, and farming or forestry must compete with other functions, in particular water supply. Links between hydrological pathways and stream water quality are described as a context for understanding the transport of pollutants to the river system. The concept of landscape sensitivity is then described and applied to the topics of soil erosion and nitrate leaching. Based on these analyses, guidelines for integrated management of sensitive catchment systems are proposed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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CR 1994, REGULATORY TOXICOLOG, V20, S1 CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324 CARPENTER SR, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P677 CHRISTIE WJ, 1974, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V31, P827 COOPER WE, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P293 DAR E, 1992, ENVIRON RES, V59, P189 GILBERTSON M, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P966 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HATCH RW, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P15 HERMANSON MH, 1991, J GREAT LAKES RES, V17, P94 HILE R, 1951, US FISH WILDLIFE SER, V52 JONES ML, 1993, T AM FISH SOC, V122, P1002 KELSO JRM, 1995, CANADIAN I SCI TECHN, V1 KIMBROUGH RD, 1995, CRIT REV TOXICOL, V25, P133 KOONCE JF, 1994, SUSTAINABILITY INTEN LEATHERLAND JF, 1993, J GREAT LAKES RES, V19, P737 LUDWIG JP, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P962 MAC MJ, 1991, J TOXICOLOGY ENV HLT, V33, P374 MOORE JD, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P2052 NEIDERMYER WJ, 1976, PESTICIDES MONITORIN, V10, P92 SMITH SH, 1995, 60 GREAT LAK FISH CO STOW CA, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P248 STOW CA, 1995, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V29, P2893 STOW CA, 1995, IN PRESS BIOSCIENCE, V46 SULLIVAN J, 1995, CHICAGO TRIBUNE 0811 SVENSSON BG, 1991, NEW ENGL J MED, V324, P8 SWACKHAMER DL, 1986, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V20, P879 SWANSON GM, 1995, REGUL TOXICOL PHARM, V21, P136 TAUBES G, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P164 WALTERS CJ, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P2202 WESELOH DV, 1995, 4022221995E EN ENV C NR 31 TC 4 J9 ECOL APPL BP 971 EP 974 PY 1996 PD AUG VL 6 IS 3 GA UZ412 UT ISI:A1996UZ41200042 ER PT J AU Marchal, P TI Managing growth overfishing with multiannual compromise strategies SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 MAFF, Directorate Fisheries Res, Fisheries Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Marchal, P, Silsoe Res Inst, Wrest Pk, Bedford MK45 4HS, England. AB Most of the Northeast Atlantic stocks are currently fished above the biological reference points (e.g., F-max). In attempting to achieve such targets, advisers and managers have faced two main problems. First, it is impractical to (i) simultaneously maximize yields, stabilize fisheries, and safeguard stocks and (ii) optimize both short-and long-term outcomes for the industry. Second is the lack of predictability, several years ahead, in factors influencing decisions. This study addresses these twin issues by exploring the relative performances of various multiannual and compromise (or composite) management strategies. Multiannual fishing efforts are set in advance for a "resolution" period of several years, at the end of which they are updated. They are calculated to satisfy a prior weighted compromise amongst three criteria: (i) minimizing fishing effort variability, (ii) minimizing catch variability, and (iii) reaching a "mobile target:" the latter is defined with a second weighted compromise between the long-term target and the fishing effort at the beginning of the resolution period. A safe and optimal balance between all the short-and long-term fishery outcomes is found with a 5-year resolution period, during which the mobile target is split into 40-60% of the long-term target, and 60-40% of the fishing effort at the start of the resolution period, while criteria i, ii, and iii are weighted equally. CR 1992, REPORT WORKING GROUP 1994, REPORT WORKING GROUP 1995, BIOECO9315 1995, REPORT WORKING GROUP *NAG, 1988, MARK 13 BISEAU A, 1988, J CONS INT EXPLOR ME, V44, P286 BISEAU A, 1989, DRV89009 IFREMER BUTTERWORTH DS, 1993, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V120, P83 CHARLES AT, 1992, AM J MATH MANAGE SCI, V12, P191 DARBY CD, 1994, 96 MIN AGR FISH FOOD DUBUIT MH, 1982, J CONSEIL, V40, P37 FAHRIG L, 1991, NAFO SCI COUN STUDIE, V16, P25 FRANCIS RIC, 1993, CANADIAN SPECIAL PUB, V120, P221 FREDERICK SW, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P291 GETZ WM, 1985, J OPTIMIZ THEORY APP, V46, P505 GETZ WM, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P1370 HENNEMUTH RC, 1980, J NW ATL FISH SCI, V1, P101 HIGHTOWER JE, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P803 HORWOOD JW, 1987, J CONSEIL, V43, P199 HORWOOD JW, 1990, J CONSEIL, V47, P57 LABLAIKA IA, 1989, RAPP PV REUN CONS IN, V190, P163 LAUREC A, 1991, ICES MAR SCI S, V193, P225 MARCHAL P, 1995, ICES J MAR SCI, V52, P797 MARCHAL P, 1996, AQUAT LIVING RESOUR, V9, P81 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MAY RM, 1978, MATH BIOSCI, V42, P219 MEGREY BA, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P2695 MURAWSKI SA, 1986, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V43, P90 MYERS RA, 1989, J MAR RES, V47, P635 MYERS RA, 1990, 1743 FISH AQ SCI MYERS RA, 1995, ICES J MAR SCI, V52, P103 MYERS RA, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1106 PELLETIER D, 1991, NAFO SCI COUN STUD, V16, P153 PELLETIER D, 1992, ICES J MAR SCI, V49, P389 POWER M, 1996, FISH RES, V25, P77 POWERS JE, 1993, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V13, P15 PUNT AE, 1991, S AFR J MARINE SCI, V10, P219 QUINN TJ, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P2016 RESTREPO VR, 1992, FISH B-NOAA, V90, P736 SERCHUK FM, 1992, ICES CM 1992 SHEPHERD JG, 1992, 11 ICES MULT ASS WOR STEINSHAMN SI, 1993, CAN SPEC PUBL FISH A, V120, P373 THOMPSON GG, 1992, FISH B-NOAA, V90, P561 WALTERS CJ, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P145 NR 44 TC 4 J9 CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI BP 2255 EP 2276 PY 1997 PD OCT VL 54 IS 10 GA YR664 UT ISI:000071517900005 ER PT J AU HEALEY, MC TI IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT POLICY SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,PACIFIC BIOL STN,NANAIMO V9R 5K6,BC,CANADA. RP HEALEY, MC, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,WESTWATER RES CTR,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. CR CUSHING DH, 1976, ADV MARINE BIOL, V14 DANARD MB, 1988, ATMOS OCEAN, V26, P139 FISCHHOFF B, 1983, SOCIAL SCI RES CLIMA, P180 FISCHOFF B, 1981, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, V3, P161 FORD MJ, 1982, CHANGING CLIMATE RES FRYE R, 1983, NAT RESOUR J, V23, P78 GATES WL, 1985, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V7, P267 GERSHUNY JI, 1981, POLICY ANAL POLICY I, P193 GLEICK PH, 1987, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V10, P137 HARE FK, 1985, CLIMATE IMPACT ASSES, P37 HEALEY MC, 1981, 1107 FISH AQ SCI CAN HENNESSEY T, 1983, US FISHING IND REGUL, P63 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM JONES DD, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P2829 KAPLAN RH, 1984, AM NAT, V123, P393 KAWASAKI T, 1985, CLIMATE IMPACT ASSES, P131 KIKKAWA J, 1986, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY PA, P41 LEE KN, 1986, ENVIRON LAW, V16, P431 LINDBLOM CE, 1963, POLITICS SOCIAL LIFE, P339 MEISNER JD, 1987, J GREAT LAKES RES, V13, P340 NORTHCOTE TG, 1964, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V21, P1069 PARRY ML, 1985, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V7, P1 PEARCY WG, 1984, ORESUW83001 OR STAT PETERMAN RM, 1977, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V34, P1130 RIPLEY EA, 1987, CANADIAN B FISHERIES, V215, P137 ROUGHGARDEN J, 1988, SCIENCE, V241, P1460 SCHNEIDER SH, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P771 TVERSKY A, 1974, SCIENCE, V185, P1124 VANHYNING JM, 1973, RAPP P REUN CONS INT, V164, P89 WALTERS CJ, 1975, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V32, P1777 WALTERS CJ, 1977, SALMON MANAGEMENT PE, P261 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WHYTE AVT, 1985, CLIMATE IMPACT ASSES, P403 WICKETT WP, 1958, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V15, P1103 WILLMOVSKY NJ, 1962, HR MACMILLAN LECTURE WOOSTER WS, 1985, WSGWO853 U WASH WASH NR 37 TC 4 J9 TRANS AMER FISH SOC BP 366 EP 373 PY 1990 PD MAR VL 119 IS 2 GA DV011 UT ISI:A1990DV01100017 ER PT J AU Salafsky, N Margoluis, R Redford, KH Robinson, JG TI Improving the practice of conservation: a conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Fdn Success, Bethesda, MD 20816 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. RP Salafsky, N, Fdn Success, 4109 Maryland Ave, Bethesda, MD 20816 USA. AB Effective conservation requires addressing three fundamental questions whose answers can only be sought in conservation practice: (1) What should our goals be and how do we measure progress in reaching them? (2) How can we most effectively take action to achieve conservation? and (3) How can we learn to do conservation better? This essay provides a conceptual framework and research agenda for a conservation science that uses the principles of adaptive management to answer these questions. The framework is based on a general model of a conservation project. The conservation target involves defining the specific area or population the project is trying to influence. This target is affected by direct and indirect threats and opportunities; we provide a table of potential direct threats. Conservation actions that are taken to counter these threats can be divided into approaches, strategies, and specific tools; we present a comprehensive table of potential approaches. Finally, the practicioners that take these actions include individuals, organizations, project alliances, and networks; we define the specific functional roles necessary to achieve effective adaptive management. We then use this framework to outline a research agenda for conservation science that involves defining clear and practical measures of conservation success, determining sound guiding principles for using conservation strategies and tools, and developing the knowledge and skills in individuals and organizations for good adaptive management and thus for making conservation more effective. CR *ASS BIOD INF ABI, 2001, KNOWLEDGE PROTECT DI *FDN SUCC, 2001, WHAT IS LEARN PORTF *NAT CONS, 2000, 5 S FRAM SIT CONS PR *NAT CONS, 2000, CONS DES FRAM MISS S *WORLD CONS UN IUC, 1991, UN ENV PROGR WORLD W *WORLD CONS UN IUC, 1994, GUID PROT AR MAN CAT *WORLD CONS UN IUC, 1996, 1996 IUCN RED LIST T CALLICOTT JB, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P22 DINERSTEIN E, 1996, GLOBAL 200 KEY ECORE DOBSON AP, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P550 DOBSON AP, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P515 DOMROESE M, 1999, INTERPRETING BIODIVE EHRENFELD D, 1981, ARROGANCE HUMANISM FERRARO PJ, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P990 FIEN J, 1999, ED CONSERVATION EVAL FREESE CH, 2000, CONSUMPTIVE USE WILD GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUSTANSKI JA, 2000, PROTECTING LAND CONS, P9 JACOBSON SK, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P431 JACOBSON SK, 1990, ENVIRON CONSERV, V17, P319 JACOBSON SK, 1999, COMMUNICATION SKILLS LANGHOLZ J, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1735 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GRYOSCOPE IN MARGOLUIS R, 1998, MEASURES SUCCESS DES MARGOLUIS R, 2000, GOOD CO EFFECTIVE AL MARGOLUIS R, 2001, MAXIMUM YIELD SUSTAI MEFFE GK, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P953 MYERS N, 1988, ENVIRONMENTALIST, V8, P187 MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 PARKS J, 2001, FISH FUTURE COLLABOR PARRISH J, 2002, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY PRENDERGAST JR, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P484 PRESSEY RL, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P124 PULLIN AS, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P50 REDFORD KH, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P1246 RICKETTS TH, 1999, TERRESTRIAL ECOREGIO ROBINSON JG, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P20 SALAFSKY N, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P830 SALAFSKY N, 1999, EVALUATING LINKAGES SALAFSKY N, 1999, GREATER SUM THEIR PA SALAFSKY N, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P1421 SALAFSKY N, 2001, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT SALAFSKY N, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1585 SALAFSKY N, 2001, MAKING PARKS WORK, P420 SCHON D, 1983, REFLECTIVE PRACTITIO SEALEY KS, 1999, SETTING GEOGRAPHIC P SENGE PM, 1994, 5 DISCIPLINE ART PRA STEVENS WK, 1995, MIRACLE OAKS TERBORGH J, 1999, REQUIEM NATURE WYCKOFFBAIRD B, 2000, SHIFTING POWER DECEN NR 51 TC 5 J9 CONSERV BIOL BP 1469 EP 1479 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 16 IS 6 GA 618LT UT ISI:000179420100008 ER PT J AU Alexander, D TI The study of natural disasters, 1977-1997: Some reflections on a changing field of knowledge SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Alexander, D, Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. AB As part of a series of papers to mark the 21st year of publication of Disasters, it is opportune to consider some of the changes that have occurred in the field it has covered so diligently for the last two decades. The paper begins with a brief review of the major natural disasters during this period and assesses their impact. It then considers the problem of how to define two key concepts: natural disaster and vulnerability, which remains an open question. The latter is one of the key determinants of the former. Next comes a review of what has occurred in the disasters field since the journal began publication, including some notes on the rise in vulnerability, the information technology revolution and the dilemmas of hazard mitigation. The following two sections assess, respectively, what hoped-for developments did not occur during the period studied and what assets were lost in the name of progress. For example, on the theoretical front, academic over-specialisation has predominated, while on the practical side there has been insufficient transfer of technology to where it is needed. The paper concludes that analyses of disaster need to become more sophisticated and multi-disciplinary and must take account of several forms of context within which developments take place. 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Communication patterns among resource users as a prerequisite for co-management SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Crona, B, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The social networks is one factor determining the flow of information within communities and as such may be important in determining successful implementation of community based management. We mapped the social network used for communication of knowledge and information related to natural resource extraction among villagers in a coastal seascape in Kenya. We further identified subgroups and examined their interrelations while measuring to what extent personal attributes such as occupation can explain observed group structure. Finally, we compared the local ecological knowledge held by villagers of different occupations with the structure of the communication network to map how well this structure can explain distribution of ecological knowledge among them. Results show that communication occurs primarily between fishermen who use the same gear type, which may inhibit exchange of ecological knowledge within the community. This may partly explain why the community has been unsuccessful in regulating resource extraction, especially since potentially influential groups of nonfishermen have a limited communication with the various fisher groups. Analysis of network structure also shows that groups most central, and hence potentially most influential, are dominated in numbers by migrant deep sea fishermen, hypothetically less motivated to initiate collective action for resource management. Hence, we conclude that a lack of collective action to remedy an unsustainable situation may be attributed to various different but distinct aspects of the specific structure of the social network. 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RP Grainger, A, Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. AB While ecological resilience may explain why apparent symptoms of desertification are often temporary, social resilience can prevent degradation resulting from overexploitation of land in response to drought and other constraints. This paper describes a Social Resilience Model in which actors switch from performance strategies to survival strategies when the perceived severity of constraints exceeds a critical performance-survival threshold (PST). This is determined in comparison with a reference mode that depends on a learning facility developed by repeated exposure to cycles of constraint, search and feedback. Actors select particular strategies by comparing welfare gains with their aspiration levels-a concept that allows more flexible decision making than profit maximizing or satisficing alone. The model is tested in the silvopastoral zone of Senegal, where desertification is not as widespread as commonly assumed, despite severe constraints. The two major ethnic groups, the Wolof (mainly croppers) and the Peul (mainly pastoralists) anticipate and respond to environmental and socio-economic constraints differently, and have different performance and survival strategies. The Peul have the higher social resilience, with more flexible decision-making objectives, greater mobility, a more extensive action space, a learning facility supporting efficient search and feedback processes, a reference mode attuned to high anticipation and recognition of stress, and a high PST. They also exhibit more continuous performance-survival switching than the Wolof, who make a radical change from cropping to labour migration and reliance on external support. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 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Univ Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. RP Fazey, I, Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. AB Developing the capacity for individuals to learn effectively from their experiences is an important part of building the knowledge and skills in organizations to do good adaptive management. This paper reviews some of the research from cognitive psychology and phenomenography to present a way of thinking about learning to assist individuals to make better use of their personal experiences to develop understanding of environmental systems. We suggest that adaptive expertise (an individual's ability to deal flexibly with new situations) is particularly relevant for environmental researchers and practitioners. To develop adaptive expertise, individuals need to: (1) vary and reflect on their experiences and become adept at seeking out and taking different perspectives; and (2) become proficient at making balanced judgements about how or if an experience will change their current perspective or working representation of a social, economic, and biophysical system by applying principles of "good thinking." Such principles include those that assist individuals to be open to the possibility of changing their current way of thinking (e. g., the disposition to be adventurous) and those that reduce the likelihood of making erroneous interpretations (e. g., the disposition to be intellectually careful). An example of applying some of the principles to assist individuals develop their understanding of a dynamically complex wetland system (the Macquarie Marshes in Australia) is provided. The broader implications of individual learning are also discussed in relation to organizational learning, the role of experiential knowledge for conservation, and for achieving greater awareness of the need for ecologically sustainable activity. 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Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Soderqvist, T, Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. CR ACHARYA G, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P63 ADGER WN, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P75 BARBIER EB, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P47 BASKIN Y, 1997, WORK NTURE DIVERSITY BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BROMLEY DW, 1991, ENV EC PROPERTY RIGH BURGESS J, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P119 BYSTROM O, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P35 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DAILEY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG HODGE I, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P107 MITSCH WJ, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P25 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PRIMAVERA JH, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P91 SODERQVIST T, 1998, P 4 WORKSH GLOB WETL TURNER RK, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P7 NR 17 TC 2 J9 ECOL ECON BP 1 EP 6 PY 2000 PD OCT VL 35 IS 1 GA 354EW UT ISI:000089317700001 ER PT J AU Hediger, W TI Sustainable development and social welfare SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 ETH Zentrum, SOL, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Hediger, W, ETH Zentrum, SOL, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. AB Sustainable development is a normative concept which involves trade-offs among social, ecological and economic objectives, and is required to sustain the integrity of the overall system. This is usefully formalized in terms of a social welfare function which is based on an aggregate of individual preferences and, as a prerequisite of intergenerational equity and overall system integrity, on a set of sustainability constraints. A 'sustainability-based social value function' is proposed to integrate these issues, and to go beyond traditional conceptions of sustainability that are either based on a value principle of maintaining some aggregate of capital ('weak sustainability'), or stationary-state criteria of maintaining social, ecological and economic assets constant over time ('strong sustainability'). Along with individual preferences and macroeconomic objectives, the proposed welfare function integrates principles of basic human needs ('critical economic capital'), integrity of the ecosystem ('critical ecological capital') and the socio-cultural system ('critical social capital'). This implies restrictions of the social opportunity space within which sustainable develop ment can proceed and the new value function is defined. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Cranfield Univ, Sch Water Sci, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. RP Winder, N, Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Hist Studies, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. AB Co-evolutionary theories from the biological sciences have been widely adopted by researchers in other fields of research. We take the unusual step of looking beyond the more recent literature of the 1960s to co-evolutionary models from the nineteenth century. We argue that the Darwin-Huxley synthesis was unusual and that obscuring this distinctiveness merely represents conventional ideas about complexity, uncertainty and co-dynamic change in an unfamiliar form. The price we pay for this new interpretation is a degradation of insight and potential applicability in the field of competitive, sustainable development. By advocating a pragmatic distinction of evolutionary from mechanistic dynamics, we make connections between co-evolutionary theory and earlier research on complex dynamics, particularly in respect of socio-natural adaptability. Practical advice is given to help researchers distinguish co-evolutionary dynamics from more general co-dynamic processes, and policy instruments for managing co-evolutionary stress are outlined. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP MORGAN, JR, EAST WEST CTR,INST ENVIRONM & POLICY,HONOLULU,HI 96848. CR 1983, LAW SEA OFFICIAL TEX 1986, SIREN NEWS UNEPS REG, P36 BARDACH JE, 1986, OCEAN YB, V6, P41 BORGESE EM, 1983, OCEAN YB, V4, P450 DEGENHARDT HW, 1985, MARITIME AFFAIRS WOR, P109 FAIRBRIDGE RW, 1966, ENCY OCEANOGRAPHY, P417 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLT S, 1978, OCEAN YB, V1, P41 KENT G, 1985, MARINE POLICY SE ASI, P113 KNOX GA, 1984, OCEAN MANAGE, V9, P113 KORT VG, 1971, OCEANOGRAPHY READING, P85 MILES EL, 1982, ATLAS MARINE USE N P MORGAN J, 1984, MAR POLICY, V8, P299 MORGAN JR, 1983, ATLAS MARINE POLICY, P57 PRESCOTT JRV, 1985, MARITIME POLITICAL B, P242 SHERMAN K, 1987 ANN M AM ASS AD SHERMAN K, 1986, VARIABILITY MANAGEME, P3 NR 17 TC 3 J9 ENVIRONMENT BP 4 EP & PY 1987 PD DEC VL 29 IS 10 GA L7284 UT ISI:A1987L728400003 ER PT J AU Lundberg, J Moberg, F TI Mobile link organisms and ecosystem functioning: Implications for ecosystem resilience and management SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Lundberg, J, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Current natural resource management seldom takes the ecosystem functions performed by organisms that move between systems into consideration. Organisms that actively move in the landscape and connect habitats in space and time are here termed mobile links." They are essential components in the dynamics of ecosystem development and ecosystem resilience (that is, buffer capacity and opportunity for reorganization) that provide ecological memory (that is, sources for reorganization after disturbance). We investigated the effects of such mobile links on ecosystem functions in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. We identify three main functional categories: resource, genetic, and process linkers and suggest that the diversity within functional groups of mobile links is a central component of ecosystem resilience. As the planet becomes increasingly dominated by humans, the magnitude, frequency, timing, spatial extent, rate, and quality of such organism-mediated linkages are being altered. We argue that global environmental change can lead to (a) the decline of essential links in functional groups providing pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control; (b) the linking of previously disconnected areas, for example, the spread of vector-borne diseases and invasive species; and (c) the potential for existing links to become carriers of toxic substances, such as persistent organic compounds. We conclude that knowledge of interspatial exchange via mobile links needs to be incorporated into management and policy-making decisions in order to maintain ecosystem resilience and hence secure the capacity of ecosystems to supply the goods and services essential to society. 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perspectives on long-term research and monitoring in the 21st century SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Grange Over Sands LA5 0EY, Cumbria, England. Univ Coll London, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. Univ Coll London, Dept Geog, London WC1H 0AP, England. RP Parr, TW, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Merlewood Windermere Rd, Grange Over Sands LA5 0EY, Cumbria, England. AB Widespread concern over the state of the environment and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on ecosystem services and functions has highlighted the need for high-quality, long-term datasets for detecting and understanding environmental change. In July 2001, an international conference reviewed progress in the field of long-term ecosystem research and monitoring (LTERM). Examples are given which demonstrate the need for long-term environmental monitoring and research, for palaeoecological reconstructions of past environments and for applied use of historical records that inform us of past environmental conditions. LTERM approaches are needed to provide measures of baseline conditions and for informing decisions on ecosystem management and environmental policy formulation. They are also valuable in aiding the understanding of the processes of environmental change, including the integrated effects of natural and anthropogenic drivers and pressures, recovery from stress and resilience of species, populations, communities and ecosystems. The authors argue that, in order to realise the full potential of LTERM approaches, progress must be made in four key areas: (i) increase the number, variety and scope of LTERM activities to help define the operational range of ecosystems; (ii) greater integration of research, monitoring, modelling, palaeoecological reconstruction and remote sensing to create a broad-scale early warning system of environmental change; (iii) development of inter-disciplinary approaches which draw upon social and environmental science expertise to understand the factors determining the vulnerability and resilience of the nature-society system to change; and (iv) more and better use of LTERM data and information to inform the public and policymakers and to provide guidance on sustainable development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Environm Biol Grp, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Gessler, A, Univ Freiburg, Core Facil Metab, Ctr Biosyst Analysis, Georges Kohler Allee 53-54, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany. AB Over large areas of Europe, coniferous monocultures are being transformed into mixed forests by the re-introduction of broadleaf tree species belonging to the potential natural vegetation. One important species of interest in this changing forest policy is European beech (Fagus sylvatica). However, at present, this forest management directive has ignored potential adverse effects of global climate change on wide-spread re-introduction of beech to these areas. Average global surface temperatures have risen by approx. 0.8 degrees C in the period between 1861 and 2005 and are expected to continue to increase until the end of this century by 1.5-5.8 degrees C above the 1990 value. To estimate the climate change in the southern part of central Europe in future, we reviewed calculations from regional climate models. Temperature increase for the southern part of central Europe is projected to be up to 2 degrees Cwithin the next 40 years. In contrast, the annual precipitation will most likely remain constant over the same time period, but will experience significant changes in seasonal patterns. Rising intensities of individual precipitation events may result in increasing number and intensities of flooding events and reduced precipitation during the growing season in a higher frequency of summer droughts. Growth and competitive ability of European beech will not, necessarily, respond to increasing CO2 concentrations but may be strongly impacted by intensive drought that occurs during the growing season. Seedlings as well as adult trees may suffer from xylem embolism, restricted nutrient uptake capacity and reduced growth under limited water availability. However, it remains uncertain to what extent other environmental factors (e.g. soil properties, competitive interactions) may modify the drought response of beech, thus either enhancing susceptibility or increasing drought tolerance and resilience potential. Water-logged soils, predicted during the spring for several regions due to higher than average precipitation, could negatively impact nutrient uptake and growth of beech. Whereas other dominant species as, e. g. oak are well adapted to that environmental stress, beech is known to be sensitive to water-logging and flooding. Thus, the competitive capacity of beech might-depending on the other environmental conditions-be reduced under the expected future climate conditions. Silvicultural practices must be aware today of the potential risks which a changing climate may impose on sustainable forest development. 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RP Phoofolo, P, Univ Transkei, Dept Hist, Umtata, South Africa. AB Between 1896 and 1898, a devastating cattle panzootic of rinderpest killed over 95 per cent of African herds throughout Southern Africa. This obliteration of the bastion of African societies' economy threatened to provoke an unprecedented rural crisis. The rinderpest was equivalent to the 'Great Wall Street Crash' in that it threatened to wipe out the only capital of the people and to restrict future capital accumulation. Despite its acknowledged importance in the unfolding of historical processes in Southern Africa in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, this catastrophic panzootic remains an under-researched topic. This article traces the history of the rinderpest and examines the responses of the victims in their attempts to survive the catastrophe. The findings suggest that despite widespread negative impact, the rinderpest did not precipitate a major famine. 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WOOKEY, 1898, COMMUNICATION 1110 WORBOYS M, 1991, MED HIST, V35, P308 WRIGLEY TM, 1981, CLIMATE HIST STUDIES YAMANOUCHI K, 1980, JAPANESE J MED SCI B, V33, P53 NR 218 TC 0 J9 J S AFR STUD BP 503 EP 527 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 29 IS 2 GA 684AB UT ISI:000183182300010 ER PT J AU Garcia-Romero, A Oropeza-Orozco, O Galicia-Sarmiento, L TI Land-use systems and resilience of tropical rain forests in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Dept Geog Fis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Garcia-Romero, A, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Dept Geog Fis, Circuito Exterior S-N,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. AB Land-cover types were analyzed for 1970, 1990 and 2000 as the bases for determining land-use systems and their influence on the resilience of tropical rain forests in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. Deforestation (DR) and mean annual transformation rates were calculated from land-cover change data; thus, the classification of land-use change processes was determined according to their impact on resilience: a) Modification, including landcover conservation and intensification, and b) Conversion, including disturbance and regeneration processes. Regeneration processes, from secondary vegetation under extensive use, cultivated vegetation under intensive use, and cultivated or induced vegetation under extensive use to mature or secondary vegetation, have high resilience capacity. In contrast, cattle-raising is characterized by rapid expansion, long-lasting change, and intense damages; thus, recent disturbance processes, which include the conversion to cattle-raising, provoke the downfall of the traditional agricultural system, and nullify the capacity of resilience of tropical rain forest. The land-use cover change processes reveal a) the existence of four land-use systems ( forestry, extensive agriculture, extensive cattle-raising, and intensive uses) and b) a trend towards the replacement of agricultural and forestry systems by extensive cattle-raising, which was consolidated during 1990 - 2000 (DR of evergreen tropical rain forest = 4.6%). Only the forestry system, which is not subject to deforestation, but is affected by factors such as selective timber, extraction, firewood collection, grazing, or human-induced fire, is considered to have high resilience ( 2 years), compared to agriculture ( 2 - 10 years) or cattle-raising ( nonresilient). It is concluded that the analysis of land-use systems is essential for understanding the implications of land-use cover dynamics on forest recovery and land degradation in tropical rain forests. 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Columbia Univ, Sch Int & Publ Affairs, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Allenby, BR, AT&T, 20 Independence Bvd, Warren, NJ 07059 USA. AB Environmental security, a relatively new and still somewhat contentious concept, may be defined as the intersection of environmental and national security considerations at a national policy level. It may be understood as a result of several important trends. One, of course, is the breakdown of the bipolar geopolitical structure that characterized the cold war. A second, less visible to many in the policy community, is the shift of environment from compliance and remediation to strategic for society. This process is occurring at many different scales, from implementation of Design for Environment methodologies within firms, to integration of environmental and trade considerations in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Taken together, these trends suggest that environmental security may be an important evolution of national state and international policy systems. If this is to occur, however, the concept must be defined with sufficient rigor to support an operational program. CR *CTR STRAT INT STU, 1996, NUCL BLACK MARK *EX OFF PRES, 1996, NAT SEC STRAT ENG EN *L LIV NAT LAB, 1996, UCRLLR124625 *NSTC, 1995, NAT SEC SCI TECHN ST *UCAR, 1992, REP NAT OUR CHANG PL *US DEP DEF, 1995, REP DEF SCI BOARD TA *US DEP STAT, 1997, 10470 US DEP STAT ALLENBY BR, 1994, GREENING IND ECOSYST ALLENBY BR, 1998, ENV THREATS NATL SEC ALLENBY BR, 1998, J IND ECOLOGY, V2, P45 ALLENBY BR, 1999, IND ECOLOGY POLICY F BRADLEY DJ, 1996, PHYS TODAY, V49, P40 CALDER KE, 1996, FOREIGN AFF, V75, P55 CHRISTOPHER W, 1996, COMMUNICATION 0409 COOPER R, 1996, POSTMODERN STATE WOR DRUCKER PF, 1997, FOREIGN AFF, V76, P159 FLEISHMAN R, 1995, NATL SECURITY STUDIE, P11 GIZEWSKI P, 1996, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENT GLEICK PH, 1993, INT SECURITY, V18, P79 GOLDSTONE JA, 1996, ENV CHANGE SECURITY, V2, P66 GRAEDEL TE, 1995, IND ECOLOGY GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HARTWELL RV, 1994, ENV LAW REV, V24, P10109 HARVEY D, 1996, JUSTICE NATURE GEOGR HOMERDIXON TF, 1993, SCI AM FEB, P38 HOMERDIXON TF, 1994, INT SECURITY, V19, P5 HOWARD P, 1995, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENT JUDT T, 1997, FOREIGN AFF, V76, P95 KELLY K, 1995, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENT LIVERMAN DM, 1991, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V1, P351 LUGAR RG, 1999, FOREIGN AFF, V78, P88 LUHMANN N, 1989, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNICA MATHEWS JT, 1989, FOREIGN AFF, V68, P162 MATHEWS JT, 1997, FOREIGN AFF, V76, P50 MCELROY MB, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P763 MOREHOUSE ET, 1994, GREENING IND ECOSYST PERCIVAL V, 1995, ENV SCARCITY VIOLENT RAUL AC, 1993, NATURAL RESOURCES EN, V8 RENNER M, 1989, 89 WORLDW REPETTO R, 1993, WRI ISSUES IDEAS JUL ROMM JJ, 1996, ATLANTIC MONTHLY APR, P57 SASSENS S, 1996, LOSING CONTROL SOVER SOCOLOW R, 1994, IND ECOLOGY GLOBAL C STAGLIANO VA, 1995, RESOURCES SPR, P6 TURNER BL, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU WRISTON WB, 1997, FOREIGN AFF, V76, P172 NR 46 TC 5 J9 INT POLIT SCI REV BP 5 EP 21 PY 2000 PD JAN VL 21 IS 1 GA 276MD UT ISI:000084880800001 ER PT J AU Noble, BF TI Institutional criteria for co-management SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article C1 Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Geog, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Noble, BF, Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Geog, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. AB Much attention has focused around co-management as a process to effective fisheries management. While it is generally accepted that co-management is an effective means of minimizing conflict in fisheries management and recirculating the benefits of effective management back into the local communities, its development has been slowed by institutional constraints. Institutions are important prerequisites to effective co-management, and form the entity from which decisions are made and collective action is taken. This paper suggests how institutions can both facilitate and constrain fisheries co-management. What is presented here is the normative criteria from which to evaluate and improve the institutional development of cooperative fisheries management arrangements. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, OUR COMM FUT BERKES F, 1991, ALTERN-P SOC TEC, V18, P12 BISHOP R, 1981, EC ANAL FISHERIES MA BROMLEY DW, 1982, AM J AGR ECON, V64, P834 BROODHEAD P, 1989, P RUR POL SEM 1 SASK CHAKALALL B, 1998, MAR POLICY, V22, P29 CHARLES T, 1982, MAR POLICY, V16, P379 DAHL R, 1989, DEMOCRACY ITS CRITIC DEVIVERO JLS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P197 DOUGLAS D, 1994, COMMUNITY EC DEV CAN, V1 FULLER T, 1989, P EUR POL SEM 1 CAN GOODLAD J, 1986, NORW CAN FISH MAN WO GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V28, P23 HANNESSON R, 1985, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V2, P115 HOLLAND MM, 1996, CAN J FISH AQUAT S1, V53, P432 HOLLING CS, 1978, RESILIENCE UNFORGIVI HUTCHINGS JA, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1198 JACKSON ET, 1984, COMMUNITY EC SELF HE JENTOFT S, 1985, MAR POLICY, V9, P323 JENTOFT S, 1989, HUM ORGAN, V48, P355 JENTOFT S, 1989, MAR POLICY, V13, P137 JENTOFT S, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P227 JENTOFT S, 1998, MAR POLICY, V22, P423 KEANE M, 1990, J RURAL STUD, V2, P281 KUPERAN K, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P306 MCCAY B, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MIKALSEN KH, 1993, 4 NO REG C TROMS 27 MITCHELL B, 1989, GEOGRAPHY RESOURCE A MITCHELL B, 1997, RESOURCE ENV MANAGEM MORGAN G, 1963, ACTION LEARNING HOLO MULVIHILL PR, 1989, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V9, P399 NIELSEN JR, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P277 PANAYOTOU T, 1982, FISHERIES TECHNICAL, V228 PINKERTON EW, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 ROBINSON JB, 1990, ALTERNATIVES, V17, P36 TRIST E, 1983, HUM RELAT, V36, P269 NR 38 TC 12 J9 MAR POLICY BP 69 EP 77 PY 2000 PD JAN VL 24 IS 1 GA 265FL UT ISI:000084231600008 ER PT J AU Matteucci, SD Colma, A TI Sustainable agriculture, and arid and semiarid ecosystems of Venezuela. SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article RP Matteucci, SD, UNIV BUENOS AIRES,CTR ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS,BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA. AB The strategies for resources management depend upon the underlying comprehension about ecosystems dynamics. Contrasted approaches arise according to whether emphasis is laid on ecosystems' equilibrium or on resilience. Management proposals are based on the later spares temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Arid and semiarid ecosystems follow pulse-reserve dynamics; i.e., they show a remarkable short-term temporal variation. Water availability is the major controlling factor, yearly precipitation is variable, and occurs in infrequent, discrete events. After a long dry period, the system is in an inactive steady state. Rainfall triggers growth and biomass builds up. The size of the production pulse depends on the input level. The system's persistence depends both on the amounts of stored reserves, and on backflow to reserves. Any factor interfering with storage mechanisms or accelerating reserve losses reduces the persistence capacity. In arid and semiarid ecosystems with high resilience, cryptic degradation takes place, and when its effects become evident it is usually too late to stop the process. The management of these ecosystems is a delicate enterprise, since small disturbances gradually reduce their resilience up to the threshold value, beyond which an unpredicted event may irreversibly degrade the ecosystem. The Venezuelan arid and semiarid lands occupy 4.6% of the territory. Their long history of devastating land use, based on goat herding in a haphazard manner at the expense of natural vegetation, has depleted the ecological base, and increased poverty. Their small relative extension and great fragility, are arguments to encourage a strategy of ''no-action''. However, the importance of vegetation cover in ameliorating climates, as well as the presence of an impoverished human population, are good reasons to promote research and development, based on a minimum risk policy. Governmental agencies have handled the situation in an unidimensional fashion, focusing their attention on water scarcity. However, it is the set of interactions in the socio-ecological system that influence the pulse-reserve dynamics and modify resilience. In this paper, a different approach, based all the local experience and with the community participation from the planning stage, is proposed. Land use diversification with minimum capital input is promoted. The aim is to optimize land use while reducing extra regional dependence; i.e., increasing self-reliance. Actual and potential uses of native and introduced forage species are promoted, together with the appropriate cropping systems, in order to reduce the pressure on natural vegetation. Lowcost technologies, aimed at increasing water and soil conservation, are analyzed. The quest of the intersection between scientific knowledge and concrete action the current social media, offers an opportunity to overcome the classical approaches. CR *UNESCO, 1985, ENCUENTRO INTERREGIO BRACHO D, 1985, THESIS U LOS ANDES M CASTILLO J, 1983, INFORMES ANUALES EST COLMA A, 1981, MONOGRAFIC NACL INVE COLMA A, 1986, 4 INT C EC SYR NEW Y COMERMA JA, 1974, SUELOS MAPA ORDENES DURAND B, 1987, DIFUSION TRACCION AN GARCIA O, 1966, AGRONOMIA TROPICAL, V22, P45 GARCIA R, 1979, 5 SEM NAC OV CAPR MA GARCIA R, 1983, EVALUACION NUTR ESPE GUICHARD I, 1985, CAHIERS RECHERCHE DE, V7, P75 GUICHARD I, 1985, CONDUITIE ELEVAGE CA HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JIMENEZ EG, 1981, 1 CICL C PROD OV CAP MARTINEZ D, 1987, MANEJO APROVECHAMIEN MATTEUCCI S, 1987, VEGETATIO, V70, P67 MATTEUCCI SD, 1977, PUBLICACIONES DEP IN MATTEUCCI SD, 1982, ACTA CIENT VENEZ, V33, P78 MATTEUCCI SD, 1983, HOJA U ANO 3, V30 MATTEUCCI SD, 1985, ENVIRON MANAGE, V9, P231 MATTEUCCI SD, 1986, ZONAS ARIDAS, V4, P39 MATTEUCCI SD, 1988, P INT AR LANDS RES D, P1103 MATTEUCCI SD, 1991, INTERCIENCIA, V16, P313 MATTHIES H, 1982, IBRO MONOGRAPH SERIE, V9, P1 MEDINA R, 1990, THESIS U NACL EXPT F MORA A, 1990, THESIS U NACL EXPT F NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P25 PERALTA R, 1985, THESIS U LOS ANDES M PLA L, 1980, INT ARCH PHOTOGRAMME, V23, P772 TRUJILLO B, 1966, ORDENACION DESARROLL, V7, P277 ZAMORA F, 1987, EVALUACION ESPECIES NR 32 TC 1 J9 INTERCIENCIA BP 123 EP & PY 1997 PD MAY-JUN VL 22 IS 3 GA XC209 UT ISI:A1997XC20900003 ER PT J AU ZIMMERER, KS TI HUMAN-GEOGRAPHY AND THE NEW ECOLOGY - THE PROSPECT AND PROMISE OF INTEGRATION SO ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS LA English DT Article RP ZIMMERER, KS, UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOG,MADISON,WI 53706. AB The ''new ecology'' underscores the role of nonequilibrium conditions in biophysical environments, a reorientation of biological ecology based in part on biogeography. This paper describes the contributions of the ''new ecology'' and examines their implications for the analysis of biophysical environments in human geography, the most notable of which is a reformulation of certain key ecological postulates (generalized carrying capacity, area-biodiversity postulate, biodiversity-stability postulate). The irony of these reformulations is that our advanced understandings of biophysical environments come at the expense of the perceived certainty of prediction and possible justification for human-induced environmental degradation. These difficulties are not insuperable, however, as is readily demonstrated by the applications of the ''new ecology'' in landscape ecology and agroecology. Their example may prove instructive as geographers integrate the ''new ecology's'' perspectives on biophysical environments and interpret the relations between environmental conservation and economic development. 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V45, P229 WHITNEY GG, 1987, J ECOL, V75, P667 WHITTAKER RH, 1975, COMMUNITIES ECOSYSTE WHYTE AVT, 1986, GEOGRAPHY RESOURCES, V2, P240 WINTERHALDER B, 1980, HUM ECOL, V8, P135 WOLF E, 1972, ANTHR Q, V45, P201 WOLF ER, 1982, EUROPE PEOPLE HIST WORSTER D, 1977, NATURES EC ROOTS ECO WORSTER D, 1988, ENDS EARTH PERSPECTI WORSTER D, 1990, ENV HIST REV, V14, P1 ZIMMERER KS, IN PRESS CONCEPTUAL ZIMMERER KS, 1991, J BIOGEOGR, V18, P165 ZIMMERER KS, 1991, J ETHNOBIOL, V11, P23 ZIMMERER KS, 1994, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V49, P29 NR 188 TC 54 J9 ANN ASSN AMER GEOGR BP 108 EP 125 PY 1994 PD MAR VL 84 IS 1 GA NE059 UT ISI:A1994NE05900007 ER PT J AU Guneralp, B Barlas, Y TI Dynamic modelling of a shallow freshwater lake for ecological and economic sustainability SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Bogazici Univ, Dept Ind Engn, TR-80850 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Guneralp, B, Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. AB This research deals with the dynamic simulation modelling of a shallow freshwater lake ecosystem and analysis of potential sustainable management policies. The study region consists of a shallow freshwater lake and its surroundings, where fishing is a major commercial activity. The lake is under high nutrient loads, hence eutrophic with macrophyte dominance. The goal of this research is to find a balance between the ecosystem and economic activities in the region. To this end, a system dynamics model of the wetland is constructed. The results obtained from model simulations show that there is no threat of a shift to algal dominance in the near future. The major problem seems to be a potential decline in the welfare of the inhabitants, mainly due to unsustainable population increase. Different scenario runs reveal that the lake would have become eutrophic with algal dominance, if the crayfish population did not collapse due to a fun.-us disease in 1986. One particular scenario analysis (the recovery of crayfish sometime in the future within the model time frame) results in increase in crayfish harvest; hence in income from fishing, leading to betterment in social conditions. As for the alternative policies tested, 'improved agricultural techniques' is the only policy that leads to better social conditions, through increased yield per hectare. It is hoped that the dynamic simulation model will serve as a laboratory to study the different features of the eutrophication problem in shallow freshwater lakes and to analyse different policy alternatives with an integrated, systemic approach. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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INRA, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. RP Gondard, H, CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, UMR 5175, 1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. AB Soil surface disturbances after logging influence plant species diversity. To estimate these effects, the objective of the present study was to test three hypotheses: (1) each soil surface disturbance type is characterized by a group of plant species that emerges following the disturbance. (2) each emergent group of plant species has distinct, recognizable biological traits, (3) in two different bio-geographic plant communities; each soil surface disturbance type is characterized by the same set of biological traits. We present results from Atlantic oak (Quercus pubescens Willd- Q. robur L. and Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) coppices and natural Mediterranean Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) forests of southern France. 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Each can be influenced through policies and education. Production of goods exhibits a hierarchical structure similar to ecosystems: subsystems adapt while sustaining system productivity, that is, higher levels have greater resilience In agriculture, the farm has little adaptability, the region can shift production among locations, and a nation can shift among regions. Forests exhibit an intertemporal-geographical hierarchy in which harvests are replaced by growth elsewhere and later regrowth. This structure is useful in responding to change and uncertainty. Preferences, too, can and must be informed through education. CR *HIGH PLAINS STUD, 1982, SUMM RES OG AQ REG S *NAT AC SCI NAT RE, 1968, WAT CHOIC COL BAS EX *US GEN ACC OFF, 1988, GAORCED8884BR *US GEN ACC OFF, 1990, PEMD9012 GAO *WCED, 1987, OUR COMM FUT *WORLD BANK, WORLD DEV REP *WORLD RES I, WORLD RES GUID GLOB BARLOWE R, 1983, GREAT LAKES FOREST E BURTRAW D, 1992, 301 QE CALDWELL LK, 1993, POLICY LAND LAW ETHI COSTANZA R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193 DEER RE, 1983, GREAT LAKES FOREST E EASTERLIN RA, 1974, NATIONS HOUSEHOLDS E FRADKIN PL, 1981, RIVER MORE COLORADO HARKIN DA, 1983, GREAT LAKES FOREST E HOWARTH RB, 1990, LAND ECON, V66, P1 HOWARTH RB, 1995, HDB ENV EC HOWE CW, 1971, INTERBASIN TRANSFERS HOWE CW, 1988, ENV RESOURCES APPL W INGRAM H, 1972, WATER RESOURCES B, V8, P1177 KAHNEMAN D, 1991, INTERPERSONAL COMP W KENNEDY PW, 1994, AERE WORKSH BOULD CO KOHN A, 1990, BRIGHTER SIDE HUMAN LORD WB, 1979, WATER RESOURCES B, V15, P1226 MAASS A, 1962, DESIGN WATER RESOURC MCGINNIES WG, 1969, ARID LANDS PERSPECTI NAGPAL T, 1995, 2050 WORLD RES I NORGAARD RB, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA NORGAARD RB, 1992, EC ISSUES GLOBAL CLI PEZZEY J, 1992, ENVIRON VALUE, V1, P321 POSNER RA, 1983, EC JUSTICE SCHMID AA, 1987, PROPERTY POWER PUBLI SOLOW R, 1992, 14 ANN RES FUT OCT 8 WEATHERFORD GD, 1986, NEW COURSES COLORADO WHITE GF, 1969, STRATEGIES AM WATER WILLIAMSON OE, 1985, EC I CAPITALISM FIRM NR TC 5 BP 597 EP 607 PY 1997 PD NOV VL 73 IS 4 UT ISI:000071330300011 ER PT J AU Falkenmark, M TI Freshwater as shared between society and ecosystems: from divided approaches to integrated challenges SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 SIWI, SE-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Falkenmark, M, SIWI, Hantverkargatan 5, SE-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. AB The paper has its focus on water's key functions behind ecosystem dynamics and the water-related balancing involved in a catchment-based ecosystem approach. A conceptual framework is being developed to address fundamental trade-offs between humans and ecosystems. This is done by paying attention to society's unavoidable landscape modifications and their unavoidable ecological effects mediated by water processes. Because the coevolution of societal and environmental processes indicates resonance rather than a cause-effect relationship, humanity will have to learn to live with change while securing ecosystem resilience. In view of the partial incompatibility of the social imperative of the millennium goals and its environmental sustainability goal, human activities and ecosystems have to be orchestrated for compatibility. To this end a catchment-based approach has to be taken by integrating water, land use and ecosystems. It is being suggested that ecosystem protection has to be thought of in two scales: site-specific biotic landscape components to be protected for their social value, and a catchment-based ecosystem approach to secure sustainable supply of crucial ecosystem goods and services on which social and economic development depends. 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SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Sch Geog Planning & Architecture, Ctr Remote Sensing & Spatial Anal, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Javeriana, Fac Estud Ambientales & Rurales, Bogota, Colombia. RP Etter, A, Univ Queensland, Ecol Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. AB Deforestation often occurs as temporal waves and in localized fronts termed 'deforestation hotspots' driven by economic pulses and population pressure. Of particular concern for conservation planning are 'biodiversity hotspots' where high concentrations of endemic species undergo rapid loss and fragmentation of habitat. We investigate the deforestation process in Caqueta, a biodiversity hotspot and major colonization front of the Colombian Amazon using multi-temporal satellite imagery of the periods 1989-1996-1999-2002. The probabilities of deforestation and regeneration were modeled against soil fertility, accessibility and neighborhood terms, using logistic regression analysis. Deforestation and regeneration patterns and rates were highly variable across the colonization front. The regional average annual deforestation rate was 2.6%, but varied locally between -1.8% (regeneration) and 5.3%, with maximum rates in landscapes with 40-60% forest cover and highest edge densities, showing an analogous pattern to the spread of disease. Soil fertility and forest and secondary vegetation neighbors showed positive and significant relationships with the probability of deforestation. For forest regeneration, soil fertility had a significant negative effect while the other parameters were marginally significant. The logistic regression models across all periods showed a high level of discrimination power for both deforestation and forest regeneration, with ROC values > 0.80. We document the effect of policies and institutional changes on the land clearing process, such as the failed peace process between government and guerillas in 1999-2002, which redirected the spread of deforestation and increased forest regeneration. The implications for conservation in biologically rich areas, such as Caqueta are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. 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RP Best, MJ, Meteorol Off, Joint Ctr Hydrometeorol Res, Wallingford, Oxon, England. AB The Current resolution of operational weather forecast model is not sufficient in general to explicitly resolve even the major cities of the World. As a consequence, urban areas have traditionally been neglected in such models. The introduction Of tiled land surface models has enabled sub-gridscale landuse to be modelled, and hence has provided the Opportunity to model cities within weather forecast models. However, to date there has been little effort made within the operational weather forecast community. At present there is only one operational centre that explicitly resolves urban areas. This centre includes a simple Urban scheme within its mesoscale and global models, which has been shown to have a positive impact oil the forecast. However, with the recent developments Within urban meteorology there are now a variety Of urban schemes, which vary in their complexity and parameter requirements, that Would be Suitable for operational weather forecast models. So it is likely that more operational models, and in particular mesoscale models, Will include urban areas in the near future. With the majority of the World's Population living in cities, the resilience of these cities to the impacts of climate change is also becoming of increasing interest. This means that urban areas will have to be included Within climate change simulations, as well as weather forecast simulations, in the future. At present, only one climate change model has included a parametrisation for urban areas. However, this is likely to increase if work in this area grows rapidly. CR BATCHVAROVA E, IN PRESS THEOR APPL BEST MJ, 1998, 2 URB ENV S ALB NM A, P148 BEST MJ, 2002, 4 S URB ENV NORF VA, P9 BORNSTEIN R, 2000, ATMOS ENVIRON, V34, P507 BROWN MJ, 1998, 2 URB ENV S ALB NM A, P144 ESSERY RLH, 2003, J HYDROMETEOROL, V4, P530 GRIMMOND CSB, 2006, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V84, P3 KANDA M, 2006, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V84, P23 LEMONSU A, 2002, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V104, P463 MARTILLI A, 2002, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V104, P261 MARTILLI A, 2003, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V108, P91 MASSON V, 2000, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V94, P357 MASSON V, 2006, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V84, P35 NR 13 TC 2 J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL BP 47 EP 55 PY 2006 PD FEB VL 84 IS 1-3 GA 016WS UT ISI:000235652700005 ER PT J AU Suding, KN Gross, KL Houseman, GR TI Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Michigan State Univ, WK Kellogg Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. RP Suding, KN, Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. AB There is increasing interest in developing better predictive tools and a broader conceptual framework to guide the restoration of degraded land. Traditionally, restoration efforts have focused on re-establishing historical disturbance regimes or abiotic conditions, relying on successional processes to guide the recovery of biotic communities. However, strong feedbacks between biotic factors and the physical environment can alter the efficacy of these successional-based management efforts. Recent experimental work indicates that some degraded systems are resilient to traditional restoration efforts owing to constraints such as changes in landscape connectivity and organization, loss of native species pools, shifts in species dominance, trophic interactions and/or invasion by exotics, and concomitant effects on biogeochemical processes. Models of alternative ecosystem states that incorporate system thresholds and feedbacks are now being applied to the dynamics of recovery in degraded systems and are suggesting ways in which restoration can identify, prioritize and address these constraints. CR ADEMA EB, 2002, J VEG SCI, V13, P107 ANDERSON RC, 2000, RESTOR ECOL, V8, P296 BACHMANN RW, 1999, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V394, P219 BAER SG, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P1688 BAKKER JP, 1999, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V14, P63 BEISNER BE, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENV, V7, P376 BLUMENTHAL DM, 2003, ECOL APPL, V13, P605 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CHAMBERS JC, 2001, APPL VEG SCI, V4, P157 CIONE NK, 2002, RESTOR ECOL, V10, P376 COPELAND TE, 2002, RESTOR ECOL, V10, P315 DANTONIO C, 2002, RESTOR ECOL, V10, P703 DANTONIO CM, 2000, INVASIVE SPECIES CHA, P65 DOBSON A, 1997, SCIENCE, V227, P515 EHRENFELD JG, 2000, RESTOR ECOL, V8, P2 FERNANDEZGIMENEZ ME, 1999, J APPL ECOL, V36, P871 GORDON DR, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P975 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUNDERSON LH, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P371 HANDA IT, 2000, J APPL ECOL, V37, P944 HIBBARD KA, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P1999 HOBBS RJ, 1996, RESTOR ECOL, V4, P93 HOBBS RJ, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1522 HOBBS RJ, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P239 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLMES PM, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P71 HOLMGREN M, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P151 KAUFFMAN JB, 1997, FISHERIES, V22, P12 KLOTZLI F, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P209 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LUKEN JO, 1990, DIRECTING ECOLOGICAL MACK MC, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P195 MACK MC, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P1323 MATSON PA, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P113 MCINTYRE S, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P1282 MCIVER J, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P15 MITCHELL RJ, 1999, J APPL ECOL, V36, P770 MITSCH WJ, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P77 NIENHUIS PH, 2002, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V478, P219 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 NYSTROM M, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P413 OPPERMAN JJ, 2000, RESTOR ECOL, V8, P41 PARKER VT, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P301 PAULY D, 2002, NATURE, V418, P689 PEREVOLOTSKY A, 2001, J RANGE MANAGE, V54, P561 PETERSON GD, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P329 PETRAITIS PS, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P429 PRACH K, 2001, APPL VEG SCI, V4, P111 PYWELL RF, 2002, J APPL ECOL, V39, P294 PYWELL RF, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P65 SCHEFFER M, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P272 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHOLES RJ, 1997, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V28, P517 SMITH GS, 2002, AM J GERIAT PSYCH S1, V10, P39 STRINGHAM TK, 2001, J RANGE MANAGE, V54, P210 VANAUKEN OW, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P197 VANDEKOPPEL J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P352 VANDEKOPPEL J, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P3449 WALKER S, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P809 WHISENANT SG, 1999, REPAIRING DAMAGED WI WILLEMS JH, 2001, RESTOR ECOL, V9, P147 YOUNG TP, 2000, BIOL CONSERV, V92, P73 YOUNG TP, 2001, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATI, V19, P5 ZEDLER JB, 1999, RESTOR ECOL, V7, P69 ZEDLER JB, 2000, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V15, P402 NR 65 TC 1 J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT BP 46 EP 53 PY 2004 PD JAN VL 19 IS 1 GA 762DJ UT ISI:000187955300011 ER PT J AU Coppus, R Imeson, AC Sevink, J TI Identification, distribution and characteristics of erosion sensitive areas in three different Central Andean ecosystems SO CATENA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Dept Phys Geog, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Coppus, R, Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Dept Phys Geog, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. AB Interactions between erosion processes and soil and vegetation were studied in the three main ecosystems (i.e. sub-Andean valley, high Andean plateau and inter-Andean valley) in the southern Bolivian Andes. Erosion features such as badlands, dunes and stripped bedrock are widespread and reflect different scales of erosion in time, space and magnitude. The extent of active erosion features has been attributed mainly to land use change but geology and climate are also factors. The principle objective of this study was to characterise Erosion Sensitive Areas (ESAs) or physiographical units that are sensitive to erosion. Soil and vegetation properties provided insight into the relative importance of grazing as opposed to geology and climate in explaining the current extent of active erosion features. Erosion features, soil surface characteristics, biomass and chemical and physical soil properties from 36 sites distributed over 15 representative physiographical units were determined. In the areas that are most sensitive to erosion, the biomass of palatable species, soil organic matter (OM) content and available water (AW) are small and grazing density is low or moderate. The areas with high grazing density have large biomass of palatable species and large organic matter and available water contents. The distribution of the ESAs coincides with a semi-arid climate, low biomass of short grasses and very erodible parent material. Current reductions in grazing intensity do not seem to have resulted in less erosion. This suggests that past grazing history has altered the sensitivity to erosion, and the resilience of certain areas, to such an extent that erosion rates are high despite current low grazing intensity. It also suggests that contemporary degradation processes are not driven by current grazing densities but by climatic and geomorphological factors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR *FAO UNESCO, 1988, 20 ISRIC FAO UNESCO *FAO, 1977, GUID SOIL PROF DESCR ABRIL A, 1999, APPL SOIL ECOL, V12, P159 ADLER PB, 1999, J RANGE MANAGE, V52, P471 AHLFELD FE, 1972, GEOLOGIA BOLIVIA ARCHIBOLD OW, 1995, ECOLOGY WORLD VEGETA BAIED CA, 1993, MT RES DEV, V13, P145 BAUER A, 1987, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V51, P176 BECK S, 1999, FLORA VEGETACION REG BELSKY AJ, 1987, AM NAT, V129, P777 CARMEL Y, 1999, PLANT ECOL, V145, P243 CRUZ ML, 1993, 9303 U MAYOR SAN AND CRUZ ML, 1994, DESERTIFICACION BOLI DAHLGREN RA, 1997, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, V39, P45 DENEVAN WE, 1986, CULTURAL ECOLOGY ARC, P47 EASH NS, 1995, GEODERMA, V65, P59 FRANK DA, 1998, OECOLOGIA, V117, P564 GARDNER JL, 1950, ECOLOGY, V31, P44 GEROLD G, 1981, WURZBURGER GEOGRAPHI, V563, P73 GEROLD G, 1987, AACHENER GEOGRAPHISC, V19, P1 HOBBS NT, 1996, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V60, P695 HOFSTEDE RGM, 1995, THESIS U AMSTERDAM KOPPEL JVD, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P352 KOSMAS C, 1999, MEDALUS PROJECT MEDI LAUER W, 1993, MT RES DEV, V13, P157 LIANG YM, 1989, OECOLOGIA, V80, P148 LUDWIG JA, 1975, AM MIDL NAT, V94, P451 MASS GS, 2000, RIVER BASIN SEDIMENT, P130 MESSERLI B, 1993, MOUNTAIN RES DEV, V13, P117 OLSEN SR, 1954, 939 USDA PRESTON D, 1997, GEOGR J 2, V163, P198 RITCHIE ME, 1998, ECOLOGY, V79, P165 TRIMBLE SW, 1995, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V13, P233 VILLCA Z, 1995, WAIRA PAMPA SISTEMA, P117 WALKLEY A, 1934, SOIL SCI, V37, P29 WARBURTON J, 1998, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HAZ, P229 ZHANG W, 1996, J ARID ENVIRON, V34, P421 ZOBISCH MA, 1993, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V48, P445 NR 38 TC 0 J9 CATENA BP 315 EP 328 PY 2003 PD APR 1 VL 51 IS 3-4 GA 657ZQ UT ISI:000181697500009 ER PT J AU Perrings, C Walker, BH TI Biodiversity, resilience and the control of ecological-economic systems: The case of fire-driven rangelands SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. RP Perrings, C, UNIV YORK,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. AB The loss of resilience in systems characterised by multiple equilibria is indicated by a discontinuous change in the state of the system, or the transition from one locally stable state corresponding to a particular mix of species to another state corresponding to a different mix of species. The resilience of the system (the state of the range in this example) may be influenced by the management regime through its impact on the response to disturbances. The paper shows that optimal management of an event-driven system should be sensitive to the opportunities created by such events. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. CR AUSTIN MP, 1988, VEGETATIO, V77, P43 DUBLIN HT, 1990, J ANIM ECOL, V59, P1147 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 HODGKINSON KC, 1991, AUSTR RANGELANDS J, V7, P64 HODGKINSON KC, 1991, P 4 C INT TERR PARC HODGKINSON KC, 1992, DESERTIFIED GRASSLAN, P78 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 KNOOP WT, 1985, J ECOL, V73, P235 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 LUDWIG JA, 1995, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V37, P231 LUDWIG JA, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P51 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 NOYMEIR I, 1975, J ECOL, V63, P459 NOYMEIR I, 1979, MANAGEMENT SEMIARID, P113 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P190 PERRINGS C, 1997, WORKING PAPERS ENV E PICKUP G, 1991, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V10, P463 STAFFORDSMITH DM, 1990, P ECOLOGICAL SOC AUS, V16, P195 TONGWAY DJ, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P23 WALKER BH, 1988, AUSTR RANGELAND J, V10, P69 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 22 TC 20 J9 ECOL ECON BP 73 EP 83 PY 1997 PD JUL VL 22 IS 1 GA XH697 UT ISI:A1997XH69700008 ER PT J AU Falkenmark, M Folke, C TI The ethics of socio-ecohydrological catchment management: towards hydrosolidarity SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 Stockholm Int Water Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Falkenmark, M, Stockholm Int Water Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. AB This paper attempts to clarify key biophysical issues and the problems involved in the ethics of socio-ecohydrological catchment management. The issue in managing complex systems is to live with unavoidable change while securing the capacity of the ecohydrological system of the catchment to sustain vital ecological goods and services, aquatic as well as terrestrial, on which humanity depends ultimately. Catchment management oriented to sustainability has to be based on ethical principles: human rights, international conventions, sustaining crucial ecological goods and services, and protecting ecosystem resilience, all of which have water link-ages. Many weaknesses have to be identified, assessed and mitigated to improve the tools by which the ethical issues can be addressed and solved: a heritage of constraining tunnel vision in both science and management', inadequate shortcuts made in modern scientific system, analyses (e.g. science addressing sustainability issues), simplistic technical-fix approaches to water and ecosystems in I and/water/ecosystem management, conventional tools for evaluation of scientific quality with its focus on "doing the thing right" rather than "doing the right thing". The new ethics have to incorporate principles that, on a catchment basis, allow for proper attention to the hungry and poor, upstream and downstream, to descendants, and to sites and habitats that need to be protected. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC FALKENMARK M, 2000, WATER INT, V25, P172 FOLKE C, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P1018 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 KINZIG AP, 2000, NATURE SOC IMPERATIV LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LUNDQVIST J, 2000, NEW DIMENSIONS WATER OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PERRINGS CA, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 RIPL W, 1995, ECOL MODEL, V78, P61 ROCKSTROM J, 1999, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V3 SCHEFFER M, 2001, UNPUB NATURE VANDERLEEUW S, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA NR 18 TC 3 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SCI BP 1 EP 9 PY 2002 PD FEB VL 6 IS 1 GA 531NG UT ISI:000174421000001 ER PT J AU Bulte, EH TI Open access harvesting of wildlife: the poaching pit and conservation of endangered species SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. RP Bulte, EH, Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, POB 90153, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. AB We extend the traditional G-S model of open access by defining a non-concave harvesting function. We demonstrate the possible existence of multiple equilibria and perverse comparative statics and show that small changes in the underlying economic parameters may trigger large jumps in species' abundance. Finally, we briefly discuss implications for management. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. CR AMUNDSEN ES, 1995, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V7, P167 BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BARBIER EB, 1998, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V12, P151 BEGON M, 1996, POPULATION ECOLOGY U BELL F, 1972, J POLITICAL EC, V80, P148 BERCK P, 1984, ECONOMETRICA, V52, P489 BJORNDAL T, 1987, CAN J ECON, V20, P74 BRANDER J, 1997, CAN J ECON, V30, P525 BRANDOR J, 1997, J INT ECON, V44, P181 BROWN GM, 2000, J ECON LIT, V38, P875 BROWN GM, 2001, PROTECTING ENDANGERE BULTE EH, 1999, AM J AGR ECON, V81, P453 BULTE EH, 1999, ECOL ECON, V28, P171 CIRIACYWANTRUP SV, 1975, NAT RESOUR J, V15, P713 CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS CONRAD JM, 1995, HDB ENV EC, P405 COPES P, 1970, SCOTTISH J POLITICAL, V17, P69 DUBLIN H, 1998, FIGHT SURVIVAL 4 DEC FARROW S, 1995, ECOL ECON, V13, P115 GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 GRAFTON RQ, 1997, MARINE RESOURCES EC, V12, P127 HOLLING CS, 1959, CAN ENTOMOL, V91, P293 HOMANS FR, 1997, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V31, P1 JOHNSTON RJ, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P500 JONES DD, 1976, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V33, P2829 LUDWIG D, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P315 MANN C, 1995, NOAHS CHOICE MILLNERGULLAND EJ, 1992, EC WILDS, P195 MILLNERGULLAND EJ, 1992, J APPL ECOL, V29, P388 MILLNERGULLAND EJ, 1993, ENV RES EC, V3, P73 MOEHLMAN PD, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1107 MURPHY GI, 1967, ECOLOGY, V48, P731 ROSSER JB, 1999, J ECON PERSPECT, V13, P169 ROSSER JB, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P23 SANCHIRICO JN, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V37, P129 SCHAEFER MB, 1957, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V14, P669 THOM R, 1975, STRUCTURAL STABILITY VANKOOTEN GC, 2000, EC NATURE MANAGING B WILEN JE, 1976, 3 U BRIT COL NR 39 TC 0 J9 AGR ECON BP 27 EP 37 PY 2003 PD JAN VL 28 IS 1 GA 634XH UT ISI:000180367400003 ER PT J AU Potts, DL Huxman, TE Enquist, BJ Weltzin, JF Williams, DG TI Resilience and resistance of ecosystem functional response to a precipitation pulse in a semi-arid grassland SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Potts, DL, Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. AB 1 In water-limited ecosystems, discrete precipitation events trigger brief but important episodes of biological activity. Differential responses of above- and below-ground biota to precipitation may constrain biogeochemical transformations at the ecosystem scale. 2 We quantified short-term dynamics of whole ecosystem response to 39 mm irrigation events (precipitation pulses) during June 2002 and 2003 using plant physiological and ecosystem gas-exchange measurements as state variables in a principal components analysis (PCA). Experimental plots consisted of either native (Heteropogon contortus L.) or non-native (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) bunchgrasses planted in monoculture on two distinct geomorphic surfaces in a semi-arid grassland. 3 For 15 days, treatments followed similar, non-linear trajectories through state variable space with measurement periods forming distinct clusters; PCA axes 1 and 2 combined to explain 80.7% of the variation during both 2002 and 2003. 4 During both years, bunchgrass species interacted with soil type such that there was a reduction in ecosystem functional resistance in plots planted with the non-native bunchgrass species on the fine-textured clay geomorphic surface. 5 System-level hysteresis, emerging as a result of independent responses of photosynthesis, respiration and evapotranspiration to precipitation, indicated the potential for alternative functional states. 6 Quantifying the frequency and duration of ecosystem alternative functional states in response to individual precipitation events within a season will provide insights into the controls of species, soils and climate on ecosystem carbon and water cycles. CR ARNONE JA, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V55, P629 BASSIRIRAD H, 1999, PLANT ECOL, V145, P27 BEISNER BE, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P376 CHAPIN FS, 2002, PRINCIPLES TERRESTRI DODORICO P, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P8848 DREWITT GB, 2002, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V110, P299 EMMERICH WE, 2003, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V116, P91 ENGLISH NB, 2003, SANT RIT EXP RANG 10, P188 FLANAGAN LB, 2002, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V8, P599 GILMANOV TG, 2003, BASIC APPL ECOL, V4, P167 GOLLEY FB, 1993, HIST ECOSYSTEM CONCE GULLUSCIO RA, 1998, OECOLOGIA, V115, P17 GUNDERSON LH, 2000, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V31, P425 GUTIERREZ JR, 1987, ECOLOGY, V68, P2032 HATCH LK, 1999, WATER RESOUR RES, V35, P3783 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUXMAN TE, 2004, NATURE, V429, P651 HUXMAN TE, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V141, P254 HUXMAN TE, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V141, P295 KNAPP AK, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P19 KNAPP AK, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P2202 LINDEMAN RL, 1942, ECOLOGY, V23, P399 LOIK ME, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V141, P269 MCAULIFFE JR, 1995, DESERT GRASSLAND, P100 MCCUNE B, 1999, PC ORD MULTIVARIATE MCCUNE B, 2002, ANAL ECOLOGICAL COMM MCLAREN JR, 2004, OIKOS, V107, P199 NOYMEIR I, 1973, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V4, P51 ODUM EP, 1969, SCIENCE, V164, P262 OGLE K, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V141, P282 REYNOLDS JF, 2004, OECOLOGIA, V141, P194 SALA OE, 1982, OECOLOGIA, V53, P301 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHWINNING S, 2001, J ECOL, V89, P464 SCHWINNING S, 2002, OECOLOGIA, V130, P345 STERNBERG LDL, 2001, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V10, P369 TUZET A, 2003, PLANT CELL ENVIRON, V26, P1097 WELTZIN JF, 2002, NEW PHYTOL, V157, P171 WELTZIN JF, 2003, BIOSCIENCE, V53, P941 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 NR 40 TC 3 J9 J ECOL BP 23 EP 30 PY 2006 PD JAN VL 94 IS 1 GA 994JU UT ISI:000234028800003 ER PT J AU Huggett, AJ TI The concept and utility of 'ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. RP Huggett, AJ, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Private Bag 5,PO, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. AB In the life and natural sciences, the concept of thresholds or points or zones of change from one state to another has been investigated since the late 18th century. Over the past three decades, ecologists and economists around the world have been examining the existence and use of 'ecological thresholds' in natural and modified systems, primarily as a conceptual basis for the development of tools to conserve and sustainably manage natural resources. In Australia, there has been a recent renewed interest in the definition and application of ecological thresholds in the conservation of threatened fauna and flora, modelling the impact of habitat loss, modification and fragmentation on terrestrial biota, management of pest plant and animal species, and development of natural resource management policies and plans. This paper reviews the threshold concept from an ecological perspective. It considers the definition, types and behaviour of this phenomenon. The theoretical and empirical evidence for their purported existence is reviewed and their potential utility in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management is discussed, along with key issues relating to their use. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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RP Mason, M, Univ London London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Geog & Environm, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England. AB The growth of transnational environmental harm is not only leading to new obligations between states, it is also recasting democratic accountability for the crossboundary environmental performance of public and private actors. Informed by pragmatist ideas on public discourse, I propose a conceptual schema for understanding the moral geography of these now transnational environmental obligations: they mark out non-territorial spaces of public communication delimited according to moral precepts of harm prevention, inclusiveness and impartiality. I outline how the recognition of transnational affected publics is reconstituting and rescaling environmental accountability within international regimes of harm prevention and liability. The critical geopolitical challenge in institutionalizing non-territorial domains of environmental accountability will be the mapping and empowerment of transnational affected publics. 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1996, REV INT STUD, V22, P57 WILLIAMS C, 1998, ENV VICTIMS NEW RISK, P3 WILLIAMS M, 1999, ENVIRON POLIT, V8, P268 WISSENBURG MLJ, 1999, EXTENSION RAWLSIAN S, P173 YEARLEY S, 1995, GLOBAL WORLD, P209 YEUNG HWC, 1998, T I BRIT GEOGR, V23, P291 YOUNG OR, 1994, J THEOR POLIT, V6, P429 YOUNG OR, 1997, GLOBAL GOVERNANCE DR ZIMMERER KS, 1994, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V84, P108 ZIMMERER KS, 1999, NATURES GEOGRAPHY NE ZIMMERER KS, 2000, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V90, P356 NR 187 TC 3 J9 TRANS INST BRIT GEOGR BP 407 EP 429 PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 GA 507EL UT ISI:000173014000003 ER PT J AU Klooster, DJ TI Toward adaptive community forest management: Integrating local forest knowledge with scientific forestry SO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Geog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Klooster, DJ, Florida State Univ, Dept Geog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. AB This case study of indigenous communities in highland Michoacan, Mexico, examines data on forest change, woodcutting practices, social history, and a recent forest inventory and management plan prepared by a professional forester. It assesses the social and environmental fit of both local knowledge and scientific forestry and considers their abilities to contribute to sustainable forest management. Both bodies of knowledge are limited in their ability to inform the social practice of environmental management. The local forest knowledge system is particularly hampered by a limited ability to monitor the forest's response to woodcutting, while scientific forestry lacks the institutional flexibility to ensure the just and effective implementation of restrictions and prescriptions. This article recommends cross-learning between scientific resource managers and woodcutters, participatory environmental monitoring to assess the results of different cutting techniques, and explicit management experiments to facilitate institutional learning at the community level. This kind of adaptive management approach permits the flexible integration of local knowledge, scientific forestry, and appropriate institutional parameters to modulate human needs and goals with the discordant harmonies of inhabited and heavily used forests in a constant state of flux under processes of succession, disturbance, and spatial variation. Several barriers to this kind of institutional innovation exist, but outside intervention has the potential to change the dynamics of institutional evolution. 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Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Design & Rural Planning, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Plummer, R, Brock Univ, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, 500 Glenridge Ave, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. AB Co-management acknowledges pragmatic developments and progression of institutional choice theories in natural resource management. This innovative concept embraces a pluralistic management approach based on the principle of subsidiarity and creates opportunities for the reconciliation of competitive property claims. This article reviews definitions of co-management, distinguishes it from other property rights regimes, and develops an organizational structure of the major elements involved. Synthesis of both experiences and literature leads to the development of a conceptual framework. Co-management is structured in terms of context, components, and linking mechanisms. In concert, these elements offer insight into the practice of co-management, address the shortcomings of institutional theories, and respond to critical issues raised in related literature. The framework contributes to natural resource management by acting as a means of identification and evaluation for such arrangements, as well as a systematic guide for future inquiries. 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Univ Konstanz, Limnol Inst, D-7750 Constance, Germany. Bayer Landesamt Umwelt, Wielenbach, Germany. Sachs Textilforsch Inst, Chemnitz, Germany. Tech Univ Munich, Limnol Stn, Iffeldorf, Germany. Niedersachsischer Landesbetrieb Wasserwirtschaft, Hildesheim, Germany. Bioplan Inst Angew Biol & Landschaftsplanung, Nienhagen, Germany. Lanaplan, Nettetal, Germany. RP Hilt, S, Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries, Muggelseedamm 301, D-12587 Berlin, Germany. AB One of the most serious problems caused by eutrophication of shallow lakes is the disappearance of submerged macrophytes and the switch to a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated state. The reduction of external nutrient loads often does not result in a change back to the macrophyte-dominated state because stabilising mechanisms that cause resilience may delay a response. Additional internal lake restoration measures may therefore be needed to decrease the concentration of total phosphorus and increase water clarity. The re-establishment of submerged macrophytes required for a long-term stability of clear water conditions, however, may still fail, or mass developments of tall-growing species may cause nuisance for recreational use. Both cases are often not taken into account when restoration measures are planned in Germany, and existing schemes to reduce eutrophication consider the topic inadequately. Here we develop a step-by-step guideline to assess the chances of submerged macrophyte re-establishment in shallow lakes. We reviewed and rated the existing literature and case studies with special regard on (1) the impact of different internal lake restoration methods on the development of submerged macrophytes, (2) methods for the assessment of natural re-establishment, (3) requirements and methods for artificial support of submerged macrophyte development and (4) management options of macrophyte species diversity and abundance in Germany. This guideline is intended to help lake managers aiming to restore shallow lakes in Germany to critically asses and predict the potential development of submerged vegetation, taking into account the complex factors and interrelations that determine their occurrence. abundance and diversity. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. 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Irish Potato Famine as a case study SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Leeds Inst Environm Sci & Management, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. RP Fraser, EDG, Leeds Inst Environm Sci & Management, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. AB Between 1845 and 1850, a potato blight triggered a famine that killed or displaced 25% of the Irish population. Aside from its historical and cultural significance, the Irish Potato Famine illustrates how social and economic forces can create vulnerability to environmental disturbance. Therefore, studying the famine contributes to the on-going academic debate on theories to combine social and environmental data. This paper explores the conditions leading to the Irish famine using the "Entitlement" framework of Sen (1980) and the "Panarchy" model proposed by Gunderson and Holling (2002). Entitlement theory allows us to better understand how community food security may become vulnerable over time as different social and economic forces eliminate or restrict avenues to obtain food. In Ireland, a host of economic, demographic, and social pressures marked the decades leading to the famine and meant that the Irish peasantry had no food options when the potato crop failed. Panarchy provides a way of characterizing ecological systems that are vulnerable to disruptions. The agro-ecosystem that developed in Ireland prior to the famine had characteristics typical of vulnerable environments: fields were close together, biodiversity was low, and a large amount of biomass made this ecosystem attractive to opportunistic pests. Neither framework, however, provides an adequate way of examining the totality of human-environmental relations. By combining entitlements with panarchy, we can explore both the social and environmental characteristics of vulnerability. Entitlements and panarchy can be coupled by first assessing the extent to which communities depend on the natural environment for livelihoods, and the options available if the environment changes. Once a dependency on the environment has been ascertained, the characteristics of the specific ecosystems in question must then be assessed to determine their vulnerability to external shocks and disturbances. The panarchy framework makes this possible. 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RP Costanza, R, UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,INST ECOL ECON,BOX 38,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. AB Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary effort to link the natural and social sciences broadly, and especially ecology and economics. The goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex linkages between ecological and economic systems, and to use that understanding to develop effective policies that will lead to a world that is ecologically sustainable, has a fair distribution of resources (both among groups and generations of humans and between humans and other species), and efficiently allocates scarce resources including ''natural capital.'' This will require new approaches that are comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multi-scale, and pluralistic, and that acknowledge the huge uncertainties involved. Examples of integrated assessment and modeling studies at local, regional, and global scales are discussed as cases that both require and force the integration of ecology and economics and help to build common understanding of linked ecological-economic systems. 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Univ Toronto, Inst Environm Studies, Environm Adaptat Res Grp, Toronto, ON M6J 3E9, Canada. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. RP Smit, B, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB Adaptation to climate variability and change is important both for impact assessment (to estimate adaptations which are likely to occur) and for policy development (to advise on or prescribe adaptations). This paper proposes an "anatomy of adaptation" to systematically specify and differentiate adaptations, based upon three questions: (i) adapt to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? Climatic stimuli include changes in long-term mean conditions and variability about means, both current and future, and including extremes. Adaptation depends fundamentally on the characteristics of the system of interest, including its sensitivities and vulnerabilities. The nature of adaptation processes and forms can be distinguished by numerous attributes including timing, purposefulness, and effect. The paper notes the contribution of conceptual and numerical models and empirical studies to the understanding of adaptation, and outlines approaches to the normative evaluation of adaptation measures and strategies. 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Friends Earth, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Wolfe, S, Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Guelph Water Management Grp, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. AB This article focuses on the somewhat ambiguous concept of scarce water, or, more accurately stated, on the rather more ambiguous concept of scarcity. Still today, water scarcity in a region is defined largely in physical terms, typically gallons or cubic metres per capita if a stock or per capita-year if a flow. However useful purely physical measures may be for broad comparisons, they cannot adequately reflect the variety of ways in which human beings use water - neither to their wastefulness when water is perceived as abundant nor to their ingenuity when it is not. This article argues that water scarcity should be defined according to three orders of scarcity that require, respectively, physical, economic and social adaptations. It goes on to demonstrate that perceiving scarcity mainly in physical terms limits opportunities for policy-making and approaches for capacity building. CR *CLIM CHANG IMP AD, 2002, CLIM CHANG IMP AD CA *FAO, 2000, NEW DIM WAT SEC WAT *PRES MAT POL COMM, 1952, RES FREEDOM ABUTALEB MF, 2000, WATER INT, V25, P457 AGHION P, 1998, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH TH ALAERTS GJ, 1996, WATER SECTOR CAPACIT ALSAKKEF RA, 1999, INT J WATER RESOUR D, V15, P349 ASHTON PJ, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P236 BARNETT HJ, 1963, SCARCITY GROWTH EC N BEAUMONT P, 2002, INT J WATER RESOUR D, V18, P315 BENZVI A, 1998, WATER INT, V23, P67 BOTT R, 1983, LIFE AFTER OIL RENEW BROOKS DB, 1994, JOINT MAN SHAR AQ 2 BROOKS DB, 2001, LOCAL WATER SUPPLY M BROOKS DB, 2002, WATER LOCAL LEVEL MA BURKE JJ, 2000, GROUNDWATER SOC RESO CIRICACYWANTRUP SV, 1952, RESOURCE CONSERVATIO CROWSON P, 2001, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V25, P67 DELOE RC, 2002, ENVIRON MANAGE, V29, P217 DOLAN AH, 2000, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V55, P161 FALKENMARK M, 1994, POPULATION COMPLEX R FALKENMARK M, 1998, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V21, P37 GALLOPIN GC, 2000, WATER RESOURCES J, V211, P1 GLEICK PH, 1999, WATER POLICY, V1, P487 GLEICK PH, 2002, NATURE, V418, P373 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOMERDIXON T, 1995, POPUL DEV REV, V21, P587 LIVINGSTON ML, 1993, WATER RESOUR RES, V29, P815 LONERGAN SC, 1994, WATERSHED ROLE FRESH LOVINS AB, 1977, SOFT ENERGY PATHS DU MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN MOENCH M, 1999, RETHINKING MOSAIC IN OHLSSON L, 1999, OCCASIONAL SERIES PA PIGOU AC, 1932, EC WELFARE PORTER ME, 1995, HARVARD BUS REV, V73, P120 PORTER ME, 1995, J ECON PERSPECT, V9, P97 RASKIN P, 1997, WATER FUTURES ASSESS RASKIN PD, 1996, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V20, P1 RIJSBERMAN FR, 2000, WORLD WATER VISION M ROBINSON JB, 1988, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, V33, P325 ROBINSON JB, 1990, FUTURES, V22, P820 ROSEGRANT MW, 2002, WORLD WATER FOOD 202 SCOTT A, 1955, EC NATURAL RESOURCES SECKLER D, 1998, WORLD WATER DEMAND S SERAGELDIN I, 1995, SUSTAINABLE DEV WATE SHANNAG E, 2000, WATER BALANCES E MED TILTON JE, 2001, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V24, P49 TURTON AR, 1999, WATER SCARCITY SOCIA VICKERS A, 2001, HDB WATER USE CONSER WHITMORE SA, 1998, GENOMICS, V50, P1 WINPENNY J, 1994, MANAGING WATER EC RE WOLFF G, 2002, WORLDS WATER BIENNIA ZIMMERMAN EW, 1951, WORLD RESOURCES IND NR 53 TC 0 J9 NATUR RESOUR FORUM BP 99 EP 107 PY 2003 PD MAY VL 27 IS 2 GA 694ZG UT ISI:000183805200003 ER PT J AU Wali, MK TI Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Wali, MK, Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AB Soil and vegetation development on surface-mined coal sites in a mixed grass prairie region were studied as (a) naturally revegetated chronosequences of 1, 7, 17, 30 and 45-year old sites, and (b) on sites that were regraded, received topsoil, and were fertilized and seeded. In both cases, vegetation and soils of adjacent, relatively undisturbed areas were also studied for comparison. Species richness was lowest (26 species) at the 1-year old site and highest (114 species) at unmined sites; species richness increased youngest to the oldest sites. Stand ordinations revealed that the site age was the most important factor influencing species richness and abundance. On the younger sites, the environment was characterized by unleached parent materials high in electrical conductivity, SO4, Mg, Ca, and Na and plants growing there were non-native, annual pioneers. At about 30 years, the edaphic conditions had moderated somewhat, and the species complex had a greater number of native species. However, even after 45 years, there were clear differences among mined and unmined sites both in species composition and edaphic conditions. Rates of nutrient accumulations over the 45-year time gradient were as follows: organic C 131 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), N 25 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), P 0.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-)1, and K 4.9 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). C/N ratios showed the widest range for 1-year old sites (5-40), but 70% of the 45-year old sites showed values below 15, comparable to unmined sites. Distributional diagrams of plant species revealed their topographic and habitat preferences which may be helpful in formulating species prescriptions for revegetation. Stand-environmental complex ordinations with 53 variables in the matrix showed topographic variables to be the most important, followed by site age. This study attempted to evaluate simultaneously two major environmental factors-time and topography, as these influence the development of soils and vegetation concomitantly. The use of canonical correspondence analysis facilitated the resolution of these two major environmental factors in illustrating the relationships between the species and the environments in which they grow. Simulations with the CENTURY model of C and N dynamics on north- and south-facing slopes provided useful insights into the recovery time of mined systems. All carbon pools (except passive) were larger on the north-facing slopes than on the south, as was the accumulation of organic N. Rehabilitation of mined areas is now required by law and regulations applicable in the region under discussion mandate the following steps: regrading of ridges to blend in with the surrounding topography, spreading topsoil, fertilizing and seeding. The course of vegetation and soil development of such sites was studied intensively for four years and revealed that the first year vegetation, irrespective of desirable species seeded, was dominated by the pioneer forb, Kochia scoparia. Its replacement by seeded grasses was quick. The rapid replacement of Kochia by grasses appears to be related to the production of allelochemics by Kochia and its acting as a nurse crop in the first year. Although allelochemics may be produced by Kochia as a defense mechanism for herbivory, the compounds seem to produce ionic imbalances (P, Mn, Zn) which hasten its own demise through autotoxicity. Like the abandoned mined sites, dispersal of seeds in space (immigration) seemed to be more important than from seeds in the topsoil (seed banks- dispersal in time). But in contrast to abandoned mined sites, the managed sites showed (a) a very rapid replacement of pioneers, (b) three to five times faster rates of leaching of ions capable of diminishing plant growth, (c) 5-8 times faster rates of mineralization of ions that promote growth, and (d) successional trends followed the facilitation and auto-inhibition pathways. A comparison of abandoned and managed systems clearly shows that by following the legal mandates, the rehabilitation process can be achieved many decades sooner with human assistance. 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P213 WILSON RE, 1968, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V95, P432 WINSOR DA, 1956, J SCI FOOD AGR, V7, P134 WINSOR DA, 1956, J SCI FOOD AGR, V7, P142 WINSOR DA, 1956, J SCI FOOD AGR, V7, P613 WOODWELL GM, 1969, BROOKHAVEN S BIOL, V22 WOODWELL GM, 1992, ECOSYSTEM REHABILITA, V1, P27 YAALON DH, 1983, PEDOGENESIS SOIL TAX, V1, P233 NR 205 TC 8 J9 PLANT SOIL BP 195 EP 220 PY 1999 VL 213 IS 1-2 GA 256GK UT ISI:000083717400020 ER PT J AU Marck, P TI Nursing in a technological world: Searching for healing communities SO ADVANCES IN NURSING SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Alberta, John Dossetor Hlth Eth Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. RP Marck, P, Univ Alberta, John Dossetor Hlth Eth Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. AB A research dialectic between philosophy of technology and nurses' work in acute care surfaces parallel technological practices that threaten the healing nature of two modern projects: health care and ecological restoration. A metaphor of ecological restoration is used to explore the consequences of denatured hearth care work for the; welfare of patients, families, practitioners, and healing communities. It is argued that in health care systems where the mismatch between treatment options and resources for care steadily grows, the nursing discipline must develop ecological literacy for a technological world. CR 2000, SOC ECOLOGICAL RESTO ALLEN MN, 1996, CANADIAN NURSING ISS BARNHART RK, 1988, BARNHART DICT ETYMOL BENT KN, 1999, ADV NURS SCI, V21, P29 BERGUM V, 1999, EXPANDING BOUNDARIES BJORK IT, 1999, NURSING INQUIRY, V6, P34 BORGMANN A, 1984, TECHNOLOGY CHARACTER BORGMANN A, 1992, CROSSING POSTMODERN BORGMANN A, 1999, HOLDING REALITY NATU BOUTAIN DM, 1999, ADV NURS SCI, V21, P1 CAMERON BL, 1998, THESIS U ALBERTA CAN CYPHER J, 1997, J SOCIALIST ECOL, V8, P107 DONNELLEY S, 1998, HASTINGS CENT REP, V28, S1 DUNNING SN, 1997, DIALECTICAL READINGS FEENBERG A, 1991, CRITICAL THEORY TECH FEENBERG A, 1995, ALTERNATIVE MODERNIT FEENBERG A, 1995, TECHNOLOGY POLITICS GADOW S, 1992, SOC SCI MED, V35, P597 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANKS P, 1979, COLLINS DICT ENGLISH HIGGS ES, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P338 LATHER P, 1992, THEOR PRACT, V31, P90 LETOURNEAU N, 1999, J ADV NURS, V30, P623 LIGHT A, 1996, ENVIRON ETHICS, V18, P227 LUNDY MC, 1997, REVOLUTION J NUR WIN, P34 LUTZ KF, 1997, ADV NURS SCI, V20, P23 MAEVE MK, 1994, ADV NURS SCI, V16, P9 MARCK PB, 2000, NURS ETHICS, V7, P5 MARCK PB, 2000, THESIS U ALBERTA MICHAEL DN, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P461 MILLS S, 1995, SERVICE WILD RESTORI MOCCIA P, 1994, ADV METHODS INQUIRY MORROW RA, 1994, CRITICAL THEORY METH, V3 MURPHY EC, 1997, NURS MANAGE, V28, P33 ORR D, 1992, ECOLOGICAL LIT ED TR PATTON MQ, 1990, QUALITATIVE EVALUATI POTTER VR, 1999, HASTINGS CENT REP, V29, P38 SANDELOWSKI M, 1993, RES NURS HEALTH, V16, P213 SANDELOWSKI M, 1995, RES NURS HEALTH, V18, P179 SANDELOWSKI M, 1998, HOLISTIC NURSING PRA, V12, P1 SANDELOWSKI M, 1998, HOLISTIC NURSING PRA, V13, P82 SENG JS, 1998, ADV NURS SCI, V20, P37 SOSKOLNE CL, 1999, GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL IN STEVENS PE, 1989, ADV NURS SCI, V11, P56 THOMPSON JB, 1995, CRITICAL HERMENEUTIC WINNER L, AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOG NR 46 TC 2 J9 ADVAN NURS SCI BP 62 EP 81 PY 2000 PD DEC VL 23 IS 2 GA 374LG UT ISI:000165346200007 ER PT J AU Stringham, TK Krueger, WC Shaver, PL TI State and transition modeling: An ecological process approach SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Grazing Land Tehnol Inst, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Stringham, TK, Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. AB State-and-transition models hold great potential to aid in understanding rangeland ecosystems' response to natural and/or management-induced disturbances by providing a framework for organizing current understanding of potential ecosystem dynamics. Many conceptual state-and-transition models have been developed, however, the ecological interpretation of the model's primary components, states, transitions, and thresholds, has varied due to a lack of universally accepted definitions. The lack of consistency in definitions has led to confusion and criticism indicating the need for further development and refinement of the theory and associated models. We present an extensive review of current literature and conceptual models and point out the inconsistencies in the application of nonequilibrium ecology concepts. The importance of ecosystem stability as defined by the resistance and resilience of plant communities to disturbance is discussed as an important concept relative to state-and-transition modeling. Finally, we propose a set of concise definitions for state-and-transition model components and we present a conceptual model of state/transition/threshold relationships that are determined by the resilience and resistance of the ecosystems' primary ecological processes. This model provides a framework for development of process-based state-and-transition models for management and research. CR *USDA NAT RES CONS, 1997, NAT RANG PAST HDB US ALLENDIAZ B, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P795 ANDERSON JE, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE ARCHER S, 1989, AM NAT, V134, P545 ARCHER S, 1991, GRAZING MANAGEMENT E, P109 CERHOFF FH, 1971, J THEOR BIOL, V33, P131 DAVENPORT DW, 1998, J RANGE MANAGE, V51, P231 DYKSTERHUIS EJ, 1949, J RANGE MANAGE, V2, P104 FORAN BD, 1986, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P67 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FUHLENDORF SD, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V90, P245 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 IGLESIAS RMR, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P399 LAYCOCK WA, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P427 MARGALEF R, 1963, AM NAT, V97, P357 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MILTON SJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P70 NOBLE IR, 1980, VEGETATIO, V43, P5 NOYMEIR I, 1986, RANGELANDS RESOURCE, P21 OLIVA G, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V40, P113 PELLANT MP, 2000, 17346 USDI BLM NAT S PETRAITIS PS, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P429 PLANT RE, 1999, J RANGE MANAGE, V52, P51 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P69 SMITH EL, 1988, VEGETATION SCI APPL, P113 SMITH EL, 1995, J RANGE MANAGE, V48, P271 STRINGHAM TK, 1996, THESIS OREGON STATE STRINGHAM TK, 2001, 1024 OR STAT U AGR E TAUSCH RJ, 1993, J RANGE MANAGE, V46, P439 WALKER BH, 1981, J ECOL, V69, P473 WEIXELMAN DA, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P315 WEST NE, 1979, SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEM WEST NE, 1999, BIODIVERSITY AGROECO, P101 WEST NE, 2000, N AM TERRESTRIAL VEG, P256 WESTOBY M, 1980, ISRAEL J BOT, V28, P169 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WHISENANT SG, 1999, REPAIRING DAMAGED WI WILSON AD, 1984, B ECOL SOC AM, V65, P171 WISSEL C, 1984, OECOLOGIA, V65, P101 NR 39 TC 3 J9 J RANGE MANAGE BP 106 EP 113 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 56 IS 2 GA 654WR UT ISI:000181520400001 ER PT J AU Folke, C TI Social-ecological systems and adaptive governance of the commons SO ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, CTM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Folke, C, Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, CTM, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P1577 BROWN K, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P479 CARPENTER SR, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P8 CASH DW, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P8 DASGUPTA P, 2003, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V26, P499 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1902 FOLKE C, 2005, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V30, P441 FOLKE C, 2006, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V16, P253 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 LAMBIN EF, 2003, ANNU REV ENV RESOUR, V28, P205 LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LEVIN SA, 2006, ECOL RES, V21, P328 LUDWIG D, 2001, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V32, P481 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVT COMMONS EVOLUTI REDMAN CL, 1999, HUMAN IMPACT ANCIENT SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 VINCENT JR, 2006, IN PRESS ECOL RES WALKER BH, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P3 YOUNG OR, 2000, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 26 TC 0 J9 ECOL RES BP 14 EP 15 PY 2007 PD JAN VL 22 IS 1 GA 125SR UT ISI:000243463300006 ER PT J AU Marschke, M Berkes, F TI Local level sustainability planning for livelihoods: A Cambodian experience SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Marschke, M, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB How do Cambodian villagers perceive sustainability and what do they do'on the ground'? Looking at sustainability issues through the lens of two local resource management committees, and using a triangulation of social science research methods, this paper examines the roles and responsibilities of these groups and how they grapple with resource degradation and related activities. The committees have experimented with a range of resource management strategies, from creating fishing sanctuaries to resolving fishing gear theft. The results indicate that one reason villagers are willing to engage in coil) In Unity-based management is when they believe that they can improve livelihoods within their community. Community-based management is being carried out in the absence of formal legislation; it is recognized through government policy and administrative approvals. In this regard, local-level support and leadership has been key, and the current arrangement has created the political space for experimentation and learning. CR *IIRR, 1998, PART METH COMM BAS C ADAMS WM, 2001, GREEN DEV ENV SUSTAI BERKES F, 2001, MANAGING SMALL SCALE BERKES F, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P293 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BINGEMAN K, 2004, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V11, P99 BLAIKIE PM, 1995, PEOPLE ENV, P1 CHAMBERS R, 1992, 296 I DEV STUD CHAMBERS R, 1997, WHOSE REALITY COUNTS DELOPEZ TT, 2001, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V8, P380 EKSTRAND LH, 2001, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V8, P127 EVANS P, 2002, SAMUDRA MAR, P6 GODFREY M, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P355 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM KATES RW, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P641 LAROCHELLE S, 2003, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V10, P361 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P17 MARSCHKE M, 2003, CAN J DEV STUD, V24, P369 MCKENNEY B, 2002, 23 CAMB DEV RES I MOFFAT D, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P590 OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV POFFENBERGER M, 2002, TRANSITIONS COMMUNIT POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 SACHS W, 2002, DEVELOPMENT, V45, P12 SCOONES I, 1998, 72 IDS SNEDDON CS, 2000, PROG HUM GEOG, V24, P521 WILKINSON R, 2002, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, V5, P381 NR 30 TC 2 J9 INT J SUSTAIN DEV WORLD ECOL BP 21 EP 33 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 12 IS 1 GA 919CY UT ISI:000228597100003 ER PT J AU Cundill, GNR Fabricius, C Marti, N TI Foghorns to the future: Using knowledge and transdisciplinarity to navigate complex systems SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Rhodes Univ, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. RP Cundill, GNR, Rhodes Univ, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. AB Complex systems are shaped by cross-scale interactions, nonlinear feedbacks, and uncertainty, among other factors. Transdisciplinary approaches that combine participatory and conventional methods and democratize knowledge to enable diverse inputs, including those from local, informal experts, are essential tools in understanding such systems. The metaphor of a "bridge" to overcome the divide between different disciplines and knowledge systems is often used to advocate for more inclusive approaches. However, there is a shortage of information and consensus on the process, methodologies, and techniques that are appropriate to achieve this. This paper compares two case studies from Peru and South Africa in which community-level assessments were conducted as part of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and explores the different conceptual models used to deal with scale and complexity, the methods adopted to deal with epistemology, and the different means of dealing with uncertainty in each assessment. The paper highlights the conceptual and practical challenges encountered by each assessment and discusses some of the conceptual and practical trade-offs involved in the selection of particular approaches. We argue that a boat navigating between unknown shores may be a more appropriate metaphor than a bridge, whose starting and end points are fixed and known. CR *MA, 2003, EC HUM WELL FRAM ASS ADGER WN, 1999, ECOL ECON, V31, P365 ALLEN CR, 2002, ECOSYSTEMS, V5, P315 ALLEN T, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BALEE W, 1998, ADV HIST ECOLOGY BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P121 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BOHENSKY E, 2004, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES G BORRINIFEYERABE.G, 1997, FENCES SEEKING SOCIA CALLICOT JB, 1994, EARTHS INSIGHTS SURV CAMPBELL B, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P589 CAMPBELL B, 2002, SOCIAL RES METHODOLO, V5, P19 CASTI JL, 1994, COMPLEXIFICATION EXP CHAKRABORTY RN, 2001, ECOL ECON, V36, P341 CHAMBERS R, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P1253 COLEMAN JS, 1990, FDN SOCIAL THEORY DUTOIT JT, 2004, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V19, P12 FABRICIUS C, 2001, J ROY SOC NEW ZEAL, V31, P831 FABRICIUS C, 2004, RIGHTS RESOURCES RUR FUNTOWICZ S, 1990, UNCERTAINTY QUALITY GADGIL M, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1307 GADGIL M, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P189 GIAMPIETRO M, 1994, FUTURES, V26, P616 GIBSON CC, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P217 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HEALY S, 2003, FUTURES, V35, P689 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JANSSEN MA, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P241 JONES S, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P247 KAPOOR I, 2002, THIRD WORLD Q, V23, P101 KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 LATOUR B, 1987, SCI ACTION LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LOWRANCE R, 1986, AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR, V1, P169 MACNAGHTEN P, 1998, CONTESTED NATURES MALTHUS T, 1798, ESSAY PRINCIPLE POPU MARTINEZALIER J, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC ENERGY MARTINEZALIER J, 1998, VALUATION ENV THEORY, R20 MAYER E, 1989, COOPERACION CONFLICT MEADOWS D, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH MEENTEMEYER V, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V3, P163 MILLA C, 1983, GENESIS CULTURA ANDI MILTON K, 1996, ENV CULTURAL THEORY MUNDA G, 2000, ENV VALUATION EUROPE, P1 MURRA JV, 1975, FORMACIONES EC POLIT NADASDY P, 1999, ARCTIC ANTHROPOL, V36, P1 ONEILL RV, 1998, ECOLOGICAL SCALE THE, P3 OSTROM E, 2000, PRIVATE COMMON PROPE PETERSON GD, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 PRETTY J, 1995, PARTICIPATORY LEARNI SALMON E, 2000, ECOLOGICAL APPL, V10, P1318 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P195 SCHULZE R, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V82, P185 SHACHKLETON S, 2001, 6900251 CSIR VANDERHEIJDEN K, 1996, SCENARIOS ART STRATE VONBERTALANFFY L, 1968, GEN SYSTEMS THEORY VONKOTZE A, 1998, CONVERGENCE, V31, P47 WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P293 WICKEN JS, 1987, EVOLUTION THERMODYNA WOOD EF, 1993, J CLIMATE, V6, P839 NR 68 TC 2 J9 ECOL SOC BP 8 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 10 IS 2 GA 001TV UT ISI:000234561400019 ER PT J AU Adger, WN Brown, K Tompkins, EL TI The political economy of cross-scale networks in resource co-management SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB We investigate linkages between stakeholders in resource management that occur at different spatial and institutional levels and identify the winners and losers in such interactions. So-called crossscale interactions emerge because of the benefits to individual stakeholder groups in undertaking them or the high costs of not undertaking them. Hence there are uneven gains from cross-scale interactions that are themselves an integral part of social-ecological system governance. The political economy framework outlined here suggests that the determinants of the emergence of cross-scale interactions are the exercise of relative power between stakeholders and their costs of accessing and creating linkages. Cross-scale interactions by powerful stakeholders have the potential to undermine trust in resource management arrangements. If government regulators, for example, mobilize information and resources from cross-level interactions to reinforce their authority, this often disempowers other stakeholders such as resource users. Offsetting such impacts, some cross-scale interactions can be empowering for local level user groups in creating social and political capital. These issues are illustrated with observations on resource management in a marine protected area in Tobago in the Caribbean. The case study demonstrates that the structure of the cross-scale interplay, in terms of relative winners and losers, determines its contribution to the resilience of social-ecological systems. CR ADAMS WM, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1915 AGRAWAL A, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P1649 ANDERIES JM, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P18 ARCE A, 1992, BATTLEFIELDS KNOWLED, P211 BALAND JM, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P773 BERKES F, 2001, MANAGING SMALL SCALE BERKES F, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P293 BERKES F, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P621 BIRNER R, 2003, COMMONS NEW MILLENNI, P3 BOYCE JK, 1994, ECOL ECON, V11, P169 BROWN K, 2000, DEV CHANGE, V31, P201 BROWN K, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P417 BROWN K, 2002, MAKING WAVES INTEGRA BROWN K, 2003, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V12, P89 CASH DW, 2005, ECOL SOC, V10, P8 CONKLIN BA, 1995, AM ANTHROPOL, V97, P695 COOKE B, 2001, PARTICIPATION NEW TY DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 DOLSAK N, 2003, COMMONS NEW MILLENNI, P3 EGGERSTON TA, 1995, EC BEHAV I FALCONER K, 2000, J RURAL STUD, V16, P379 FEW R, 2002, AREA, V34, P29 FOUCAULT M, 1986, POWER, P229 GEOGHEGAN T, 1999, 259 CAR NAT RES I KRUTILLA K, 1999, HDB ENV RESOURCE EC, P249 KUMARSINGH K, 1998, MAR POLLUT BULL, V36, P1012 LUKES S, 1974, POWER RADICAL VIEW OLSSON P, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P75 ONEILL J, 2001, ENVIRON PLANN C, V19, P695 PASTOROK RA, 1985, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V21, P175 PETERSON GD, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P323 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 PRETTY J, 2004, CONSERV BIOL, V18, P631 PRITCHARD L, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P147 RAJKUMAR W, 1994, MAR POLLUT BULL, V28, P701 RIBOT JC, 2002, DEMOCRATIC DECENTRAL RIBOT JC, 2003, RURAL SOCIOL, V68, P153 RICHERSON PJ, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P403 SCOTT JC, 1998, SEEING LIKE STATE CE SNEDDON CS, 2003, ENVIRON PLANN A, V35, P2229 TOMASCIK T, 1985, MAR BIOL, V87, P143 TOMPKINS EL, 2002, ENVIRON PLANN A, V34, P1095 YOUNG OR, 2006, ECOL SOC, V11, P27 YOUNT OR, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 44 TC 4 J9 ECOL SOC BP 9 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 10 IS 2 GA 001TV UT ISI:000234561400014 ER PT J AU Forbes, BC Fresco, N Shvidenko, A Danell, K Chapin, FS TI Geographic variations in anthropogenic drivers that influence the vulnerability and resilience of social-ecological systems SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lapland, Arctic Ctr, FIN-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland. RP Forbes, BC, Univ Lapland, Arctic Ctr, FIN-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland. AB Across the circumpolar North large disparities in the distribution of renewable and nonrenewable resources, human population density, capital investments, and basic residential and transportation infrastructure combine to create recognizable hotspots of recent and foreseeable change. Northern Fennoscandia exemplifies a relatively benign situation due to its current economic and political stability. Northern Russia is experiencing rapid, mostly negative changes reflecting the general state of crisis since the collapse of the Soviet Union. North America enjoys a relatively stable regulatory structure to mitigate environmental degradation associated with industry, but is on the verge of approving massive new development schemes that would significantly expand the spatial extent of potentially affected social-ecological systems. Institutional or regulatory context influences the extent to which ecosystem services are buffered against environmental change. With or without a warming climate, certain geographic areas appear especially vulnerable to damages that may threaten their ability to supply goods and services in the near future. Climate change may exacerbate this situation in some places but may offer opportunities to enhance resilience in the long term. CR *ADNR, 2000, LAND OWN AL FACT SHE *CAFF, 2001, ARCT FLRO FAUN STAT *FFSR, 1996, FOR HARV RUSS FED 19 *IPCC, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 SCI *NRG, 2003, CUM ENV EFF OIL GAS ABBOTT RJ, 2003, MOL ECOL, V12, P299 ALEXEYEV VA, 1995, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V160, P605 BASKIN LM, 2000, POLAR RES, V19, P23 BERMAN DI, 2001, COLD STEPPES NE ASIA BRYANT D, 1997, LAST FRONTIER FOREST BUORDIN IA, 2000, FOREST COMPLEX CHANDLER WJ, 2000, NATL PARKS, V1, P12 CHAPIN FS, IN PRESS MILLENNIUM CHAPIN FS, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P255 CHAPIN FS, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P344 FORBES BC, 1999, POLAR REC, V35, P317 FORBES BC, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P954 FORBES BC, 2004, ENCY ENERGY, P93 GRANDSEN J, 1997, 8 ILASA HABECK JO, 2002, PEOPLE LAND PATHWAYS, P125 HEINRICH MK, 1996, NATL PARKS, V70, P21 ISAEV AS, 1991, FOREST MANAGEMENT ED IVANOV BA, 2003, REV CONDITIONS TENDE JERNSLETTEN JL, 2002, SUSTAINABLE REINDEER JONASSON S, 1997, GLOBAL CHANGE ARCTIC, P365 JUDAY GP, 1998, IMPLICATIONS GLOBAL, P23 KANKAANPAA S, 2002, 2 WORLD REIND HERD C KENDRICK AE, 2003, THESIS U MANITOBA WI KEYSER AR, 2000, GLOB CHANGE BIOL S1, V6, P185 KLEIN DR, 1999, WILDLIFE SOC B, V27, P488 KOZLOV MV, 2000, AMBIO, V29, P512 KRASNOGORSHAJA I, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE JUL KRUPNIK I, 1993, ARCTIC ADAPTATIONS N KRUPNIK I, 2004, EARTH IS FASTER NOW KUMPULA J, 2001, ACTA U OULUENSIS A, V375 LUKINA N, 2000, 4 KOL SCI CTR MASCIA MB, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P649 NELLEMANN C, 2001, GLOBIO GLOBLA METHOD OSHERENKO G, 2001, GEORGETOWN INT ENV L, V13, P695 OSTERKAMP TE, 1999, PERMAFROST PERIGLAC, V10, P17 PARSON EA, 2001, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPAC, P283 PEARCE F, 2001, NEW SCI, V13, P15 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PIKA A, 1995, ARCTIC ANTHROPOL, V32, P61 PISARENKO AI, 1996, 58 ILASA RASMUSSEN RO, 2003, SOCIAL ENV IMPACTS N, P207 RAUP H, 1951, OHIO J SCI, V51, P105 RIETKERK M, 1997, OIKOS, V79, P69 SEDYKH VN, 1996, FORESTS W SIBERIA OI SHEINGAUZ AS, 2001, FOREST COMPLEX KHABA SHVIDENKO A, 1995, 86 ILASA SHVIDENKO A, 1998, CARBON MITIGATION PO, P43 SHVIDENKO A, 2001, INT FIRE NEWS, V23, P49 SHVIDENKO A, 2003, P 12 FOR C, B, P27 SIPILA P, 2000, LOOKING ARBOREAL LIC SYROECHKOVSKY EE, 1995, WILD REINDEER TORP E, 1999, ACTA BOREALIA, V1, P83 TUISKU T, 2002, HUM ORGAN, V61, P147 VANCLEVE K, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P78 VILCHEK GE, 1997, DISTURBANCE RECOVERY, P411 VLASSOVA TK, 2002, AMBIO SPECIAL REPORT, V12, P30 WELLER G, 1998, IMPLICATIONS GLOBAL WHITEMAN G, 2004, AMBIO, V33, P371 ZIMOV SA, 1995, AM NAT, V146, P765 ZIMOV SA, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1973 NR 65 TC 2 J9 AMBIO BP 377 EP 382 PY 2004 PD AUG VL 33 IS 6 GA 848OZ UT ISI:000223478300021 ER PT J AU HOLLING, CS TI SIMPLIFYING THE COMPLEX - THE PARADIGMS OF ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP HOLLING, CS, INT INST APPL SYST ANAL,A-2361 LAXENBURG,AUSTRIA. CR ALLEN PM, 1983, BIOSYSTEMS, V16, P113 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 FIERING MB, 1974, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V1, P301 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P27 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P33 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V3, P183 HOLLING CS, 1977, 1976 P S FUT STRAT E, P36 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 LEVINS R, 1968, EVOLUTION CHANGING E LORENZ EN, 1964, TELLUS, V16, P1 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR PETERMAN RM, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P321 SCHUMPETER JA, 1950, CAPITALISM SOCIALISM STEELE JH, 1974, NATURE, P248 NR 17 TC 34 J9 EUR J OPER RES BP 139 EP 146 PY 1987 PD JUN VL 30 IS 2 GA H8282 UT ISI:A1987H828200008 ER PT J AU Grafton, RQ Kompas, T Lindenmayer, D TI Marine reserves with ecological uncertainty SO BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, CRES, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Grafton, RQ, Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, JG Crawford Bldg,Bldg 13,Ellery Crescent, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia. AB To help manage the fluctuations inherent in fish populations scientists have argued for both an ecosystem approach to management and the greater use of marine reserves. Support for reserves includes empirical evidence that they can raise the spawning biomass and mean size of exploited populations, increase the abundance of species and, relative to reference sites, raise population density, biomass, fish size and diversity. By contrast, fishers often oppose the establishment and expansion of marine reserves and claim that reserves provide few, if any, economic payoffs. Using a stochastic optimal control model with two forms of ecological uncertainty we demonstrate that reserves create a resilience effect that allows for the population to recover faster, and can also raise the harvest immediately following a negative shock. The tradeoff of a larger reserve is a reduced harvest in the absence of a negative shock such that a reserve will never encompass the entire population if the goal is to maximize the economic returns from harvesting, and fishing is profitable. Under a wide range of parameter values with ecological uncertainty, and in the 'worst case' scenario for a reserve, we show that a marine reserve can increase the economic payoff to fishers even when the harvested population is not initially overexploited, harvesting is economically optimal and the population is persistent. Moreover, we show that the benefits of a reserve cannot be achieved by existing effort or output controls. Our results demonstrate that, in many cases, there is no tradeoff between the economic payoff of fishers and ecological benefits when a reserve is established at equal to, or less than, its optimum size. (c) 2004 Society for Mathematical Biology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *NRC, 2001, MAR PROT AR TOOLS SU ANDERSON LG, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P311 ARMSWORTH PR, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P7147 ATAKAN AE, 2003, ECON THEOR, V22, P447 BLASIUS B, 1999, NATURE, V399, P354 BLUME L, 1982, J ECON THEORY, V28, P221 BOTSFORD LW, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S25 CADDY JF, 1983, MAR POLICY, V7, P267 CONRAD JM, 1999, J BIOECON, V1, P205 DEMARTINI EE, 1993, FISH B-NOAA, V91, P414 GELL FR, 2002, FISHERY EFFECTS MARI GUENETTE S, 1999, FISH RES, V39, P295 HALPERN BS, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S117 HANNESSON R, 1998, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V13, P159 HANNESSON R, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P273 HASTINGS A, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1537 HOFMANN EE, 1998, ECOL APPL S, V8, S23 HOLLAND DS, 1996, MAR RESOURCE EC, V11, P157 HOLLAND DS, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCE MOD, V15, P369 JUDD KL, 1999, NUMERICAL METHODS EC KRAMER DL, 1999, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V55, P65 LAUCK T, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, P72 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P36 NOWLIS JSS, 1998, FISH B, V97, P604 PAULY D, 2002, NATURE, V418, P689 PEZZEY JCV, 2000, ECOL ECON, V33, P77 PITMAN SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652 ROBERTS CM, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P1920 ROBERTS CM, 2003, ECOL APPL S, V13, S215 ROUGHGARDEN J, 1986, THEOR POPUL BIOL, V29, P235 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SHAFFER ML, 1981, BIOSCIENCE, V31, P131 SUMAILA UR, 1998, FISH RES, V37, P287 SUMAN D, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P1019 TUCK GN, 1994, B MATH BIOL, V56, P107 TUCK GN, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V192, P89 NR 37 TC 4 J9 BULL MATH BIOL BP 957 EP 971 PY 2005 PD SEP VL 67 IS 5 GA 948LB UT ISI:000230716200003 ER PT J AU Voss, M TI The Central and Southern Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study: Restoring the everglades SO ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Law, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Voss, M, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Law, Boalt Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB The Central and Southern Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study lays the blueprints for a massive ecological restoration of the Florida Everglades. The restoration's ambitious scope required the planning agencies to incorporate recent technological and managerial innovations into the plan. This Note summarizes those innovations and discusses the challenges and advantages that new technology and management styles will provide for Everglades restoration. CR 1999, NATL ACAD SCI ANNOUN 1999, PALM BEACH POST 0824, A1 2000, RESTUDY FACTS STAT *ARM CORPS ENG, 2000, CENTR SO FLOR PROJ C *COMM REST AQ EC S, 1992, TECHN PUBL POL NAT R, P41 *US ARM CORPS ENG, 1999, CENTR SO FLOR PROJ C ANKERSEN TT, 1995, J LAND USE ENV L, V11, P473 BALES JD, 1997, REV SELECTED FEATURE, P6 CHRISTALDI RA, 1996, FLA ST U L REV, V23, P1063 CHRISTALDI RA, 1996, FLA ST U L REV, V23, P1078 DAVIS SM, 1994, EVERGLADES ECOSYSTEM FORT DD, 1998, ENV L, V28, P15 FORT DD, 1998, ENV L, V28, P17 FULLEM GD, 1995, WILLAMETTE L REV, V31, P495 FULLEM GD, 1995, WILLIAMETTE L REV, V31, P498 GORE A, 1993, RED TAPE RESULTS CRE, P52 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HINRICHSEN D, 1995, AMICUS J SUM KEITER RB, 1994, U COLO L REV, V65, P295 KEITER RB, 1994, U COLO LAW REV, V65, P293 LAITOS JG, 1999, ECOL LAW QUART, V26, P140 LAITOS JG, 1999, ECOLOGY LQ, V26, P165 LIGHT SS, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P103 LODGE TE, 1994, EVERGLADES HDB MCCALLY D, 1999, EVERGLADES ENV HIST NELSON RH, 1994, U COLO L REV, V65, P358 NELSON RH, 1994, U COLO LAW REV, V65, P335 PLUMLEY DA, 1995, JPEN-PARENTER ENTER, V19, P9 TISHER S, 1994, J LAND USE ENV LAW, V10, P1 VOLKMAN JM, 1993, ENV L, V23, P1257 VOLKMAN JM, 1993, ENVIRON LAW, V23, P1249 WADE J, 1996, FLORIDA WATER LAW PO, P13 NR 32 TC 2 J9 ECOL LAW QUART BP 751 EP 770 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 3 GA 373HW UT ISI:000165284100010 ER PT J AU MCCAY, BJ TI SYSTEMS ECOLOGY, PEOPLE ECOLOGY, AND THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF FISHING COMMUNITIES SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP MCCAY, BJ, RUTGERS STATE UNIV,COOK COLL,DEPT HUMAN ECOL & SOCIAL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. 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AB The snail fauna of the Madeiran Archipelago has the high regional diversity and endemism, and high species and genus differentiation between islands characteristic of oceanic island faunas. It is unusual in two respects: the existence of good Pleistocene/Holocene fossil records, and the apparent durability of the endemic fauna in the face of massive human disturbance and the introduction of non-indigenous species. We use the fossil record, the present microdistributions of species, and the environmental records available to track the generation of diversity and the response to human disturbance. The nature of the environment available and the life-habits of endemic species appear to account for the relative resilience of these species. 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RP Lautenschlager, RA, Atlantic Canada Conservat Data Ctr, POB 6416, Sackville, NB E4L 1G6, Canada. AB We reviewed literature, primarily since 1990, that documents effects of herbicide treatments on major biotic components in northern forested ecosystems. Vegetation changes are responsible for changes in all other biotic components. Non-conifer vegetation is commonly reduced for two to five years following broadcast herbicide treatments. Fungal components, however, seem relatively unaffected. Short-term vegetation reductions in cover, density, and related biomass, if they occur, are species and/or vegetation group specific; longer-term changes are linked to conifer stocking, site quality, and the ability of conifers to dominate treated sites. Herbicide treatments do not reduce, and may increase, stand- and landscape-level plant species richness. Those treatments seldom produce mono-cultures when used by foresters for boreal or boreal mixedwood management. The active ingredients in the herbicide products used in forestry in northern ecosystems have no direct effect on the general health (survival, growth, reproduction) of animals in treated areas. Specific, stand-level forest management practices, particularly effects of site preparation and conifer release, must be examined in relation to the landscape mosaic and the desired future forest conditions. At broad scales, across boreal and boreal mixedwood ecosystems, conifers have been consistently replaced by hardwoods since Europeans began harvesting timber from those ecosystems. Herbicides provide a safe, effective tool for restoring conifers in previously conifer-dominated ecosystems. Forest scientists presently have a reasonable understanding of effects of a variety of herbicide treatments on conifer growth and a variety of environmental components. However, they need to continually update that understanding relative to treatments (replicates, chemicals, combinations, or timing) that may be used in the future. 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CROP PROT, V17, P1 SULLIVAN TP, 1998, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V62, P1196 SWINDEL BF, 1984, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V8, P11 TAYLOR NW, 1999, COMPETING REALITIES THOMPSON DG, 1992, CAN J FOREST RES, V22, P1151 THOMPSON DG, 1997, FOREST CHRON, V73, P47 TRICHET PB, 1987, GIBIER FAUNE SAUVAGE, V4, P165 VREELAND JK, 1998, CAN J FOREST RES, V28, P1574 WAGNER RG, 1998, NEW FOREST, V16, P139 WAGNER RG, 1999, CAN J FOREST RES, V29, P890 WAHLGREN JR, 1979, THESIS U BRIT COLOMB WALKER EP, 1968, MAMMALS WORLD, V2 WALSTAD JD, 1987, VEGETATION MANAGEMEN WARD JL, 1998, 3 INT C FOR VEG MAN, P351 WILLIAMS GM, 2000, REGUL TOXICOL PHAR 1, V31, P117 WILLICK ML, 2001, FOREST CHRON, V77, P65 WOLFF JO, 1980, ECOL MONOGR, V50, P111 WOODCOCK J, 1997, FOREST CHRON, V73, P107 WOODCOCK J, 1998, 3 INT C FOR VEG MAN, P363 NR 158 TC 2 J9 FOREST CHRON BP 695 EP 731 PY 2002 PD SEP-OCT VL 78 IS 5 GA 620NG UT ISI:000179539000043 ER PT J AU Matthews, R Selman, P TI Landscape as a focus for integrating human and environmental processes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Integrated Land Use Syst Grp, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. Univ Sheffield, Dept Landscape, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. RP Matthews, R, Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Integrated Land Use Syst Grp, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. AB The landscape has long been an important object of rural policy, particularly in terms of protecting scenic areas. Increasingly, however, landscape is seen as a multifunctional and holistic entity, which provides a framework for the governance and interdisciplinary study of spatial units. A central dilemma in the maintenance of cultural landscapes is that the historical practices which produced them are often obsolete, and new social and economic forces may fail to reproduce their valued properties. Sustainable development strategies therefore seek to instil 'virtuous' circles in cultural landscapes, linking society and economy to environmental service functions and land uses, in order to generate mutually reinforcing feedback loops resulting in socially preferred outcomes. We explore ways of investigating these linkages as a basis for future rural research and policy. We conceptualise cultural landscapes as 'socio-ecological systems' (SESs), and consider their capacity for resilience and stability. Noting that resilient systems are characterised, not by simple equilibria, but by 'basins of attraction', we argue the need to understand the ways in which SESs stabilise within a particular basin, or move to an alternative. In particular, we reflect on the dynamics of 'adaptive cycles' that may lead to changes in system state. Finally, we discuss the development of appropriate models as tools for investigating whether a landscape is trending towards stability within a 'vicious' or a 'virtuous' circle, and evaluating potential interventions to alter this trajectory. 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Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Lau, SSS, Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Downing Pl, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. AB Traditional ideas concerning environmental management tend to be based upon simple relationships between cause and effect. Such approaches make the design of environmental management strategies fairly straightforward: once the cause of a problem has been identified, it is necessary only to address the cause and/or help the system to recover through some sort of attempt at restoration. In the case of shallow lake eutrophication, research in the 1960s and 1970s identified phosphorus as the key control on the trophic state of a lake and, hence, recommended reductions in the supply of phosphorus to lakes as the necessary remedial measure. However, subsequent research has illustrated that such measures were not always successful. This article reviews the science of shallow lake eutrophication to demonstrate the role of ecosystem-specific biological and chemical interactions in conditioning the response of lakes to remedial measures and, hence, shows how new ideas of complexity help us to understand the behaviour of lake ecosystems so that we can develop alternative environmental management strategies. 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AF Clewell Inc, Holmes Beach, FL 34217 USA. CNRS FRE 2633, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier, France. RP Winterhalder, K, Laurentian Univ, Dept Biol, SER Int Sci & Policy Working Grp, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada. 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Univ Vienna, Inst Ecol & Conservat Biol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Rammel, C, Univ Vienna, Inst Anthropol, Althanstr 1, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. 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Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Anim Plant & Environm Sci, ZA-2010 Wits, South Africa. RP Zeidler, J, Integrated Environm Consultants Namibia, POB 86634, Windhoek, Namibia. AB Range condition at sites of differing land-use intensity at a communal farm was assessed. Vegetation, soil and termite parameters were tested for their potential as indicators. The vegetation indicators did not discriminate between two sites of high and low land-use intensity. However, the soil fertility parameters provided interesting results. The phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC), light fraction (LF), C:N and C:LF data indicate that nitrogen limitation is more critical under high land-use and grazing pressure. Organic carbon levels are generally low but reduced to critical levels under high land-use intensity; nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen are conserved in the system, whereas organic carbon losses are high and inputs low. The conversion of the 'active carbon pool' into the 'slow pool', a prerequisite for long-term soil resilience, is not taking place under high land-use intensity. Termites might play an important role in maintaining range condition. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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Univ Crete, Dept Econ, Rethimnon 74100, Greece. RP Brock, WA, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, 1180 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB We develop a conceptual framework for valuing biodiversity from an economic perspective. We argue for a dynamic economic welfare measure of biodiversity that complements the literature on benefit-cost approaches and genetic distance/phylogenic tree approaches. Using a unified model of optimal economic management of an ecosystem under ecological and genetic constraints, we identify gains from management policies leading to a more diverse system, using the Bellman state valuation function of the problem. We show that a more diverse system could attain a higher value although the genetic distance of the species in the more diverse system could be almost zero. CR AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI BERNHARD P, 2002, MACROECON DYN, V6, P19 BROWN GM, 1998, J ECON PERSPECT, V12, P3 CARIUS HJ, 2001, EVOLUTION, V55, P1136 CHICHILNISKY G, 1998, NATURE, V391, P629 CRAFT AB, 2001, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V18, P1 DAILY GC, 1997, ISSUES ECOL, V2, P1 DAILY GC, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, P353 DASGUPTA P, 2000, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V5, P69 EBERT D, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P79 FARBER D, 1999, ECOPRAGMATISM MAKING FELDMAN MW, 1989, LECT SCI COMPLEXITY, V1, P501 GOULDER LH, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P23 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HARPER JL, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V345, P5 HARTWICK J, 2000, NATL ACCOUNTING CAPI HEAL G, 2000, NATURE MARKETPLACE C HOOPER DU, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1302 HURLEY TM, 1999, 99SR88 CARD IOW STAT IVES A, 2002, EVOLUTION RESISTANCE IVES AR, 1996, SCIENCE, V273, P1412 KAMIEN MI, 1991, DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION KAWECKI TJ, 1998, AM NAT, V152, P635 KRUTILLA JV, 1967, AM ECON REV, V57, P777 LI CZ, 2001, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V18, P355 LIVELY CM, 2000, NATURE, V405, P679 MAY RM, 1983, COEVOLUTION, P186 METRICK A, 1998, J ECON PERSPECT, V12, P21 MONTGOMERY CA, 1999, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V38, P1 NAEEM S, 1995, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V347, P249 NAEEM S, 1996, OIKOS, V76, P259 NEHRING K, 2002, ECONOMETRICA, V70, P1155 PACALA SW, 1994, AM NAT, V143, P222 POLASKY S, 1993, ENV RES EC, V3, P171 POLASKY S, 1995, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V29, P298 RAUSSER GC, 2001, NCEAS WORKSH EC BIOD ROUGHGARDEN J, 1998, PRIMER ECOLOGICAL TH SIMPSON RD, 1996, J POLIT ECON, V104, P163 SOLOW A, 1993, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V24, P60 TILMAN D, 1982, RESOURCE COMPETITION TILMAN D, 1988, PLANT STRATEGIES DYN TILMAN D, 1996, NATURE, V379, P718 TILMAN D, 1997, SPATIAL ECOLOGY, P233 TILMAN D, 2002, UNPUB DIVERSITY PROD VANDERMEER J, 1989, ECOLOGY INTERCROPPIN VANVALEN L, 1973, EVOL THEORY, V1, P1 WEITZMAN ML, 1976, Q J ECON, V90, P156 WEITZMAN ML, 1992, Q J ECON, V107, P363 WEITZMAN ML, 1993, Q J ECON, V108, P157 WEITZMAN ML, 1998, ECONOMETRICA, V66, P1279 WEITZMAN ML, 2000, Q J ECON, V115, P237 WOLFRAM S, 1999, MATH BOOK NR 52 TC 0 J9 AMER ECON REV BP 1597 EP 1614 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 93 IS 5 GA 756TJ UT ISI:000187497800008 ER PT J AU Islam, KR Weil, RR TI Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Islam, KR, Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, 1103 HJ Patterson Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AB Human population pressures upon land resources have increased the need to assess impacts of land use change on soil quality. In order to assess effects of land use changes on soil quality properties in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh, soil samples were collected from adjacent well-stocked Shorea robusta natural forest, land reforested with Acacia, grassland and cultivated land. Land use/land cover changes (degradation of natural forest and subsequent cultivation of soils) resulted in surface compaction and significant decreases in silt and clay contents, porosity and aggregate stability, N, fulvic and labile C, and microbial biomass C. Maintenance respiration rates increased in comparison to the soils under natural forest. Use of soil deterioration index showed that soil quality deteriorated significantly (-44%) under cultivation, while in sites revegetated with fast-growing Acacia or grasses, it improved by 6-16%. Degradation of soil quality may have resulted from increased disruption of macroaggregates, reductions in microbial biomass, and loss of labile organic matter due to fire, deforestation, tillage and accelerated erosion. Improvement in soil quality and enhanced biological activity at reforested and grassland sites demonstrated the inherent resilience of these soils once revegetated with highly adaptable and fast growing Acacia (Acacia sp.) and grass species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR ADEJUWON JO, 1988, CATENA, V15, P319 ANDERSON TH, 1985, BIOL FERT SOILS, V1, P81 ANDERSON TH, 1990, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V22, P251 BLAIR GJ, 1995, AUST J AGR RES, V46, P1459 BRAMMER H, 1996, GEOGRAPHY SOILS BANG ELLIOTT ET, 1986, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V50, P627 GIRMA T, 1998, COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN, V29, P587 HALL TB, 1993, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOU, P593 HASSAN MM, 1990, INDIAN J FOR, V13, P281 HENDRIX PF, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P374 ISLAM KR, 1998, COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN, V29, P2269 ISLAM KR, 1999, LAND DEGRAD DEV, V10, P241 ISLAM KR, 2000, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V55, P69 JENKINSON DS, 1976, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V8, P209 KANG BT, 1986, LAND CLEARING DEV TR, P383 KILLHAM K, 1985, CHEM ANAL ENV RES QU, P79 MAHTAB FU, 1992, AMBIO, V21, P50 MULLARHARVEY L, 1985, J SOIL SCI, V36, P585 NARDI S, 1996, HUMIC SUBSTANCES TER, P361 POWLSON DS, 1987, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V19, P159 TISDALE JM, 1982, J SOIL SCI, V33, P141 VANDEWERF H, 1987, SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM, V19, P267 WANI SP, 1994, CAN J SOIL SCI, V74, P75 WILLIAMS BG, 1966, SOIL SCI, V101, P157 NR 24 TC 19 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON BP 9 EP 16 PY 2000 PD JUN VL 79 IS 1 GA 318KU UT ISI:000087283800002 ER PT J AU Jansson, BO Stalvant, CE TI The Baltic Basin Case Study - towards a sustainable Baltic Europe SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Review C1 Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Jansson, BO, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Four watersheds, each characterized by a major resource use were selected for the study: The Vistula River in Poland-agriculture: the Dalalven River in Sweden-forestry: the Archipelago Sea in Sweden, Finland, Estonia-tourism: and the Lake Peipsi in Estonia/Russia-fisheries/agriculture. The main objective was to examine the reactions of particular ecosystems within the Baltic Sea drainage area, and to assess sustainability conditions on the regional level. The degree of sustainability and impact on the Baltic Sea were investigated through workshops and seminars in the areas. Overviews of environmental and socio-economic conditions were succinctly summarized in commissioned papers. Interventions by and discussions with scholars, sector experts, administrators and stakeholders of the various sites laid the foundation for conceptualizing the interaction of natural and human forces for each case. The project was able to draw quite a number of conclusions, summarized as the following lessons learnt. In the Vistula Region, nutrient emissions have levelled off but shortage of freshwater is critical. Forestry in the Dalalven watershed is largely environmental-friendly, except for fragmentation of the landscape and its negative impact on biodiversity. In the Archipelago area a former low-energy community has been replaced by a leisure time society. Different types of tourism is developing, but despite this variety, an improved integration of ecological properties with socio-economic patterns is required in order to build a sustainable, living Archipelago. The lake Peipsi basin and the surrounding area suffer both from problems of resource management and economic backwardness. Parts of the local economy has lost access to the one time large Soviet market, although the Estonian side has apparently benefited from present economic growth. To cope with the division of the lake, a regime for transnational management is unfolding. It is based on both informal and. to an increasing extent, agreed professional contacts. Networks of engaged people were in all sites a resource for and promoter of the sustainability path. In order to succeed and to maintain the zeal. they need strong institutional support and common goals. Public programmes in the Baltic, ie. the work of the Helsinki Commission and Baltic Agenda 21, have developed instruments to enhance sustainability beneficial for the management of these watersheds. But critical tasks retrain to be done in developing a shared understanding of ways to improve management of ecosystems with social factors. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *HELCOM, 1993, BALT SEA ENV P 48 *MIN ENV, AG 21 BALT SEA REG B ANDERSON PW, 1999, SCIENCES, V39, P3 ANDERSSON K, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P7 AXELSON N, 1998, UNPUB AGENDA 21 ARBE BAJKIEWICZGRABO.E, 1997, 1999 BALTIC BASIN CA, P51 COSTANZA R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193 ECKERBERG K, 1998, SUSTAINABILITY CHALL, P90 HAMMER M, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P5 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLMLUND C, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P56 JAANI A, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST JANSSON A, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P71 JANSSON BO, 1980, AMBIO, V9, P128 JANSSON BO, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P424 JANSSON BO, 1999, AMBIO, V28, P312 JANSSON BO, 1999, UNPUB BALTIC SEA REV KRISTOFERSON L, 1996, BALTIC 21 CREATING A LENDZION J, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P8 LOFGREN S, 1999, 1999 BALTIC BASIN CA, P39 MINZBERG H, 1995, STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, V131, P39 PEIL T, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P2 PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS RISSER PG, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P742 SZOEGE HM, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P8 TIMM T, 1996, BIOL LAKE PEIPSI TRZOSINSKA A, 1996, BALT SEA ENV P 64 B, P84 TURNER RK, 1999, ECOL ECON, V30, P333 WESTHOLM E, 1999, BALTIC BASIN CASE ST, P21 ZALESKI J, 1972, EUROPA BALTYKA OSSOL ZYLICZ T, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P445 NR 31 TC 1 J9 CONT SHELF RES BP 1999 EP 2019 PY 2001 PD DEC VL 21 IS 18-19 GA 504RQ UT ISI:000172870000006 ER PT J AU Poiani, KA Richter, BD Anderson, MG Richter, HE TI Biodiversity conservation at multiple scales: Functional sites, landscapes, and networks SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Nat Conservancy, Hereford, AZ USA. Nat Conservancy, Boston, MA 02110 USA. RP Poiani, KA, Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CR *TNC, 1996, CONS DES ANDERSON MA, 1998, ESRI INT US C 27 31 ANGERMEIER PL, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P690 ARCESE P, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P587 BAKER WL, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P181 BERGER J, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P69 BILDSTEIN KL, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P301 BIONDINI ME, 1999, J RANGE MANAGE, V52, P454 BIRKS HJB, 1996, J VEG SCI, V7, P89 BLOCK WM, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P265 BLOCK WM, 1995, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT N, P461 BORMANN FH, 1979, PATTERN PROCESS FORE BREININGER DR, 1998, ENVIRON MANAGE, V22, P315 BREITBURG DL, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION, P416 CAIRNS J, 1993, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V263, P1 CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 COX J, 1994, CLOSING GAPS FLORIDA DELCOURT HR, 1996, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V11, P363 ELLISON AM, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P109 FAHRIG L, 1985, ECOLOGY, V66, P1762 FIEDLER PL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P83 FOSTER DR, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P96 FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202 GIESEN KM, 1993, PRAIRIE NATURALIST, V25, P237 HANSEN AJ, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P163 HARDESTY JL, 1997, MONITORING ECOLOGICA HARRIS LD, 1996, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P319 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUNTER ML, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P375 HUNTER ML, 1991, BALANCING BRINK EXTI, P266 JOHNSON KH, 1996, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V11, P372 JOHNSON WC, 1994, ECOL MONOGR, V64, P45 LANDRES PB, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P316 LAUENROTH WK, 1998, SUCCESSES LIMITATION, P404 LAUNER AE, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P145 MADDOX D, 1999, ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSH, P563 MERRILL MD, 1999, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P189 MEYER JL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P136 MORGAN P, 1994, J SUSTAINABLE FOREST, V2, P87 MORRISON ML, 1986, CURRENT ORNITHOLOGY, V3, P429 MURPHY DD, 1988, BIOL CONSERV, V46, P183 NAEEM S, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P39 NAIMAN RJ, 1988, BIOSCIENCE, V38, P750 NOBLE D, 1993, THESIS DUKE U DURHAM NOON B, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P43 NOSS RF, 1985, NAT AREA J, V5, P5 NOSS RF, 1987, BIOL CONSERV, V41, P11 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 NOSS RF, 1993, NAT AREA J, V13, P276 NOSS RF, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC NOSS RF, 1997, SCI CONSERVATION PLA PAINE RT, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V15, P93 PEARSON SM, 1996, BIODIVERSITY MANAGED, P77 PERRY DA, 1994, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS PETERS RS, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P320 PICKETT STA, 1978, BIOL CONSERV, V13, P27 PICKETT STA, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P66 POFF NL, 1997, BIOSCIENCE, V47, P769 POIANI KA, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P279 POIANI KA, 1996, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V41, P871 POIANI KA, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V43, P143 POWER ME, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P609 PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652 REDFORD KH, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P1246 RICHARDSON CC, 1996, FASEB J, V10, P1 RICHTER BD, IN PRESS CONSERVATIO RICHTER BD, 1997, FRESHWATER BIOL, V37, P231 RICHTER HE, 1999, THESIS COLORADO STAT ROMME WH, 1989, BIOSCIENCE, V39, P695 ROSENBERG DK, 1997, BIOSCIENCE, V47, P677 RUGGIERO LF, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P364 SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18 SEDELL JR, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P711 SHUGART HH, 1981, AM SCI, V69, P647 SIMBERLOFF D, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V83, P247 SMITH M, 1993, AM J BOT, V80, P859 STANFORD JA, 1992, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, P91 STANFORD JA, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P741 SWANSON FJ, 1993, EASTSIDE FOREST ECOS, V2, P89 TURNER MG, 1995, BIOSCIENCE S, V45, P29 WHITE PS, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P3 WIENS JA, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V3, P87 NR 82 TC 39 J9 BIOSCIENCE BP 133 EP 146 PY 2000 PD FEB VL 50 IS 2 GA 278ND UT ISI:000084995100006 ER PT J AU Hill, SD Thompson, D TI Understanding managers' views of global environmental risk SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Trent Univ, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Hill, SD, Trent Univ, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. AB This research investigated managers' views of two global environmental risks: climate change and loss of biodiversity. The intent was to understand why different managers place varying levels of attention and priority on these issues. The data came from in-depth interviews with 28 senior corporate managers across Canada and a range of sectors, although most were employed in the energy sector. Approximately half had direct environmental responsibilities and half had other management duties. Grounded theory was used to collect and analyze the data. From the results, a theoretical framework was constructed to explain important factors that can influence managers' mental models of environmental risk. Four factors relevant to managers' appraisal of the threat of environmental risk include: (1) salience, (2) intrinsic value of nature, (3) knowledge, and (4) perceived resilience of nature. In addition, four factors relevant to managers' view of the appeal of a particular response strategy were: (1) avoidability, (2) perceived costs and benefits, (3) fairness and equity, and (4) effectiveness. The time horizon for decision making was seen as being important in both portions of the mental model. CR *COMM EUR COMM, 2000, COMM COMM PREC PRINC *SCI SOFTW DEV, 2001, ATL TI 4 2 VIS QUAL *SOC LEARN GROUP, 2001, LEARN MAN GLOB ENV *US NAT RES COUNC, 1999, GLOB ENV CHANG RES P ATKISSON A, 1999, BELIEVING CASSANDRA BANSAL P, 2000, ACAD MANAGE J, V43, P717 BELZER RB, 2000, RISK ANAL, V20, P779 BOSTROM A, 1994, RISK ANAL, V14, P959 BRUNK C, 2001, RECOMMENDATIONS REGU COOPERRIDER DL, 1997, ORG ENV, V10, P331 COSTANZA R, 1999, FUTURIST, V33, P23 DENZAU AT, 1994, KYKLOS, V47, P3 DUNLAP RE, 2000, J SOC ISSUES, V56, P425 DUTTON JE, 1987, STRATEGIC MANAGE J, V8, P279 GARDNER GT, 1996, ENV PROBLEMS HUMAN B GREGORY W, 1991, RISK ANAL, V11, P303 HAMMITT JK, 2000, RISK ANAL, V20, P851 HATFIELD J, 2001, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V21, P17 HAY C, 2000, WORLD TRANSITION STR HILL S, 2002, TOOLS ENV MANAGEMENT, P246 HILL S, 2002, TOOLS ENV MANAGEMENT, P265 HILL SD, 2004, MAD COWS MOTHERS MIL, P262 HOLLING CS, 1978, STUDIES CRISIS MANAG, P97 KASPERSON JX, 2001, GLOBAL ENV RISK KASPERSON RE, 1988, RISK ANAL, V8, P177 KEMPTON W, 1995, ENV VALUES AM CULTUR KEMPTON W, 1997, ENVIRONMENT, V39, P12 KIRKLAND LH, 2002, TOOLS ENV MANAGEMENT, P156 LAMBERT LS, 2000, BUSINESS STRATEGY EN, V9, P318 LEISS W, 1994, RISK RESPONSIBILITY MCDANIELS T, 1996, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V6, P159 MORGAN MG, RISK COMMUNICATION M MORGAN MG, 1992, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V26, P2048 MUNN RE, 1996, POLICY MAKING ERA GL MUNN RE, 2002, ENCY GLOBAL ENV CHAN OCONNOR RE, 1999, RISK ANAL, V19, P461 RAWLS J, 1971, THEORY JUSTICE READ D, 1994, RISK ANAL, V14, P971 ROWLEDGE LR, 1999, MAPPING JOURNEY CASE SACHS W, 1998, GREENING N POST IND SCHELLING TC, 2000, RISK ANAL, V20, P833 SCHMIDHEINY S, 1992, CHANGING COURSE GLOB SELLEN AJ, 2002, MYTH PAPERLESS OFFIC STRAUSS AL, 1998, BASICS QUALITATIVE R THALER RH, 1990, J ECON PERSPECT, V4, P193 THALER RH, 1999, J BEHAV DECIS MAKING, V12, P183 THOMPSON D, 2002, TOOLS ENV MANAGEMENT THOMPSON D, 2002, TOOLS ENV MANAGEMENT, P142 THOMPSON M, 1990, CULTURAL THEORY WILSON EO, 1984, BIOPHILIA NR 50 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 773 EP 787 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 37 IS 6 GA 035AU UT ISI:000236972900004 ER PT J AU Lane, MB TI Buying back and caring for country: Institutional arrangements and possibilities for indigenous lands management in Australia SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lane, MB, Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, 925 Bascom Mall,Old Mus Hall, Madison, WI 53705 USA. AB This article reports on research conducted for an Australian government agency concerned with the acquisition and management of lands for indigenous peoples. Using the theoretical and empirical literature on planning, this article considers institutional arrangements and processes to support the management of indigenous lands by their indigenous owners. The article examines recent calls for policy decentralization and community-based planning as a response to contemporary environmental management issues. The utility of three institutional models-(1) centralized institutional regulatory, (2) community-based planning, and (3) reticulist (facilitated process) approaches-are interrogated. The article develops a hybrid approach that integrates the positive features of different approaches. The hybridized model provides institutional arrangements that enable collaborative planning between indigenous peoples and state institutions. It overcomes the deficiencies of community-based approaches by retaining an active, albeit limited, role for state agencies. CR *COMM SCI IND RES, 1999, MIDT NAT HER TRUST B *QUEENSL GOV, 1999, QUEENSL GOV NHT BID AGRAWAL A, 1999, J DEV AREAS, V33, P473 AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 AGRAWAL A, 2000, PEOPLE FORESTS COMMU, P57 BEATLEY T, 1994, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V60, P185 BRECKWOLDT R, 1997, CONTRACT EMPLOYMENT BRENNAN F, 1992, LAND RIGHTS QUEENSLA BUTT P, 1996, MABO WHAT HIGH COURT CAMPBELL A, 1994, LANDCARE COMMUNITIES CHASE A, 1990, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V10, P11 CORBETT T, 1998, 5 CTR AUSTR PUBL SEC COUTO RA, 1999, MAKING DEMOCRACY WOR CRAIG D, 1990, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V10, P37 CURTIS A, 1995, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V8, P415 CURTIS EB, 2000, SER APPL M, V13, P1 DALE AP, 1993, THESIS GRIFFITH U BR DALE AP, 2000, SECURING WET TROPICS, P187 DAMES, 1999, MIDTERM REV NATURAL DAVIES J, 1996, RESOURCES NATIONS IN, P152 DAVIES J, 1999, INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY DYCK N, 1992, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES N, P3 ECONOMOU N, 1992, AUSTR ENV POLICY, P37 EHRENBERG J, 1999, CIVIL SOC CRITICAL H FRIEDMANN J, 1973, RETRACKING AM THEORY FRIEDMANN J, 1987, PLANNING PUBLIC DOMA FRIEDMANN J, 1998, CITIES CITIZENS PLAN, P19 GALLIGAN B, 1993, NEW FEDERALISM INTER GIBSON CC, 2000, PEOPLE FORESTS COMMU, P1 GILLESPIE D, 1997, IMPROVING CAPACITY I GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HALL P, 1992, URBAN REGIONAL PLANN HEALEY P, 1997, COLLABORATIVE PLANNI HOLSTON J, 1998, MAKING INVISIBLE VIS, P37 HOWITT R, 1989, AUSTR GEOGRAPHER, V20, P155 HOWITT R, 1993, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V31, P127 HOWITT R, 1996, RESOURCES NATIONS IN, P1 JACKSON S, 1997, AUSTR PLANNER, V34, P221 KELLOW A, 1996, FEDERALISM ENV ENV P, P135 LANE M, 1997, AUSTR GEOGRAPHICAL S, V35, P308 LANE M, 1997, ENV PLANNING LAW J, V14, P249 LANE M, 1999, INDIGENOUS LAND MANA LANE M, 1999, PLURIMONDI, V1, P181 LANE MB, 1995, AUSTR J ENV MANAGE, V2, P31 LANE MB, 1996, RESOURCES NATIONS IN, P172 LEACH M, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P225 LIBBY RT, 1989, HAWKES LAW POLITICS NOWAK PJ, 1982, RURAL SOCIOL, V47, P333 OFAIRCHEALLAIGH C, 1996, RESOURCES NATIONS IN, P184 ORCHARD K, 2001, PROCESSES I RESOURC PERRY R, 1996, TIME IMMEMORIAL INDI, P3 PETERSON N, 1975, AM ANTHROPOL, V77, P53 PIERSON JC, 1982, ABORIGINAL POWER AUS, P187 RABINOVITZ FF, 1969, CITY POLITICS PLANNI RANGAN H, 1999, PLURIMONDI, V2, P47 RIBOT JC, 1999, AFRICA, V69, P23 ROGERS N, 1995, ENV PLAN LAW J, V10, P183 ROSS C, 1996, INDIGENOUS PARTICIPA ROSS TW, 1992, INT J IND ORGAN, V10, P1 SANDERCOCK L, 1994, COMMUNITY PARTICIPAT, P7 SANDERCOCK L, 1998, COSMOPOLIS SARIN M, 1995, IDS BULL-I DEV STUD, V26, P83 SCOTT JC, 1998, SEEING STATE CERTAIN STANNER WEH, 1965, OCEANIA, V36, P1 TAYLOR J, 1998, INDIGENOUS PARTICIPA WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS YOUNG E, 1991, CARING COUNTRY ABORI YOUNG IM, 1990, JUSTICE POLITICS DIF NR 68 TC 2 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR BP 827 EP 846 PY 2002 PD OCT VL 15 IS 9 GA 600QX UT ISI:000178403500004 ER PT J AU Barnett, J Adger, WN TI Climate dangers and atoll countries SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Anthropol Geog & Environm Studies, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Univ E Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Barnett, J, Univ Melbourne, Sch Anthropol Geog & Environm Studies, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. AB Climate change-induced sea-level rise, sea-surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events puts the long-term ability of humans to inhabit atolls at risk. We argue that this risk constitutes a dangerous level of climatic change to atoll countries by potentially undermining their national sovereignty. We outline the novel challenges this presents to both climate change research and policy. For research, the challenge is to identify the critical thresholds of change beyond which atoll social-ecological systems may collapse. We explain how thresholds may be behaviorally driven as well as ecologically driven through the role of expectations in resource management. The challenge for the international policy process, centred on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is to recognize the particular vulnerability of atoll countries by operationalising international norms of justice, sovereignty, and human and national security in the regime. 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AB Global environmental change is one of the most significant research and policy issues facing humankind. Although vast financial and human resources are being allocated to climate change research, there are numerous knowledge gaps between understanding climate variations and human responses, particularly in the area of farm adaptation. In this paper, we argue that four issues need to be addressed, in order to narrow these gaps. First, greater attention needs to be directed towards impact assessment. Second, future researchers should consider critical methodologies and theories clearly articulated in cognate disciplines. Third, we need to have an improved understanding of how present agriculture adapts to both climatic and societal forces. Lastly, we need to have an improved understanding of the decision-making process. We address these issues by drawing upon three areas of research: (i) the climate change and impact assessment literature; (ii) the natural hazards literature; and (iii) the agricultural restructuring literature, drawn primarily from the disciplines of rural geography and rural sociology. From a review of this literature, we argue that each area provides an incomplete assessment of the relationship between climate change and agriculture in developed countries. Consequently, we conclude that an approach which situates farm-level decision making in relation to both broad structural (including biophysical) and internal forces, provides for a greater understanding of the nexus between climate change and farm adaptation. 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1986, SCOPE, V28, P393 WATTS MJ, 1983, INTERPRETATIONS CALA, P231 WATTS MJ, 1983, SILENT VIOLENCE FOOD WHATMORE S, 1987, SOCIOL RURALIS, V27, P21 WHEATON EE, 1994, E29007E93 SASK RES C WHITE GF, 1945, 29 U CHIC DEP GEOGR WHITE GF, 1964, 93 U CHIC DEP GEOGR WILLIAMS GDV, 1988, IMPACT CLIMATIC VARI, V1, P219 WOO MK, 1992, CAN GEOGR, V36, P66 NR 130 TC 14 J9 J RURAL STUD BP 335 EP 350 PY 1995 PD JUL VL 11 IS 3 GA TG687 UT ISI:A1995TG68700009 ER PT J AU Roth, R TI Spatial organization of environmental knowledge: Conservation conflicts in the inhabited forest of northern Thailand SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. RP Roth, R, York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. AB Managing forests for their satisfactory provision of multiple goods and services to both the global and local commons requires effective cross-scale cooperation between local management institutions and state management institutions. Integrating the distinct sets of knowledge produced and used at the two scales of management has proven very challenging. This paper shows how a better understanding of the spatial expression of knowledge operating at distinct scales can help lead to a more fruitful integration of local knowledge and practice with state knowledge and practice. Using a case study from northern Thailand, this paper examines the links between the production of knowledge and the production of space within resource management institutions. 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RP Salthe, SN, Nat Syst, 42 Laurel Bank Ave, New York, NY 13754 USA. AB Complexity is here approached through an extension of natural philosophy to ecology. Complexity generally has two componems-synchronic and diachronic. The first, extensional complexity, explores the structure of form, and process, as nested homeostatic space-time systems of differing scales. In comparison, intensional complexity is essentially developmental, modeling the structure of change as a sere of stages. These occur in a canonical sequence: immaturity -> maturity -> senes-senescence, which is proposed as the basis of a developmental systems ecology. Infodynamics is based in the empirical fact that, as systems develop, they store increasing amounts of information. Development is driven by thermodynamic potentials. Energy gradient instability invites energy consumption, leading to growth, which leads to change. The Second Law of thermodynamics can be seen to be the final cause of any development, including succession. It can also be taken, in its Camot/Clausius formulation, as the final cause of ecological systems, because inefficiency of energy use is an important source of a diversity of energy availabilities. Final cause can be found, not only in variational principles like the Second Law, but is also suggested in widespread similarities (like ecological vicariants) not explained by common descent. It is proposed that deep structures might be considered as a source of these similarities. Structures suggest a semiotic approach, as in, for example, the Umwelt construction of von Uexkiill, which can be related to the Eltonian niche. In a frictional world, no developing system can resist individuation, which is the source of evolution. Continued individuation in organic evolution results in Hutchinsonian niche deployment. It is driven by mutation, and afforded by a fourth law of thermodynamics which, in non-equilibrium systems generates increases in system workspace. This increases informational entropy as well, resulting ultimately in a diversity of species. While form facilitates physical entropy production, the informational entropy embodied in biological diversity facilitates the fastest possible entropy production at a given locate. The paper ends with a brief on internalism, concerning the generativity of material systems. 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RP Gunderson, LH, Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AB In 1973, C. S. Holling introduced the word resilience into the ecological literature as a way of helping to understand the non-linear dynamics observed in ecosystems. Ecological resilience was defined as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing self-organized processes and structures (defined as alternative stable states). Other authors consider resilience as a return time to a stable state following a perturbation. A new term, adaptive capacity, is introduced to describe the processes that modify ecological resilience. Two definitions recognize the presence of multiple stable states (or stability domains), and hence resilience is the property that mediates transition among these states. Transitions among stable states have been described for many ecosystems, including semi-arid rangelands, lakes, coral reefs, and forests. In these systems, ecological resilience is maintained by keystone structuring processes across a number of scales, sources of renewal and reformation, and functional biodiversity. In practice, maintaining a capacity for renewal in a dynamic environment provides an ecological buffer that protects the system from the failure of management actions that are taken based upon incomplete understanding, and it allows managers to affordably learn and change. 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Nature Conservancy, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. Moses Wittemyer Harrison & Woodruff, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Richter, BD, Nature Conservancy, 490 Westfield Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. AB Human demands on the world's available freshwater supplies continue to grow as the global population increases. In the endeavor to manage water to meet human needs, the needs of freshwater species and ecosystems have largely been neglected, and the ecological consequences have been tragic. Healthy freshwater ecosystems provide a wealth of goods and services for society, but our appropriation of freshwater flows must be better managed if we hope to sustain these benefits. and freshwater biodiversity. We offer a framework for developing an ecologically sustainable water management program, in which human needs for water are met by storing and diverting water in a manner that can sustain or restore the ecological integrity of affected river ecosystems. Our six-step process includes: (1) developing initial numerical estimates of key aspects. of river flow necessary to sustain native species and natural ecosystem functions; (2) accounting for human uses of water, both current and future, through development of a computerized hydrologic simulation model that facilitates examination of human-induced alterations to river flow regimes; (3) assessing incompatibilities between human and ecosystem needs with particular attention to their spatial and temporal character; (4) collaboratively searching for solutions to resolve incompatibilities; (5) conducting water management experiments to resolve critical uncertainties that frustrate efforts to integrate human and ecosystem needs; and (6) designing and implementing an adaptive management program to facilitate ecologically sustainable water management for the long term. Drawing from case studies around the world to illustrate our framework, we suggest that ecologically sustainable water management is attainable in the vast majority of the world's river basins. However, this quest will become far less feasible if we wait until water supplies are further over-appropriated. CR *ACOE, 1998, WAT ALL AP CHATT FLI *COMM ENV COOP, 1999, SUST ENH MIGR BIRD H *IUCN, 2000, VIS WAT NAT WORLD ST *NAT RES LAW CTR, 1996, REST W WAT OPP BUR R *SFWMD, 2000, BAS REV *UPP SAN PEDR RIV, 1998, MEM UND US BUR LAND *USFWS USEPA, 1999, INSTR FLOW GUID ACT *WCD, 2000, DAMS DEV NEW FRAM DE ARTHINGTON AH, 1998, COMP EVALUATION ENV AXELROD LJ, 1994, J SOC ISSUES, V50, P85 BARON JS, 2002, ECOL APPL, V12, P1247 BINGHAM G, 1986, RESOLVING ENV DISPUT BRAGG OM, 1999, ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT CARVER S, 1996, 3 INT C WORKSH INT G CHANTON J, 1997, EXAMINATION COUPLING CHRISTENSEN NL, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P665 FREEMAN MC, 1997, RIVERINE RESOURCES W GILLILAN DM, 1997, INSTREAM FLOW PROTEC GLEICK PH, 1998, WORLDS WATER 1998 19 GLEICK PH, 2000, WATER INT, V25, P127 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAMILTON SD, 1999, COMMUNITCATION 1025 HILL MT, 1991, RIVERS-STUD SCI ENV, V2, P198 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 HOWITT R, 1992, IND IMPACT ASSESSMEN HUANG W, 1997, 3 DIMENSIONAL MODELI IVERSON R, 1997, NUTR TRANSPORT PRIMA KING J, 1998, AQUAT ECOSYS HLTH MA, V1, P109 KING JM, 2000, ENV FLOW ASSESSMENTS LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LEWIS FG, 1997, APALACHICOLA RIVER B LEWIS FG, 1997, RELATIONSHIPS RIVER LIGHT HM, 1998, 1594 US GEOL SURV WA MADDAUS WO, 1987, WATER CONSERVATION MICHELSEN AM, 1993, AM J AGR ECON, V75, P1010 NOSS RF, 1909, SAVING NATURES LEGAC NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 PETTS G, 1996, RIVER BIOTA DIVERSIT POFF NL, 1997, BIOSCIENCE, V47, P769 POSTEL S, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P195 POSTEL S, 1999, PILLAR SAND IRRIGATI PRINGLE CM, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P807 RAILSBACK S, 2001, INSTREAM FLOW ASSESS RICHTER BD, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1163 RICHTER BD, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1081 RICHTER BD, 1997, FRESHWATER BIOL, V37, P231 RICHTER BD, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1467 ROGERS K, 1997, DEV PROTOCOL DEFINIT ROGERS K, 1999, FRESHWATER BIOL, V41, P439 SPARKS RE, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P169 STANFORD JA, 1996, REGUL RIVER, V12, P391 STEIN BA, 2000, PRECIOUS HERITAGE ST SWALES S, 1995, ECOLOGICAL BASIS RIV, P125 THARME R, 1996, REV INT METHODOLOGIE THARME RE, IN PRESS RIVERS RES THARME RE, 1998, 576198 WAT RES COMM TRUSH WJ, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11858 VICKERS A, 2001, HDB WATER USE CONSER WALKER KF, 1995, REGUL RIVER, V11, P85 WALTERS CJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P53 WIGINGTON R, 2000, DRY YEAR OPTIONS END NR 61 TC 4 J9 ECOL APPL BP 206 EP 224 PY 2003 PD FEB VL 13 IS 1 GA 657JX UT ISI:000181663700015 ER PT J AU Brunner, RD Clark, TW TI A practice-based approach to ecosystem management SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT,JACKSON,WY 83001. YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511. UNIV COLORADO,CTR PUBL POLICY RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. AB Ecosystem management is a rapidly, evolving philosophy or paradigm of natural resource management intended to sustain the integrity of ecosystems. The problem is that principles of ecosystem management are unsatisfactory for practical purposes. Three major approaches to the problem are evaluated: (1) clarification of the goals of ecosystem management, (2) construction of a better scientific foundation for management decisions, and (3) comparative appraisal of current practices. The evaluation concludes that neither of the first two approaches is necessary or sufficient for better management decisions because better decisions depend upon the complexities of particular contexts. The third practice-based approach makes the most of the limited human capacity to cope with the complexities of ecosystem management in order to improved principles, of ecosystem management, to inform particular management decisions through improved principles, and to incorporate clearer goals and a better scientific foundation as they become available. The evaluation draws on experience and disciplines beyond conservation biology and natural resource management, including policy sciences. 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RP Farmani, R, Univ Exeter, Sch Engn Comp Sci & Math, Ctr Water Syst, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England. AB An expanded rehabilitation of the hypothetical water distribution network of Anytown, USA is considered. AS well as pipe rehabilitation decisions, tank sizing, tank siting and pump operation schedules are considered as design variables. inclusion of pump operation schedules requires consideration of water system operation over the demand pattern period. Design of distribution storage facilities involves solving numerous issues and trade-offs such as locations, levels and volume. This paper investigates the application of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in the identification of the pay-off characteristic between total cost, reliability and water quality of Anytown's water distribution system. A new approach is presented for formulation of the model. To provide flexibility, the network must be designed and operated under multiple loading conditions. The cost of the solution includes the capital costs of pipes and tanks as well as the present value of the energy consumed during a specified period. Optimization tends to reduce costs by reducing; the diameter of, or completely eliminating, pipes, thus leaving the system with insufficient capacity to respond to pipe breaks or demands that exceed design values without violating required performance levels. Here a resilience index is considered as a second objective to increase the hydraulic reliability and the availability of water during pipe failures. Considering reliability as one of the objectives in the optimization process will decrease the level of vulnerability for the solutions and therefore will result in robust networks. However, oversized distribution mains and storage tanks will have adverse effects on water age with negative effects on water quality due to low flow velocity and little turnover, respectively. Therefore, another objective in the design and operation of distribution systems with storage facilities is the minimization of residence time, thus minimizing deterioration in water quality, which is directly associated with the age of water. Residence time must include not only the time in tanks but also the travel time before and after the water's entry into the storage facilities. The residence time of the water in the network is considered as a surrogate measure of water quality. Results are presented for the pay-off characteristics between total cost, reliability and water quality, for 24 h design and five loading conditions. 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RP Butler, MJ, Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. AB Marine fisheries and the ecosystems that sustain them are increasingly beset by environmental deterioration, and the problem is particularly acute in coastal zones where human Populations are increasing. In the best of circumstances, fishery managers are faced with the multiple, often conflicting, demands of resource users, politicians, and scientists when considering strategies for resource management. A further challenge is that management decisions must be made against a backdrop of a deteriorating environment and the shifting status of coastal ecosystem integrity. Traditional tools for single-species management may be inadequate in these settings. Furthermore. the necessary empirical data to appropriately parameterize models with vital rates representative of all altered environment are often lacking. Thus, we need approaches that better approximate the complicated dynamics between environmental conditions, fishery impacts, and multi-species interactions. Spatially-explicit, indivickial-based simulation modeling potentially permits this kind of integration, but it has seen limited use in marine resource management. especially with respect to benthic resources. My colleagues and I have used this approach, combined with targeted experimental work, to explore the impacts of nursery habitat deterioration, coastal freshwater management. and fishery activities oil Caribbean spiny lobster populations and sponge community structure in the Florida Keys, Florida (USA). Although not applicable for all resource management situations, our experiences provide all example of the potential use of spatially-explicit, individual-based modeling and targeted empirical science in predicting resource conditions in a dynamic environment. 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RP Ebersole, JL, OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,NASH 104,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. AB Ecological restoration is increasingly invoked as a tool for the maintenance and regeneration of biodiversity. Yet the conceptual foundations and assumptions underlying many restoration management activities are frequently unclear or unstated. Unforeseen, undesirable consequences of restoration activities may emerge as a result. A general conceptual framework for restoration is needed to better accommodate dynamic habitat systems and evolving biota in restoration strategies. A preliminary framework for stream habitat restoration emphasizing stream habitat-biota development is proposed, As developing systems, streams and stream biota exhibit temporal behaviors that change with stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats and the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and. their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to reexpress their capacities. Several steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; identification of developmental constraints; relief of those constraints; classification of sensitive, critical, or refuge habitats; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; and monitoring of biotic responses to habitat development. CR *NPPC, 1994, COL BAS FISH WILDL P, V2 *USDA, 1993, FOR EC MAN EC EC SOC ARMOUR CL, 1991, FISHERIES, V16, P7 BALDWIN AD, 1994, PRESERVATION RESTORI BALTZ DM, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P246 BEACHAM TD, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V44, P244 BENNER PA, 1991, NEAR COASTAL WATERS BESCHTA RL, 1992, DOEBP214931 USDE BRAVARD JP, 1986, OIKOS, V47, P92 CEDERHOLM CJ, 1989, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V46, P1347 COLLINS JP, 1981, SW NATURALIST, V26, P415 CRISPIN V, 1993, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V13, P96 DENBOER PJ, 1968, ACTA BIOTHEOR, V18, P165 DETENBECK NE, 1992, ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P33 DOPPELT R, 1993, ENTERING WATERSHED EBERSOLE JL, 1994, THESIS OREGON STATE EVEREST FH, 1989, P WILD TROUT STEELH, P9 FRISSELL CA, 1986, CLASSIFICATION STREA FRISSELL CA, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P199 FRISSELL CA, 1992, N AM J FISH MANAGE, V12, P182 FRISSELL CA, 1992, THESIS OREGON STATE FRISSELL CA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P342 FRISSELL CA, 1996, IN PRESS PACIFIC SAL FULLER DD, 1991, P S BIOD NW CAL 28 3, P96 GEBHARDT KA, 1989, PRACTICAL APPROACHES, P53 GRAF WL, 1978, GEOLOGICAL SOC AM B, V89, P1491 GREGORY SV, 1991, BIOSCIENCE, V41, P540 GRESSWELL RE, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT S1, V51, P298 HENJUM MG, 1994, INTERIM PROTECTION L HEWLETT JD, 1982, WATER RESOURCES B, V18, P983 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUGHES RM, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P673 JENSEN SE, 1990, WETLAND CREATION RES, P367 JORDAN WR, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P55 JUNK WJ, 1989, P INT LARG RIV S CAN, P110 KAUFFMAN JB, 1995, RESTORATION MANAGEME, V13, P12 KOVALCHIK BL, 1990, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V33, P405 LAWSON PW, 1993, FISHERIES, V18, P6 LEONARD SG, 1992, J RANGE MANAGE, V45, P431 LI HW, 1987, COMMUNITY EVOLUTIONA, P193 LICHATOWICH J, 1995, APPLICATION PATIENT LICHATOWICH J, 1995, FISHERIES, V20, P10 LUDYANSKIY ML, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P533 MATHISEN OA, 1988, INT ASS THEORETICAL, V23, P2249 MCINTOSH BA, 1994, NW SCI SPECIAL ISSUE, V68, P86 MEFFE GK, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P1525 MEFFE GK, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P350 MILLER RR, 1989, FISHERIES, V14, P22 MILTON SJ, 1994, BIOSCIENCE, V44, P70 MINCKLEY WL, 1991, BATTLE EXTINCTION NA MINSHALL GW, 1988, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V7, P263 MOYLE PB, 1991, BATTLE EXTINCTION NA, P155 MOYLE PB, 1992, CONSERVATION BIOL TH, P125 NAIMAN RJ, 1992, RIVER CONSERVATION M, P93 NEHLSEN W, 1991, FISHERIES, V16, P4 NELSON RL, 1992, T AM FISH SOC, V121, P405 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 PEARSONS TN, 1992, T AM FISH SOC, V121, P427 PLATTS WS, 1989, T AM FISH SOC, V118, P629 POFF NL, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P629 REEVES GH, 1987, TECHNICAL B, V154 REEVES GH, 1992, T 57 N AM WILDL NAT, P408 REGIER HA, 1989, CANADIAN SPECIAL PUB, V106, P86 RIEMAN B, 1993, B USDA FOR SERV INTE, V14 ROOD SB, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P451 SCHUMM SA, 1979, T I BRIT GEOGR, V4, P485 SEDELL JR, 1981, ACQUISITION UTILIZAT, P210 SEDELL JR, 1984, VERH INT VER LIMNOL, V22, P1828 SEDELL JR, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P711 SOUTHWOOD TRE, 1977, J ANIM ECOL, V46, P337 SPARKS RE, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P699 STANFORD JA, 1988, NATURE, V335, P64 STANFORD JA, 1992, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, P91 STEEDMAN RJ, 1987, CAN J FISH AQUAT S2, V44, P95 STROMBERG JC, 1993, GREAT BASIN NAT, V53, P118 SWANSON FJ, 1980, FORESTS FRESH PERSPE, P159 SWANSON S, 1988, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V43, P259 TAYLOR EB, 1991, AQUACULTURE, V98, P195 TAYLOR PD, 1993, OIKOS, V68, P571 TRISKA FJ, 1980, FORESTS FRESH PERSPE, P171 WARD JV, 1989, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V8, P2 WARREN CE, 1979, BEHAV SCI, V24, P296 WARREN CE, 1979, EPA600379059 WARREN CE, 1980, FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, P15 WEAVER WE, 1987, 19 REDW NAT PARK TEC WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WOLMAN MG, 1978, EARTH SURF PROCESSES, V3, P189 NR 88 TC 21 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 1 EP 14 PY 1997 PD JAN-FEB VL 21 IS 1 GA VZ029 UT ISI:A1997VZ02900001 ER PT J AU van Nes, EH Scheffer, M TI Large species shifts triggered by small forces SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. RP van Nes, EH, Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management, POB 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Changes in species composition of communities seem to proceed gradually at first sight, but remarkably rapid shifts are known to occur. Although disrupting disturbances seem an obvious explanation for such shifts, evidence for large disturbances is not always apparent. Here we show that complex communities tend to move through occasional catastrophic shifts in response to gradual environmental change or evolution. This tendency is caused by multiple attractors that may exist in such systems. We show that alternative attractors arise robustly in randomly generated multispecies models, especially if competition is symmetrical and if interspecific competition is allowed to exceed intraspecific competition. Inclusion of predators as a second trophic level did not alter the results greatly, although it reduced the probability of alternative attractors somewhat. These results suggest that alternative attractors may commonly arise from interactions between large numbers of species. Consequently, the response of complex communities to environmental change is expected to be characterized by hysteresis and sudden shifts. Some unexplained regime shifts observed in ecosystems could be related to alternative attractors arising from complex species interactions. Additionally, our results support the idea that ancient mass extinctions may partly be due to an intrinsic loss of stability of species configurations. 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RP Hyndman, D, Univ Queensland, Dept Anthropol, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. AB Since the start of the Ok Tedi mining project in Papua New Guinea in 1981, Broken Hill Proprietary has operated it. Weak environmental protection laws and a series of ecological disasters have endangered the greater Ok Tedi and Fly River socioecological region. A grassroots indigenous popular ecological resistance movement made an out-of-court settlement with the mining company in Melbourne in 1996. Early in 2000 the indigenous movement took Broken Hill Proprietary back to court in Melbourne to block the company's attempt to abandon the Ok Tedi mine. Research started with Wopkaimin subsistence ecology in the 1970s. Later the political ecology of the Ok Tedi crisis was evaluated, as was ecological change in social terms; both are illustrated through the politics of cultural and ecological representation. After the successful convergence of radical environmentalists and indigenous popular ecological resistance against the Ok Tedi mine, research shifted to liberation ecology to study the emancipatory potential of struggles and conflicts against environmental degradation. The responsibilities of academics conducting research in the Ok Tedi crisis are examined. The Ok Tedi crisis challenges the proposition that academics can act as honest brokers through mining companies to negotiate deals for local communities. Academics engaged by mining companies as consultants or employees must work according to managed science and circumscribed briefs. The approach of critical liberation ecology, which directs research to community empowerment, represents a freedom of critical inquiry only available in the academy. 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RP Odum, EC, Santa Fe Community Coll, 3000 NW 83rd St, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. AB Principles that appear to govern all systems including human societies were used to consider the time of economic descent ahead. These include the energy laws, the emergy concept, the maximum empower principle, the universal energy hierarchy, the conservation and hierarchical distribution of materials, the spatial organization of centers, and the pulsing paradigm. Population and cities, energy consumption and climate change, agriculture and environment, information and electric power, capitalism and economic policies, structures and materials, human life and standard of living are dealt with in this paper as interconnected aspects of the same problem, i.e. the necessary descent phase of human economies, due to decreasing resource base. We expect much of the resource use, culture and public policy appropriate for the growth period to be replaced with a new set of ethics and policies affecting each scale of time and space during descent. Decisive changes in attitudes and practices can divert a destructive collapse, leading instead to a prosperous way down. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *UNFCCC, 1992, UN FRAM CONV CLIM CH *UNWCW, 1995, UN 4 WORLD C WOM BEI BROWN LR, 1998, STATE WORLD 1998, CH10 BROWN MT, 2003, B INT WORKSH ADV EN, P135 HALL CAS, 1998, P INT WORKSH ADV EN, P355 HERENDEEN AR, 2002, P INT WORKSH ADV EN, P343 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HUANG SL, 1998, P INT WORKSH ADV EN, P499 LOTKA AJ, 1922, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V8, P147 MEGURO Y, 2000, 44 SESS UN COMM STAT ODUM HT, 1971, ENV POWER SOC, P331 ODUM HT, 1976, ENERGY BASIS MAN NAT, P337 ODUM HT, 1983, ECOL MODEL, V20, P71 ODUM HT, 1983, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY INTR, P644 ODUM HT, 1988, SCIENCE, V242, P1132 ODUM HT, 1995, ZONAL ORG CITIES ENV ODUM HT, 1996, ENV ACCOUNTING EMERG ODUM HT, 1999, SOZIALPOLITIK OKOLOG, P428 ODUM WE, 1995, ESTUARIES, V18, P547 SCHENK EAM, 2002, P INT WORKSH ADV EN, P257 TAINTER J, 1988, COLLAPSE COMPLEX SOC VONBERTALANFFY L, 1968, GEN SYSTEM THEORY FD, P295 NR 22 TC 0 J9 ENERGY BP 21 EP 32 PY 2006 PD JAN VL 31 IS 1 GA 963YV UT ISI:000231843600004 ER PT J AU Kleven, T TI Doubts and beliefs in Norwegian environmental bureaucracy: On the world-views and thought styles of environmental experts SO TIDSSKRIFT FOR SAMFUNNSFORSKNING LA Norwegian DT Article AB Professional expertise plays a decisive role in determining how government agencies interpret and act on national environmental policies. Through their perception of environmental reality and influence on the definition of threats and problems, professional expertise will have and is expected to have - an authoritative impact on the way agencies understand national policies and their strategies for problem-solution and action. However, the perceptions and attitudes of experts - what might be labelled their professional thought style or paradigm - will be influenced by the agencies' primary (historic) functions, professional dominance and organisational characteristics that have developed over time. Environmental knowledge and expertise unfold within varying organisational contexts or cultures that are likely to have important impacts on policy making and implementation. The article seeks to trace the worldviews and thought styles of environmental expertise in government agencies as varied as nature conservation, regional planning, agricultural counselling and the roads sector based on empirical material collected in a nation-wide questionnaire to respondents working within these sectors as well as the core environment agencies. 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No Terr Univ, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Lebel, L, Chiang Mai Univ, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. AB The sustainability of regional development can be usefully explored through several different lenses. In situations in which uncertainties and change are key features of the ecological landscape and social organization, critical factors for sustainability are resilience, the capacity to cope and adapt, and the conservation of sources of innovation and renewal. However, interventions in social-ecological systems with the aim of altering resilience immediately confront issues of governance. Who decides what should be made resilient to what? For whom is resilience to be managed, and for what purpose? In this paper we draw on the insights from a diverse set of case studies from around the world in which members of the Resilience Alliance have observed or engaged with sustainability problems at regional scales. Our central question is: How do certain attributes of governance function in society to enhance the capacity to manage resilience? Three specific propositions were explored: ( 1) participation builds trust, and deliberation leads to the shared understanding needed to mobilize and self-organize; ( 2) polycentric and multilayered institutions improve the fit between knowledge, action, and social-ecological contexts in ways that allow societies to respond more adaptively at appropriate levels; and ( 3) accountable authorities that also pursue just distributions of benefits and involuntary risks enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups and society as a whole. Some support was found for parts of all three propositions. In exploring the sustainability of regional social-ecological systems, we are usually faced with a set of ecosystem goods and services that interact with a collection of users with different technologies, interests, and levels of power. In this situation in our roles as analysts, facilitators, change agents, or stakeholders, we not only need to ask: The resilience of what, to what? We must also ask: For whom? 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USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, NRCS, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Tugel, AJ, USDA, NRCS, Box 30003,3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB Land managers and policymakers need information about soil change caused by anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors to predict the effects of management on soil function, compare alternatives, and make decisions. Current knowledge of how soils change is not well synthesized and existing soil surveys include only limited information on the dynamic nature of soils. Providing information about causes and attributes of soil change and the effects of soil change on soil function over the human time scale (centuries, decades, or less) should be a primary objective of 21st century soil survey. Soil change is temporal variation in soil across various time scales at a specific location. Attributes of change include state variables (dynamic soil properties)' reversibility, drivers, trends, rates, and pathways and functional interpretations include resistance, resilience, and early warning indicators. Iterative elements of the blueprint for action described in this article are: (i) identify user needs; (ii) conduct interdisciplinary research and long-term studies; (iii) develop an organizing framework that relates data, processes, and soil function; (iv) select and prioritize soil change data and information requirements; (v) develop procedures for data collection and interpretation; and (vi) design an integrated soilecosystem-management information system. Selection of dynamic soil properties, soil change attributes, and functional interpretations to be included in future soil surveys should be based on analyses comparing the benefits of meeting user needs to the costs of data acquisition and delivery. Implementation of the blueprint requires increased collaboration among National Cooperative Soil Survey partners and other research disciplines. 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Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Econ, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Limburg, KE, SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. AB Ecological and economic systems are undeniably complex. Whereas a goal of delineating 'ecosystem services' is to make readily apparent some of the important ways in which ecosystems underpin human welfare, insights are also gained by appreciating the nonlinear dynamic properties of ecosystems. In this paper, we review some of the relevant characteristics of complex systems. Ecosystems and economic systems share many properties, but valuation has typically been driven by short-term human preferences. Here we argue that as the force of humanity increases on the planet, ecosystem service valuation will need to switch from choosing among resources to valuing the avoidance of catastrophic ecosystem change. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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S African Natl Parks, Skukuza, South Africa. AB Sustainable ecosystem management relies on a diverse and multi-faceted knowledge system in which techniques are continuously updated to reflect current understanding and needs. The challenge is to minimize delay as ideas flow from intent through scientific capability, and finally to implementation to achieve desired outcomes. The best way to do this is by setting the stage for the flow of knowledge between researchers, policy makers, and resource managers. The cultural differences between these groups magnify the challenge. This paper highlights the importance of the tacit dimension of knowledge, and how this renders the concept of knowledge transfer much less useful than the concepts of information transfer and technology transfer. Instead of knowledge transfer, we propose that "co-production" of knowledge through collaborative learning between "experts" and "users" is a more suitable approach to building a knowledge system for the sustainable management of ecosystems. This can be achieved through knowledge interfacing and sharing, but requires a shift from a view of knowledge as a "thing" that can be transferred to viewing knowledge as a "process of relating" that involves negotiation of meaning among partners. Lessons from informal communities of practice provide guidance on how to nurture and promote knowledge interfacing between science and management in R&D programs. 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Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. St Marys Univ, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Anthropol, Fredericton, NB, Canada. RP Kearney, J, John F Kearney & Assoc, 5064 Doctors Brook,RR 3, Antigonish, NS B2G 2L1, Canada. AB There is compelling evidence that participatory governance is crucial for contending with complex problems of managing for multiple values and outcomes to achieve ecological sustainability and economic development. Canada's Oceans Act, and federal oceans policy provide a strong basis for the participatory governance and community-based management of coastal and large ocean resources. The implementation of the Oceans Act and oceans policy has resulted in some steps toward participatory governance but has not adequately provided the mechanisms for a strong role for communities in integrated coastal and ocean management (ICOM). In order to strengthen and develop community participation in ICOM, nine initiatives are recommended: (1) shifting paradigms, (2) overcoming 'turf protection,' (3) ensuring compatibility of goals, (4) ensuring sufficiency of information, (5) dealing with internal community stratification, (6) creating cross-scale linkages, (7) creating a participatory policy environment, (8) building community capacity, and (9) monitoring and assessment of local-level initiatives. CR *BAY FUND MAR RES, 2002, BAY BAY B, V1 *BL SMITH WORKGR I, 2004, E SCOT SHELF INT MAN *FISH OC CAN, 2001, E SCOT SHELF INT MAN *FISH OC CAN, 2005, COAST MAN AR APPR OC *GARDN PINF CONS E, 2002, EV ATL COAST ACT PRO *GOV BRIT COL, 2003, KYUQ SOUND COAST PLA *GOV CAN, 2002, CAN OC STRAT OUR OC *GOV CAN, 2005, CAN OC ACT PLAN PRES *NRTEE, 1998, SUST STRAT OC COM GU *UNCED, 1992, UN C ENV DEV RIO DE ACHESON JM, 2003, CAPTURING COMMONS DE AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 ANDALECIO M, 2004, ASSESSMENT FISHERY M ARMITAGE DR, 2005, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V18, P715 BENE C, 1952, PARTICIPATION GOVERN BENNELL P, 2000, IMPROVING POLICY ANA BERKES F, 2001, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V44, P451 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2005, BREAKING ICE RENEWAB, P225 BOYD H, 2006, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V49, P237 CARLSSON L, 2005, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V75, P65 CASH DW, 2000, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V10, P109 CHARLES A, 2001, SUSTAINABLE FISHERY CHARLES A, 2002, NOVA SCOTIA GPI FISH CICINSAIN B, 1998, INTEGRATED COASTAL O CLARKE JN, 1996, STAKING OUT TERRAIN CYERT RM, 1963, BEHAV THEORY FIRM DAVIS A, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P251 DRYZEK J, 2000, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRA FAST H, 2001, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V44, P183 FINLAYSON AC, 1994, FISHING TRUTH SOCIOL FINLAYSON AC, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P311 FISK JW, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN, P217 FRANCIS GR, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P239 FUNG A, 2001, POLIT SOC, V29, P5 FUNG A, 2003, DEEPENING DEMOCRACY, V4 GORDON D, 1993, MAKING WAVES, V4, P7 HARA M, 2003, FISHERIES COMANAGEME, P81 HOLM P, 2000, HUM ORGAN, V59, P353 HOLM P, 2003, MAST, V2, P5 JENTOFT S, 1989, HUM ORGAN, V48, P355 KEARNEY J, 1984, ATLANTIC FISHERIES C, P165 KEARNEY J, 2005, NATURAL RESOURCES CO, P83 KERANS P, 2006, TURNING WORLD RIGHT KILPATRICK S, 2003, DEFINING LEARNING CO KOFINAS GP, 1998, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB LI TM, 2001, COMMUNITIES ENV ETHN, P157 LINDSAY J, 1998, INT CBNRM WORKSH WAS MCCAY BJ, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P237 MICHAELS R, 1962, POLITICAL PARTIES SO MILLAR D, 2005, E SCOT SHELF INT MAN MILSOM S, 2003, COASTAL COMMUNITY NE, V9, P5 NEIS B, 2000, FINDING OUR SEA LEGS OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P PALSSON G, 1995, PROPERTY RIGHTS SOCI, P85 PARKER JK, 1999, USAID WORKSH GROWTH PINKERTON E, 1990, POINT NO POINT TREAT PINKERTON E, 1996, ENVIRONMENTS, V23, P51 PINKERTON E, 2005, FINAL EVALUATION REP PINKERTON EW, 1992, HUM ORGAN, V51, P330 POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 PONCELET E, 2001, NEW DIRECTIONS ANTHR REID JW, 2004, RES ROLE COMMUNITIES RHODES RAW, 1997, UNDERSTANDING GOVERN SAUL JR, 1992, VOLTAIRES BASTARDS D SCHLAG MP, 2005, BREAKING ICE RENEWAB, P119 SCHLAGER E, 1992, LAND ECON, V68, P249 SCHNEIDER H, 1999, J INT DEV, V11, P521 SCOTT JC, 1998, SEEING LIKE STATE CE SONGORWA AN, 2000, NAT RESOUR J, V40, P603 SPROULEJONES M, 2002, RESTORATION GREAT LA WALMSLEY J, 2005, HUMAN USE OBJECTIVES WEHRELL R, 2005, SUSTAINABLE DEV ENV WIBER M, 2001, LAW ANTHR, V11, P282 WIBER MG, 2005, MOBILE GEAR MOBILE L, P131 WILSON DC, 2003, FISHERIES COMANAGEME, P265 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 YOUNG OR, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 78 TC 0 J9 COAST MANAGE BP 79 EP 104 PY 2007 PD JAN-MAR VL 35 IS 1 GA 109UG UT ISI:000242333800005 ER PT J AU Abel, N TI Mis-measurement of the productivity and sustainability of African communal rangelands: a case study and some principles from Botswana SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article RP Abel, N, CSIRO,DIV WILDLIFE & ECOL,POB 84,LYNEHAM,ACT 2602,AUSTRALIA. AB Hypotheses about the relative productivities and impacts of current and officially recommended stocking rates were tested in a case study in southern Africa. They support the view that biased measurements of livestock productivity and inappropriate measurements of rangeland degradation can lead to under-estimates of the productivity of African communal rangelands, overestimates of the urgency of de-stocking, and misunderstanding of the strengths of measures required to effect it. By including the full range of livestock products in estimates of productivity and calculating output per unit of land area rather than per unit of livestock, more accurate estimates of productivity can be made. Estimates of degradation based on irreversible changes enable discrimination between trivial and important impacts of grazing. Modelling suggests de-stocking is not in general worthwhile at present in eastern Botswana. It may be necessary to regulate numbers of animals in the future. If livestock densities increase, grass cover could fall below the critical level and rates of degradation increase suddenly and rapidly. Adverse climatic change could reduce herbaceous productivity with the same effect. The approach used here should help decision making in those circumstances. Choosing an appropriate stocking rate should be an ethical decision requiring negotiations among stakeholders. Practitioners should recognise that it is socially, not technically determined and that it is but one level among many possible densities. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. 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AB Conservationists recognize that many protected areas have limited future prospects without the cooperation and support of local people, especially in developing countries. Since the 1980s Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have attempted to reconcile park management with local needs and aspirations, usually with disappointing results. Achieving local cooperation and support without jeopardizing conservation goals remains a top priority for parks, however. Fortunately, the lessons from the ICDP experience provide an important opportunity to inform the next generation of biodiversity conservation programs, including those concerned with poverty alleviation as well as those working at ecosystem and landscape scales. More recent and more promising approaches have started to incorporate elements of adaptive management, new partnership models with stakeholders and the vertical integration of site-level work with policy initiatives and institutional development. CR 2003, 2003 WORLD PARKS C *WWF, 2004, EFF PROT AR PREL AN ADAMS JS, 1996, MYTH WILD AFRICA CON AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P629 ALPERT P, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P845 BARRETT CB, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1073 BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BLOMLEY T, 1997, INTEGRATED CONSERVAT BRANDON K, 1998, PARKS PERIL PEOPLE P BRANDON K, 2001, TRADEOFFS SYNERGIES, P417 BROCKINGTON D, 2004, ORYX, V38, P140 BROWN K, 1998, ECOL ECON, V24, P73 BROWN K, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P479 BROWN K, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P232 CHAPE S, 2003, 2003 UN LIST PROT AR CHRISTENSEN J, 2004, CONSERV PRACTICE, V5, P12 FAITH DP, 1996, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V5, P417 FERRARO PJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P1718 FRANKS P, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P77 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HANNA SS, 1997, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG HART T, 1998, 62 WORLD BANK ENV DE HULME D, 2001, AFRICAN WILDLIFE LIV HUTTON JM, 2003, ORYX, V37, P215 KISS A, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P98 KRAMER R, 1997, LAST STAND PROTECTED LANGHOLZ J, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P271 LARSEN PS, 1998, WWF INTEGRATED CONSE LEE KL, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN MAGINNIS S, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P321 MCNEELY J, 1984, NATL PARKS CONSERVAT MCSHANE TO, 1999, ARBORVITAE S MAY MCSHANE TO, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY MCSHANE TO, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P49 OATES JF, 1999, MYTH REALITY RAIN FO OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV REDCLIFT M, 1987, SUSTAINABLE DEV EXPL REDFORD KH, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P116 ROBINSON JG, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P20 ROBINSON JG, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P10 ROE D, 2000, EVALUATING EDEN EXPL ROE D, 2004, ORYX, V38, P137 SACHS W, 1991, ECOLOGIST, V21, P252 SALAFSKY N, 2000, WORLD DEV, V28, P1421 SALAFSKY N, 2001, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT SALAFSKY N, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P372 SANDERSON S, 2004, ORYX, V38, P146 SANJAYAN MA, 1997, 38 WORLD BANK SAYER J, 2004, GETTING BIODIVERSITY, P35 SAYER J, 2004, SCI SUSTAINABLE DEV SIMPSON RD, 1996, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V1, P241 STOCKING M, 1992, T I BRIT GEOGR, V17, P337 WASCHER D, 2000, FACE EUROPE POLICY P WELLS M, 1999, INVESTING BIODIVERSI WELLS MP, 1992, PEOPLE PARKS LINKING WESTERN D, 1994, NATURAL CONNECTIONS WOOD A, 2000, ROOT CAUSES BIODIVER NR 57 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 513 EP 519 PY 2004 PD DEC VL 33 IS 8 GA 880PF UT ISI:000225801000007 ER PT J AU Wilson, JA TI Matching social and ecological systems in complex ocean fisheries SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Wilson, JA, Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. AB This paper considers ocean fisheries as complex adaptive systems and addresses the question of how human institutions might be best matched to their structure and function. Ocean ecosystems operate at multiple scales, but the management of fisheries tends to be aimed at a single species considered at a single broad scale. The paper argues that this mismatch of ecological and management scale makes it difficult to address the fine-scale aspects of ocean ecosystems, and leads to fishing rights and strategies that tend to erode the underlying structure of populations and the system itself. A successful transition to ecosystem-based management will require institutions better able to economize on the acquisition of feedback about the impact of human activities. This is likely to be achieved by multiscale institutions whose organization mirrors the spatial organization of the ecosystem and whose communications occur through a polycentric network. Better feedback will allow the exploration of fine-scale science and the employment of fine-scale fishing restraints, better adapted to the behavior of fish and habitat. The scale and scope of individual fishing rights also needs to be congruent with the spatial structure of the ecosystem. Place-based rights can be expected to create a longer private planning horizon as well as stronger incentives for the private and public acquisition of system relevant knowledge. CR *NRC, 1999, SHAR FISH NAT POL IN *NRC, 1999, SUST MAR FISH *PEW OC COMM, 2003, AM LIV OC CHART COUR *USCOP, 2004, OC BLUEPR 21 CENT ACHESON JM, 2003, CAPTURING COMMONS AMES EP, 1997, IMPLICATIONS LOCALIZ, P55 AMES EP, 2004, FISHERIES, V29, P1 APOLLONIO S, 2002, HIERARCHICAL PERSPEC ARROW K, 1974, LIMITS ORG BEVERTON R, 1998, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V8, P229 CONOVER DO, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V208, P303 COOPER AB, 1999, FISH B-NOAA, V97, P213 COSTANZA R, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P198 COWEN RK, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P857 CURTIN CG, 2002, ENVIRON SCI POLICY, V5, P55 DEGNBOL P, 2001, PEOPL SEA IN C AMST DIAMOND J, 2005, COLLAPSE ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 FINLAYSON AC, 1994, SOC EC STUDIES, V2 FLAKE G, 1998, COMPUTATIONAL BEAUTY FOGRARTY MJ, 1998, ECOLOGICAL APPL S, V8, S6 FOLKE C, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P414 FRANK KT, 1994, ICES MAR SC, V198, P110 FRANK KT, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1621 FRENKEN K, 1999, 3 CEEL FRIEDMANN J, 1987, PLANNING PUBLIC DOMA GATEWOOD JB, 1984, AM ETHNOL, V11, P350 GRAHAM JJ, 1982, J NW ATL FISH SCI, V3, P63 GREEN JM, 2000, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V80, P1077 GUICHARD F, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P1003 GUNDERSON LH, 1999, CONSERV ECOL, V3, P1 HANNA SS, 1997, ECOL ECON, V20, P221 HAYEK FA, 1945, AM ECON REV, V35, P519 HIXON MA, 2002, ECOLOGY, V83, P1490 HOLLAND J, 1998, EMERGENCE HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P25 HUGHES TD, 2005, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V20, P7 HUTCHINGS JA, 1995, N ATLANTIC FISHERIES, P37 HUTCHINGS JA, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V208, P299 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JONES K, 2005, THESIS U MAINE SCHOL KRITZER JP, 2004, FISH FISH, V5, P131 LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION LEVITT B, 1988, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V14, P319 LOW B, 2002, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P83 MCCAY BJ, 1987, QUESTION COMMONS CUL MCLEOD KL, 2005, SCI CONSENSUS STATEM MYERS RA, 2003, NATURE, V423, P280 NEAL B, 2001, E GULF MARINE ATLANT OLSON M, 2000, POWER PROSPERITY OUT ONEILL RV, 1986, HIEARCHICAL CONCEPT OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM V, 1991, MEANING AM FEDERALIS, P223 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PAULY D, 2003, PERFECT OCEAN FISHER PERKINS HC, 1997, B NATL RES I AQUAC S, V3, P101 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PITCHER TJ, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P601 RIETKERK M, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P1927 ROBICHAUD D, 2004, FISH FISH, V5, P185 SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCOTT A, 1993, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V8, P187 SCOTT J, 1998, SEEING LIKE STATE CE SIMON H, 1996, SCI ARTIFICIAL SINCLAIR M, 1997, DEV SUSTAINING WORLD, P23 SMEDBOL RK, 2001, J FISH BIOL S, A, P109 STENECK RS, 1997, P GULF MAIN EC DYN S, P151 STENECK RS, 2001, ENCY BIODIVERSITY, V1, P121 STENECK RS, 2004, ECOSYSTEMS, V7, P323 STEPHENSON RL, 1998, IMPLICATIONS LOCALIZ, P160 TAGGART CT, 1998, IMPLICATIONS LOCALIZ, P65 VAVRINEC J, 2003, THESIS U MAINE SCHOO WALTERS CJ, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V208, P309 WILLIAMSON O, 1985, EC I CAPITALISM WILSON J, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P327 WILSON JA, 1986, QUESTION COMMONS, P311 WILSON JA, 1990, LAND ECON, V66, P12 WILSON JA, 2000, ECOLOGICAL EC, V31, P243 WROBLEWSKI JS, 1998, IMPLICATIONS LOCALIZ, P104 YOUNG O, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P327 NR 80 TC 1 J9 ECOL SOC BP 9 PY 2006 PD JUN VL 11 IS 1 GA 064WR UT ISI:000239121300030 ER PT J AU Van Pelt, R O'Keefe, TC Latterell, JJ Naiman, RJ TI Riparian forest stand development along the Queets River in Olympic National Park, Washington SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Van Pelt, R, Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AB A vegetation chronosequence spanning over 300 years was established in unconstrained reaches of the lower Queets River in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, for an examination of riparian successional patterns. The Queets is an unconstrained, dynamic; mountain river located within a temperate rain forest environment. Ongoing channel movements create intricate patterns in the physical structure of the valley. Twenty-one plots containing a total of 4359 trees were mapped and measured for structural and crown characteristics. Snags, logs, and understory vegetation were also quantified. Recent alluvial deposits are colonized primarily by early-successional trees Salix sitchensis and Alnus rubra. Conifer seedlings, primarily Picea sitchensis, generally invade after the initial cohort of hardwood trees begins senescence: 20-30 years for Salix and 40-60 years for Alnus. Through accumulation 4 sediments from floods and channel downcutting, surfaces become perched above the reach of annual floods after 40-80 years and are then slowly colonized by late successional tree species Acer circinatum, Acer macrophyllum, and Tsuga heterophylla. Diverse, old-growth forests ultimately develop after 200-250 years, containing some of the largest known trees in the Pacific Northwest. However, canopy and stem densities remain lower than comparative Pseudotsuga menziesii forests from the nearby Cascade Mountains. Vast individual crowns can develop, with occasional Picea up to 25 m wide and 70 m deep. Individual stands may accumulate > 200000 m(3)/ha of canopy volume-among the highest recorded on earth. Mixed among the generalized successional sequence are variations created by uncommon channel movements. Avulsions followed by channel incision form cobblefields in abandoned channels or other surfaces which are isolated from subsequent inundation and sediment deposition. These cobblefields embark on a different successional trajectory, which often includes conifer seedlings present in the initial cohort. Ultimately, whatever the initial trajectory, soils become productive due to soil conditioning by Alnus and the decomposition of other plant material. These biophysical complexities, interconnected patterns, and system-scale resilience are summarized in a multiple-pathway successional model that may be applicable to floodplain riparian forests throughout much of the Pacific coastal ecoregion. CR *WA DEP FISH WILDL, 2004, OL ELK HERD WASH STA ABBE TB, 2003, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V51, P81 BALIAN EV, 2001, STEM PRODUCTION DYNA BALIAN EV, 2005, IN PRESS ECOSYSTEMS BILBY RE, 1998, RIVER ECOLOGY MANAGE, P324 BRAATNE JH, 1996, BIOL POPULUS ITS IMP, P57 CHEN JQ, 2004, FOREST SCI, V50, P364 COE HJ, 2001, THESIS U WASHINGTON FERRY ME, 2001, OL NAT RES CTR C P U FETHERSON KL, 2005, THESIS U WASHINGTON FETHERSTON KL, 1995, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V13, P133 FONDA RW, 1974, ECOLOGY, V55, P927 FRANKLIN JF, 1980, FORESTS FRESH PERSPE, P59 FRANKLIN JF, 2002, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V155, P399 HIBBS DE, 1994, BIOL MANAGEMENT RED HYATT TL, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P191 JENKINS KJ, 1984, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P331 KIRK R, 1992, OLYMPIC RAIN FOREST LATTERELL JJ, 2005, THESIS U WASHINGTON LIENKAEMPER GW, 1987, CAN J FOREST RES, V17, P150 MASER C, 1984, PNW164 USDA FOR SERV MCCUNE B, 1999, PC ORD MULTIVARIATE MCKEE A, 1982, ECOLOGICAL RES NATL, P22 NADKARNI NM, 1984, CAN J BOT, V62, P2223 NAIMAN RJ, 1998, RIVER ECOLOGY MANAGE NAIMAN RJ, 2000, BIOSCIENCE, V50, P996 NAIMAN RJ, 2005, ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION H, P279 NORTH M, 2004, FOREST SCI, V50, P299 OCONNOR JE, 2003, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V51, P31 PETERSON EB, 1997, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT S RICHARDS KS, 1993, SPEICAL PUBLICATION, V75, P195 RIEGE DA, 2004, AM MIDL NAT, V151, P251 RIPPLE WJ, 2003, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V184, P299 RIPPLE WJ, 2004, BIOSCIENCE, V54, P755 SPIES TA, 1991, WILDLIFE VEGETATION, P91 SWANSON FJ, 1982, ECOLOGICAL RES NATL, P30 THACKRAY GD, 2001, QUATERNARY RES, V55, P257 VANPELT R, 1996, NORTHWEST SCI, V70, P15 VANPELT R, 1999, SELBYANA, V20, P357 VANPELT R, 2000, CAN J FOREST RES, V30, P1231 VANPELT R, 2001, THESIS U WASHINGTON VANPELT R, 2004, FOREST CANOPIES, P49 VANPELT R, 2004, FOREST SCI, V50, P326 VANPELT RS, 1991, THESIS U WASHINGTON VANPELT RS, 1995, THESIS U WASHINGTON WINCHESTER NN, 1999, SELBYANA, V20, P268 WOODWARD A, 1994, NORTHWEST SCI, V68, P97 NR 47 TC 5 J9 ECOL MONOGR BP 277 EP 298 PY 2006 PD MAY VL 76 IS 2 GA 039ZP UT ISI:000237348100007 ER PT J AU Portela, R Rademacher, I TI A dynamic model of patterns of deforestation and their effect on the ability of the Brazilian Amazonia to provide ecosystem services SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Aspen Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Portela, R, Univ Maryland, Inst Ecol Econ, Box 38,1 Williams St, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. AB This paper presents a dynamic systems model that shows how different land use patterns degrade the value of ecosystem services provided by the Brazilian Amazonia. The model consists of four sectors: (1) deforestation drivers; (2) land use/cover; (3) ecosystem services; and (4) ecosystem valuation. The deforestation drivers sector models the economic and social incentives that small farmers and large pasture investors have for clearing the forest. The land use/cover sector shows how these different groups clear land, and further shows how patterns of forest succession and associated biomass differ by primary land use type. Different land use patterns greatly impact the quality and economic value of ecosystem services. These impacts are dealt with in the ecosystem services sector, which models the region's hydrological cycle, the nutrient cycle, carbon sequestration capacity, and species diversity. Calculations are made in the ecosystem valuation sector according to a reference monetary value for these ecosystem services. The model calculates the change in these values according to the land use practices that occur over time. Findings show that over a 100-year simulation, forest area remains about 44% of original area with pasture and abandoned pasture becoming the dominant land cover, The value of ecosystem services declines from $1431 to $658 and $781 ha(-1) year(-1) for agriculture and pasture, respectively. These findings are compared to annual revenue derived from different land use practices for which land was cleared in the Brazilian Amazonia. In the context of these findings, the authors discuss how an explicit monetary valuation of ecosystem services could create positive incentives for land stewardship and conservation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. 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AB Ecosystem change has usefully been seen as controlled by two functions: exploitation, where rapid colonization of recently disturbed land is emphasized, and conservation where slow accumulation and storage of energy and material are emphasized. Analysis of a series of ecosystems-managed and unmanaged-indicates there are two additional functions. One is that of creative destruction where the tightly bound accumulation of biomass and nutrients is suddenly released by agents such as forest fires, insect pests, or intense grazing. The second function is one of renewal where released material is mobilized to become available for the next exploitive phase. That pattern is discontinuous and is dependent on the existence of multistable states. Resilience and recovery are emphasized during the release and renewal sequence, and stability and productivity during the exploitation and conservation sequence. Such studies of resilience are beginning to combine with hierarchy theory and with the theory of dissipative structures to deepen our understanding of change and how to manage change. CR ALLEN PM, 1983, BIOSYSTEMS, V16, P113 ALLEN TFH, 1982, HIERARCHY PERSPECTIV BURTON I, 1978, ENV HAZARD, V1, P1 CLARK WC, 1979, ECOL MODEL, V7, P1 FIERING MB, 1974, AGROECOSYSTEMS, V1, P301 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P27 FIERING MB, 1982, WATER RESOUR RES, V18, P33 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V3, P183 HOLLING CS, 1976, OCT P S FUT STRAT EN, P36 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 LEVINS R, 1968, EVOLUTION CHANGING E LORENZ EN, 1964, TELLUS, V16, P1 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR PETERMAN RM, 1979, POPULATION DYNAMICS, P321 SCHUMPETER JA, 1950, CAPITALISM SOCIALISM STEELE JH, 1974, NATURE, P248 NR 17 TC 2 J9 FUTURES BP 598 EP 609 PY 1994 PD JUL-AUG VL 26 IS 6 GA PC861 UT ISI:A1994PC86100004 ER PT J AU Smit, GN TI An approach to tree thinning to structure southern African savannas for long-term restoration from bush encroachment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Orange Free State, Dept Anim Wildlife & Grassland Sci, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. RP Smit, GN, Univ Orange Free State, Dept Anim Wildlife & Grassland Sci, POB 339, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. AB Due to bush encroachment the grazing capacity of large areas of the southern African savanna has declined, often to such an extent that many previously economic livestock properties are now no longer economically viable. Attempts at restoring encroached areas by the removal of some or all of the woody plants will normally result in an increase of grass production and thus also the grazing capacity. However, the results of woody plant removal may differ between vegetation types, with the outcome determined by both negative and positive responses to tree removal. The rapid establishment of tree seedlings after the removal of some or all of the mature woody plants may reduce the effective time span of restoration measures. In many cases the resultant re-establishment of new woody seedlings may in time develop into a state that is worse than the original state. This paper is an attempt to summarize existing knowledge on the importance of woody plants in savanna and explore measures, based on ecosystem dynamics, which can be utilized to restore encroached areas more successfully. It is hypothesized that a more stable environment can be created by maintaining or restoring savanna structure (large trees). In a structured savanna, large trees are able to suppress the establishment of new seedlings, while maintaining the other benefits of woody plants like soil enrichment and the provision of food to browsing herbivore species. Effective restoration of encroached areas should not be considered a once-off event, but rather a long-term commitment. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WILLIAMS AG, 1987, J APPL ECOL, V24, P217 WILSON JB, 1988, J APPL ECOL, V25, P279 WINTER WH, 1989, AUST J EXP AGR ANIM, V29, P631 WU HI, 1985, ECOL MODEL, V29, P215 YOUNG A, 1989, AGROFRORESTRY SOIL C NR 127 TC 0 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE BP 179 EP 191 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 71 IS 2 GA 824VK UT ISI:000221715100006 ER PT J AU Boesch, DF TI Scientific requirements for ecosystem-based management in the restoration of Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Louisiana SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Boesch, DF, Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. AB Ecosystem-based management requires integration of multiple system components and uses, identifying and striving for sustainable outcomes, precaution in avoiding deleterious actions, and adaptation based on experience to achieve effective solutions. Efforts underway or in planning to restore and manage two major coastal ecosystems, the Chesapeake Bay (Chesapeake Bay Program) and coastal Louisiana (Louisiana Coastal Area Plan and Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan), are examined with respect to these four principles. These multifaceted restoration programs represent among the foremost challenges for science and coastal management in the United States and, thereby, have important implications for addressing the coastal environmental crises being experienced throughout the world. Although frameworks exist for integration of management objectives in both regions, the technical ability for the quantitatively integrated assessment of multiple stressors and strategies is still in an early stage of development. Science is also being challenged to identify sustainable futures, but emerging concepts of ecosystem resilience offer some promising approaches. Precautionary management is best conceived with regard to fisheries, but should become a more explicit consideration for managing risks and avoiding unanticipated consequences of restoration activities. Adaptive management is embraced as a central process in coastal Louisiana ecosystem restoration, but has not formally been implemented in the more mature Chesapeake Bay restoration. Based on these experiences, ecosystem-based management could be advanced by: (1) orienting more scientific activity to providing the solutions needed for ecosystem restoration; (2) building bridges crossing scientific and management barriers to more effectively integrate science and management; (3) directing more attention to understanding and predicting achievable restoration outcomes that consider possible state changes and ecosystem resilience; (4) improving the capacity of science to characterize and effectively communicate uncertainty; and (5) fully integrating modeling, observations, and research to facilitate more adaptive management. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP ZAVALA, MA, CTR INVEST FORESTALES LOURIZAN,APTDO 27,E-36080 PONTEVEDRA,SPAIN. AB The accelerated loss of biological diversity is causing concern, for this reason its preservation has emerged as an objective in forest management. Extending conservation methods to managed lands is problematic. Biological diversity is a complex concept that includes many different aspects of ecosystems, therefore an operational measure of biodiversity is unlikely to be found. In addition, its relationship with stability and resilience has been a subject of long debate in ecology and remains confusing. We review the existing approaches for the conservation of biological diversity. Most of them are derived from population biology and emphasize the species richness component of biological diversity. These methods do not account for ecosystem processes and economical constraints which make them inappropriate for implementation in managed lands. On the other hand, forestry and ecology have historically evolved independently and makes the understanding between managers and ecologists even more difficult. We propose four directions for further research that would help to couple forestry and ecology showing one example (Pacific Northwest) in which considerable research efforts have been made making forestry and conservation compatible. In the other example provided (Mediterranean basin), we show that a certain level of management is required for the preservation of biological diversity. Since it is urgent to take action, methods for conservation biology play a key role as first approaches, but alone are not sufficient to account for the preservation of diversity in managed lands and should be complemented with alternative approaches that account for economical constraints and ecosystem level processes. 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Stratus Consulting Inc, Boulder, CO USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ebi, KL, ESS LLC, 5249 Tancreti Lane, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. AB The health sector component of the first U.S. National Assessment, published in 2000, synthesized the anticipated health impacts of climate variability and change for five categories of health outcomes: impacts attributable to temperature, extreme weather events (e.g., storms and floods), air pollution, water- and food-borne diseases, and vector- and rodent-borne diseases. The Health Sector Assessment (HSA) concluded that climate variability and change are likely to increase morbidity and mortality risks for several climate-sensitive health outcomes, with the net impact uncertain. The objective of this study was to update the first HSA based on recent publications that address the potential impacts of climate variability and change in the United States for the five health outcome categories. The literature published since the first HSA supports the initial conclusions, with new data refining quantitative exposure-response relationships for several health end points, particularly for extreme heat events and air pollution. The United States continues to have a very high capacity to plan for and respond to climate change, although relatively little progress has been noted in the literature on implementing adaptive strategies and measures. Large knowledge gaps remain, resulting in a substantial need for additional research to improve our understanding of how weather and climate, both directly and indirectly, can influence human health. Filling these knowledge gaps will help better define the potential health impacts of climate change and identify specific public health adaptations to increase resilience. CR *CDCP, 2001, HIV AIDS SURVEILLANC, V13, P1 *CDCP, 2004, OV OB OB TRENDS US O *NAT ASS SYNTH TEA, 2001, CLIM CHANG IMP US PO, P437 *NAT CTR HLTH STAT, 2004, MORT TABL *US CENS BUR, 2002, NAT POP PROJ *US EPA, 2006, HEAT ISL EFF BASU R, 2002, EPIDEMIOL REV, V24, P190 BERNARD SM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P177 BERNARD SM, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P199 BLINDAUER KM, 1999, AM J EMERG MED, V17, P23 CASMAN E, 2001, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V50, P219 CHEN L, 2002, INHAL TOXICOL, V14, P141 CURRIERO FC, 2001, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V91, P1194 CURRIERO FC, 2002, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V155, P80 DAMATO G, 2001, RESP MED, V95, P606 DAVIS RE, 2002, CLIMATE RES, V22, P175 DAVIS RE, 2003, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V111, P1712 DAVIS RE, 2003, INT J BIOMETEOROL, V47, P166 DAVIS RE, 2004, CLIMATE RES, V26, P61 DONOGHUE ER, 1997, AM J FOREN MED PATH, V18, P11 DRESSLER OV, 1998, WATER RES UPDATE U C, V112, P16 DSOUZA RM, 2004, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V15, P86 EASTERLING DR, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P2068 EBI KL, 2004, B AM METEOROL SOC, V85, P1067 GREENE JS, 1999, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V62, P163 GREENOUGH G, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P191 GUBLER DJ, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P223 HAJAT S, 2003, APPL ENV SCI PUBLIC, V1, P13 HENNESSY E, 2002, BRIT MED J, V324, P691 HUNT JCR, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC A, V360, P1531 KEATINGE WR, 2001, ENVIRON RES, V86, P209 KISTEMANN T, 2002, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V68, P2188 KOVATS RS, 2001, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V356, P1057 KUNKEL KE, 1999, B AM METEOROL SOC, V80, P1077 LEVINE D, 2003, CONN MED, V67, P642 MCGEEHIN MA, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P185 MCLEAN RG, 2001, T N AM WILDL NAT RES, P320 MEEHL GA, 2004, SCIENCE, V305, P994 PALECKI MA, 1999, B AM METEOROL SOC, V82, P1353 PATZ JA, 1999, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V2, P445 PATZ JA, 2000, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPAC, P437 PIELKE RA, 2000, J CLIMATE, V13, P3625 RITZ B, 1999, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V107, P17 ROBINSON PJ, 2001, J APPL METEOROL, V40, P762 ROSE JB, 2001, ENVIRON HEALTH PE S2, V109, P211 SAILOR DJ, 2003, STREAMLINED MESOSCAL SHERIDAN SC, 2003, CLIMATE RES, V24, P255 SMOYER KE, 2000, INT J CLIMATOL, V20, P881 STAITI AB, 2003, 65 CTR STUD HLTH SYS SUBAK S, 2003, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V157, P531 TAHA H, 1997, ATMOS ENVIRON, V31, P1667 TAHA H, 2000, LBNL44222 HEAT ISL G TAHA H, 2001, LBNL46695 ENV EN TEC TAHA H, 2002, LBNL49210 ENV EN TEC WEISSKOPF MG, 2002, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V92, P830 WILHELM M, 2003, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V111, P207 ZEIL R, 2004, INT J MED MICROB S37, V293, P16 ZISKA LH, 2000, WORLD RESOURCE REV, V12, P449 ZISKA LH, 2003, J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN, V111, P290 NR 59 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT BP 1318 EP 1324 PY 2006 PD SEP VL 114 IS 9 GA 087PZ UT ISI:000240755700025 ER PT J AU Angelstam, P Boresjo-Bronge, L Mikusinski, G Sporrong, U Wastfelt, A TI Assessing village authenticity with satellite images: A method to identify intact cultural landscapes in Europe SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Dept Nat Sci, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden. SwedPower AB, SE-16216 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Human Geog, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Angelstam, P, Dept Nat Sci, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden. AB The village with its characteristic zones of different land use from the center to the periphery is a basic unit of Europe's cultural landscapes. However, loss of the authentic pre-industrial village structure characterized by a fine-grained structure of arable land and wooded grasslands is a threat to both cultural heritage and biodiversity in many rural landscapes. Therefore, it is important that the extent and rate of change of such authentic villages in a landscape can be monitored. We studied to what extent loss of authenticity with increasing time after abandonment can be assessed by quantitative analysis and visual interpretation of satellite images. The study was carried out in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland in 1999. Using Landsat Thematic Mapper data from 1998, both the grain size of landscape elements (size of fields) and land-cover composition (encroachment of shrub and forest) were quantitatively described 6 type villages representing different stages of deterioration of the authentic village structure. Historical maps were used to delineate the border of the villages and the former extension of forest and open land was measured. The present land use and the degree of abandonment expressed as grain size and forest encroachment were mapped using satellite data. Deterioration occurred along 2 transformation paths: abandonment and ultimately becoming forest, or intensified agriculture, respectively. To validate these results we classified 22 other villages in a 1000 km(2) area by visual interpretation of the original satellite images into 1 of 4 types. We then collected historical data on human population changes over the past six decades. The classification of village authenticity was clearly related to the rate of human population decline. We address the importance of validating and applying this approach for rapid assessment of the authenticity of cultural landscapes in European regions being subject to ongoing as well as expected future change, related to expansion of the European Union. Finally, we argue that the village represents a scale at which integration of natural and social sciences is possible. CR *SOU, 200052 SOU ANGELSTAM P, IN PRESS ECOL B, V51 ANGELSTAM P, IN PRESS RESTORATION ANGELSTAM P, 1995, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V82, P3 ANGELSTAM P, 2001, EUROPEAN FOREST I P, V38, P59 ANGELSTAM P, 2002, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY RE, P193 ANGELSTAM PK, 1997, WILDLIFE SOC B, V25, P38 AUGUSTYN M, 1997, P SCI SESS 2 ANN M I, P15 BALCIAUSKAS L, 1993, ACTA ORNITOL LITHUAN, P3 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BICIK I, 2001, LAND USE POLICY, V18, P65 BIRKS HH, 1988, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE P BOLINDER G, 1928, STRANGE PEOPLE MIDDL BOYCE MS, 1997, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT BROWN JH, 1995, MACROECOLOGY BUTLIN RA, 1998, HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY CHAMBERLAIN DE, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V78, P1 CHIROT D, 1989, ORIGINS BACKWARDNESS CRONE LK, 2001, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V153, P147 EGAN D, 2001, HISTORICAL ECOLOGY H ELANDS BHM, 2001, FOREST POLICY ECON, V3, P5 ELLENBERG H, 1996, VEG MITTELEUROPAS AL ERDAS, 1999, ERDAS FIELD GUID ERIXON S, 1960, SWEDISH COMMUNITIES FLEISHMAN E, 2000, ECOL B, V48, P85 GOOD DF, 1994, J ECON HIST, V54, P869 GOODLAND R, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P1 GUNST P, 1989, ORIGINS BACKWARDNESS, P53 HAGNER O, 1990, SNS IUFRO WORKSH US, P94 HANNAH L, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V4, P128 HART JF, 1998, RURAL LANDSCAPE HEAD L, 2000, CULTURAL LANDSCAPES HUPCHICK DP, 1996, CONCISE HISTORICAL A JONGMAN RHG, 2002, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V58, P211 KENNEDY JJ, 2001, FOREST POLICY ECON, V3, P81 KIRBY KJ, 1998, ECOLOGICAL HIST EURO KLEIJN D, 2001, NATURE, V413, P723 KREBS JR, 1999, NATURE, V400, P611 KRYCINSKI S, 1995, GMINA LUTOWISKA BIES KRYCINSKI S, 1996, BIESZCZADY 2 LARSSON TB, 2001, ECOL B, V50 LIU J, 2002, INTEGRATING LANDSCAP MALM L, IN PRESS VIEWS INSIG MALMGREN J, 2001, OREBRO STUDIES BIOL, V1 MAYER H, 1984, WALDER EUROPAS GUSTA MEFFE GK, 2002, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT MIKUSINSKI G, IN PRESS ECOL B, V51 MIKUSINSKI G, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P200 MIKUSINSKI G, 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P208 MITCHELL K, 1997, P SEM DEB POL 12 14 MIYA K, 2000, MARAMURESH MYKRA S, 2000, ANN ZOOL FENN, V37, P79 MYRDAL J, 2001, NEW PRODUCTION NEW A NEUMAYER E, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P101 PALANG H, 1999, LANDSCAPE CHANGES ES PERZANOWSKI K, 1997, P SCI SESS 2 ANN M I, P3 PUUMALAINEN J, 2002, 20423 EUR JOINT RES RABBINGE R, 2000, EUR J AGRON, V13, P85 RACKHAM O, 2003, ANCIENT WOODLAND SCHIESS H, 1997, MITTEILUNGEN EIDGENO, V72, P1 SLOTTE H, 2000, ACTA U AGR SUECIAE, V236 SPORRONG U, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P67 STAHL HH, 1980, TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN SYLLA R, 1991, PATTERNS EUROPEAN IN TRAUGER DL, 2003, 031 WILDL SOC TUCKER GM, 1997, HABITATS BIRDS EUROP WEBER N, 1998, CARBON DIOXIDE MITIG WEITNAUER E, 1987, ORNITHOL BEOB, V84, P1 WILLIAMS M, 2003, DEFORESTING EARTH WINNICKI T, 2001, NATURE BIESZCZADZKI NR 71 TC 1 J9 AMBIO BP 594 EP 604 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 32 IS 8 GA 779TW UT ISI:000189317900015 ER PT J AU Brown, K Adger, WN Tompkins, EL Bacon, P Shim, D Young, K TI Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, CSERGE, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ W Indies, Div Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Tobago House Assembly, Dept Marine Resources & Fisheries, Scarborough, Trinid & Tobago. RP Brown, K, Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB This paper outlines an approach to natural resource management that incorporates multiple objectives for protected area management within a decision-making framework. Both regulators and other major stakeholders are directly incorporated into the approach to enhance decision-making processes. We call this approach trade-off analysis. The approach uses a framework based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) but involves stakeholders at all stages. This holistic approach is appropriate for multiple use, complex systems such as marine protected areas (MPAs), where many different users are apparently in conflict and where linkages and feedbacks between different aspects of the ecosystem and economy exist. The paper applies trade-off analysis to the case of Buccoo Reef Marine Park (BRMP) in Tobago. Stakeholder analysis is undertaken, and social, economic and ecological criteria identified. The impacts of four different development scenarios are evaluated for these criteria. Stakeholders are asked to weight different criteria and then the outcomes of different stakeholder weightings in the MCA are used to explore different management options. For BRMP, the MCA suggests consensus around development options characterised as limited tourism development for the area surrounding the park in association with the implementation of complementary environmental management. The approach has been used to enhance stakeholder involvement in decision-making and develop consensus-based approaches to management of the MPA. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Ail rights reserved. 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RP Krutilla, K, Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. AB This paper derives the analytical solution of a renewable resource-based Ramsey economy with costly resource extraction. The goal is to ascertain whether costly resource extraction can induce nonlinear dynamical properties in the system. We find that the solution for a model with constant technology can exhibit multiple steady states, and the comparative statics effects for consumption, utility, and the stock of nature capital are ambiguous in a number of different cases. Moreover, the solution for a model with exogenous technological progress exhibits unusual comparative dynamics and the possibility of multiple balanced growth paths. An increase in the rate of technological progress induces a long-run growth rate in per capita consumption that depends on parameters of the production function. Overall, technological progress in the model can be less beneficial than in the standard economic growth model in which resource extraction is costless. CR ARROW K, 2000, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V34, P1401 ARTHUR WB, 1994, INCREASING RETURNS P BARRO JR, 1995, EC GROWTH BLANCHARD OJ, 1989, LECT MACROECONOMICS CHIANG AC, 1992, ELEMENTS DYNAMIC OPT CLARK CW, 1990, MATH BIOECONOMICS OP CLARK CW, 2002, ESSAYS EC RENEWABLE DANTONIO CM, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P63 DASGUPTA P, 2000, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V5, P1 HANLEY N, 1997, ENV EC THEORY PRACTI HARTWICK JM, 1986, EC NATURAL RESOURCE HUGHES TP, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P1547 KRUTILLA K, 2002, ENVIRON DEV ECON 1, V7, P23 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MALER KG, 1991, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V1, P1 MALER KG, 2000, EUR ECON REV, V44, P645 MAY RM, 1977, NATURE, V269, P471 MUNRO G, 1985, HDB NATURAL RESOURCE PACK H, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P55 PERRINGS C, 1997, ECOL ECON, V22, P73 REUVENY R, 2000, ECOL ECON, V35, P271 SIMON J, 1996, ULTIMATE RESOURCE, V2 SOLOW RM, 1974, REV EC STUDIES S, P29 SOLOW RM, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P45 STIGLITZ J, 1974, REV ECON STUD, P123 TOMAN MA, 1995, HDB ENV EC NR 26 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON BP 165 EP 185 PY 2004 PD FEB VL 27 IS 2 GA 777WX UT ISI:000189207800003 ER PT J AU Maslin, M Malhi, Y Phillips, O Cowling, S TI New views on an old forest: assessing the longevity, resilience and future of the Amazon rainforest SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF BRITISH GEOGRAPHERS LA English DT Review C1 Univ Coll London, Dept Geog, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. RP Maslin, M, Univ Coll London, Dept Geog, Environm Change Res Ctr, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, England. AB The aim of this paper is to investigate the longevity and diversity of the Amazonian rainforest and to assess its likely future. Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological records suggest that the Amazon rainforest originated in the late Cretaceous and has been a permanent feature of South America for at least the last 55 million years. The Amazon rainforest has survived the high temperatures of the Early Eocene climate optimum, the gradual Cenozoic cooling, and the drier and lower carbon dioxide levels of the Quaternary glacial periods. Two new theories for the great diversity of the Amazon rainforest are discussed - the canopy density hypothesis and the precessional-forced seasonality hypothesis. We suggest the Amazon rainforest should not be viewed as a geologically ephemeral feature of South America, but rather as a constant feature of the global Cenozoic biosphere. The forest is now, however, entering a set of climatic conditions with no past analogue. The predicted future hotter and more and tropical climates may have a disastrous effect on the Amazon rainforest. 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C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Appl Econ, Taichung 402, Taiwan. RP Rose, A, Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. AB Recent natural and manmade disasters have had significant regional economic impacts. These effects have been muted, however, by the resilience of individual businesses and of regional markets, which refers to the inherent ability and adaptive responses that enable firms and regions to avoid potential losses. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis is a promising approach to disaster impact analysis because it is able to model the behavioral response to input shortages and changing market conditions. However, without further refinement, CGE models, as well as nearly all other economic models, reflect only "business-as-usual" conditions, when they are based on historical data. This paper advances the CGE analysis of major supply disruptions of critical inputs by: specifying operational definitions of individual business and regional macroeconomic resilience, linking production function parameters to various types of producer adaptations in emergencies, developing algorithms for recalibrating production functions to empirical or simulation data, and decomposing partial and general equilibrium responses. We illustrate some of these contributions in a case study of the sectoral and regional economic impacts of a disruption to the Portland Metropolitan Water System in the aftermath of a major earthquake. 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RP Mackil, E, Wesleyan Univ, Dept Class Studies, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. AB This paper traces the phenomenon of polis desertion, exploring both its causes and its impact on the social and political landscape. It is argued that while the Greek poleis were highly vulnerable to ecologically and socially induced stress and catastrophe, they were at the same time remarkably resilient in a way that their individual inhabitants could not be. It is argued that this social resilience was a product of relations with other communities which served as a kind of buffer against risk; it is thus the communal response to stress and catastrophe that enables social resilience. 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1999, GEOARCHAEOLOGY, V14, P531 SOTER S, 2001, J COASTAL RES, V17, P95 SWOBODA H, 1924, 2 KAPITEL GRIECHISCH TORRENCE R, 2002, NATURAL DISASTERS CU, P1 WALBANK FW, 1967, HIST COMMENTARY POLY, V2 WALBANK FW, 1989, ZPE, V76, P184 WATTS MJ, 1993, PROG HUM GEOG, V17, P43 WEBER EF, 1906, SAMMLUNG EF WEBER, V1 WEHRLI F, 1953, SCHULE ARISTOTELES H WELLES CB, 1934, ROYAL CORRESPONDENCE WROTH W, 2002, NC, V2, P313 YOFFEE N, 1988, COLLAPSE ANCIENT STA, P1 NR 140 TC 0 J9 AMER J ARCHAEOL BP 493 EP 516 PY 2004 PD OCT VL 108 IS 4 GA 879GN UT ISI:000225704500001 ER PT J AU Eakin, H Tucker, CM Castellanos, E TI Market shocks and climate variability: The coffee crisis in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Anthropol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Valle Guatemala, Ctr Estudios Ambientales, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala. RP Eakin, H, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. AB As a result of a dramatic decline in world coffee prices and the restructuring of both domestic and international institutions, coffee farmers have been facing one of the most difficult periods in sector history. In 2003, a comparative case study project (supported by the Small Grant Program of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research) in Guatemala, Mexico and Honduras explored the experiences and responses of coffee farmers to institutional reforms, market risk, and climate variability. Four communities were selected for study in the 3 countries in which household surveys and interviews were conducted. The impacts of the crisis and farmers' responses illustrate the potential obstacles that farmers confront with sudden and profound changes in production conditions, yet also suggest opportunities for interventions that might help farmers improve their resilience to future risk. CR *CEPAL, 2002, CENTR IMP CAID PREC CONDE C, 2005, AIACC WORKING PAPERS GAY C, 2004, PUBLICACIONES ASOC A, V4, P651 PONTE S, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P1099 RAPPOLE JH, 2003, CONSERV BIOL, V17, P334 NR 5 TC 1 J9 MT RES DEV BP 304 EP 309 PY 2005 PD NOV VL 25 IS 4 GA 997GB UT ISI:000234232200003 ER PT J AU KEOUGH, MJ QUINN, GP TI CAUSALITY AND THE CHOICE OF MEASUREMENTS FOR DETECTING HUMAN IMPACTS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 MONASH UNIV,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL,CLAYTON,VIC 3168,AUSTRALIA. RP KEOUGH, MJ, UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT ZOOL,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA. AB The choice of biological indicator variables to be measured in detecting human impacts on the environment is a critical one. The usual community-level measures (species richness, diversity) generally have questionable theoretical justification, have no demonstrable causal links to the impact, and are dependent on the taxonomic expertise available. Results from trampling experiments on an intertidal rocky shore demonstrate that these measures are also insensitive in detecting impacts that clearly affected populations of individual species. The need for experimental work that identifies which indicator variables are causally linked to human impacts and therefore which will be useful in monitoring is emphasized. CR 1975, PRELIMINARY REPORT W BELLAN G, 1980, MARINE POLLUTION B, V3, P74 BERGE JA, 1990, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V66, P103 BERNSTEIN BB, 1986, IEEE OC 86 C P, P934 BERNSTEIN BB, 1986, IEEE OCEANS 86 C P W, P1024 BILYARD GR, 1987, MAR POLLUT BULL, V18, P581 BOCK PE, 1982, MARINE INVERTEBRAT 1, P319 BROWN VB, 1990, BOT MAR, V33, P85 BURD BJ, 1990, ADV MAR BIOL, V26, P169 CASTILLA JC, 1985, OIKOS, V45, P391 CASTILLA JC, 1989, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V50, P203 CASWELL H, 1986, IEEE OCEANS 86 C P W, P1040 COLE RG, 1990, NEW ZEAL J MAR FRESH, V24, P197 CONNELL JH, 1978, SCIENCE, V199, P1302 CONNELL JH, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P125 DURAN LR, 1989, MAR BIOL, V103, P555 FAIRWEATHER PG, 1989, SEARCH, V20, P141 FAIRWEATHER PG, 1990, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V14, P197 FAIRWEATHER PG, 1991, AUST J MAR FRESH RES, V42, P555 GHAZANSHAHI J, 1983, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V16, P379 GODOY C, 1989, OIKOS, V54, P101 GRAY JS, 1981, MAR POLLUT BULL, V12, P173 GRAY JS, 1990, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V66, P285 GREEN RH, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT HOCKEY PAR, 1986, OIKOS, V46, P3 HURLBERT SH, 1984, ECOL MONOGR, V54, P187 JAMES FC, 1990, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V21, P129 KAY AM, 1981, OECOLOGIA, V48, P123 KAY AM, 1984, TOURIST IMPACT REEF KEOUTH MJ, 1984, ECOLOGY, V65, P423 KOTT P, 1985, MEMOIRS QUEENSLAND M, V23, P1 KOTT P, 1990, MEM QD MUS, V29, P1 LAMBSHEAD PJD, 1985, 19TH P EUR MAR BIOL, P371 LIDDLE MJ, 1991, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V6, P13 LOEHLE C, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P2382 MARCHANT R, 1990, AUST J MAR FRESH RES, V41, P493 MCGUINNESS KA, 1990, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V142, P121 MORENO CA, 1984, OIKOS, V42, P155 NELSON WG, 1987, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V113, P181 OLIVA D, 1986, PSZNI MAR ECOL, V7, P201 ORTEGA S, 1987, VELIGER, V29, P251 PARRY GD, 1990, 72 VICT DEP CONS ENV PETERMAN RM, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P2 PHILLIPS DJH, 1986, MAR POLLUT BULL, V17, P10 PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST PILETTE R, 1989, AM NAT, V133, P303 PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 POVEY A, IN PRESS OIKOS RAFFAELLI DG, 1981, MAR POLLUT BULL, V12, P158 RUTT GP, 1990, FRESHWATER BIOL, V24, P463 RYGG B, 1985, MAR POLLUT BULL, V16, P469 SEGAR DA, 1986, IEEE OCEANS 6 C P WA, P874 SOUSA WP, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST, P101 STEWARTOATEN A, 1986, ECOLOGY, V67, P929 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1986, P ECOL SOC AUST, V14, P7 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1988, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V46, P227 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1989, BIOL J LINN SOC, V37, P51 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1990, AUST J ECOL, V15, P365 WARWICK RM, 1986, MAR BIOL, V92, P557 WARWICK RM, 1987, MAR BIOL, V95, P193 WARWICK RM, 1988, MAR POLLUT BULL, V19, P259 WARWICK RM, 1991, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V71, P225 WASHINGTON HG, 1984, WATER RES, V18, P653 WILSON EO, 1988, BIODIVERSITY WILSON R, 1983, 73 VICT DEP CONS ENV WILSON WH, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V21, P221 ZEDLER JB, 1978, PUBLIC USE EFFECTS C NR 67 TC 25 J9 AUST J MAR FRESHWATER RES BP 539 EP 554 PY 1991 VL 42 IS 5 GA GK861 UT ISI:A1991GK86100007 ER PT J AU Landis, WG Matthews, RA Matthews, GB TI The layered and historical nature of ecological systems and the risk assessment of pesticides SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article C1 WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,INST WATERSHED STUDIES,HUXLEY COLL ENVIRONM STUDIES,BELLINGHAM,WA 98225. WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT COMP SCI,BELLINGHAM,WA 98225. RP Landis, WG, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL & CHEM,BELLINGHAM,WA 98225. AB The community conditioning hypothesis is used as a framework in which to place the layers of effects during and after pesticide intoxication. Community conditioning states that information about the history of a system can be and is written at a variety of organismal and ecological levels. This historical component or etiology determines the future dynamics of a system. The storage of information concerning prior stressor events has been observed in a variety of compartments. Fish populations have been observed to have different genetic structures in populations that have been exposed to toxicant stressors. Analysis of biomarker data from field experiments reveals a variety of patterns, some due to the location of the field plots. Treatment groups within a series of microcosm experiments maintain their identities long after the degradation of the toxicant. The dynamics of the treatment groups in multivariate ecological space are characteristic of a particular treatment. Other microcosm systems differentially respond to invasion depending upon the order of the inoculation of the biotic components, even though at the time of the invasion the systems are indistinguishable, A major factor in the uncertainty of pesticide risk assessment will be the unknown etiology of the system of interest. CR 1991, ANN BOOK ASTM STANDA, P1017 1992, RISK ASS FOR WASH AMABILECUEVAS CF, 1993, AM SCI, V81, P332 BARTELL SM, 1992, ECOLOGICAL RISK ESTI BLANCK H, 1988, ASTM STP, V988, P219 BLANCK H, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P1816 BROOKS DR, 1989, BIOL PHILOS, V4, P407 CLEMENTS FE, 1919, PUBLICATION CARNEGIE, V42 CRANE M, 1995, SETAC NEWS, V15, P19 DEWEY SL, 1994, SETAC SPECIAL PUBLIC, P605 DRAKE JA, 1990, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V5, P159 DRAKE JA, 1991, AM NAT, V137, P1 DRAKE JA, 1993, J ANIM ECOL, V62, P117 FISHER L, 1992, DECISIONS ECOLOGICAL HALEY MV, 1990, STP ASTM, V1096, P60 HARPER LL, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P2586 HEINEMANN JA, 1989, NATURE, V340, P205 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOUCK MA, 1991, SCIENCE, V253, P1125 JOHNSON ML, 1994, SETAC SPECIAL PUBLIC, P627 LANDIS WG, 1993, ECOTOXICOLOGY, V2, P271 LANDIS WG, 1993, J ENVIRON SCI, V2, P113 LANDIS WG, 1994, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V13, P1917 LANDIS WG, 1995, IN PRESS HUMAN ECOL LEWONTIN RC, 1969, P DIV STAB EC SYST B, P13 MARKIEWICZ AJ, 1994, THESIS W WASHINGTON MATTHEWS GB, 1995, STP ASTM, V1218, P79 MATTHEWS RA, 1996, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V15, P597 MAZODIER P, 1991, ANNU REV GENET, V25, P147 MOLANDER S, 1992, AQUAT TOXICOL, V22, P129 MURDOCH MH, 1994, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V13, P1281 NICOLIS G, 1989, EXPLORING COMPLEXITY PIM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE ECOLO SMITH MW, 1992, TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI, V17, P489 NR 35 TC 22 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM BP 432 EP 440 PY 1996 PD APR VL 15 IS 4 GA UD132 UT ISI:A1996UD13200005 ER PT J AU Robbins, P McSweeney, K Waite, T Rice, J TI Even conservation rules are made to be broken: Implications for biodiversity SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geog & Reg Dev, Tucson, AZ 85716 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Robbins, P, Univ Arizona, Dept Geog & Reg Dev, 437B Harvill Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85716 USA. AB Despite efforts to enclose and control conservation zones around the world, direct human impacts in conservation areas continue, often resulting from clandestine violations of conservation rules through outright poaching, strategic agricultural encroachment, or noncompliance. Nevertheless, next to nothing is actually known about the spatially and temporally explicit patterns of anthropogenic disturbance resulting from such noncompliance. This article reviews current understandings of ecological disturbance and conservation noncompliance, concluding that differing forms of noncompliance hold differing implications for diversity. The authors suggest that forms of anthropogenic patchy disturbance resulting from violation may maintain, if not enhance, floral diversity. They therefore argue for extended empirical investigation of such activities and call for conservation biologists to work with social scientists to assess this conservation reality by analyzing how and when incomplete enforcement and rule-breaking drive ecological change. 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RP Armitage, D, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB Why do some community-based natural resource management strategies perform better than others? Commons theorists have approached this question by developing institutional design principles to address collective choice situations, while other analysts have critiqued the underlying assumptions of community-based resource management. However, efforts to enhance community-based natural resource management performance also require an analysis of exogenous and endogenous variables that influence how social actors not only act collectively but do so in ways that respond to changing circumstances, foster learning, and build capacity for management adaptation. Drawing on examples from northern Canada and Southeast Asia, this article examines the relationship among adaptive capacity, community-based resource management performance, and the socio-institutional determinants of collective action, such as technical, financial, and legal constraints, and complex issues of politics, scale, knowledge, community and culture. An emphasis on adaptive capacity responds to a conceptual weakness in community-based natural resource management and highlights an emerging research and policy discourse that builds upon static design principles and the contested concepts in current management practice. CR *NRTEE, 2001, AB COMM NONR RES DEV ADAMS WM, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1915 ADGER N, 2003, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPT, P29 ADGER N, 2004, 7 U E ANGL TYND CTR AGRAWAL A, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P41 ARMITAGE D, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P203 ARMITAGE DR, SAILING BUILDING SHI ARMITAGE DR, 2003, ENVIRON CONSERV, V30, P79 ARMITAGE DR, 2004, NATURE SOC DYNAMICS BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BARR C, 2002, DECENTRALISATION FOR BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2005, BREAKING ICE RENEWAB BORRINIFEYERBAN.G, 1996, COLLABORATIVE MANAGE BROSIUS JP, 1998, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V11, P157 BUCK L, 2001, BIOL DIVERSITY BALAN COLCHESTER M, 1994, DEV CHANGE, V25, P69 DAHL J, 2000, SAQQAQ INUIT HUNTING DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 JENTOFT S, 2000, MAR POLICY, V24, P53 JOHANNES RE, 2002, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V33, P317 KELLERT SR, 2000, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V13, P705 LANE MB, 2001, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V14, P657 LI TM, 2001, MOD ASIAN STUD 3, V35, P645 LI TM, 2002, DEV CHANGE, V33, P415 LI TM, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P265 MARSCHKE M, 2003, CAN J DEV STUD, V24, P369 MCCARTHY JF, 2001, DECENTRALISATION LOC MCCAY BJ, 1998, HUM ORGAN, V57, P21 NADASDY P, 2003, ARCTIC, V56, P367 OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS PEET R, 1996, LIBERATION ECOLOGIES PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME POMEROY RS, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V27, P143 POMEROY RS, 2001, MAR POLICY, V25, P197 POTTER L, 2001, EFFECTS INDONESIAS D PRETTY J, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1912 PUTNAM RD, 1995, J DEMOCR, V6, P65 RUITENBEEK J, 2001, 34 CTR INT FOR RES SATRIA A, MARINE POLICY SMITH JB, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPT SMITH PAC, 1996, LEARNING ORG, V3, P4 STERN P, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P445 THORBURN C, 2002, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V15, P617 USHER P, 2003, CAN GEOGR, V47, P356 WALKER BH, 2002, RESILIENCE MANAGEMEN WEITZNER V, 2001, P 11 C RES RES MAN P, P253 WHITE G, 2000, J CAN STUD, V35, P80 ZERNER, 2000, PEOPLE PLANTS JUSTIC ZIMMERER K, 2003, POLITICAL ECOLOGY IN NR 58 TC 3 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 703 EP 715 PY 2005 PD JUN VL 35 IS 6 GA 938WF UT ISI:000230033400001 ER PT J AU Gregory, RS Keeney, RL TI Making smarter environmental management decisions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Decis Res, Galiano, BC V0N 1P0, Canada. Duke Univ, Fugus Sch Business, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Gregory, RS, Decis Res, 1160 Devina Dr,RR2, Galiano, BC V0N 1P0, Canada. AB This paper outlines a sound, practical approach for making more informed decisions about environmental policy choices. It emphasizes the importance of using a structured decision process to specify and organize values, use these values to create alternatives, and assess tradeoffs to help achieve a desired balance across key objectives. Although these decision making steps are based on common sense, they are often neglected or poorly carried out as part of the complex evaluations of natural resource options. We discuss several reasons for this frequent neglect of decision making principles and provide examples from recent water use planning projects to demonstrate some of the benefits of using a structured, decision focused approach: new and better solutions, increased and more productive participation by stakeholders, and greater defensibility and acceptance of the resource management evaluation process and its conclusions. CR BAZERMAN M, 2002, JUDGMENT MANAGERIAL FRANKLIN B, 1956, LETT J PRIESTLY GREGORY RS, 1992, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V11, P58 GREGORY RS, 1994, MANAGE SCI, V40, P35 GREGORY RS, 2000, ENVIRONMENT, V42, P34 GREGORY RS, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P37 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAMMOND JS, 1998, HARVARD BUSINESS MAR, P3 HAMMOND JS, 1999, SMART CHOICES PRACTI KEENEY R, 1993, DECISIONS MULTIPLE O KEENEY RL, 1990, MANAGE SCI, V36, P1011 KEENEY RL, 1992, VALUE FOCUSED THINKI MAGUIRE L, 1992, CONSERVATIN BIOL MARCH JG, 1978, BELL J ECON, V9, P587 MCDANIELS TL, 1996, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V15, P227 MCDANIELS TL, 1999, RISK ANAL, V19, P497 PAYNE JW, 1992, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V43, P87 PETERS TJ, 1982, SEARCH EXCELLENCE RUSSO J, 1989, DECISION TRAPS 10 BA SIMON HA, 1990, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V41, P1 SLOVIC P, 1976, COGNITION SOC BEHAV, P165 SLOVIC P, 1999, DECISION SCI TECHNOL, P353 TVERSKY A, 1974, SCIENCE, V185, P1124 TVERSKY A, 1981, SCIENCE, V211, P453 VONWINTERFELDT D, 1986, DECISION ANAL BEHAV NR 25 TC 0 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR ASSOC BP 1601 EP 1612 PY 2002 PD DEC VL 38 IS 6 GA 642KR UT ISI:000180804000008 ER PT J AU Galaz, V TI Social-ecological resilience and social conflict: Institutions and strategic adaptation in Swedish water management SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Polit Sci, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res CTM, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Galaz, V, Univ Gothenburg, Dept Polit Sci, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Dealing with uncertainty and complexity in social-ecological systems is profoundly dependent on the ability of natural resource users to learn and adapt from ecological surprises and crises. This paper analyzes why and how learning processes are affected by strategic behavior among natural resource users and how social conflict is affected by social and ecological uncertainty. The claim is that social conflict among natural resource users seriously inhibits the possibilities of learning and adaptation in social-ecological systems. This is done combining insights from political science, experimental economics, an social-psychology and an analytical case study elaborating social conflict and institutional change in Swedish water management institutions. This paper also discusses the crucial role the institutional context plays in defining the outcome of learning processes in Swedish water management institutions and hence highlights previously poorly elaborated political aspects of learning processes and institutional change in social-ecological systems. 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Univ Minnesota, ISEES, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Sneddon, CS, Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Environm Studies Program, 6017 Fairchild, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. AB This article reviews the work of several sets of researchers prominent in current debates over how sustainability might be interpreted and achieved. The notion of 'sustainable development' has reached a conceptual dead-end. Geographers may offer more effective investigations and critiques of socioecological transformations by instead focusing on 'sustainability' and its application to multiple dimensions of human and nonhuman processes. Such a move within geography demands critical engagement with ongoing debates in ecological economics, the ecological sciences and social applications of sustainability. Geographers are well positioned to address crucial gaps in these fields of inquiry and to propel debates over sustainability in several fruitful directions. 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GEOGR BP 521 EP 549 PY 2000 PD DEC VL 24 IS 4 GA 375KM UT ISI:000165398300001 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PE Agee, JK TI An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000 SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hessburg, PE, USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. AB Fire was arguably the most important forest and rangeland disturbance process in the Inland Northwest United States for millennia. Prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition, fire regimes ranged from high severity with return intervals of one to five centuries, to low severity with fire-free periods lasting three decades or less. Indoamerican burning contributed to the fire ecology of grasslands and lower and mid-montane dry forests, especially where ponderosa pine was the dominant overstory species, but the extent of this contribution is difficult to quantify. Two centuries of settlement, exploitation, management, and climate variation have transformed the fire regimes, vegetation and fuel patterns, and overall functionality of these forests. We present a narrative that portrays conditions beginning at the first contact of Euro-American settlers with Indoamericans of the region and extending to the present. Due in part to its geographic isolation, the Inland Northwest was among the last regions to be discovered by Euro-Americans. In 200 years the region has undergone fur trapping and trading, sheep, cattle, and horse grazing, timber harvesting, mining, road construction, native grassland conversion to agricultural production, urban and rural area development, fire prevention, and fire suppression. We highlight key changes to forest landscape patterns and processes that occurred under these combined influences, discuss implications of the changes, and progress towards restoring sustainability. An adaptive ecosystem management model has been adopted by public land management agencies to remedy current conditions. Ecosystem management is a relatively new concept that emphasizes the integrity and sustainability of land systems rather than outputs from the land. Adaptive management emphasizes the twin notions that incomplete knowledge and high degrees of risk and uncertainty about earth and climate systems will always limit land and resource planning and management decisions, and that management is chiefly a learning and adapting process. We discuss current issues and future options associated with ecosystem management, including the low likelihood of social consensus concerning desired outcomes, the lack of integrated planning, analysis, and decision support tools, and mismatches between existing land management planning processes, Congressional appropriations, and complex management and restoration problems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 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Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Groffman, PM, Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. AB The great challenge now facing forest ecosystem scientists and managers is to address the need for multiple ecosystem services over relatively large spatial and temporal scales (e.g., whole national forests over 50- to 100-year time frames). Here we present a new conceptual model for the study of forest ecosystems that aids in the analysis of factors that influence ecosystem structure, function, and services. We then go on to show how this model has been applied to the long-term Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Our new model has three main components: (1) controllers, (2) ecosystem pattern and process, and (3) ecosystem functions and services. The controllers are the factors that drive ecosystem pattern and process; we split them into two groups, state factors and variable-stochastic factors. This new model will help to ensure a comprehensive approach to forest ecosystem analysis and will facilitate interactions of research with policy and management at many locations. 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Wageningen Univ, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Antle, JM, Montana State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Econ, POB 172920, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. AB This paper provides a new explanation for the persistent land degradation in some parts of the world, despite the availability of seemingly effective soil conservation technologies. We demonstrate that soil conservation technologies may induce agricultural systems to exhibit equilibria characterized by both low and high levels of soil degradation. These two equilibria are separated by a threshold level of soil degradation beyond which a conservation investment will not yield a positive return. Once a parcel of land crosses this productivity threshold, soil degradation becomes economically irreversible (it is not profitable to invest in soil conservation) even though the degradation may be technically reversible. A case study of terracing investments in Peru is used to demonstrate the existence of multiple equilibria under conditions typical of many marginal agricultural areas. These findings help explain why attempts to encourage permanent adoption of soil conservation practices often fail, and how more successful policies could be designed. CR ANTLE JM, 2001, EC POLICY REFORMS SU, P169 ANTLE JM, 2005, J INT AGR TRADE DEV, V1, P29 ANTLE JM, 2006, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V11, P39 DROOGERS P, 1997, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V61, P1704 FISHER AC, 1985, HDB NATURAL RESOURCE, V1 HEATH J, 1996, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V1, P65 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KAHN JR, 1999, SOUTHERN ECON J, V66, P391 KONING N, 2005, LAND USE POLICY, V22, P3 LAL R, 1997, METHODS ASSESSMENT S LUTZ E, 1994, EC I ANAL SOIL CONSE LYNAM JK, 1998, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V71, P1 OLDEMAN LR, 1990, WORLD MAP STATUS HUM PARTON WJ, 1994, SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICA, V39, P147 PERRINGS C, 2000, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V16, P185 PINDYCK RS, 1991, J ECON LIT, V29, P1110 SCHERR S, 1999, 27 FOOD AGR ENV INT SHEPHERD KD, 1998, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V71, P131 STOORVOGEL JJ, 2004, AGR SYST, V80, P43 TSUJI G, 1994, DSSAT VERSION 3 DECI VALDIVIA RO, 2002, THESIS MONTANA STATE VELDKAMP E, 1994, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V58, P175 WILLIAMS JR, 1983, ANAL ECOLOGICAL SYST, P553 ZHAO JH, 1999, OXFORD ECON PAP, V51, P559 NR 24 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON BP 477 EP 492 PY 2006 PD AUG VL 11 GA 082ZW UT ISI:000240426700004 ER PT J AU Serrao, EAS Nepstad, DC Walker, R TI Upland agricultural and forestry development in the Amazon: Sustainability, criticality and resilience SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306. EMBRAPA,CPATU,BR-66095100 BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. WOODS HOLE RES CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. AB This paper provides an overview of agricultural and forestry development in the Amazon basin, and presents and discusses the main land use systems in evidence today in that region. These are logging, shifting-cultivation and ranching. The issue of sustainability is addressed, and current Amazonian land use is interpreted in light of ecological impacts and long-run viability. Also considered are the ecological notions of criticality, endangerment, impoverishment and resilience. After addressing the threats of land use encroachment to the forest resource base, the paper identifies sufficient conditions for regional ecosystem sustainability and considers desirable technological and policy-oriented responses in this regard. The paper concludes with a call to future research on land use systems, noting, however, that the greatest challenge is the design of equitable government policy for the adoption of sustainable systems. CR *NAT RES COUNC, 1993, SUST AGR ENV HUM TRO *OFF TECHN ASS, 1984, TECHN SUST TROP FOR BROWDER J, 1986, THESIS U PENNSYLVANI BROWDER JO, 1988, PUBLIC POLICIES MISU, P247 CRONON W, 1983, CHANGES LAND INDIANS DICKINSON RE, 1989, NATURE, V41, P343 DOVE MR, 1986, CENTRAL GOVT LOCAL D, P221 DOWNING TE, 1992, DEV DESTRUCTION CONV FEARNSIDE PM, 1989, ENVIRONMENT, V31, P17 FEARNSIDE PM, 1989, ENVIRONMENT, V31, P39 FEARNSIDE PM, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P537 FEARNSIDE PM, 1995, CIENCIA HOJE, V19, P26 HAMES R, 1983, ADAPTIVE RESPONSES N HECHT SB, 1985, WORLD DEV, V13, P663 HOMMA A, 1991, POLITICA AGRICOLA DE, P129 HOMMA A, 1993, C BRAS EC SOC RUR, V31, P663 HOMMA A, 1994, DINAMICA SISTEMAS PR HOMMA A, 1994, P 3 INT C SYST INT A HOUGHTON RA, 1989, SCI AM, V260, P36 HOUGHTON RA, 1995, ROLE NONLIVING ORGAN JANZEN DH, 1973, SCIENCE, V182, P1212 KASPERSON JX, 1995, REGIONS RISK, V1, P1 LEAN J, 1989, NATURE, V342, P411 LESLIE AJ, 1980, AS PAC REG WORKSH NE MAHAR D, 1988, GOVT POLICIES DEFORE MALINGREAU JP, 1988, AMBIO, V17, P49 MATTOS MM, 1994, ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO MATTOS MM, 1994, WORLD DEV, V22, P145 MEGGERS BJ, 1994, CLIMATIC CHANGE, V28, P321 MORAN EF, 1990, ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT AN MYERS N, 1980, ENVIRON CONSERV, V7, P101 NEPSTAD DC, 1994, NATURE, V372, P666 NEPSTAD DC, 1995, FOREST PATCHES TROPI NEPSTAD DC, 1995, NATO ASI SERIES NOBRE CA, 1991, J CLIMATE, V4, P957 POSEY D, 1989, ADV EC BOT MONOGRAPH, V7 REPETTO R, 1988, PUBLIC POLICIES MISU RUDEL TK, 1993, TROPICAL DEFORESTATI SALATI E, 1984, SCIENCE, V225, P129 SCHMITHUSEN F, 1977, 5 FAO SCHNEIDER SH, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P771 SERRAO EAS, 1992, DEV DESTRUCTION CONV, P257 SERRAO EAS, 1993, SUSTAINABLE AGR ENV, P265 SHUKLA J, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1322 SKOLE D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P1905 UHL C, 1988, J ECOL, V76, P663 UHL C, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P437 VAYDA AP, 1979, BORNEO RES B, V11, P23 VIEIRA ICG, 1995, IN PRESS FLORA AMAZO WALKER R, 1993, J REGIONAL SCI, V33, P387 WALKER RT, 1987, GEOGR ANAL, V19, P18 WALKER RT, 1993, C BRAS EC SOC RUR, V31, P706 WALKER RT, 1994, C BRAS SIST AGR ANN, P415 WALKER RT, 1994, CAN J REG SCI, V16, P481 WHITTAKER RH, 1973, US ATOMIC ENERGY COM, V30, P281 WILLIAMS M, 1989, PROG HUM GEOG, V13, P176 NR 56 TC 14 J9 ECOL ECON BP 3 EP 13 PY 1996 PD JUL VL 18 IS 1 GA UY554 UT ISI:A1996UY55400002 ER PT J AU Dow, KM TI The extraordinary and the everyday in explanations of vulnerability to an oil spill SO GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Dow, KM, Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. AB Losses from an oil spill in 1992 differed substantially among coastal resource users on the Malaysian island of Langkawi. Even among the small-scale fishers, those generally considered to be the most vulnerable to such an event,losses varied significantly. This investigation of vulnerability examines causes for the distribution of losses, including fishers' ability to mediate their exposure to risks and the variety of coping strategies they adopted. Explanations for differences in vulnerability are found both in the everyday interactions of processes shaping vulnerability and in the ways in which the "extraordinary" circumstances of a disaster alter those everyday processes. CR *AS DEV BANK, 1972, SE AS REG TRANSP SUR, V1 *FISH ASS LANGK DI, 1992, LAP TUMP MIN BAG PER *IMO, 1988, MAN OIL POLL *LDC, 1992, GOV GAZ 0109, V35 *MAL FISH DIV PLAN, 1992, KAJ IMP SOS EK KAUM *MAR DEP PEN MAL, 1993, UNPUB DAT SHIPP INC *MAR DEP PEN MAL, 1993, UNPUB DAT VESS PASS *MDOE, 1992, UNPUB LANGK ISL AR O *NRC, 1987, CONFR NAT DIS INT DE *NRC, 1991, TANK SPILLS PREV DES ADGER WN, 1996, APPROACHES VULNERABI BLAIKIE PM, 1988, ENV CRISES DEV COUNT, P3 BLAIKIE PM, 1994, RISK NATURAL HAZARDS, V1, P1 BUTTON GV, 1995, HUM ECOL, V23, P241 CHIA LS, 1988, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEM, P165 CUTTER SL, 1996, PROG HUM GEOG, V20, P529 DOW KM, 1992, GEOFORUM, V23, P417 DOW KM, 1996, THESIS CLARK U DRABEK TE, 1986, HUMAN SYSTEMS RESPON FIRTH R, 1975, MALAY FISHERMEN THEI GIDDENS A, 1984, CONSTITUTION SOC OUT GIDDENS A, 1990, CONSEQUENCES MODERNI HARRALD JR, 1992, IND CRISIS Q, V6, P197 HEWITT K, 1983, INTERPRETATIONS CALA, P3 JAHARA Y, 1988, CENU INT PUBLICATION, V1 JOTHY A, 1982, SHIPPING ENERGY ENV, P141 KASPERSON RE, 1995, REGIONS RISK COMP TH, P1 LAURIET G, 1985, MARINE POLICY SE ASI LAWRENCE RJ, 1993, HUMAN ECOLOGY FRAGME, P213 LEIFER M, 1978, INT STRAITS WORLD SE LIVERMAN DM, 1990, UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL, V1, P27 MGONIGLE RM, 1979, POLLUTION POLITICS I MORGAN K, 1985, INT J URBAN REGIONAL, V9, P383 NASURI I, 1993, COMMUNICATION JUL NAUSER M, 1993, HUMAN ECOLOGY FRAGME, P229 OCONNOR J, 1987, MEANING CRISIS THEOR OTWAY H, 1992, SOCIAL THEORIES RISK, P215 PERROW C, 1984, NORMAL ACCIDENTS LIV QUARENTELLI EL, 1991, DISASTER ASSISTANCE ROBINSON R, 1997, STRAITS MALACCA, P263 ROCHELEAU D, 1995, REGIONS RISK COMP TH, P186 RODIN M, 1992, IND CRISIS Q, V6, P219 STEINER D, 1993, HUMAN ECOLOGY FRAGME SUSMAN P, 1983, INTERPRETATIONS CALA, P263 TIMMERMAN P, 1981, ENV MONOGRAPH, V1, P1 VALENCIA MJ, 1985, NAT RESOUR J, V25, P195 WANG JCF, 1992, HDB OCEAN LAW POLITI WOLF ER, 1990, AM ANTHROPOL, V92, P586 NR 48 TC 0 J9 GEOGR REV BP 74 EP 93 PY 1999 PD JAN VL 89 IS 1 GA 272AZ UT ISI:000084629500005 ER PT J AU Loevinsohn, ME Berdegue, JA Guijt, I TI Deepening the basis of rural resource management: learning processes and decision support SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Int Serv Nat Agr Res, NL-2509 AJ The Hague, Netherlands. RIMISP, Santiago, Chile. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Commun & Innovat Studies, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Loevinsohn, ME, Int Serv Nat Agr Res, POB 93375, NL-2509 AJ The Hague, Netherlands. AB Farmers in many parts of the world are confronting changes for which their experience provides limited guidance. Drawing on cases from a diverse set of resource management contexts, primarily in developing countries, this paper examines common features of the methods R&D workers are developing with farmers to enable them to adjust their decision-making and refine their management. These methods typically comprise a learning process and a decision aid that help farmers to understand aspects of the systems they manage that are not readily apparent. Often ill-adapted initially to farmers' needs, the methods evolve through the interaction of farmers and R&D workers towards greater relevance, transparency, flexibility and usability. The effectiveness and impact of these methods have been only sporadically assessed and important facets remain poorly described. A more informed use of learning approaches and decision support aids, supported by theory and evaluated experience, would enable R&D to better support farmers confronting rapid change. Some of the institutional obstacles and opportunities that will affect the wider prospects for such approaches are outlined in the paper's final section. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *UNDP, 2001, HUM DEV REP 2001 BAWDEN R, 1992, AGR SYST, V40, P153 CAMPBELL CA, 1996, AGR R D CROSSROADS M, P169 COX PG, 1996, AGR SYST, V52, P355 DEFOER T, 2000, THESIS WAGENINGEN U DEVIE F, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P153 ENGEL P, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P39 FIORINI A, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P73 FUNTOWICZ SO, 1993, FUTURES, V25, P739 GARGICEVICH A, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P100 GICHUKI F, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P138 GROOT A, 2000, GATEKEEPER SERIES IN, V89 GUIJT I, 2000, P WORKSH HELD ISNAR GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAMILTON G, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN, P172 HORTON D, 2000, 17 ISNAR JIGGINS J, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P212 KAY JJ, 1999, FUTURES, V31, P721 LOEVINSOHN M, 2000, P SEM ASS IMP PART R, P227 MAYER RH, 1999, INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MCCOWN RL, 1994, OPPORTUNITIES USE TR, P81 MORIN S, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P201 OOI P, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P167 PINGALI PL, 1998, FIELD CROP RES, V56, P157 PRICE LL, 1998, SUSTAINABILITY RICE, P193 PRICE LL, 2001, AGR HUMAN VALUES, V18, P153 ROLING NG, 1998, FACILITATING SUSTAIN RUSSELL D, 2000, AGR EXTENSION RURAL, P208 VANDERVEEN RGW, 2000, DEEPENING BASIS RURA, P15 VYGOTSKY LS, 1978, MIND SOC DEV HIGHER WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WATSON RT, 1999, 5 C PART UN FRAM CON WOLLENBERG E, 2000, ANTICPATING CHANGE S NR 33 TC 2 J9 AGR SYST BP 3 EP 22 PY 2002 PD MAY VL 73 IS 1 GA 566MW UT ISI:000176433000002 ER PT J AU Lenzen, M TI Uncertainty in impact and externality assessments - Implications for decision-making SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Review C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, ISA, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Lenzen, M, Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, ISA, A28, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. AB Goal, Scope and Background. Many disciplines, amongst them LCIA, environmental impact and external cost assessments, are often faced with evaluating trade-offs between two or more alternative options in terms of a range of incommensurable indicators. Using process modeling and valuation, these indicators are quantified at mid- or endpoint levels. Recent discussion amongst LCA experts showed that because of the mutually exclusive aspects of uncertainty and relevance, the midpoint/endpoint debate is controversial and difficult to reconcile. This article is aimed at a more quantitative analysis of mid- and endpoint impacts, and the implications of uncertainty for decision-making. Methods. The consequences for decision-making of uncertainties of endpoints are analysed quantitatively for the example of ExternE results, by employing statistical hypothesis testing. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is then used to demonstrate the use of multi-criteria techniques at midpoint levels. Results and Discussion. Statistical hypothesis testing at the endpoint level shows that for the ExternE example, probabilities of mistakenly favouring one alternative over another when they are in reality indistinguishable can be as high as 80%. Therefore, the best estimate of external cost is inadequate for most policy making purposes. Indicators at midpoint levels are more certain, but since they are only 'proxy attributes', they carry a hidden uncertainty in their relevance. Conclusion. If endpoint information is too uncertain to allow a decision to be made with reasonable confidence, then the assessment can be carried out in midpoint terms. However, midpoint indicators are generally further removed from people's experience, and less relevant to the question that people actually want to solve. 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CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS LA English DT Review C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Moser, SC, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. AB Uncertainties in the human dimensions of global change deeply affect the assessment and responses to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise (SLR). This paper explores the uncertainties in the assessment process and in state-level policy and management responses of three US states to SLR. The findings reveal important political, economic, managerial, and social factors that enable or constrain SLR responses; question disasters as policy windows; and uncover new policy opportunities in the history of state coastal policies. Results suggest that a more realistic, and maybe more useful picture of climate change impacts will emerge if assessments take more seriously the locally embedded realities and constraints that affect individual decision-makers' and communal responses to climate change. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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1993, KNOWLEDGE, V15, P157 RAYNER S, 1994, TSUK WORKSH IPCC WOR RAYNER S, 1998, HUMAN CHOICE CLIMATE ROTMANS J, 1998, HUMAN CHOICE CLIMATE, V3, P291 ROWE WD, 1994, RISK ANAL, V14, P743 SABATIER PA, 1993, POLICY CHANGE LEARNI SAREWITZ D, 2000, AAAS SCI TECHNOLOGY, P136 SAREWITZ D, 2000, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, V286, P55 SCHLANGER J, 1995, DIOGENES, V43, P1 SCHNEIDER SH, 1998, J RISK RES, V1, P165 SCHWARTZ P, 2003, INEVITABLE SURPRISES SMITHSON M, 1985, J THEOR SOC BEHAV, V15, P151 SMITHSON M, 1988, IGNORANCE UNCERTAINT SOLECKI WD, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P587 SUTER GW, 1987, ENVIRON MANAGE, V11, P295 SVEDIN U, 1987, SURPRISING FUTURES N SVENSON O, 2003, EMERGING PERSPECTIVE, P287 TERCHUNIAN AV, 1994, EC SNAP SHOT LONG IS TRAVIS W, 2003, COMMUNICATION 0909 TURNER BL, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P8074 VANASSELT M, 1995, UNCERTAINTY INTEGRAT VANASSELT M, 1999, 1999 OP M HUM DIM GL VANASSELT MBA, 1996, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V6, P121 VAUGHAN DG, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P1877 WALKER VR, 1991, CONN L REV, V23, P567 WILLIAMS JB, 1995, AUST J ZOOL, V43, P1 WILLOWS R, 2003, CLIMATE ADAPTATION R WYNNE B, 1987, SCI PUBL POLICY, P95 WYNNE B, 1992, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V6, P87 YOUNG OR, 2002, I DIMENSIONS ENV CHA NR 129 TC 2 J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE BP 353 EP 369 PY 2005 PD DEC VL 15 IS 4 GA 988TG UT ISI:000233623200007 ER PT J AU Crews-Meyer, KA TI Temporal extensions of landscape ecology theory and practice: Examples from the Peruvian Amazon SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geog & Environm, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Crews-Meyer, KA, Univ Texas, Dept Geog & Environm, Austin, TX 78712 USA. AB The growing overlap between geographic information science (GIScience) and landscape ecology for landscape characterization has led to increasingly sophisticated measures of landscape site and situation. Scale, both temporal and spatial, has been injected into methodologies to improve our ability to derive process from pattern with the hope of defining, monitoring, and modeling ecological landscape function. This article addresses an evolving methodology of longitudinal or panel analysis designed to test the relative importance of thematic versus structural landscape configuration as well as interannual versus intra-annual change. Landscape typologies for both temporal signature and dominant structural trajectories are offered as guideposts for rethinking dynamic landscape characterization. A case study from the Peruvian Amazon is provided to illustrate interpretive advances available via panel methods that allow for disentangling inter- and intra-annual shifts as well as separating changes in composition versus configuration for improved understanding of landscape dynamics and dynamism. 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RP KREUTER, UP, TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND ECOL & MANAGEMENT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. AB In African semi-arid savannas livestock production frequently dominates human activity, but it has been claimed that wildlife ranching can be more profitable than extensive beef production. Traditional accounting methods generally exclude the biological costs of stocking effects on rangeland productivity. This paper presents a framework for evaluating overstocking effects on the financial profits (based on market prices) and economic profits (estimated from the opportunity costs of inputs and outputs) of alternative range-based animal production systems. The method was applied to 50 commercial cattle, wildlife, and mixed ranches in the Zimbabwe Midlands using 1989/90 data. Level of overstocking was estimated from positive differences between grazer stocking rate and rangeland carrying capacity, which was predicted from long-term mean annual rainfall. Since it is generally impossible to accurately quantify stocking effects on rangeland productivity, and thus to confidently evaluate overstocking costs, values ranging from Z$0.00 to Z$0.50 kg(-1) ha(-1) overstocking were used. The resulting range of costs were subtracted from financial and economic profits. Cattle ranches were significantly overstocked while mixed and wildlife ranches were not. Thus cattle ranch profits decreased more rapidly with increasing simulated overstocking cost. In other words, with increasing sensitivity to overstocking, wildlife and mixed ranches had a higher probability of remaining financially and economically profitable than did cattle ranches. 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UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, CTR BIODIVERS RES, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1Z4, CANADA. RP Arcese, P, UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. AB Learning to manage wildlife communities and ecosystems for stability dynamic change or yield is an endeavor of general value, but we are not yet proficient at meeting these objectives. We argue for managing a representative number of protected areas as ecological baseline controls to help in understanding the effects of humans worldwide, and thus to enhance our ability to manage natural resources for a nide range of goals. The decision to manage protected areas as ecological baseline controls has several practical consequences, including that: (1) no effort is made to maintain an ecological status quo; (2) human interference that confounds natural ecological processes is kept to a minimum; (3) monitoring of natural and human-induced changes inside and adjacent to baseline controls is essential; and (4) if subjective opinion perceives that human effects are, nevertheless, altering the system, then management intervention should be carried out on part of the system only leaving die rest as its own control. 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CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Gordon, L, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Australia is faced with large-scale dryland salinization problems, largely as a consequence of the clearing of native vegetation for cropland and grassland. We estimate the change in continental water vapour flow (evapotranspiration) of Australia during the past 200 years. During this period there has been a substantial decrease in woody vegetation and a corresponding increase in croplands and grasslands. The shift in land use has caused a ca. 10% decrease in water vapour flows from the continent. This reduction corresponds to an annual freshwater flow of almost 340 km(3). The society-induced alteration of freshwater flows is estimated at more than 15 times the volume of run-off freshwater that is diverted and actively managed in the Australian society. These substantial water vapour flow alterations were previously not addressed in water management but are now causing serious impacts on the Australian society and local economies. Global and continental freshwater assessments and policy often neglects the interplay between freshwater flows and landscape dynamics. Freshwater issues on both regional and global levels must be rethought and the interplay between terrestrial ecosystems and freshwater better incorporated in freshwater and ecosystem management. 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New Mexico State Univ, USDA NRCS, Jornada Exp Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Oregon State Univ, USDA NRCS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Herrick, JE, New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. AB Recent interest in soil quality and rangeland health, and the large areas set aside under the USDA Conservation Reserve Program, have contributed to a gradual convergence of assessment, monitoring, and management approaches in croplands and rangelands. The objective of this paper is to describe a basis for integrating soils and soil quality into rangeland monitoring, and through monitoring, into management. Previous attempts to integrate soil indicators into rangeland monitoring programs have often failed due to a lack of understanding of how to apply those indicators to ecosystem function and management. We discuss four guidelines that we have used to select and interpret soil and soil quality indicators in rangelands and illustrate them using a recently developed rangeland monitoring system. The guidelines include (i) identifying a suite of indicators that are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes, including those related to soil stability, soil water infiltration, and the capacity or the ecosystem to recover following disturbance; (ii) basing indicator selection on inherent soil and site characteristics and on site- or project-specific resource concerns, such as erosion or species invasion; (iii) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes; and (iv) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes defined by thresholds. The approach defined by these guidelines may serve as a paradigm for applying the soil quality concept in other ecosystems, including forests and ecosystems managed for annual and perennial crop production. CR *COMM RANG CLASS, 1994, RANG HLTH NEW METH C *NAT RES COUNC, 1994, RANG HLTH NEW METH C *SOIL SCI SOC AM, 1998, GLOSS SOIL SCI TERMS ARREDONDO JT, 1999, NEW PHYTOL, V143, P373 BARTH RC, 1982, J RANGE MANAGE, V35, P412 BELNAP J, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V39, P133 BLACKSELL M, 1994, EUROPA, V1, P11 BONHAM CD, 1989, MEASUREMENTS TERREST BOUWER H, 1986, METHODS SOIL ANAL 1, P825 BRADFORD JM, 1986, SSSA BOOK SER, V5, P463 BROMLEY J, 1997, J HYDROL, V198, P1 BROWN J, 1998, MONITORING GRAZING L, P57 BROWN JR, 1996, TROP GRASSLANDS, V30, P47 BROWN JR, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P2385 COFFIN DP, 1990, ECOL MODEL, V49, P229 CONNIN SL, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V110, P374 DAVENPORT DW, 1998, J RANGE MANAGE, V51, P231 DORAN JW, 1994, SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICA, V35, P3 DORAN JW, 1996, SSSA SPEC PUBL, V49, P25 ELDRIDGE DJ, 1997, AUST J SOIL RES, V35, P475 ELKINS NZ, 1986, OECOLOGIA, V68, P521 FRIEDEL MH, 1991, J RANGE MANAGE, V44, P422 FRITTON DD, 1990, SOIL SCI, V150, P542 GOULD WL, 1982, J RANGE MANAGE, V35, P563 GUTIERREZ J, 1996, J ARID ENVIRON, V34, P287 HERBEL CH, 1972, ECOLOGY, V53, P1084 HERRICK JE, 1999, P INT RANG C 6 TOWNS, P91 HERRICK JE, 1999, SOIL ORGANISMS PACIF, P91 HERRICK JE, 2001, CATENA, V44, P27 HERRICK JE, 2002, IN PRESS SOIL SCI SO, V66 HOFFMAN ML, 1999, AGRON J, V91, P386 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KOGAN M, 1998, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V43, P243 LUDWIG JA, 1995, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V10, P51 MUSICK HB, 1990, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V2, P87 NASH MH, 1995, BIOL FERT SOILS, V19, P15 NORTHUP BK, 1999, PEOPLE RANGELANDS BU, P120 PELLANT M, 2000, 17346 BUR LAND MAN PIERSON FB, 1994, VARIABILITY RANGELAN, P23 REID KD, 1999, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V63, P1869 SALEH A, 1999, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V54, P473 SCHLESINGER WH, 1990, SCIENCE, V247, P1043 SCHLESINGER WH, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P364 SMITH DD, 1962, ADV AGRON, V14, P109 SMITH EL, 1995, J RANGE MANAGE, V48, P271 SPEARS BM, 1975, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V4, P899 STOHLGREN TJ, 1995, VEGETATIO, V117, P113 STRINGHAM TK, 2000, 1024 OR STAT U AGR E TIEDEMANN AR, 1986, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V50, P472 TISDALE JM, 1982, J SOIL SCI, V33, P141 TONGWAY DJ, 1994, PACIFIC CONSERVATION, V1, P201 TONGWAY DJ, 1997, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FU, P13 TURNER MG, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P213 VYN TJ, 1993, AGRON J, V85, P1074 WEESNER FM, 1965, TERMITES US HDB WELTZ MA, 1998, J RANGE MANAGE, V51, P482 WESTOBY M, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P266 WRIGHT RA, 1986, J ARID ENVIRON, V11, P139 NR 58 TC 7 J9 AGRON J BP 3 EP 11 PY 2002 PD JAN-FEB VL 94 IS 1 GA 518HH UT ISI:000173661400002 ER PT J AU Ekins, P Simon, S Deutsch, L Folke, C De Groot, R TI A framework for the practical application of the concepts of critical natural capital and strong sustainability SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Policy Studies Inst, London NW1 3SR, England. Open Univ, Ctr Complex & Change, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Maastricht Univ, Int Ctr Integrat Studies, Maastricht, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 Wageningen, Netherlands. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Ekins, P, Policy Studies Inst, 100 Pk Village E, London NW1 3SR, England. AB This paper develops a methodology for identifying that natural capital-called critical natural capital (CNC)-the maintenance of which is essential for environmental sustainability. By consideration of the characteristics of natural capital, of the environmental functions that these characteristics enable natural capital to perform and of the importance of these functions to humans and the biosphere, it shows how sustainability standards in respect of these environmental functions may be derived. The difference between the current situation and these standards is termed the sustainability gap. The methodology that emerges from bringing these ideas together into a single analytical framework enables policy makers to identify the extent of current unsustainability, the principal causes of it, the elements and processes of natural capital (the CNC) which need to be maintained or restored to close the sustainability gap and the costs of so doing. The framework should therefore be of use in identifying priorities and policies for moving towards environmental sustainability. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 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RP Allison, EH, Univ E Anglia, Sch Dev Studies, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. AB An approach to poverty reduction in low-income countries known as the 'sustainable livelihoods approach' is applied to understanding the strategies of artisanal fisherfolk confronted by fluctuating fisheries resources. The livelihood approach is explained, and the insights it provides into conventional fisheries management policies in developing countries are explored. It is argued that both state-led management and some of the newer, community or territorial use-rights approaches, if predicated on an incomplete understanding of livelihoods, can result in management directives incompatible with both resource conservation and the social and economic goals of management. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *FAO, 2000, FISH STAT *WHAT, 2000, GOV SUST FUT, P37 AGRAWAL A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P626 ALLISON EH, 2001, J INT DEV, V13, P933 ASHLEY C, 1999, SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHO BAILEY C, 1982, 10 ICLARM BAILEY C, 1986, WORLD DEV, V14, P1269 BAILEY C, 1990, MAR POLICY, V14, P333 BAILEY C, 1994, SOCIOECONOMIC CONDIT, P24 BAILEY C, 1996, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V9, P191 BAYLISSSMITH T, 1991, IDS BULL-I DEV STUD, V22, P5 BEBBINGTON A, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P2021 BENE C, 2000, P 10 INT C I FISH EC BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRYCESON DF, 1999, 43 AFR STUD CADDY JF, 1983, MAR POLICY, V7, P267 CARNEY D, 1998, SUSTAINABLE RURAL LI CHAMBERS R, 1989, IDS B, V20, P1 CHARLES AT, 2001, SUSTAINABLE FISHERY CHRISTY FT, 1982, 227 FAO CHRISTY FT, 1986, NATURAL RESOURCE EC, P118 CONWAY GR, 1985, AGR ADMIN, V20, P31 CONWAY GR, 1987, AGR SYST, V24, P95 CREAN K, 1996, FISHERIES MANAGEMENT CUNNINGHAM S, 1993, 61 CEMARE CYCON DE, 1986, NAT RESOUR J, V26, P1 DAVIES S, 1996, ADAPTABLE LIVELIHOOD DYER CL, 2000, MAR POLICY, V24, P245 ELLIS F, 1998, J DEV STUD, V35, P1 ELLIS F, 2000, RURAL LIVELIHOODS DI ELLIS F, 2001, IN PRESS DEV POLICY, V19 GARCIA SM, 1999, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V42, P369 GORDON HS, 1954, J POLITICAL EC, V62, P124 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KESTEVEN GL, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P73 LANDE R, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1341 LARKIN PA, 1977, T AM FISH SOC, V106, P1 LEACH M, 1997, IDS BULL-I DEV STUD, V28, P90 MAHON R, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P2207 MCGOODWIN JR, 1990, CRISIS WORLDS FISHER MOSER CON, 1998, WORLD DEV, V26, P1 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PAINTER T, 1994, AFRICA, V64, P447 PANAYOTOU T, 1982, 228 FAO PANAYOTOU T, 1996, 271 FAO PAULY D, 1997, GLOBAL TRENDS FISHER, P40 PLATTEAU JP, 1989, DEV CHANGE, V20, P565 POLLNAC RB, 1991, PUTTING PEOPLE 1 SOC PONTECORVO G, 2001, MAR POLICY, V25, P43 REARDON T, 1995, WORLD DEV, V23, P1495 REARDON T, 1997, WORLD DEV, V25, P735 RUDDLE K, 1992, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V7, P249 RUDDLE K, 1994, NATURE RESOUR, V30, P28 SCOONES I, 1998, 72 IDS SMITH GR, 1996, J ROY ASIATIC SOC, V6, P88 SMITH IR, 1979, ICLARM STUDIES REV, V2 SWIFT J, 1989, IDS B, V20, P8 WILSON JA, 1994, MAR POLICY, V18, P291 NR 58 TC 6 J9 MAR POLICY BP 377 EP 388 PY 2001 PD SEP VL 25 IS 5 GA 492JE UT ISI:000172164000005 ER PT J AU Bruckmeier, K Ellegard, A Piriz, L TI Fishermen's interests and cooperation: Preconditions for joint management of Swedish coastal fisheries SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, SUCOZOMA, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Free Univ Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. RP Bruckmeier, K, Univ Gothenburg, Human Ecol Sect, SUCOZOMA, Box 700, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. AB The participation of fishermen in fisheries management is discussed with varying ideas under the notions of "comanagement", "participatory management" or "local management". Empirical studies within Swedish fishery have thrown new light on the preconditions for fishermen's participation in fisheries management. Among the important factors influencing failure or success are the two which we discuss here: the question of articulation, organization and representation of interests of fishermen and the question of trust between the groups that are usually cooperating in resource management, fishermen, governmental administrators and researchers. The research summarized has addressed the interests of fishermen with regard to resource management, local fisheries management, and participation of fishermen. The overarching question connecting the three themes is: How can the interests of fishermen be represented better within fisheries management? Interests and trust, "soft facts", can be as important for the success or failure of fisheries management and participation as can "hard facts" such as ownership rights, quantity and quality of resources or monetary value of resources. CR *NORD COUNC MIN, 2003, ED SUST DEV BECKER CD, 1995, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V26, P113 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BRUCKMEIER K, 2003, INT C RIGHTS DUTIES BRUCKMEIER K, 2004, AMBIO, V34, P91 CICINSAIN B, 1998, INTEGRATED COASTAL O EGGERT H, 2003, MAR POLICY, V27, P525 ELLEGARD A, 2002, HERSSUCOZOMA ELLEGARD A, 2002, NEW MANAGEMENT FISHE FISKERIVERKET, 2001, SMALL SCALE COASTAL GERHARD I, 1995, W COAST FISHERY ITS HANNA SS, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE HANNA SS, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V28, P23 HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HASSELBERG Y, 2001, HUMAN ECOLOGY SECTIO, P4 HESSLE C, 1957, FISHERMENS ORG REGUL JENTOFT S, 2000, MAR POLICY, V24, P53 MCCAY BJ, 1995, ADV HUMAN ECOLOGY, V4, P89 NEUMAN E, 2000, FISKERIVERKET RAPPOR OSTROM E, 1996, RIGHTS NATURE ECOLOG, P127 OSTROM E, 1999, ANNU REV POLIT SCI, V2, P493 PIRIZ L, 2000, FISHERY DEPENDENT RE PIRIZ L, 2003, INT C RIGHTS DUTIES PIRIZ L, 2004, THESIS GOTEBERG U SW PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 SALMI P, 2001, FISH MGMT ECOLOGY, P435 SALMI P, 2002, HERSSUCOZOMA NR 27 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 101 EP 110 PY 2005 PD MAR VL 34 IS 2 GA 912PE UT ISI:000228090700007 ER PT J AU Sproule-Jones, M TI Restoring the Great Lakes: Institutional analysis and design SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4, Canada. RP Sproule-Jones, M, McMaster Univ, Dept Polit Sci, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4, Canada. AB Forty-three polluted sites on the Great Lakes are undergoing remedial actions to restore beneficial uses. The program is initiated by the International Joint Commission and developed by the Governments of Canada and the United States in collaboration with their relevant province and states. in each of these sites, called Areas of Concern, multiple stakeholders are formulating and implementing Remedial Action Plans, under a variety of institutional arrangements. These differing arrangements and their outcomes are examined with the aid of survey and documentary evidence. The successful plans are those with well designed institutions. The theory of common property is reviewed in order to explain and analyze these institutions' designs. 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CR BATESON G, 1979, MAN NATURE BINFORD L, 1978, NUNAMIUT ETHNOARCHAE BINFORD LR, 1979, AM ANTIQUITY, V43, P330 BIRDSELL J, 1968, MAN HUNTER BRITTAL F, 1978, HUM ECOL, V6, P145 CLARKE WC, 1976, HUM ECOL, V4, P247 COLINVAUX P, 1973, INTRO ECOLOGY COOK E, 1971, SCI AM, V225, P134 DIVALE WT, 1972, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V4, P222 DUNN F, 1975, RAIN FOREST COLLECTO EDER J, 1978, HUM ECOL, V6, P55 ELLEN R, 1978, MAN, V13, P290 ELLEN R, 1978, NUAULAU SETTLEMENT E GARVAN J, 1964, NEGRITOS PHILIPPINES GOULD R, 1978, EXPLORATIONS ETHNOAR GOULD RA, 1971, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V3, P143 HARRIS D, 1973, EXPLANATION CULTURE HAYDEN B, 1972, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V4, P205 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 KEESING F, 1962, ETHNO HIST NO LUZON KEMP WB, 1971, SCI AM, V225, P105 KIRCH P, 1978, EXPLORATIONS ETHNOAR KLAUSNER SZ, 1979, HUM ECOL, V7, P21 MCCAY BJ, 1978, HUM ECOL, V6, P397 PETERSON J, CIRCULATION 3RD WORL PETERSON J, 1977, CULTURAL ECOLOGICAL PETERSON J, 1977, EC EXCHANGE SOCIAL I PETERSON J, 1977, SUNDA SAHUL PETERSON J, 1978, ECOLOGY SOCIAL BOUND PETERSON JT, 1978, AM ANTHROPOL, V80, P335 PETERSON W, 1974, ARCHAEOL PHYS ANTHR, V7, P26 RAPPAPORT RA, 1967, PIGS ANCESTORS RITUA, V1, P1 RAPPAPORT RA, 1977, SCI AM, V225, P116 SCHIFFER M, 1978, EXPLORATIONS ETHNOAR SLOBODKIN L, 1972, GROWTH INTUSSUSCEPTI TURNBULL C, 1972, MOUNTAIN PEOPLE VANOVERBERGH M, 1937, ANTHROPOS, V32, P905 VANOVERBERGH M, 1938, ANTROPOS, V33, P119 VAYDA A, 1975, ANN REV ANTHR YELLEN J, 1977, ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPRO NR 40 TC 0 J9 MAN BP 43 EP 61 PY 1981 VL 16 IS 1 GA LK560 UT ISI:A1981LK56000003 ER PT J AU McDaniels, TL Gregory, RS TI Learning as an objective within a structured risk management decision process SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Sch Community & Reg Planning, Inst Resources & Environm, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Decis Res, Eugene, OR 97401 USA. RP McDaniels, TL, Univ British Columbia, Sch Community & Reg Planning, Inst Resources & Environm, Room 415,6333 Mem Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. AB Social learning through adaptive management holds the promise of providing the basis for better risk management over time. Yet the experience with fostering social learning through adaptive management initiatives has been mixed and would benefit from practical guidance for better implementation. This paper outlines a straightforward heuristic for fostering improved risk management decisions: specifying learning for current and future decisions as one of several explicit objectives for the decision at hand, drawing on notions of applied decision analysis. In keeping with recent guidance from two important U.S. advisory commissions, the paper first outlines a view of risk management as a policy-analytic decision process involving stakeholders. Then it develops the concept of the value of learning, which broadens the more familiar notion of the value of information. After that, the concepts and steps needed to treat learning as an explicit objective in a policy decision are reviewed. The next section outlines the advantages of viewing learning as an objective, including potential benefits from the viewpoint of stakeholders, the institutions involved, and for the decision process itself. A case-study example concerning water use for fisheries and hydroelectric power in British Columbia, Canada is presented to illustrate the development of learning as an objective in an applied risk-management context. CR *CAN NAT ROUND TAB, 1993, BUILD CONS SUST FUT *MIN ENV LANDS PAR, 1998, WAT US PLAN GUID *NAT RES COUNC, 1996, UND RISK INF DEC DEM *NAT RES COUNC, 1999, DOWNSTR AD MAN GLEN *NAT RES COUNC, 2002, AD SIT REM NAV SIT *NAT RES COUNC, 2002, MISS RIV EC EXPL PRO *PRES COMM RISK AS, 1997, FRAM ENV HLTH RISK M ARGOTE L, 1999, ORG LEARNING CREATIN ARGYRIS C, 1978, ORG LEARNING THEORY CHESS C, 1999, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V33, P2685 CLEMEN R, 1996, MAKING HARD DECISION FIELDS D, 2002, COMMUNICATION OCT GREGORY RS, 2000, ENVIRONMENT, V42, P34 GREGORY RS, 2001, J POLICY ANAL MANAG, V20, P415 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HAHN R, 2000, REVIVING REGULATORY HAMMOND J, 1999, SMART CHOICES PRACTI HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV IMPACT KAHNEMAN D, 1982, JUDGMENT UNCERTAINTY KEENEY RL, 1992, VALUE FOCUSED THINKI KELMAN S, 1981, REGULATION, V5, P33 LAVE L, 1996, RISKS COSTS LIVES SA LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEVITT B, 1988, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V14, P319 MARCH JG, 1994, PRIMER DECISION MAKI MCDANIELS TL, 1995, OPER RES, V43, P415 MCDANIELS TL, 1999, RISK ANAL, V19, P491 OHLSON DW, 1996, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB PARSON EA, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN PHILLIPS LD, 1982, J OPERATIONAL RES SO, V33, P303 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WEIMER D, 1992, POLICY ANAL CONCEPTS NR 32 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL BP 1921 EP 1926 PY 2004 PD APR 1 VL 38 IS 7 GA 808OG UT ISI:000220577800014 ER PT J AU HARDESTY, DL TI RETHINKING CULTURAL-ADAPTATION SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article RP HARDESTY, DL, UNIV NEVADA,ANTHROPOL,RENO,NV 89557. 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Nucl Waste Project Off, Carson City, NV 89710 USA. RP Szaro, RC, Int Union Forestry Res Org, Special Programme Dev Countries, Seckendorff Gudent Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria. AB Ecosystem management is an approach that attempts to involve all stakeholders in defining sustainable alternatives for the interactions of people and the environments in which they live. Its goal is to restore and sustain the health, productivity, and biodiversity of ecosystems and the overall quality of life through a natural resource management approach that is fully integrated with social and economic needs. For practical purposes, ecosystem management is generally synonymous with sustainable development, sustainable management, sustainable forestry and a number of other terms being used to identify an ecological approach to land and resource management. Ecosystem management emphasizes place-or region-based objectives, with scopes and approaches defined appropriately for each given situation. Because natural ecosystems typically cross administrative and jurisdictional boundaries, managing them requires interactions among different stakeholders and institutions. Ecosystem management remains an evolving force that must yet respond and adapt to numerous challenges. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. CR *IEMTF, 1995, EC APPR HLTH EC SUST, V1 CORTNER HJ, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P167 COSTANZA R, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT CRUMPACKER DW, 1998, PROSPECTS SUSTAINABI FRANCIS G, 1993, NAT RESOUR J, V33, P315 GORE A, 1993, REINVENTING ENV MANA GRUMBINE RE, 1992, GHOST BEAR EXPLORING GRUMBINE RE, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P27 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 KNIGHT RL, 1995, NEW CENTURY NATURAL RAPPORT DJ, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P5 SALWASSER H, 1994, J FOREST, V92, P6 SILVER CS, 1990, ONE EARTH ONE FUTURE SLOCOMBE DS, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P612 SLOCOMBE DS, 1993, ENVIRON MANAGE, V17, P289 SZARO RC, 1996, BIODIVERSITY SCI DEV, P369 SZARO RC, 1996, INTERIM REPORT SCI S THOMAS JW, 1990, CONSERVATION STRATEG WOOD C, 1994, RENEWABLE RESOUR SPR, P6 NR 20 TC 11 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN BP 1 EP 7 PY 1998 PD MAR 31 VL 40 IS 1-3 GA ZV370 UT ISI:000074297800001 ER PT J AU Brown, C Lall, U TI Water and economic development: The role of variability and a framework for resilience SO NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM LA English DT Article C1 Columbia Univ, Int Res Inst Climate & Soc, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Brown, C, Columbia Univ, Int Res Inst Climate & Soc, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. AB The article advances the hypothesis that the seasonal and inter-annual variability of rainfall is a significant and measurable factor in the economic development of nations. An analysis of global datasets reveals a statistically significant relationship between greater rainfall variability and lower per capita GDP. Having established this correlation, we construct a water resources development index that highlights areas that have the greatest need for storage infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of rainfall variability on water availability for food and basic livelihood. The countries with the most critical infrastructure needs according to this metric are among the poorest in the world, and the majority of them are located in Africa. The importance of securing water availability in these nations increases every day in light of current population growth, economic development, and climate change projections. CR *FEMA, 1995, NAT MIT STRAT FED EM *INT PAN CLIM CHAN, 2001, CLIM CHANG 2001 IMP *WORLD BANK, 2005, DISASTER RISK MANAGE, V5 *WORLD COMM DAMS, 2000, DAMS DEV NEW FRAM DE ACEMOGLU D, 2001, AM ECON REV, V91, P1369 ALLAN JA, 1993, PRIORITIES WATER RES, P13 BARNETT TP, 2005, NATURE, V438, P303 DIAMOND J, 1997, GUNS GERMS STEEL EASTERLY W, 2003, J MONETARY ECON, V50, P3 FALKENMARK M, 1997, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V352, P929 GALLUP JL, 1998, 6849 NBER, P81 GEIGER R, 1954, ERDKUNDE, V8, P58 GLEICK PH, 2002, NATURE, V418, P373 GREY D, 2006, WATER GROWTH DEV THE KAUFMAN D, 1999, 2195 WORLD BANK KAUFMAN D, 1999, 2196 WORLD BANK LENTON RL, 2002, NATURAL RESOURCES FO, V26, P185 MASTERS WA, 2001, J ECON GROWTH, V6, P167 MCMAHON TA, 1993, HDB HYDROLOGY MELLINGER AD, 1999, 24 HARV U CTR INT DE NILSSON C, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P405 OLSSON O, 2000, WORKING PAPERS EC GO, V26 POSTEL SL, 1996, SCIENCE, V271, P785 RAMIREZVALLEJO J, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V49, P25 RODRIK D, 2004, J ECON GROWTH, V9, P131 SACHS JD, 2001, 8119 NBER, P1 SACHS JD, 2003, 9490 NBER, P1 SINGH DK, 2002, INT J WATER RESOUR D, V18, P563 VOROSMARTY CJ, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P284 XIE PP, 1996, J CLIMATE, V9, P840 NR 30 TC 0 J9 NATUR RESOUR FORUM BP 306 EP 317 PY 2006 PD NOV VL 30 IS 4 GA 119JM UT ISI:000243008600007 ER PT J AU Peh, KSH de Jong, J Sodhi, NS Lim, SLH Yap, CAM TI Lowland rainforest avifauna and human disturbance: persistence of primar forest birds in selectively logged forests and mixed-rural habitats of southern Peninsular Malaysia SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Swedish Biodivers Ctr, CMB, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Malaya, Inst Biol Sci, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. RP Sodhi, NS, Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, 14 Sci Dr 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore. AB We compared the composition and structure of primary forest avifauna among primary forests, selectively logged forests and mixed-rural areas (e.g. villages and agricultural areas) of Peninsular Malaysia. We found that forests that were selectively logged at least 30 years ago contained only 73-75% of the 159 species of extant primary forest birds, with an increased proportion of dominant species. We estimated that only 28-32% of the primary forest species utilized the mixed-rural habitat, and that the number of species that bred in the agricultural landscapes might be even lower. The microhabitat of different species most affected their vulnerability to disturbance. Most small, arboreal frugivores and omnivores, and insectivores that fed from tree trunks, showed greater persistence in the mixed-rural habitat than ground dwelling bird species, which were affected most by disturbance. Resource abundance and variables that were closely related to forest disturbance such as the density of large trees, density of dead trees, canopy cover density and shrub volume influenced the distribution of the primary forest birds. Large primary forest reserves and a revision of short-cycle logging regimes (ca. 30 years) are needed if we are to conserve the lowland rainforest avifauna of Peninsular Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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The key to such a study is an understanding of the interrelationships between microscopic processes and macroscopic patterns, and the evolutionary forces that shape systems. In particular, for ecosystems and socioeconomic systems, much interest is focused on broad scale features such as diversity and resiliency, while evolution operates most powerfully at the level of individual agents. Understanding the evolution and development of complex adaptive systems thus involves understanding how cooperation, coalitions and networks of interaction emerge from individual behaviors and feed back to influence those behaviors. In this paper, some of the mathematical challenges are discussed. 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Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijier Int Inst Ecol Econ, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Ecol Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RP Berkes, F, Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. AB Ancient conceptualizations of ecosystems exist in several Amerindian, Asia-Pacific, European, and African cultures. The rediscovery by scientists of ecosystem-like concepts among traditional peoples has been important in the appreciation of traditional ecological knowledge among ecologists, anthropologists, and interdisciplinary scholars. Two key characteristics of these systems are that (a) the unit of nature is often defined in terms of a geographical boundary, such as a watershed, and (b) abiotic components, plants, animals, and humans within this unit are considered to be interlinked. Many traditional ecological knowledge systems are compatible with the emerging view of ecosystems as unpredictable and uncontrollable, and of ecosystem processes as nonlinear, multiequilibrium, and full of surprises. Traditional knowledge may complement scientific knowledge by providing practical experience in living within ecosystems and responding to ecosystem change. However, the "language" of traditional ecology is different from the scientific and usually includes metaphorical imagery and spiritual expression, signifying differences in context, motive, and conceptual underpinnings. 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RP Limburg, KE, Univ Stockholm, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BOULDING KE, 1906, ENV QUALITY GROWING, P3 BROMLEY DW, 1991, ENV EC PROPERTY RIGH COHEN JE, 1995, MANY PEOPLE CAN EART COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC, P49 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DALY HE, 1989, COMMON GOOD REDIRECT DASGUPTA P, 1994, POPULATION EC DEV EN, P25 DEGROOT RS, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EHRLICH PE, 1990, POPULATION EXPLOSION JANSSON AM, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA LEVIN SA, 1998, ENVIRON DEV ECON, V3, P222 LUBCHENCO J, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P491 LUDWIG D, 1993, SCIENCE, V260, P1736 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO NORTH DC, 1990, I I CHANGE EC PERFOR POI L, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN VITOUSEK PM, 1986, BIOSCIENCE, V36, P368 WILSON EO, 1992, DIVERSITY LIFE NR 20 TC 4 J9 ECOL ECON BP 179 EP 182 PY 1999 PD MAY VL 29 IS 2 GA 212WB UT ISI:000081239700001 ER PT J AU Bradshaw, GA Borchers, JG TI Uncertainty as information: Narrowing the science-policy gap SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bradshaw, GA, US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. AB Conflict and indecision are hallmarks of environmental policy formulation. Some argue that the requisite information and certainty fall short of scientific standards for decision making; others argue that science is not the issue and that indecisiveness reflects a lack of political willpower. One of the most difficult aspects of translating science into policy is scientific uncertainty. Whereas scientists are familiar with uncertainty and complexity, the public and policy makers often seek certainty and deterministic solutions. We assert that environmental policy is most effective if scientific uncertainty is incorporated into a rigorous decision-theoretic framework as knowledge, not ignorance. The policies that best utilize scientific findings are defined here as those that accommodate the full scope of scientifically based predictions. 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RP Borchers, JG, 800 Beaver Creek Rd, Jacksonville, OR 97530 USA. AB The risks, uncertainties, and social conflicts surrounding uncharacteristic wildfire and forest resource values have defied conventional approaches to planning and decision-making. Paradoxically, the adoption of technological innovations such as risk assessment, decision analysis, and landscape simulation models by land management organizations has been limited. The infusion of a technological innovation into organizations is determined largely by a trade-off between its compatibility with existing values, past experiences and needs, and the relative advantage of the innovation over that which it replaces. For instance, while the methods and tools of risk assessment offer numerous advantages to managers, they may be largely incompatible with an undue desire for certainty that imbues the culture of their organizations. This, coupled with a complementary desire on the part of scientists to provide certainty, defines the traditional relationship between management and research. The efficacy of this relationship is challenged by the law of conservation of risk. This law suggests that much of the uncertainty and risk associated with managing ecosystems cannot be eliminated; it can only be transferred. In this systems, or "marketplace" view of risk, the demand for certainty by managers and policymakers may exceed the supply provided by science, particularly in conflicted-ridden resource problems. As a remedy, it has been suggested that managers renounce their desire for certainty and "embrace" uncertainty. This can be accomplished with a strategic focus on decision quality that would accommodate even the large uncertainties associated with uncharacteristic wildfires, restoration activities, and sensitive species. Decision quality is defined as the outgrowth of a distinct decision science imbued with organizing principles, ethics, laws, or quantitative relationships that facilitate consistency with values, objectives, belief systems, and empirical evidence. While quality in ecological risk management can be improved by acquiring new technologies, the decision to acquire new technologies is itself a risky decision. Hence, ecological risks and organizational risks should be managed and assessed as part of a larger framework that consider the risk "marketplace" while addressing the challenge of "deciding how to decide". (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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RP DeClerck, F, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. AB The fight against global poverty has gained momentum following the creation of the Millennium Development Goals, which aim to halve extreme poverty by 2015. Traditionally, ecologists have not played leading roles in poverty alleviation. Yet, knowledge of ecosystem functions and processes can be applied to improve the lives of millions of people, suffering from hunger, lacking clean drinking water and reliable, efficient energy sources, dying from preventable diseases, and suffering disproportionately from natural disasters. Here, we describe ways in which ecologists can apply ecological theory and tools to help improve the efficacy of poverty alleviation programs.. 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Nevertheless, species differ widely in their vulnerability to current threats. Growing evidence from both palaeontology and conservation biology suggests that past events may help to explain this variation. Communities appear far more resilient to particular threats if they have faced similar challenges in the past. This intuitive but poorly reported phenomenon has potentially far-reaching implications for attempts to focus conservation efforts on those areas most at risk from contemporary human activity. CR ATIKINSON IAE, 1985, CONSERVATION ISLAND, P35 BALMFORD A, 1994, NATURE, V372, P623 BROOKS TM, IN PRESS CONSERV BIO BROOKS TM, IN PRESS NATURE BROWN KS, 1992, TROPICAL DEFORESTATI, P119 BUDD AF, IN PRESS EVOLUTION E BUDIANSKY S, 1994, NATURE, V370, P105 COLLAR NJ, 1994, BIRDS WATCH, V2 COOPE GR, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P55 CURTIN CG, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P233 DIAMOND J, 1991, NAT HIST, P30 DIAMOND JM, 1972, P NAT ACAD SCI, V69, P3199 DINERSTEIN E, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P53 FLEISCHNER TL, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P629 FLEISCHNER TL, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P233 GASTON KJ, 1994, RARITY GREUTER W, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P88 HAAS CA, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V89, P234 HEYWOOD VH, 1994, NATURE, V368, P105 JABLONSKI D, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P25 JACKSON JBC, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P45 JANZEN DH, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P286 LANDE R, 1985, EVOLUTION, V39, P24 LAWTON JH, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P367 LAWTON JH, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P147 MAY RM, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P1 MCDONALD JN, 1981, N AM BISON THEIR CON MILBERG P, 1993, ECOGRAPHY, V16, P229 MOORS PJ, 1992, BIRD CONSERV INT, V2, P93 NOSS R, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P235 OLSON SL, 1989, CONSERVATION 21 CENT, P50 PIMM SL, 1995, EXTINCTION RATES, P75 PIMM SL, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P9343 PIMM SL, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P347 PRESTON FW, 1962, ECOLOGY, V43, P185 PRESTON FW, 1962, ECOLOGY, V43, P410 SIMBERLOFF D, 1986, DYNAMICS EXTINCTION, P165 SMITH FDM, 1993, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V8, P375 STEADMAN DW, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1123 TEMPLE SA, 1981, BIOL CONSERV, V20, P147 TILMAN D, 1994, NATURE, V367, P363 TURNER IM, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P705 VANBALEN B, 1994, J F ORN S, V1035, P210 NR TC 37 BP 193 EP 196 PY 1996 PD MAY VL 11 IS 5 UT ISI:A1996UF70500005 ER PT J AU Gustavson, K Lonergan, SC Ruitenbeek, J TI Measuring contributions to economic production - use of an Index of Captured Ecosystem Value SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Victoria, BC V8W 3P5, Canada. H J Ruitenbeek Resource Consulting Ltd, Gabriola, BC V0R 1X0, Canada. RP Gustavson, K, Gustavson Ecol Resource Consulting, POB 115, Gabriola, BC V0R 1X0, Canada. AB The production of an economic good derived from a renewable natural resource base involves the extraction of ecosystem function values as represented by the contribution made to production by the originating ecosystem. The artisanal mixed-species fisheries of Jamaica is used as a case study in the development of a biophysically based index to account for captured ecosystem values (or embodied ecosystem values) and an examination of the extent to which those values are proportionately reflected in monetary exchange values. The Index of Captured Ecosystem Value (ICEV) is developed from a basis in information theory relevant to an analysis of network flows in ecosystems. Technical coefficients, describing the production relationship between ICEV values and market values of catches associated with individual fishing efforts in Jamaican fisheries, reveal that captured ecosystem function associated with fisheries using distinct technologies (i.e. China net, trap, hand line, palanca and speargun) are valued differently by the market. This surplus value is rooted in the observation that certain fisheries target species that are more connected within the coral reef food web than those species typically captured by other fisheries. Consideration of the biophysically based contributions of coral reef ecosystems to fisheries production reveals distortions between market and supply-side values, indicating that the role of ecosystems is not being consistently treated. Comment and direction is offered regarding the development of indices of ecosystem function or value that can be applied to policy questions concerning the extraction of a renewable natural resource. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. CR BENGTSSON J, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P334 BINGHAM G, 1995, ECOL ECON, V14, P73 BRIAND F, 1984, NATURE, V307, P264 CHRISTENSEN V, 1992, ECOL MODEL, V61, P169 COSTANZA R, 1997, NATURE, V387, P253 DEANGELIS DL, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P764 DEGROOT RS, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P151 DICASTRI F, 1990, BIOL INT SPECIAL ISS, V22 EHRLICH PR, 1981, EXTINCTION CAUSES CO FELTHAM GA, 1988, EC ANAL INFORMATION FINN J, 1976, J THEOR BIOL, V56, P363 FISCHER W, 1978, FAO SPECIES IDENTIFI, V1 FOLKE C, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA, P1 FRIEND AM, 1991, ECOL ECON, V3, P59 GOREAU TF, 1959, ECOLOGY, V40, P67 GOREAU TF, 1973, B MAR SCI, V23, P399 GRASSLE JF, 1991, BIOL INT SPECIAL ISS, V23 GRIMM V, 1997, OECOLOGIA, V109, P323 HALL SJ, 1993, ADV ECOL RES, V24, P187 HANNON B, 1973, J THEOR BIOL, V41, P535 HIRATA H, 1984, INT J SYST SCI, V15, P261 HIRSHLEIFER J, 1979, J ECON LIT, V17, P1375 HIRSHLEIFER J, 1992, ANAL UNCERTAINTY INF HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC, P44 ISARD W, 1969, REGIONAL SCI ASS, V22, P85 ISARD W, 1972, ECOLOGIC EC ANAL REG IVES AR, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P217 KULLBACK S, 1968, INFORMATION THEORY S LAMONT BB, 1995, OIKOS, V74, P283 LAWTON JH, 1989, ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS, P43 LAWTON JH, 1993, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST, P255 LIDDELL WD, 1981, J MAR RES, V39, P791 LIDDELL WD, 1984, PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AM, V54, P385 LIDDELL WD, 1987, B MAR SCI, V40, P311 LUDWIG D, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 MACARTHUR RH, 1955, ECOLOGY, V36, P533 MACHOSTADLER I, 1997, INTRO EC INFORMATION MARTINEZ ND, 1996, BIODIVERSITY BIOL NU, P114 MAY RM, 1972, NATURE, V238, P413 MAY RM, 1973, STABILITY COMPLEXITY MAY RM, 1975, UNIFYING CONCEPTS EC, P161 MEREDITH TC, 1994, 941 CAN GLOB CHANG P MILLER R, 1985, INPUT OUTPUT ANAL FD MYERS N, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P2764 NEUBERT MG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P653 OPITZ S, 1996, TROPHIC INTERACTIONS PAHLWOSTL C, 1995, DYNAMIC NATURE ECOSY PAINE RT, 1988, ECOLOGY, V69, P1648 PETERS RH, 1988, ECOLOGY, V69, P1673 PIMM SL, 1982, FOOD WEBS PIMM SL, 1984, NATURE, V307, P321 PIMM SL, 1991, NATURE, V350, P669 RANDALL JE, 1967, STUD TROP OCEANOGR, V5, P665 RUTLEDGE RW, 1976, J THEOR BIOL, V57, P355 SCHULZE ED, 1994, BIODIVERSITY ECOSYST ULANOWICZ RE, 1980, J THEOR BIOL, V85, P223 ULANOWICZ RE, 1986, GROWTH DEV ECOSYSTEM ULANOWICZ RE, 1990, INT J SYST SCI, V21, P429 ULANOWICZ RE, 1991, ECOLOGICAL EC SCI MA, P253 YODZIS P, 1989, INTRO THEORETICAL EC NR 61 TC 1 J9 ECOL ECON BP 479 EP 490 PY 2002 PD JUN VL 41 IS 3 GA 577QQ UT ISI:000177073400009 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH Wade, TG O'Neill, RV TI Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD, US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. AB Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was law, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch. CR EHRLICH PR, 1977, ECOSCIENCE POPULATIO GARDNER RH, 1987, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P19 GARDNER RH, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P289 HEALY RG, 1981, MARKET RURAL LAND TR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HUNSAKER CT, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P193 KING RJ, 1989, AUST SYST BOT, V2, P1 KUCHLER AW, 1964, AM GEOGRAPHICAL SOC, V36 LOEHLE C, 1996, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V11, P225 LYNCH JF, 1984, BIOL CONSERV, V28, P287 MCDONNELL JJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC MILNE BT, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P805 NOSS RF, 1993, SAVING NATURES LEGAC ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P153 ONEILL RV, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V3, P193 PLOTNICK RE, 1993, LECT MATH LIFE SCI P, V23, P129 STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH TURNER MG, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P213 VOGELMANN JE, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P439 VOGELMANN JE, 1998, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V64, P45 WESSMAN CA, 1992, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V23, P175 WESTMAN WE, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P960 WHITTAKER RH, 1975, COMMUNITIES ECOSYSTE WICKHAM JD, 1997, ENVIRON MANAGE, V21, P247 WICKHAM JD, 1997, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V63, P397 WILCOVE DS, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P234 NR 26 TC 14 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL BP 137 EP 145 PY 1999 PD APR VL 14 IS 2 GA 187RV UT ISI:000079802500004 ER PT J AU Carpenter, SR Ludwig, D Brock, WA TI Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Econ, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Carpenter, SR, Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AB We analyzed management policies for ecosystems subject to alternate states, thresholds, and irreversible changes. We focused on the problem of lake eutrophication by excessive phosphorus (P) input. Eutrophic lakes may be classified, with respect to their response to reduced P input alone, as reversible (recovery is immediate and proportional to the reduction in P input), hysteretic (recovery requires extreme reductions in P input for a period of time), or irreversible (recovery cannot be accomplished by reducing P input alone). A model with one state variable and one control variable describes the responses of lake trophic state to changes in P input and other management interventions. Activities that generate P input to the lake are assumed to create profits, while the value of ecosystem services provided by the lake declines at high P levels. We then calculated P input policies that maximize the discounted net benefits from polluting activities and ecosystem services. If "optimality" is defined as maximizing this discounted criterion, then analyses based on deterministic lake dynamics usually lead to higher P input rates than analyses that assume various kinds of variability (e.g., inputs are affected by stochastic factors such as weather, policy is implemented with lags, or parameters of the limnological model are uncertain). In reality, all of these complications occur. Therefore, if maximum economic benefit is the goal of lake management, P input targets should be reduced below levels derived from traditional deterministic models. This pattern may apply to other situations where diffuse pollution causes nonlinear changes in ecosystem state, such as the greenhouse effect or acid deposition. 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RP Sengupta, N, IGIDR, Gen AK Vaidya Marg,Goregaon E, Bombay 400065, Maharashtra, India. AB The operation of a number of non-contiguous parcels of land as a single farming unit is known as land fragmentation. It is a widespread and persistent phenomenon and, at the same time, widely criticized by development agencies. Available evidence clearly suggests that the unqualified faith in the merit of consolidation is not justified; fragmentation may have some rationale. This paper substantiates the latter position with a case study of an irrigated agricultural system. Thereafter, it locates fragmentation within the broader context and analyses its role within a hierarchy of phenomena in the linked social and ecological local system. For this analysis an evolutionary game model is used. It is shown that fragmentation increases the resilience of the system of cooperation. The study concludes by suggesting an appropriate strategy for resilience management. 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RP Trosper, RL, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. AB The effort to combine analysis of ecosystems and social systems requires a firm theoretical basis. When humans are present in an ecosystem, their actions affect emergent structures; this paper examines forms of emergence that account for the presence of humans. Humans monitor and regulate ecosystems based on their cultural systems. Cultural systems consist of concepts linked in complicated ways that can form consistent world views, can contain inconsistencies, and may or may not accurately model the properties of a social-ecological system. Consequently, human monitoring and regulating processes will differ, depending on cultural systems. Humans, as agents, change or maintain pre-existing material and cultural emergent structures. The presentation is illustrated with a case study of fire-prone forests. The paper shows that explicit attention to emergence serves very well in unifying the following requirements for social-ecological analysis: coherent and observable definitions of sustainability; ways to link ecological and social phenomena; ways to understand cultural reasons for stability and instability in dynamic social-ecological systems; and ways to include human self-evaluation and culture within dynamic models of social-ecological systems. Analysis of cultural emergent structures clarifies many differences in assumptions among the fields of economics, sociology, political science, ecology, and ecological economics. Because it can be readily applied to empirical questions, the framework provides a good way to organize policy analysis that is not dominated by one or another discipline. 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Free Univ Brussels, Lab Ecol Paysage, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Inst Francais Pondichery, Pondicherry 605001, India. UMR Bot & Bioinformat Architecture Plantes, AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier 05, France. Free Univ Brussels, Fac Sci, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Dundee, Div Math, SIMBIOS Ctr, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. RP Barbier, N, Free Univ Brussels, Serv Bot Systemat & Phytosociol, CP 169, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. AB Spatially periodic vegetation patterns are well known in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. Mathematical models have been developed that attribute this phenomenon to a symmetry-breaking instability. Such models are based on the interplay between competitive and facilitative influences that the vegetation exerts on its own dynamics when it is constrained by arid conditions, but evidence for these predictions is still lacking. Moreover, not all models can account for the development of regularly spaced spots of bare ground in the absence of a soil prepattern. We applied Fourier analysis to high-resolution, remotely sensed data taken at either end of a 40-year interval in southern Niger. Statistical comparisons based on this textural characterization gave us broad-scale evidence that the decrease in rainfall over recent decades in the sub-Saharan Sahel has been accompanied by a detectable shift from homogeneous vegetation cover to spotted patterns marked by a spatial frequency of about 20 cycles km(-1). Wood cutting and grazing by domestic animals have led to a much more marked transition in unprotected areas than in a protected reserve. Field measurements demonstrated that the dominant spatial frequency was endogenous rather than reflecting the spatial variation of any pre-existing heterogeneity in soil properties. All these results support the use of models that can account for periodic vegetation patterns without invoking substrate heterogeneity or anisotropy, and provide new elements for further developments, refinements and tests. This study underlines the potential of studying vegetation pattern properties for monitoring climatic and human impacts on the extensive fragile areas bordering hot deserts. Explicit consideration of vegetation self-patterning may also improve our understanding of vegetation and climate interactions in arid areas. 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Univ Tokyo, Sch Agr & Life Sci, Lab Biodivers Sci, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. RP Fukami, T, Landcare Res, POB 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. AB Many ecological dynamics occur over time-scales that are well beyond the duration of conventional experiments or observations. One useful approach to overcome this problem is extrapolation of temporal dynamics from spatial variation. We review two complementary variants of this approach that have been of late increasingly employed: the use of natural gradients to infer anthropogenic effects and the use of anthropogenic gradients to infer natural dynamics. Recent studies have considered a variety of naturally occurring gradients associated with climate, CO2, disturbance and biodiversity gradients, as well as anthropogenic gradients such as those created by biological invasions, habitat fragmentation and land abandonment. 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LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Stockholm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Folke, C, Univ Stockholm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. CR ALLEN J, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 BECKER CD, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 BURNETT C, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 CONROY MJ, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 DAVIDSONHUNT I, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 FRASER EDG, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 GOOD TP, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 GOWRIE MN, 2003, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V7, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 LONG J, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 LOUCKS C, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 MILESTAD R, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 NIELSEN S, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 RICKETTS T, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 SCHMIDT NM, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 SEN AK, 1981, POVERTY FAMINES ESSA, V1, P1 WADE TG, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V7, P1 WATSON A, 2003, CONSERV ECOL, V8, P1 NR 18 TC 0 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 7 IS 2 GA 779NY UT ISI:000189307800001 ER PT J AU Holling, CS TI From complex regions to complex worlds SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Holling, CS, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. AB Panarchy focuses on ecological and social systems that change abruptly. Panarchy is the process by which they grow, adapt, transform, and, in the end, collapse. These stages occur at different scales. The back loop of such changes is a critical time and presents critical opportunities for experiment and learning. It is when uncertainties arise and when resilience is tested and established. We now see changes on a global scale that suggest that we are in such a back loop. This article assesses the possibility of using the ideas that are central to panarchy, developed on a regional scale, to help explain the changes that are being brought about on a global scale by the Internet and by climate, economic, and geopolitical changes. CR BERKES F, 1995, BIODIVERS CONSERV, P281 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BRAND S, 1999, CLOCK LONG NOW CARPENTER SR, 2000, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUEN, P357 CARPENTER SR, 2003, EXCELLENCE ECOLOGY S, V15 ELMQVIST T, 2003, FRONT ECOL ENVIRON, V1, P488 GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1973, BIOSCIENCE, V23, P13 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 HOLLING CS, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P447 HOLLING CS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P342 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P63 LEE K, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM OLSSON P, 2004, ECOL SOC, V9, P2 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 SCHUMPETER JA, 1942, CAPITALISM SOCIALISM WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WALKER BH, 1999, ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P1 WALKER BH, 2002, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V357, P719 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WESTLEY F, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, P391 WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P333 WHITAKER JK, 1987, NEW PALGRAVE DICT EC, V3, P350 NR 29 TC 0 J9 ECOL SOC BP 11 PY 2004 PD JUN VL 9 IS 1 GA 911SN UT ISI:000228025100015 ER PT J AU Starzomski, BM Cardinale, BJ Dunne, JA Hillery, MJ Holt, CA Krawchuk, MA Lage, M McMahon, S Melnychuk, MC TI Contemporary visions of progress in ecology and thoughts for the future SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Edith Cowan Univ, Ctr Ecosyst Management, Churchlands, WA 6018, Australia. Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Managment, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Tennessee, Complex Syst Grp, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Starzomski, BM, Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. AB Although ecological research is progressing rapidly, the answers to certain key questions continue to elude us. This paper considers several of the contemporary challenges facing ecology. (1) Terminology is voluminous and often poorly defined, resulting in inefficient communication. (2) The concept of scale affects our inferences about system structure and function, requiring us to continue an almost heuristic investigation of breaks, domains, and integration. New tools that more explicitly incorporate scalar issues will need to be developed for progress to take place in the field of ecology. (3) Increasingly, it is expected that applied questions will be solved in less than a year. This demand for solutions from ecologists often produces short-term and inadequate responses. (4) How can ecologists improve communication between subdisciplines, with undergraduate students, and with the public? How will ecology be done in the future, and by whom? We provide some background to these observations and questions, and offer some potential solutions from the viewpoint of young practicing ecologists. 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Univ Rouen, F-76821 Mt St Aignan, France. Cirad, EMVT, F-97410 St Pierre, France. RP Balent, G, INRA SAD, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. AB In grazed areas, grazing activities are Often the main factor that controls and influences plant and animal community dynamics. One of the new functions the society asks to the domestic herbivores is to maintain or improve the biodiversity of both plant and animal communities and the integrity of pastoral landscape as well. However, a shortage of basic knowledge characterizes the relationships between grazing activities and vegetation especially at landscape level. Grazing of vegetation by domestic herbivores is a complex hierarchical ecological process. It involves different levels of organization either in the case of free ranging animals or when feeding and spatial behaviour of grazing animals is under human control. In this paper we propose theoretical and methodological elements to help answering two important questions to improve the understanding of the relationships between grazing activity, landscape patterns and biodiversity. 1)How changes in land use management with grazing animals influence landscape patterns? 2) To which extent changes in grazing practices affect ecological characteristics of vegetation (disturbance, stability, and reversibility) ? Our skills are in the field of system analysis applied to ecology with special reference to hierarchy theory. organization of biological system theory and landscape ecology. (C) Elsevier/Inra. 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AB Coastal-marine biodiversity conservation must focus increasingly at the level of the land- and seascape. Five cases illustrate discontinuities and synergisms and how system changes may take place. For Caribbean coral reefs, the result of overfishing and disease has been a 'shrinkage' in the entire system, the effects of which may cascade through the coastal seascape. For Beringia, patterns of benthic diversity are best understood in a manner that matches the multiscale, integrated dynamics of weather, ice, marine mammal feeding, and community structure. In the case of US East Coast estuaries, oyster reefs may be keystone elements, with important effects on functional diversity. Large-scale coastal systems depend upon the connectivity of fresh and marine waters in the coastal zone, having implications for the apparent stochasticity of coastal fisheries. And, for a coastal barrier-lagoon site, a state change may be described in terms of a combination of succession, the attainment of a quasi-equilibrium state, and disturbance. A profound problem for conservation is that there is very little information about the relationship between species diversity and ecological function. Coastal-marine biodiversity conservation is best addressed at the level of the land- and seascape. 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Univ Coll London, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. Univ Bonn, Dept Geog, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. INRS ETE, Quebec City, PQ G1K 9A9, Canada. RP Dearing, JA, Univ Liverpool, Dept Geog, Liverpool L69 7ZT, Merseyside, England. AB The analysis of palaeoenvironmental archives-sediments, archaeological remains, tree-rings, documents and instrumental records-is presented as a key element in the global scientific endeavour aimed at understanding human-environment interactions at the present day and in the future. The paper explains the need for the focus on palaeoenvironmental studies as a means of 'learning from the past', and presents the rationale and structure of the IGBP-PAGES Focus 5 programme 'Past Ecosystem Processes and Human-Environment Interactions'. The past, as described through palaeoenvironmental studies, can yield information about pre-impact states, trajectories of recent change, causation, complex system behaviour, and provide the basis for developing and testing simulation models. Learning from the past in each of these epistemological categories is exemplified with published case-studies. 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SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 HARVARD UNIV,JOHN F KENNEDY SCH GOVT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP Kates, RW, BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. 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RP Roe, E, Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Sustainable Resource Dev, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AB The paper discusses the most under-researched feature of policy analysis, issue incompleteness. A framework is presented from ecosystem management. Implications are drawn for important topics in public policy, especially interorganizational coordination. 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SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. RP Armitage, D, Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. AB This paper explores the relationship between resilience and globalization. We are concerned, most importantly, with whether resilience is a suitable conceptual framework for natural resource management in the context of the rapid changes and disruptions that globalization causes in social-ecological systems. Although theoretical in scope, we ground this analysis using our experiences in two Asian coastal areas: Junagadh District in Gujarat State, India and Banawa Selatan, in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We present the histories of resource exploitation in the two areas, and we attempt to combine a resilience perspective with close attention to the impact of globalization. Our efforts serve as a basis from which to examine the conceptual and practical compatibility of resilience with globalization. The first challenge we address is epistemological: given that resilience and globalization have roots in different disciplines, do they share a sufficiently common perception of change and human action to be compatible? Second, we address the issue of how resilience can be a viable management objective in the rapidly changing context of globalization. We identify scale as particularly important in this regard. 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Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Pacific Inst Studies Dev Environm & Secur, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Environm Biol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Nature Conservancy, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Baron, JS, Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AB Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater,, and wetlands for many different urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, but in doing so has overlooked its value in supporting ecosystems. Freshwater is vital to human life and societal well-being, and thus its utilization for consumption, irrigation, and transport has long taken precedence over other commodities and services provided by freshwater ecosystems. However, there is growing recognition that functionally intact and biologically complex aquatic ecosystems provide many economically valuable services and long-term benefits to society. The short-term benefits include ecosystem goods and services, such as food supply, flood control, purification of human and industrial wastes, and habitat for plant and animal life-and these are costly, if, not impossible, to replace. Long-term benefits include the sustained provision of those goods and services, as well as the adaptive capacity of aquatic ecosystems to respond to future environmental alterations, such as climate change. Thus, maintenance of the processes and properties that support freshwater ecosystem integrity should be included in debates over sustainable water resource allocation. The purpose of this report is to explain how the integrity of freshwater ecosystems depends upon adequate quantity, quality, timing, and temporal variability of water flow. Defining these requirements in a comprehensive but general manner provides a better foundation for their inclusion in current and future debates about allocation of water resources. In this way the needs of freshwater ecosystems can be legitimately recognized and addressed. We also recommend ways in which freshwater ecosystems can be protected, maintained, and restored. Freshwater ecosystem structure and function are tightly linked to the watershed or catchment of which they are a part. Because riverine networks, lakes, wetlands, and their connecting groundwaters, are literally the "sinks" into 'Which landscapes drain, they are greatly influenced by terrestrial processes, including many human uses or modifications of land and water. Freshwater ecosystems, whether lakes, wetlands, or rivers, have specific requirements in terms of quantity, quality, and seasonality of their water supplies. Sustainability normally requires these systems to fluctuate within a natural range of variation. Flow regime, sediment and organic matter inputs, thermal and light characteristics, chemical and nutrient characteristics, and biotic assemblages are fundamental defining attributes of freshwater ecosystems. These attributes impart relatively unique characteristics of productivity and biodiversity to each ecosystem. The natural range of variation in each of these attributes is critical to maintaining the integrity and dynamic potential of aquatic ecosystems; therefore, management should allow for dynamic change. Piecemeal approaches cannot solve the problems confronting freshwater ecosystems. Scientific definitions of the requirements to protect and maintain aquatic ecosystems are necessary but insufficient for establishing the appropriate distribution between societal and ecosystem water needs. For scientific knowledge to be implemented science must be connected to a political agenda for sustainable development. We offer these recommendations as. a beginning to redress how water is viewed and managed in the United States: (1) Frame national and regional water management policies to explicitly incorporate freshwater ecosystem needs, particularly those related to naturally variable flow regimes and to the linking of water quality with water quantity; (2) Define water resources to include watersheds, so that freshwaters are viewed within a landscape, or systems context; (3) Increase communication and education across disciplines, especially among engineers, hydrologists, economists, and ecologists to facilitate an integrated view of freshwater resources; (4) Increase restoration efforts, using well-grounded ecological principles as guidelines; (5) Maintain and protect the remaining freshwater ecosystems that have high integrity; and (6) Recognize the dependence of human society on naturally functioning ecosystems. 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RP Paulson, DD, UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOG & RECREAT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. AB The globalization of agro-food systems has often negatively impacted farming households. However, globalization is an uneven process with actors in specific localities able to mediate and shape broad structural forces. The persistence of agro-food systems that are not highly commodified in an increasingly commodified, global economy is of particular interest to those seeking alternatives to a global agrofood system dominated by corporate interests. The case of Western Samoa is examined here as a possible example of an alternative agro-food system, where agriculture and food networks are local to regional in scale and embedded in communities. Western Samoan village agriculture has shown great resilience in the face of market forces and a rec int series of disasters. We discuss the internal and external factors that have supported subsistence security in Western Samoa and some of the forces that threaten that security. We conclude that Western Samoans will need an alternative vision of progress to maintain the widespread food security rural Western Samoan households now have. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. 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The manifestations of this are still to be seen. This paper argues that successful dissemination and adoption of the forecast requires an in-depth profile of the characteristics and needs of user groups. The case study of a mountainous village in southern Lesotho is used to highlight the decisions which one group of marginal users-smallholder farmers-might make in response to the forecast. A participatory role-play exercise explores what information households presently receive and how new climate forecast information could be integrated into seasonal decision making. Results show that there are a number of low-input options available to these farmers for responding to the forecast. Adoption, however, is going to require repeated exposure to the forecast in conjunction with forecast development that is suited to users' needs. The case study is linked back to the larger scale by suggesting paths that seasonal climate forecast development could take if it is to contribute to improving livelihood sustainability among marginal groups. 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Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Biomol Sci, Lab Phys & Colloid Chem, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Appl Philosophy, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Queensland, Gatton Coll, Gatton, Qld, Australia. RP Schiere, JB, Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Anim Prod Syst, POB 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. AB Farming systems (FSs), and ways of thinking about them, evolved in space and time. Rapid evolution took place in the last two decades when crop and livestock yields increased, together with concerns about their socio-economic and biophysical tradeoffs. The application of farming systems research (FSR) to agricultural development was a response to problems arising from a predominantly reductionist approach to research and a cornucopian view of external inputs. Modern technologies were either not welcome or caused unexpected negative trade-offs. This paper reviews definitions and forms of FSR and the need for evolution in thinking about agricultural development. Application of thermodynamic theory (TDT)I to the study of farming systems influences discussion between cornucopians and conservationists, and between reductionist and holistic approaches to research. There is a need to recognize context (suitability of technology), and to pay more attention to relations within systems (system dynamics) and to defining criteria for sustainability. The paper links biophysical and socio-economic processes, gives a physical background for the anthropomorphic concepts of waste, and reviews aspects of objectivism and constructivism. It is argued that FSR can only advance if the full portent of these issues is considered in thinking about development of FSs. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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RP STOHLGREN, TJ, COLORADO STATE UNIV,NATL PK SERV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. AB The Big Stump Grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) was heavily logged between 1883 and 1889 and the stand naturally regenerated from seed following logging. In 1968, as part of a 100% sequoia tree inventory, all living sequoias (n = 3587) and dead trees and stumps (n = 588) were measured (diameter at breast height, dbh) and mapped. A comparison of pre- to post-logging (85 years later in 1968) stand characteristics showed the estimated basal area of 56.7 m2 ha-1 in the pre-cut 1883 Big Stump Grove was very similar to the population mean basal area of 30 other giant sequoia groves (with more than 30 trees) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Sequoia density in 1968 was 1.5 times higher than the population mean, and over 45% of the basal area had been recovered after only 85 years. Assuming most re-establishment occurred over roughly a 9 year period ( 1 88 3-1 8 92 ), the diameter growth rate of trees less than 1. 9 5 m dbh, averaged 6.1-6.8 mm year-1 but greatly varied as the 24 trees in the 1.8 m size class had a mean diameter growth rate of 21-24 mm year-1. Data generated by dividing the grove into 0.25 ha contiguous plots indicated that only about 3.3 ha of the pre-cut 1883 grove did not have sequoia regeneration whereas 16.5 ha of the 1968 grove had sequoia regeneration but no sign of logs or stumps. The proportion of only-regeneration plots was significantly greater (P< 0.05) in peripheral areas compared to core areas of the grove. A stage projection model showed that with typical natality, growth, and mortality rates in the current (t = 0; 1968) stand, overrepresentation of 0. 3-1.2 m dbh trees may produce a bimodal size distribution lasting perhaps 800 years or more into the future. Giant sequoia stand characteristics such as age and size structure are not highly resilient and may take several centuries to approach the 'domain' of age or size structure typical of old-growth sequoia forests. Grove boundaries may be less stable following a major disturbance. 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Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Crop Prod Sci, Sect Landscape Ecol, Uppsala, Sweden. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ, Canada. McGill Univ, McGill Sch Environm, Montreal, PQ, Canada. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Elmqvist, T, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required to secure the production of essential ecosystem services. The diversity of responses to environmental change among species contributing to the same ecosystem function, which we call response diversity, is critical to resilience. Response diversity is particularly important for ecosystem renewal and reorganization following change. Here we present examples of response diversity from both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and across temporal and spatial scales. Response diversity provides adaptive capacity in a world of complex systems, uncertainty, and human-dominated environments. We should pay special attention to response diversity when planning ecosystem management and restoration, since it may contribute considerably to the resilience of desired ecosystem states against disturbance, mismanagement, and degradation. 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RP Douben, KJ, UNESCO, IHE, Inst Water Educ, POB 3015, NL-2601 DA Delft, Netherlands. AB Since ancient times people have settled in flood-prone areas due to favourable geographic conditions which facilitate economic growth, such as accessibility (transportation) and food production (fertile land). This fact forces societies all over the world to protect valuable assets against flooding. Nevertheless flooding is still the most damaging of all natural disasters. One-third of the annual natural disasters and economic losses and more than half of all victims are flood related. Flood mitigation policies and measures have been implemented, enabling societies to increase their resilience to flood hazards. With increasing population densities, often associated with improved living standards and consequently higher values of property and infrastructure, flood defence receives more importance and the consequences of flooding become less acceptable. Trends in flood frequencies and flooding damage seem to be increasing, primarily due to a growing vulnerability arising from societal changes such as interference by occupation, developments, investments and land-use changes in flood-prone areas. The Asian continent was particularly affected by floods and flooding between 1985 and 2003. It recorded nearly half of all flooding events; together with Europe and North America it was confronted with the majority of flooding damage and it incurred nearly three-quarters of all casualties. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CR *EO NEWS, 2004, EARTH OBSERVATOR JUN *OFDA CRED, 2005, EM DAT OFDA CRED INT *UN INT STRAT DIS, 2001, 5 UN INT STRAT DIS R *WORLD BANK, 2003, WORLD BANK ATL BRAKENRIDGE GR, 2004, ACTIVE ARCH LARGE FL COSGROVE WJ, 2000, WORLD WATER VISION M DOUBEN N, 2005, FLOODS DEFENCE MANAG, P11 DUTTA D, 2003, ICUS INCEDE NEWSLETT, V3, P1 KUNKEL KE, 1999, B AM METEOROL SOC, V80, P1077 LOSTER T, 1999, P EUR GLOB CHANG CAT MILLY PCD, 2002, NATURE, V415, P514 MUNICH R, 1997, FLOODING INSURANCE MUNICH R, 2000, WORLD NATURAL HAZARD MYERS MF, 1997, WORKSH SOC EC IMP WE PIELKE RA, 2000, J CLIMATE, V13, P3625 ROBINSON S, 2000, TIME EUROPE, V155 NR 16 TC 0 J9 IRRIG DRAIN BP S9 EP S21 PY 2006 PD JUL VL 55 GA 069QX UT ISI:000239464400003 ER PT J AU Vallega, A TI The regional approach to the ocean, the ocean regions, and ocean regionalisation - a post-modern dilemma SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Univ Genoa, Fac Architecture, Dept Polis, I-16123 Genoa, Italy. RP Vallega, A, Univ Genoa, Fac Architecture, Dept Polis, Stradone S Agostino 37, I-16123 Genoa, Italy. AB Essentially, this paper aims at considering how the ocean regionalisation may be implemented focusing on the principle of sustainable development, on the subsequent criteria designed by the inter-governmental organisation framework, and on the approaches from the scientific literature. In this respect, a model is proposed, according to which two main stages are identified: (i) the stage of the modern approach to the ocean, which was operated by the modern society and was supported by the culture of modernity; (ii) the stage of the postmodern approach, which has been triggered by the converging inputs from the changes in society and nature. The watershed between these two stages may be located in the 1970s. The investigation may be carried out considering a triangular relationship between (i) the changing ocean reality (ontological dimension), (ii) the representation of this reality (semiological dimension), and (iii) the building up of signified, consisting in theories, meta-theories and values (epistemological and ethical dimensions). In this framework, special relevance is attributed to the interaction between science and policy. Moving from this basis, how ocean regionalisation had been conceived by oceanography, geography and law is considered focusing on the implications that have arisen in terms of ocean management. Analysis is essentially focused on three questions: (i) how much the conceptual implications of the approach to the ocean regional scale have been underestimated, and how ample the political consequences have been; (ii) why the political designs referring to this spatial scale of the ocean, which have been carrying out since the 1970s, have been marked by a lack of consistency of the legal framework with the prospect of operating sustainable management programmes; (iii) whether, and what kind of, discrepancy has solidified between the legal framework, provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the ecosystem-oriented approach to the ocean, designed by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). These considerations lead to identify three cardinal needs. First, the need to try lessons from the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by carrying out a critical analysis of the conceptual background and methodological endowment which it was based on, and of the subsequent political outcomes. Secondly, an increasing need for scientific approaches supported by the consideration of the ocean as a bi-modular system consisting in ecosystems and organisational patterns, being both modules subject to the impacts from global change and globalisation. Thirdly, a need to design and operate a more effective interaction between science and policy, and, as far as science in itself is concerned, the need to design a more epistemologically-sound interaction between natural and social disciplines. Moving from this discussion, it is proposed to distinguish the mere ocean area, where the organisational patterns have not yet created a real ocean system, from the ocean region, which differently has acquired the features of an ocean system. These two kinds of spaces may be found in the coastal milieu, extending up to the outer edge of the continental margin, in the deep-ocean, extending seawards from the continental margin, or they may extend across the continental margin and the deep-ocean. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered. (.) The ocean area-This kind of ocean space may solidify in those areas where the ocean is frequented and used in the traditional ways without benefiting from a well-designed organisational pattern. Human presence and resource uses have brought about spatial differentiation but not such a real cohesion which may be only achieved by adopting an organisational plan. (.) The ocean region-This occurs only where an ocean area is endowed with such an organisational framework that allows the pursuit of clearly pre-determined objectives in terms of environmental, resource management, and economic development. This is the product of an extensive human interaction with the ocean ecosystem, and of a substantial political approach to the ocean milieu. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered: (.) The ocean region and regional strategy-At the present time, ocean regions may be found only in quite limited parts of the ocean world. (.) The final objective-Where the decision-making centres conform their programmes and actions to the principles and guidelines from UNCED, the objective of each ocean region should be the pursuit of sustainable development on the regional scale. (.) Sustainable region-This occurs where the regional organisation is primarily based on the protection of the ecosystem integrity, where economic development operates through the optimisation of resource usage, and where social equity, including the access to the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean environment, is guaranteed. (.) Ocean regionalisation-When an individual ocean is subject to the organisational forces that lead to the creation of regions, it can be stated that an ocean regionalisation has occurred. (.) Global change-Ocean regionalisation should be viewed as one of the most important consequences of the global, environmental and social change that characterises the present phase of society. (.) Globalisation-The setting up of a transport and communication global network, together with the associated establishment of global production and consume patterns, of market strategies and social behaviour, may be regarded as the cardinal set of socio-economic factors, which ocean regionalisation is going to increasingly depend on. (.) Enlargement of the geographical approach-The development of ocean regions encourages to set up effective inter-disciplinary approaches, that primarily should focus on: (i) the consistency of the regional organisation with the regional objectives; (ii) the consistency of the ocean resource use with the protection of the ecosystem, primarily the safeguard of its biodiversity, productivity and resilience; and (iii) the configuration and functions of the decision-making system in guiding regional organisation. (.) Ocean region and ecosystem-The most desirable conditions in terms of optimal ocean organisation on the regional scale occur where the spatial extent of the ocean, which is encompassed by an individual regional management programme, fully coincides with the spatial extent of an ocean ecosystem, or with a set of contiguous ecosystems. (.) Decision-making systems-The more the co-operative process between decision-making systems operating in contiguous ocean regions develops, the greater the potential for a holistic political approach to the oceans becomes. The spatial consequences deriving from the interaction between the decision-making centres are of peculiar interest. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. CR *UNEP, 1982, UNEP REG SEAS REP ST, V1, R1 *UNEP, 1999, CONC FRAM PLANN GUID AKIWUMI P, 1998, MAR POLICY, V22, P229 ALEXANDER AW, 1993, LIBR ACQUIS PRACT TH, V17, P3 ALEXANDER LM, 1989, BIOMASS YIELDS GEOGR, P399 ALEXANDER LM, 1990, LARGE MARINE ECOSYST, P220 BELSKY M, 1990, LARGE MARINE ECOSYST, P224 BLANCHETTE PL, 1996, GENERATIONS, V20, P4 CADDY JF, 1991, FAO ETUDES REVUES, V63 CICINSAIN B, 1998, INTEGRATED COASTAL O, P7 HAAS PM, 1990, SAVING MEDITERRANEAN HAAS PM, 1991, MARINE POLICY YB, P188 HOLCOMBE TL, 1977, GEO J, V1, P25 JACOBSON MA, 1995, COAST MANAGE, V23, P19 PRESCOTT JRV, 1989, AM ASS ADV SCI SELEC, V111, P394 SMITH HD, 1994, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V24, P3 SORENSEN J, 1993, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V21, P45 VALLEGA A, 1994, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V24, P17 VALLEGA A, 1995, MAR POLICY, V19, P47 VALLEGA A, 1995, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V31, P199 VALLEGA A, 1995, REGIONE SISTEMA TERR VALLEGA A, 1998, OCEAN YB, V13, P245 VALLEGA A, 2001, OCEAN GOVERNANCE GEO, P14 VALLEGA A, 2001, OCEAN GOVERNANCE GEO, CH4 VALLEJO SM, 1991, DEV INTEGRATED SEA U, P17 NR 25 TC 0 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE BP 721 EP 760 PY 2002 VL 45 IS 11-12 GA 662HY UT ISI:000181942300002 ER PT J AU Hoffmann-Riem, H TI From environmental research to environmental design SO GAIA-ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR SCIENCE AND SOCIETY LA German DT Article C1 Univ Bielefeld, Mitarbeit Inst Wissensch & Technikforsch, D-4800 Bielefeld, Germany. RP Hoffmann-Riem, H, Schwarztorstr 9, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland. AB Environmental research carried out exclusively in the laboratory does not contribute effectively to the solution of socially relevant problems. Reliable knowledge is best developed by carefully observing the effects of interventions. In this way, unexpected events can be utilised to further develop existing knowledge and to fill knowledge gaps. At the same time, it is essential to take the interests of stakeholders into account. These requirements can neither be met by purely academic environmental research, nor by an unreflected implementation of measures. To solve environmental problems, it is essential to develop new forms of environmental design that are based upon a tight connection between the application of knowledge and the production of new knowledge. Instead of a distinction between the implementation of measures on the one hand and basic research on the other, we need new institutions that are responsible for combining both. CR COLLINS HM, 2002, SOC STUD SCI, V32, P235 GROSS M, 2003, SOZ WELT, V54, P241 GROSS M, 2005, PUBLIC UNDERST SCI, V14, P269 GROSS M, 2005, REALEXPERIMENTE OKOL HOFFMANNRIEM H, 2002, GAIA, V11, P49 HOFFMANNRIEM H, 2003, SANIERUNG SEMPACHERS HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JAEGER J, 2006, GAIA, V15, P20 KROHN W, 1997, TECHNIK GESELLSCHAFT, V9, P65 PARK RE, 1972, INTRO SCI SOCIOLOGY POHL C, IN PRESS GESTALTUNGS SIMMEL G, 1998, PHILOS KULTUR ABENTE THAT P, 2004, THESIS ETH ZURICH WYNNE B, 1989, ENVIRONMENT, V31, P33 NR 14 TC 0 J9 GAIA BP 30 EP 36 PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 GA 021BN UT ISI:000235957600007 ER PT J AU Rockstrom, J TI Making the best of climatic variability: options for upgrading rainfed farming in water scarce regions SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Unesco IHE & WaterNet, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Rockstrom, J, Unesco IHE & WaterNet, POB MP 600, Harare, Zimbabwe. AB Coping with climatic variability for livelihood security is part of everyday life for rural communities in semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannas. Water scarcity caused by rainfall fluctuations is common, causing meteorological droughts and dry spells. However, this paper indicates, based on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa and India, that the social impact on rural societies of climatically induced droughts is exaggerated. Instead, water scarcity causing food deficits is more often caused by management induced droughts and dry spells. A conceptual framework to distinguish between manageable and unmanageable droughts is presented. It is suggested that climatic droughts require focus on social resilience building instead of land and water resource management. Focus is then set on the manageable part of climatic variability, namely the almost annual occurrence of dry spells, short 2-4 week periods of no rainfall, affecting farmer yields. On-farm experiences in savannas of sub-Saharan Africa of water harvesting systems for dry spell mitigation are presented. It is shown that bridging dry spells combined with soil fertility management can double and even triple on-farm yield levels. Combined with innovative systems to ensure maximum plant water availability and water uptake capacity, through adoption of soil fertility improvement and conservation tillage systems, there is a clear opportunity to upgrade rainfed farming systems in vulnerable savanna environments, through appropriate local management of climatic variability. CR *FAO, 1993, P FAO EXP CONS, P421 AGARWAL A, 2000, DROUGHT TRY CAPTURIN BARRON J, 1999, E AFR AGR FORESTRY J, V65, P57 BARRON J, 2003, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V117, P23 FOX P, 2000, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V25, P289 GLANTZ MH, 1994, DROUGHT FOLLOWS PLOU, P195 MWALE F, 2003, ASSESSMENT DROUGHT I PRETTY J, 2001, REDUCING FOOD POVERT ROCKSTROM J, 2000, CRIT REV PLANT SCI, V19, P319 ROCKSTROM J, 2003, IN PRESS PHYS CHEM E SIVANAPPAN R, 1995, LAND USE POLICY, V12, P165 TIFFEN M, 1994, MORE PEOPLE LESS ERO, P301 TORRESGARCIA L, 2001, CONSERATION AGR WORL, V2, P817 ZHU Q, 2004, WAT SCI TECH, V49, P153 NR 14 TC 0 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL BP 151 EP 156 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 7 GA 834HB UT ISI:000222401100029 ER PT J AU Parlee, B Manseau, M TI Using traditional knowledge to adapt to ecological change: Denesoline monitoring of Caribou movements SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article C1 Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3C1, Canada. Western Canada Serv Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3B 0R9, Canada. RP Parlee, B, Univ Manitoba, Inst Nat Resources, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3C1, Canada. AB The Chipewyan Dene or Denesohne have long been dealing with variability in the movements of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Many generations ago, Denesohnne hunters learned that by observing caribou at key water crossings during the fall migration, they could obtain critical information about caribou health, population, and movement patterns. Systematic observation of these indicators by hunters strategically organized along the tree line enabled the Denesohne to adapt their harvesting practices, including the location of family camps, to maximize harvest success. While this system of observation was developed for traditional subsistence harvesting, its techniques could be usefully applied today to other natural resource management contexts. In particular, such monitoring might help us understand how new bifurcation points created by mineral resource development may be affecting the Bathurst caribou herd. As governments, communities, and academics search for ways to include traditional knowledge in decision making for resource management, this paper recognizes that the Denesohne and other indigenous peoples have their own systems of watching, listening, learning, understanding, and adapting to ecological change. 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IFF Soziale Okol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Univ Vienna, Inst Anthropol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Haberl, H, IFF Soziale Okol, Schottenfeldgasse 29, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. AB We discuss theoretical issues related to sets of sustainability indicators. We propose that sustainable development can only be observed by analyzing the interrelation between socioeconomic and natural systems which have to be conceptualized as autopoietic and interacting systems. In order to be able to observe this interaction process between socioeconomic and natural systems, a set of sustainability indicators must, at least, comprise four different types of indicators: (1) socioeconomic driving forces, (2) pressures on the environment, (3) state of the environment and (4) feedbacks of environmental change on society. Society-nature Interrelations are conceptualized using two basic notions: (1) socioeconomic metabolism and (2) colonization of natural processes. 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RP Levin, SA, Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. AB Ecosystems are prototypical examples of complex adaptive systems, in which patterns at higher levels emerge from localized interactions and selection processes acting at lower levels. An essential aspect of such systems is nonlinearity, leading to historical dependency and multiple possible outcomes of dynamics. Given this, it is essential to determine the degree to which system features are determined by environmental conditions, and the degree to which they are the result of self-organization. Furthermore, given the multiple levels at which dynamics become apparent and at which selection can act, central issues relate to how evolution shapes ecosystems properties, and whether ecosystems become buffered to changes (more resilient) over their ecological and evolutionary development or proceed to critical states and the edge of chaos. Key words: Gaia; self-organization; complex adaptive system; homeostasis; nonlinearity; keystone species; functional group. 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FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,GREAT LAKES FISHERIES RES BRANCH,BURLINGTON L7R 4A6,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP EVANS, DO, ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,RES SECT,FISHERIES BRANCH,POB 5000,MAPLE L6A 1S9,ONTARIO,CANADA. AB Our objective was to provide a perspective on fish community health to serve as a conceptual framework for assessing the effects of toxic chemicals and other anthropogenic influences on fish communities in the Great Lakes. We discuss the hierarchical structure and homeostatic mechanisms of aquatic ecosystems, and describe a general ecosystem stress syndrome (GESS) that characterizes patterns of ecosystem response in terms of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Anthropogenic stressors operate at various levels within the organizational hierarchy of aquatic ecosystems, and their effects are filtered and propagated throughout the system by physical, chemical, and biological processes. Determination of causal relationships between stressors and system responses has proven difficult because of the multiplicity of factors that influence system behavior. Methods employed for fish health investigations in the Great Lakes span molecular to ecosystem approaches, reflecting the diversity of stressors operating on the fish communities, but have tended to be applied within relatively narrow disciplinary perspectives. We perceive a need for broader perspectives and interdisciplinary investigation of the effects of toxic chemicals and other stressors. Attainment and maintenance of healthy fish communities, which we define as relatively stable, self-sustaining assemblages of fishes providing sustained economic, social, aesthetic, and ecological benefits, requires an ecosystem-based fisheries management strategy. The strategy must incorporate the integral roles of humans and other terrestrial species in the Great Lakes ecosystem in recognition of feed-back mechanisms involving resource utilization and waste and material inputs, thereby incorporating health concerns for all high risk populations including humans. We recommend adoption of a field-oriented epidemiological approach for monitoring and assessment of fish community health, supported by transdisciplinary investigative teams for ecosystem problems requiring diagnostic and remedial activities. We suggest that Areas of Concern under Annex 2 of the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement be used as sites for comparative management experiments involving deliberate manipulation of ecosystem processes, not only to rehabilitate these areas, but also to improve understanding of the structural and functional properties of these systems, and to provide feedback for adjustment of the selected management options. 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FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P1848 WARE DM, 1982, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V39, P3 WARNER RR, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P770 WARWICK WF, 1988, TOXIC CONTAMINANTS E, P281 WEDEMEYER GA, 1981, STRESS FISH, P247 WEDEMEYER GA, 1984, CONTAMINANT EFFECTS, P163 WESTMAN WE, 1990, GREAT LAKES FISHERY, V904, P91 WILLFORD WA, 1990, J GREAT LAKES RES, V16, P637 NR 169 TC 6 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES BP 639 EP 669 PY 1990 VL 16 IS 4 GA EU233 UT ISI:A1990EU23300015 ER PT J AU Walker, S TI Post-pastoral changes in composition and guilds in a semi-arid conservation area, Central Otago, New Zealand SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Otago, Dept Bot, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Walker, S, Univ Otago, Dept Bot, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. AB Changes in the vegetation of Flat Top Hill, a highly modified conservation area in semi;arid Central Otago, New Zealand, are described four years after the cessation of sheep and rabbit grazing. Unusually moist weather conditions coincide with the four-year period of change in response to the cessation of grazing. Between 1993 and 1997, the average richness and diversity (H') of species increased, and the average proportion of native species decreased significantly. The vegetation was significantly richer in exotic annual and perennial grass species, exotic perennial forbs, exotic woody species and native tussock grasses in 1997 than in 1993. Eight response guilds of species are identified. Most "remnant" native shrubs and forbs were stable, in that they remained restricted to local refugia and showed little change in local frequency. However, taller native grass species increased, some locally, and others over wide environmental ranges. Rare native annual forbs and several native perennial species from "induced" xeric communities decreased, and this may be a consequence of competition from exotic perennial grasses in the absence of grazing. The invasive exotic herb Sedum acre decreased in abundance between 1993 and 1997, but several other prominent exotic species increased substantially in range and local frequency over a wide range of sites. Exotic woody species, and dense, sward-forming grasses are identified as potential threats to native vegetation recovery. 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Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC USA. RP Wassenaar, TD, Univ Pretoria, Dept Zool & Entomol, Conservat Ecol Res Unit, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. AB Do communities return to their former state when we disturb them? The answer is "surely not always," since some disturbances may be so devastating that recovery will be impossible. If communities do recover, then how fast is that recovery? Do different subsets of species return at the same rate? Is that rate a simple exponential recovery-meaning that the change toward the original state is fastest when the community is furthest away and it slows as the community converges? Or is recovery a more dynamically complex process? These questions are theoretically interesting and practically important. The theoretical questions are if there is a particular state-some exact composition-to which a community is likely to return, if there might be several (or many) possible such states, or if community composition is essentially haphazard. The practical implication is that if disturbed ecological communities do not tend to return to a previous state, it may be impossible to undo human impacts on natural ecosystems. We follow the fate of species assemblages following the removal of vegetation for mining. We chow that these assemblages in restored subtropical coastal dune forests in South Africa do converge with a regional equilibrium state and that convergence is possible within a reasonable period. However, changes in assemblages from different trophic levels were idiosyncratic: convergence in the dung beetle assemblage did not mimic convergence for trees and birds, for example. Few of the assemblages converged exponentially, the simplest shape for the decay function. Furthermore, trends were sometimes different for different indices of community dissimilarity, suggesting that whether one accepts convergence depends, in part, on exactly what one measures. 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AB The methods of systems analysis - principally, mathematical modelling, simulation, and optimisation - have been widely applied to solving problems in managing the water environment for over three decades. These foundations of the subject remain just as relevant today as hitherto. The problems to which they might be applied, however, or the context in which they might be applied, seem to have changed in ways that could genuinely be described as ''radical''. In this survey stock is taken of these changes in perspective, especially over the past ten years: in the emergence of stakeholder participation, environmental ethics, life-cycle analysis, sustainability, industrial ecology, and design for ecological (as opposed to engineering) resilience. Whether the application of systems analysis will require a new approach or new methods with which to address these new issues, is thus open to question. For there are undoubtedly limits of method now discernible, even in respect of the more conventional problems of applying systems analysis to managing water quality. For example, we shall be obliged to acknowledge that, were we to encode all our currently available hypothetical knowledge into a model, this would not be verifiable in the conventional, rigorous sense. Similarly, in spite of a wealth of apparently ever more powerful mathematical formulations of the problem of optimisation, heuristics and intuition must still be called upon to reach even good solutions, reasonably close to where the optimum is thought to lie. Circumventing such methodological difficulties, while yet absorbing the changing currents in outlook on the man-environment relationship, is where candidate tasks for the ''new agenda'' of the next few years might be found. This paper presents some personal observations on a handful of such candidate tasks. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 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Stockholm Univ, Ctr Transdisciplinary Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Olsson, P, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB Ecosystems are complex adaptive systems that require flexible governance with the ability to respond to environmental feedback. We present, through examples from Sweden and Canada, the development of adaptive comanagement systems, showing how local groups self-organize, learn, and actively adapt to and shape change with social networks that connect institutions and organizations across levels and scales and that facilitate information flows. The development took place through a sequence of responses to environmental events that widened the scope of local management from a particular issue or resource to a broad set of issues related to ecosystem processes across scales and from individual actors, to group of actors to multiple-actor processes. The results suggest that the institutional and organizational landscapes should be approached as carefully as the ecological in order to clarify features that contribute to the resilience of social-ecological systems. These include the following: vision, leadership, and trust; enabling legislation that creates social space for ecosystem management; funds for responding to environmental change and for remedial action; capacity for monitoring and responding to environmental feedback; information flow through social networks; the combination of various sources of information and knowledge; and sense-making and arenas of collaborative learning for ecosystem management. We propose that the self-organizing process of adaptive comanagement development, facilitated by rules and incentives of higher levels, has the potential to expand desirable stability domains of a region and make social-ecological systems more robust to change. CR APPELBERG M, 1986, CRAYFISH ASTACUS AST BALAND JM, 1996, HALTING DEGRADATION BARRETT CB, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P497 BERKES F, 1979, ARCTIC, V32, P46 BERKES F, 1981, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P157 BERKES F, 1982, ARCTIC, V35, P524 BERKES F, 1988, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V8, P201 BERKES F, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME, P189 BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 BERKES F, 2001, CONSERV ECOL, V5, P1 BERKES F, 2001, MANAGING SMALL SCALE BERKES F, 2002, BACK FUTURE ECOSYSTE, P121 BERKES F, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, V1, P1 BLAIKIE PM, 1997, AGR SYST, V55, P217 BLANN K, 2003, NAVIGATING DYNAMICS, P210 BUCK LE, 2001, BIOL DIVERSITY BALAN CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CARPENTER SR, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P451 CHAMBERS R, 1985, MANAGING RURAL DEV I CODLING J, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P163 COSTANZA R, 2001, I ECOSYSTEMS SUSTAIN DALE VH, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P546 DALE VH, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P639 DEI GJS, 1993, SINGAPORE J TROP GEO, V14, P28 DIETZ T, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1907 FALKOWSKI P, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P291 FENGE T, 1997, NO PERSPECTIVES, V25, P2 FINLAYSON AC, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P311 FJALLING A, 1988, FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, V7, P223 FOLKE C, 1991, LINKING NATURAL ENV, P77 FOLKE C, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P437 FOLKE C, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P352 GADGIL M, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P151 GADGIL M, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P189 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P33 HANNA SS, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P190 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM IMPERIAL MT, 1999, ENVIRON MANAGE, V24, P449 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JENTOFT S, 1985, MAR POLICY, V9, P322 JENTOFT S, 2000, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V43, P527 JOHANNES RE, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P243 KENDRICK A, 2003, NAVIGATING SOCIAL EC, P241 KINZIG AP, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P709 KINZIG AP, 2003, AMBIO, V32, P330 LEE KN, 1993, COMPASS GYROSCOPE IN LEVIN SA, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P431 LUNDGREN LJ, 1998, ACID RAIN AGENDA PIC MCCAY BJ, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS, P361 MCDONALD M, 1997, VOICES BAY TRADITION MCGINNIS M, 2000, POLYCENTRIC GOVERNAN MCINTOSH RJ, 2000, WAY WIND BLOWS CLIMA, P141 MCLAIN RJ, 1996, ENVIRON MANAGE, V20, P437 MESSIER D, 1986, PHYS BIOL MODIFICATI, P403 MORIN R, 1980, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V5, P135 MUCHAGATA M, 2000, AGR HUM VALUES, V17, P371 NABHAN GP, 1997, CULTURES HABITAT NAT ODUM EP, 1989, ECOLOGY OUR ENDANGER OLSSON P, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P85 OLSSON P, 2004, IN PRESS ECOLOGY SOC OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1998, PROTECTION BIODIVERS, P149 OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS PALSSON G, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P48 PALUMBI SR, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1786 PINKERTON E, 1989, COOPERATIVE MANAGEME PINKERTON E, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, P363 PRETTY J, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P209 RIBOT J, 2002, DEMOCRATIC DECENTRAL RIEDLINGER D, 2001, POLAR REC, V37, P315 ROBERTSON GJ, 1998, ARCTIC, V51, P378 ROLING N, 1994, FUTURE LAND MOBILISI, P385 ROSENBERG DM, 1997, ENV REV, V5, P27 ROY D, 1989, REGUL RIVER, V4, P299 RUITENBEEK J, 2001, 34 CTR INT FOR RES SCHEFFER M, 2001, NATURE, V413, P591 SCHEFFER M, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P195 SCHINDLER DW, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P323 SODERBACK B, 1998, ATGARDSPROGRAM FLODK WALKER BH, 2002, CONSERV ECOL, V6, P1 WEICK K, 1995, SENSEMAKING ORG WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P103 WESTLEY F, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P333 WILLIAMS NM, 1993, TRADITIONAL ECOLOGIC NR 87 TC 0 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE BP 75 EP 90 PY 2004 PD JUL VL 34 IS 1 GA 848JZ UT ISI:000223464900007 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Allen, CR Peterson, JT Pritchard, L Moore, CT TI Landscape change in the southern Piedmont: Challenges, solutions, and uncertainty across scales SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AB The southern Piedmont of the southeastern United States epitomizes the complex and seemingly intractable problems and hard decisions that result from uncontrolled urban and suburban sprawl. Here we consider three recurrent themes in complicated problems involving complex systems: (1) scale dependencies and cross-scale, often nonlinear relationships; (2) resilience, in particular the potential for complex systems to move to alternate stable states with decreased ecological and/or economic value; and (3) uncertainty in the ability to understand and predict outcomes, perhaps particularly those that occur as a result of human impacts. We consider these issues in the context of landscape-level decision making, using as an example water resources and lotic systems in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. CR *USDA, 1981, SOIL CONS SERV HDB, V296 BEVERS M, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P976 BOGAN AE, 1995, OUR LIVING RESOURCES, P249 BURKHEAD NM, 1997, SPECIAL PUBLICATION, V1, P375 COSTANZA R, 1997, INTRO ECOLOGICAL EC COWDREY AE, 1996, THIS LAND THIS S ENV CZECH B, 2000, SHOVELING FUEL RUNAW DAILY GC, 2002, NEW EC NATURE GARREAU J, 1991, EDGE CITY LIFE NEW F GORDON ND, 1992, STREAM HYDROLOGY INT GROVER NC, 1966, STREAM FLOW MEASUREM GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 GUNDERSON LH, 2002, RESILIENCE BEHAV LAR HOLLING CS, 1973, ANNUAL REV ECOLOGY S, V4, P1 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 KEITT TH, 2001, AM NAT, V157, P203 LARSEN LH, 1990, URBAN S HIST LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943 LIGON FK, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P183 LINDLEY DV, 1985, MAKING DECISIONS MEADOR MR, 1996, FISHERIES, V21, P18 NEVES RJ, 1997, SPECIAL PUBLICATION, V1, P43 PASCUAL M, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P2225 PEJCHAR L, 2001, ENVIRON MANAGE, V28, P561 PETERSON GD, 1998, ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P6 PETERSON GD, 2002, RESILIENE BEHAV LARG, P227 PRITCHARD L, 2000, ECOSYSTEMS, V3, P36 PRITCHARD L, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P147 RICHTER BD, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1081 TAMMAN M, 2001, ATLANTA J CONST 0708, A1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERV ECOL, V1, P1 WARREN ML, 2000, FISHERIES, V25, P7 WEAR DN, 2001, S FOREST RESOURCE AS WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385 WILLIAMS BK, 2002, ANAL MANAGEMENT ANIM ZHONG YG, 1996, REGUL RIVER, V12, P81 NR 37 TC 1 J9 CONSERV ECOL BP 1 PY 2003 PD DEC VL 8 IS 2 GA 900FG UT ISI:000227200200003 ER PT J AU Rogers, K Biggs, HC TI Integrating indicators, endpoints and value systems in strategic management of the rivers of the Kruger National Park SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Witwatersrand, Ctr Water Environm, ZA-2050 Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa. Kruger Natl Pk, Skukuza, South Africa. RP Rogers, K, Univ Witwatersrand, Ctr Water Environm, Private Bag 3, ZA-2050 Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa. AB 1. In trying to operationalize the notion of sustainable ecosystem health, ecologists have focused on identifying sets of indicators which can be used to assess river condition relative to some normative, undegraded condition. Recognition and description of this normative state has proved elusive, particularly in highly variable semiarid ecosystems. Without an operational definition of the desired system condition that reflects both scientific rigour and broader societal value systems, rivers are unlikely to be managed effectively. 2. Managing river health should not be confused with measuring it. Many monitoring or assessment programs become ends in themselves instead of being the means to achieving specific management goals. The absence of a test of the results of monitoring further introduces the risk of management by observation and 'pseudo-fact'. Health 'endpoints' provide a scientific description of management goals, while 'values' provide a societal perspective. Together they complement the use of indicators and provide the basis for a strategic rather than reactive approach to management. 3. The integration of value systems, endpoints and indicators of ecosystem health or ecosystem integrity forms the cornerstone of a consultative management process for the rivers of the Kruger National Park. 4. An objectives hierarchy has been developed to service management's institutional hierarchy. 'Vision' and objectives serve upper levels of management with value based statements of strategic intent which have been tested against public opinion. Goals provide managers on the ground with specific ecological endpoints termed 'thresholds of probable concern' (TPCs). TPCs are described by a range of spatially and temporally bounded indicators of the system's response to the main potential agents of change. 5. TPCs represent statements or hypotheses of the limits of acceptable change in ecosystem structure, function and composition. They thereby provide an inductive and strategic approach to adaptive management in a data poor situation. Integrated monitoring, research and modelling track criteria relative to TPCs and question whether management action, or recalibration of the TPC, is needed. TPCs thus provide direction for management but their validity and appropriateness are frequently challenged and adaptively modified. 6. The objectives hierarchy gives Kruger Park management a mandate to 'maintain biodiversity in all its natural facets and fluxes'. Alluviation, as a consequence of increased sediment supply and decreased sediment transport capacity, is a major threat to the biodiversity of the bedrock-controlled rivers which flow through the park. Thus, for example, TPCs for geomorphic diversity reflect permissible ranges of change in bedrock character of the physical template. They are measured as change in the proportion of different geomorphic units in identified representative reaches. TPCs for riparian vegetation are measured as change in population structure of selected species within the representative reaches. They reflect a likely range of biotic responses to change in the physical template. A specific set of indicators, reflecting response to the major agents of change, therefore provides a parsimonious program for assessing ecosystem condition relative to explicit goals and a clearly defined management process. CR BRAACK L, 1997, OBJECTIVES HIERARCHY, V7 BREEN CM, 1995, DESCRIPTION KRUGER P BREEN CM, 1997, DESCRIPTION KRUGER N CARTER AJ, 1995, 295 U WITW CTR WAT E CHRISTENSEN NL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P167 COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G, P239 CULLEN P, 1990, FRESHWATER BIOL, V24, P201 DEFONTAINE ML, 1995, THESIS U WITWATERSRA GUNDERSON LH, 1995, BARRIERS BRIDGES REN, V1, P1 HERITAGE GL, 1997, 376197 WAT RES COMM HERITAGE GL, 1997, GEOOKO PLUS, V4, P75 HOLLING CS, 1978, ADAPTIVE ENV ASSESSM HOLLING CS, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1 KARR JR, 1996, ENG ECOLOGICAL CONST, P97 KARR JR, 1997, 235R97001 EPA U WASH KEENEY RL, 1992, VALUE FOCUSED THINKI LANCIA RA, 1993, T N AM WILDL NAT RES, V58, P505 MACKAY H, 1994, PROTOTYPE DECISION S MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC MEYER JL, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P136 MOON BP, 1997, T I BRIT GEOGR, V22, P31 NOSS RF, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P355 NUDDS TD, 1991, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V55, P757 PICKETT STA, 1997, ENHANCING ECOLOGICAL PICKETT STA, 1997, WILDLIFE LANDSCAPE E, P101 RECKHOW KH, 1994, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V13, P1901 ROGERS KH, 1997, DEV PROTOCOL DEFINIT ROGERS KH, 1997, ECOLOGICAL BASIS CON, P60 ROMESBURG HC, 1981, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V45, P293 VANCOLLER AL, 1997, AFR J ECOL, V35, P194 WALTERS CJ, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1 WALTERS CJ, 1986, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT WILLIAMS WD, 1988, FRESHWATER BIOL, V20, P407 NR 34 TC 14 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL BP 439 EP 451 PY 1999 PD MAR VL 41 IS 2 GA 194HT UT ISI:000080187100017 ER PT J AU McNicoll, G TI Malthus for the twenty-first century SO POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Should Malthus be retired, the alarms set out in his Essay on Population (first published 200 years ago) having been noted and acted upon, even though belatedly and by "vice" rather than prudence? Arguably no: much of his thinking retains current relevance, both where it seems on target and where it is blinkered. Examples are Malthus on the state and society, on distribution, and on nature. Civil and political liberty and a fairly minimalist state (public education favored, social security not) was his recipe for Drosperity-still relevant for today's impoverished states and predatory regimes. The notorious 1803 passage on "nature's feast" might find echoes in the present international system. And Malthus's treatment of the exploitation of nature as an economic not an aesthetic or ethical matter has many modern parallels. In an Essay transposed to the present, just as Malthus paid little-attention to the stirrings of industrial revolution in his time, we may ourselves be blind to the social, technological, and environmental forces that will shape the economic and demographic course of the next century. CR *UN DEP PUBL INF, 1995, UN HUM RIGHTS 1945 1 DECONDORCET M, 1955, ESQUISSE UN TABLEAU HOLLING CS, 1986, SUSTAINABLE DEV BIOS, V1, P1 JONES EL, 1988, GROWTH RECURRING EC KAPLAN RD, 1909, ENDS EARTH J DAWN 21 LAL D, 1991, POLITICAL EC POVERTY LAL D, 1996, POLITICAL EC POVERTY LEDERBERG J, 1988, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V260, P684 MADDISON A, 1995, MONITORING WORLD EC MAREN M, 1997, ROAD HELL RAVAGING E MILL JS, 1848, PRINCIPLES POLITICAL PARFIT D, 1984, REASONS PERSONS ROTHSCHILD E, 1995, POPUL DEV REV, V21, P711 SIMON JL, 1989, EC CONSEQUENCES IMMI SIMON JL, 1990, POPULATION MATTERS P WHITE L, 1967, SCIENCE, V155, P1203 WRIGLEY EA, 1986, WORKS T ROBERT MALTH NR 17 TC 0 J9 POP DEVELOP REV BP 309 EP + PY 1998 PD JUN VL 24 IS 2 GA 103LE UT ISI:000075156800005 ER PT J AU Neves-Graca, K TI Revisiting the tragedy of the commons: Ecological dilemmas of whale watching in the Azores SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article C1 Concordia Univ, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Neves-Graca, K, Concordia Univ, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. AB This paper explores a possible theoretical framework for studying issues in common-pool resource that emerge from tensions between place-specific notions of common rights and state regulation of access to commons. While the former is historically informed by "traditional ecological knowledge," the latter is based on abstract international environmental law and on capitalist-oriented development goals. This paper analyzes the regulation of whale watching in the archipelago of the Azores, Portugal, to show how variously situated social actors conceptualized the rights of access to marine commons. It also reveals how these distinct views came into conflict, not only in the context of finding ways to regulate whale watching but also through actual practices of this commercial activity. The Azorean example suggests that a successful process of communication among these different views can lead to ecological learning and improved ecological wisdom of those involved, and, thus, a more sustainable use of marine commons. CR ASWANI S, 1999, HUM ECOL, V27, P417 AVILA E, 1991, SEPARATA REV INSUL S, P235 AVILA E, 1992, ACOREANA S, P217 BARLETT P, 1982, AGR CHOICE CHANGE DE BARNDT K, 1940, FATS OIL STUDIES, V7 BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI BERKES F, 1999, SACRED ECOLOGY TRADI BURLING R, 1962, AM ANTHROPOL, V64, P802 CHAVES FA, 1924, PESCA MARITIMA, V14 CLARKE R, 1954, 26 NAT I OC COHEN P, 1967, ASA MONOGRAPHS, P91 CROCOMBE R, 1994, TRADITIONAL MARINE T, P291 GEERTZ C, 1972, HUM ECOL, V1, P23 GIDDENS A, 1990, CONSEQUENCES MODERNI GIDDENS A, 1994, LIVING POST TRADITIO, P56 GODELIER M, 1972, EC CULTURE MODELS ME GODELIER M, 1972, RATIONALITY IRRATION GORDON J, 1979, CAMBRIDGE AZORES EXP GUNDERSON LH, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, V1, P1 HALPERIN R, 1994, CULTURAL EC PAST PRE HARDIN G, 1968, SCIENCE, V162, P1243 HARMER S, 1929, P LINN SOC LONDON, V142, P85 HOLLING CS, 2002, PANARCHY UNDERSTANDI, P3 JENNINGS A, 1993, EC MAN FEMINIST THEO LIMA M, 1940, ANAIS MUNICIPIO HORT MAGALHAES S, 2000, THESIS U ALGARVE ALG MONTEIRO L, 1998, COMMUNICATION NAESS A, 1973, INQUIRY, V16, P95 ORR D, 1992, ECOLOGICAL LIT ED TR ORTIZ S, 1983, MONOGRAPHS EC ANTHR, V1, P249 OSTROM E, 1990, GOVERNING COMMONS EV OSTROM E, 1994, RULES GAMES COMMON P OSTROM E, 2002, DRAMA COMMONS POLANYI M, 1954, PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE P POLANYI M, 1957, GREAT TRANSFORMATION POMEROY RS, 1997, MAR POLICY, V21, P465 RUTTAN LM, 1998, HUM ECOL, V26, P43 SCHNEIDER HK, 1974, EC MAN ANTHR EC SMITH AH, 1991, ENVIRON CONSERV, V18, P131 STARBUCK A, 1878, HIST AM WHALE FISHER, V4 WOLF E, 1966, PEASANTS NR 41 TC 0 J9 HUM ORGAN BP 289 EP 300 PY 2004 PD FAL VL 63 IS 3 GA 854ST UT ISI:000223924300004 ER PT J AU Kaine, GW Tozer, PR TI Stability, resilience and sustainability in pasture-based grazing systems SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. AgRes, Ruakura Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Tozer, PR, Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, 349 ASI, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. AB In this paper we employ a simple dynamic simulation model to illustrate and extend the pasture envelope concept as an approach to characterising the stability, resilience and sustainability of pasture-based beef grazing enterprises. The pasture envelope is a form of phase diagram in which the trajectories over time of key biophysical variables such as pasture biomass and composition are graphed against critical thresholds established on the basis of pasture growth rates and livestock growth requirements. We extend the concept to incorporate key financial variables such as cash flow and critical financial thresholds. The model simulates a steer fattening enterprise based on a phalaris and sub-clover pasture in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The model incorporates pasture growth and senescence for the two pasture species with competition between the species for soil nutrients and light, preferential grazing of the two species by the livestock with livestock growth based on pasture consumption. The model incorporates a variety of decision rules for rotating livestock among multiple paddocks. The model did not simulate changes in soil nutrients. Scaling the seasonal growth pattern of the pasture species captured the influence of rainfall and temperature on pasture growth. Two sets of simulations were run to illustrate the use of the pasture envelope concept to explore the economic and biological stability and resilience of the pasture system. The first set was designed to explore the financial and biological stability of the enterprise and involved simulating the impact of different stocking rates and rotation period on pasture production and composition, and cash flow. The second set of simulations was designed more to explore the resilience of the enterprise and involved introducing shocks to the enterprise in the form of 'droughts' of varying strengths. This was achieved by, for example, reducing the maximum growth rate for both pasture species by 50% but maintaining the same seasonal pattern in the maximum growth rates of each species. The first simulation showed that at low stocking rates the enterprise was biologically stable, but cash flow was also low. Increasing stocking rates increased the cash flow, but also reduced the biological stability of the pasture until at very high stocking rates the pasture system collapsed. Changing the rotation period also affected the stability of the enterprise. In situations where the rotation period was very long, greater than 120 days (or 20 days/paddock), the biological system became unsustainable due to detrimental changes in pasture composition. The enterprise was somewhat resilient to drought at stocking rates less than 1 steer/ha. At stocking rates of I steer/ha, the enterprise was economically and biologically unsustainable in moderate or severe droughts. At a stocking rate of 1.25 steers/ha, the enterprise was unsustainable for droughts of any severity. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen, Netherlands. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Ekins, O, Policy Studies Inst, Environm Grp, 100 Pk Village, London NW1 3SR, England. CR *EEA, 1998, OFF OFF PUBL EUR COM *EEA, 1999, 2 EEA *UNEP, 2000, GLOB ENV OUTL AZAR C, 2002, DECOUPLING PAST TREN BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 CARPENTER SR, 2001, ECOSYSTEMS, V4, P765 CLEVELAND CJ, 1984, SCIENCE, V225, P890 COSTANZA R, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P37 COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545 DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC DASGUPTA P, 2001, WORLD ECON, V2, P19 DEGROOT R, 1992, FUNCTIONS NATURE EKINS P, 1992, REAL LIFE EC UNDERST, P147 HOLLING CS, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P328 JANSSON AM, 1994, INVESTING NATURAL CA LEVIN SA, 1999, FRAGILE DOMINION COM LIMBURG KE, 2002, ECOL ECON, V41, P409 NORGAARD RB, 1994, DEV BETRAYED END PRO NR 18 TC 0 J9 ECOL ECON BP 159 EP 163 PY 2003 PD MAR VL 44 IS 2-3 GA 659MU UT ISI:000181781200001 ER PT J AU Nystrom, M Folke, C TI Spatial resilience of coral reefs SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Nystrom, M, Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. AB There have been several earlier studies that addressed the influence of natural disturbance regimes on coral reefs. Humans alter natural disturbance regimes, introduce new stressors, and modify background conditions of reefs. We focus on how coral reef ecosystems relate to disturbance in an increasingly human-dominated environment. The concept of ecosystem resilience-that is, the capacity of complex systems with multiple stable states to absorb disturbance, reorganize, and adapt to change-is central in this context. Instead of focusing on the recovery of certain species and populations within disturbed sites of individual reefs, we address spatial resilience-that is, the dynamic capacity of a reef matrix to reorganize and maintain ecosystem function following disturbance. The interplay between disturbance and ecosystem resilience is highlighted. We begin the identification of spatial sources of resilience in dynamic seascapes and exemplify and discuss the relation between "ecological memory" (biological legacies, mobile link species, and support areas) and functional diversity for seascape resilience. Managing for resilience in dynamic seascapes not only enhances the likelihood of conserving coral reefs, it also provides insurance to society by sustaining essential ecosystem services. 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RP Gunderson, L, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AB The Everglades is an intensively managed ecosystem where control of the water has allowed agricultural, urban and economic development, while struggling to meet biodiversity conservation goals. The over 100 year history of control began in response to a disastrous series of floods and droughts followed by environmental crises at an ecosystem scale. Each of these events precipitated technological fixes that extended control of water resources. Institutional structures have been continually reorganized over the last century to meet shifting social objectives, the latest of which is ecosystem restoration. However, the basic response, which employs engineering and technological solutions, is a type of social trap, where governmental mandates, planning-based paradigms and vested interests all interact to inhibit the resolution of chronic environmental issues. Experience from other resource systems indicates that in such an inherently complex system wrought with multiple uncertainties, restoration must be discovered through experimentation and learning embraced by adaptive management. Though minimal steps towards adaptive management have been made, we argue that adaptive forms of experimentation and governance are needed to resolve chronic resource issues and achieve restoration goals. 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RP Arlinghaus, R, Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries, Dept Biol & Ecol Fishes, Muggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany. AB Recreational fisheries are the dominant or sole user of many coastal and most inland fish stocks in industrialized societies. Recreational angling can negatively affect fish populations, but appropriate management approaches to address these impacts are often lacking. Overall, privately-governed European recreational fisheries systems offer suitable conditions to reconcile resource use with resource conservation because access restriction is possible, decision-making structures are simple and management scales are small. This increases the, hope that the race to fish may be less pronounced than in open-access commercial fisheries. To achieve harmony between use and conservation values, a thorough understanding of the human dimension is paramount, yet approaches including this are underrepresented in contemporary recreational fisheries science and management. Based on theoretical considerations, literature review and personal experiences, this paper presents key human obstacles to the reconciliation of recreational fishery resource use and resource conservation, with emphasis on private fishing rights regimes of central Europe. Nine obstacles are identified: (1) lack of social priority; (2) lack of integrated approaches; (3) lack of cooperative institutional linkages; (4) lack of systems thinking, (5) lack of research and monitoring; (6) lack of shared values and dominance of stereotyped perceptions; (7) lack of consideration for regional fish-angler dynamics; (8) lack of objective communication of scientific findings; and (9) lack of critical self-reflection among individual anglers. Potential solutions to overcome the identified constraints briefly discussed include: (1) evaluation of the socioeconomic benefits of angling; (2) rehabilitation of ecosystem structure and function on larger scales; (3) facilitation of structured cooperation between stakeholders and management units; (4) application of complex systems approach; (5) increased funding for long-term monitoring; (6) fostering of common values of different stakeholders; (7) active adaptive management of angling effort on regional scales; (8) intensified communication of research findings; and (9) conviction of anglers to meet personal targets by more restrictive regulations. Increasing research and management efforts related to the social component of recreational fisheries will improve reconciliation of resource use and resource conservation in traditional recreational fisheries management. It is a matter of societal values whether it is judged necessary to do so on a broader scale. 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Musashi Inst Technol, Fac Environm & Informat Studies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224, Japan. RP Kobori, H, Musashi Inst Technol, Fac Environm & Informat Studies, 3-3-1 Ushikub, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224, Japan. AB The traditional agricultural landscape of Japan, known as satoyama, consists of a mixture of forests, wet rice paddy fields, grasslands, and villages. This landscape supports a great diversity of plant and animal species, many of which are significant to the Japanese culture. The satoyama landscape is currently being rapidly converted to residential and industrial uses in Japan's expanding metropolitan areas, with the local loss of many species. Only 7% of the land in the Yokohama area remains as satoyama. City residents and older farmers have become key participants in programs to protect examples of satoyama. Many urban residents value the experience of participating in agricultural and conservation activities once they are made aware of the threat faced by the satoyama landscape. In one particularly successful program, conservation efforts and fund-raising are linked to "Totoro", an imaginary forest animal featured in a popular animated film. CR *MIN ENV GOV JAP, 2000, QUAL ENV JAP *MIN ENV GOV JAP, 2000, THREAT WILDL JAP BERKES F, 1998, LINKING SOCIAL ECOLO, V1, P1 BERKES F, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P1251 COX PA, 1997, AMBIO, V26, P84 FUJIMOTO H, 1993, JAPANESE FOLKLORE, V2, P427 KIKUCHI T, 1986, DEV NEW PADI FIELDS MORIYAMA H, 1997, REVIVING NATURE RURA, P4 MORIYAMA H, 1998, LANDSCAPE STUD, V61, P281 PRIMACK R, 1997, INTRO CONSERVATION B, P94 PRIMACK R, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P1553 SHIDEI T, 1973, VALUE FORESTS SHIDEI T, 1993, LEARNING FORESTS TABATA H, 1997, NATURE SATOYAMA TURNER MG, 2001, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TH YAMAOKA K, 1997, B TOKYO U, V20, P373 NR 16 TC 0 J9 AMBIO BP 307 EP 311 PY 2003 PD JUN VL 32 IS 4 GA 709WQ UT ISI:000184649900011 ER PT J AU Herrick, C Sarewitz, D TI Ex post evaluation: A more effective role for scientific assessments in environmental policy SO SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES LA English DT Article C1 PERI Environm Associates, Rockville, MD USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Sci Policy & Outcomes, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Herrick, C, PERI Environm Associates, Rockville, MD USA. AB Unreasonable Expectations about the nature and character of scientific knowledge support the widespread political assumption that predictive scientific assessments are a necessary precursor to environmental decision making. All too often, the practical outcome of this assumption is that scientific uncertainty becomes a ready-made dodge for what is in reality just a difficult political decision. Interdisciplinary assessments necessary to address complex environmental policy issues invariably result in findings that are inherently contestable, especially when applied in the unrestrained realm of partisan politics. In this article, the authors argue that predictive scientific assessments are inherently limited in the extent to which they can guide policy development and that rigorous scientific assessments can be much more valuable in the role of expost policy evaluation than they can in the context of ex ante policy formulation. 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RP Manring, SL, Elon Univ, Elon College, NC 27244 USA. AB Adaptive ecosystem management (AEM) requires building and managing an interorganizational network of stakeholders to conserve ecosystem integrity while sustaining ecosystem services. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of applying the concepts of interorganizational networks and learning organizations to AEM. A case study of the lower Roanoke River in North Carolina illustrates how an AEM network can evolve to guide stakeholders in creating a shared framework for generative learning, consensus building through collaboration, and decision making. Environmental professionals can use this framework to guide institutional arrangements and to coordinate the systematic development of cohesive interorganizational AEM networks. 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AB The production of timber from native forests is presently one of the most controversial land management issues in Australia. Part of this controversy results from the potential impacts of forestry practices on forest-dependent fauna, particularly those that are rare and endangered, such as Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy, in the forests of central Victoria, south-eastern Australia. A significant proportion of the highly limited distribution of this species overlaps with some of the most valuable wood production forests in Australia within which extensive clearfelling operations are employed to produce timber and pulpwood. These operations can destroy the habitat of G. leadbeateri. The Victoria government agency that is responsible for forest and wildlife management has devised a forest zoning system as part of the management strategies to conserve G. leadbeateri within timber production areas. This is designed to partition the forest into three types of areas: (1) where the conservation of G. leadbeateri is a priority, (2) where wood production is a priority, and, (3) where both land uses are a joint priority. The classification of areas of forest where the conservation of G. leadbeateri is the primary land use is based on an understanding of the habitat requirements of the species. The results of recent field studies, where statistical models of the habitat requirements of G. leadbeateri have been developed and their performance subsequently tested using a new dataset, highlights the need for a new basis to guide the classification of areas for the conservation of the species within wood production forests. We describe a method for devising a forest management zoning system that is based on a statistical model of the habitat requirements of G. leadbeateri and which will better integrate wood production and the conservation of the species. This procedure accounts for the uncertainty in the statistical model and, in turn, reduces the risk that areas where G. leadbeateri occurs are logged, whilst ensuring that other areas are not unnecessarily excluded from timber harvesting. 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